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Objectives
SWBAT Define an organic compound. Explain how the structure and bonding of
carbon lead to the diversity of organic compounds.
Distinguish among the structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Recognize characteristics of organic compounds such as alkanes.
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Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
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Organic Compounds
Organic compound: Compound made from one or more C atoms
with many H atoms. May also contain O, S, N, and halogens.
Hydrocarbon = organic cpd with C & H. Saturated = all single bonds Unsaturated = multiple bonds
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Properties of Organic Compounds
Have low melting points and boiling points.
Are flammable. Are soluble in
nonpolar solvents therefore are not soluble in water. Oil (organic) and
water (inorganic)
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Organic vs. Inorganic
Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel.
NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+ and Cl− ions.
Why is propane an
organic compound, but
NaCl is not?
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Why Carbon? (remember biology)
In carbon compounds Carbon has 4 valence electrons and hydrogen has 1.
• • C • H •
•
To achieve an octet, C forms four covalent bonds. H H
H C H H C H
H H CH4 , methane
Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbon (only SINGLE bonds between adjacent carbon atoms).
Formula: CnH2n+2
7
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Names of Alkanes
The names of alkanes Use a prefix to indicate the number of carbons
in a chain. End in –ane.
Prefixes for hydrocarbons
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Structural Formulas for Alkanes
Alkanes are written with structural formulas that are
Expanded to show each bond. Condensed to show each carbon atom and its
attached hydrogen atoms. Expanded Condensed H
H C H CH4 , methane
H
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Learning Check
A. Write the condensed structural formula for:
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
B. What is its molecular formula?
C. What is its name?
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Learning Check
Write the condensed structural formula for
A. ethane
B. heptane
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Alkyl groups
Alkyl groups are Alkanes that are missing one H. Side groups attached to carbon chains. Named with a –yl ending. H
H C CH3 methyl H H H H C C CH3 CH2 ethyl H H
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Alkanes with Alkyl Groups
CH3
CH3 CH CH3 methylpropane
methyl groups
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 2,4-dimethylpentane
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Guide to Naming All Alkanes
Give the name of CH3 CH3
CH3─CH─CH─CH3
STEP 1 Longest chain is butane.
STEP 2 Number chain. CH3 CH3
CH3─CH─CH─CH3
1 2 3 4
STEP 3 Locate alkyl groups and name.
2,3-dimethylbutane
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Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
CnH2n
Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond.
CnH2n-2
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Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
• Use the same prefixes as you did for naming Alkanes.
• Replace “ane” with “ene” or “yne”
Rules for Naming Hydrocarbons
1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. Use the proper prefix to name the chain. If it is an alkane add the ending –ane If it is an alkene add the ending –ene If it is an alkyne add the ending -yne
2. Number the carbon atoms in the chain so that the lowest possible numbers will be given for the attached side groups
3. Name the groups attached to the chain by adding a prefix –yl to the stem name. Locate them by identifying the number assigned to the carbon it is located on
4. If there is more than one group arrange them in alphabetical order
Halogen Substitution
A hydrogen can be replaced with Chloro -Cl Bromo-Br Iodo -I
Name using the lowest number carbon