obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf … · Khin Saw Htay, Ko Ko Lwin and Paul Shortell Zefe0g&D 2018 obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf-jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;

Andrew Bauer, Natalie Kirk and Sebastian Sahla with contributions from

Khin Saw Htay, Ko Ko Lwin and Paul Shortell

Zefe0g&D 2018

obm0o,HZmw

zuf'&,fpepf -

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh

tcsufrsm;

aus;Zl;wifvTm

þtpD&ifcHpm NyD;ajrmufa&;twGuf okawoejyKvkyf&mwGif yg0ifulnDay;cJYaom cifapmaX;?udkudkvGif

ESifh Paul Shortell wdkYtm; olwdkY\ tm;ay;ulnDrIrsm;twGuf txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf/ xdkYtjyif

Nitish Arora ? at;MunfomaqG? Sumit Bisarya ? Vicky Bowman ? Rani Febrianti ?

Jelson Garcia ? Hosana Chay ? Rebecca Iwerks ? Jeremy Liebowitz ? Cielo Magno ?

armfxGef;atmif? Fikri Muhammadi ? Sri Murniati ? Dorjdari Namkhaijantsan ? Matthieu Salomon ? Annamari Salonen ? Amir Shafaie ? Nomuuntugs Tuvaan ? Claudia Viale ESifh Tricia Yeoh wdkYudkvnf; vrf;nTefrIESifh yg0ifulnDrIwdkYtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/

This report was made possible by funding from the U.K. government, the Australian government, and the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the above-mentioned organisations.

FUNDING PROVIDEDBY THE UNITED

STATES GOVERNMENT

1

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rmwdum

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aemufcH taMumif;t&m ……………………………………………………………………........... 5

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vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;jcif; ….................................................................................................... 19

ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif; …............................................................................... 30

b@ma&;rlabmifrsm;ESifh tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif; …......................................................................... 39

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI …........................................................................................ 53

vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; ….................................................................................... 60

a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; …....................................................................................................... 67

wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm;o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI …................................................................ 74

aemufqufwGJ (1)/ tusOf;csKyf Z,m;rsm; …................................................................................. 82

aemufqufwGJ (2)/ usrf;udk;pm&if; …......................................................................................... 90

rsufESmzHkk;"gwfyHk - NRGI twGuf Suthep Kritsanavarin

2


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3


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4


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¼ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf

Edkif&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; tcdkiftrm &Sdapjcif;

¼ jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tpdk;&\ pD&ifydkifcGifhjzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh

obm0ywf0ef;usif tedrfhqHk; pHEIef;rsm;udfk usifhoHk;jcif;

¼ tpdk;&tqifhqifhMum;ESifh e,fajrtoD;oD;Mum;wGif aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? tcsuftvuf zvS,fjcif;

rsm; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;

¼ pDrHudef;\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk BuHKawGU&rnfh a'ocHvlxkkuJhokdY tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; tqHk;tjzwfrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif yg0ifapjcif;

¼ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifh tusdK;&v'frsm; ydkí yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdap&ef

aqmif&Gufjcif;

5


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3 Hamish Nixon, Cindy Joelene, Kyi Pyar Chit Saw, Thet Aung Lynn and Matthew Arnold, State and Region Governments in Myanmar (MDRI and the Asia Foundation, 2015).

4 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.

5 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Law 45/2015 (2015).

8


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6 Nixon et al., State and Region Governments in Myanmar.

7 Ibid.

8 International Crisis Group, Building Critical Mass for Peace in Myanmar (2017).

9 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’ (October 2015); see also: Yimou Lee and Joel Schectman, “How a Rebel Myanmar Tin Mine May Up-end a Global Supply Chain,” Reuters, 29 November 2016.

9


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tpdk;&uvnf; tqdkyg Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHudk ajcmufvwpfBudrf usif;yoGm;Edkif&ef &nf&G,f

csuf &Sdaeonf/ 12

10 Adam Burke, Nicola Williams, Patrick Barron, Kim Jolliffe and Thomas Carr, The Contested Areas of Myanmar: Subnational Conflict, Aid, and Development (The Asia Foundation, 2017).

11 International Crisis Group, Building Critical Mass for Peace.

12 Ibid.

10


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aqmifaerIrsm; &SdESifhNyD;jzpfum Natural Resource Governance Institute’s (NRGI) rS 2016 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJYaom Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues [lonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif aqG;aEG;xm;cJYNyD; jzpf

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13 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Constitution.

14 Nicholas Haysom and Sean Kane, Negotiating Natural Resources for Peace: Ownership, Control and Wealth-sharing (Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, October 2009); Center for Constitutional Transitions, International IDEA and the United Nations Development Programme, Oil and Natural Gas: Constitutional Frameworks for the Arab States Region (2014).

11


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15 Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Natural Resource Revenue Sharing (2016).

16 Haysom and Kane, Negotiating Natural Resources for Peace.

12


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13


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17 Andrew Bauer, Rebecca Iwerks, Matteo Pellegrini and Varsha Venugopal, Subnational Governance of Extractives: Fostering National Prosperity by Addressing Local Challenges (Natural Resource Governance Institute, August 2016).

18 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index (2017).

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14


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15


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16


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18


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wl;azmfa&; vkyfydkkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;NyD; tBuD;pm; wl;azmfrIwdkkYudk

jynfaxmifpktqifh tpdk;&u wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/) tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;EdkifrI

vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk zefwD;jcif;ESifh tqHk;tjzwf csrSwfonfhtqifhwGif rwlnDaom tpdk;&rsm;

yg0ifjcif;onf csdwfqufn§dEdIif; aqmif&GufrIudk wdk;wufaponf/

¼ tpdk;&r[kkwfaom oufqdkkifonfh tpkktzGJUrsm;\u@tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; / / obm0

o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepftaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpdk;&zGJUpnf; wnf

aqmufrIyHkpHudkom tm½Hkpdkuf aqG;aEG;wwfMuaomfvnf; vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;? obm0

ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrI? usef;rma&;ESifh ab;uif;a&; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh a'otusdK;pD;yGm;

twGuf aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYuJhodkkY udpö&yfrsm;twGuf a'owGif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;

wdkifyifrIrsm; jyKvkyfoifhonf/ vlenf;pktusdK;udk tNrJwrf; udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tqdkygtcsufonf tusdK;&SdapEdkifonf/ a'owGif;

Stakeholder rsm; yg0ifrIonf wm0efcHrIESifh vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrIudk

ydkrdktm;aumif;apEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif aumif;rGefonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolodkY

wm0efcHrI&Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; tpm;xdk; toHk;jyKEdkifonfh tcsufwpfck

rjzpfoifhyg/ xdkkYjyif wm0efcHrI&Sdonfh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; qGJaqmifEdkif&ef ¤if;\ pdk;&drfrIudkvnf;

xnfhoGif;pOf;&ef vdkonf/

¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI jr§ifhwifjcif; / / yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdjcif;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f

a'o tpdk;&wdkYtMum; ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&m

wpfckjzpfonf/ o,HZmw xkwf,ljcif;u@\ tcsuftvufrsm;udk tvG,fwul &&dSEdkif

atmif jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzifh Stakeholder rsm;taejzifh owif;tcsuftvufESifh vkkyfykkdifcGifh

rnDrQrI udpö&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifh tpdk;&\ t<uif;rJY xdef;csKyfrI

atmufwGifom&Sdaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tygt0if qHk;jzwfcsuftm;vHkk;udk jynfe,fa'otpkkd;&

rsm;u taumiftxnfazmf MuyfrwfrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrIu ta&;yg

onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tu,fí jynfe,fa'otpdk;&rsm; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm ydkkrdk&&Sdvmyg

u tusifhysufjcpm;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI vGJrSm;jcif;tEå&m,frsm;udk BudKwifavQmhcsEdkif&eftwGuf

a'oEÅ&tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrI,Eå&m; vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyf&rnf/

19


3/ vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;jcif;

bmaMumihfta&;ygovJ

vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif; qdkonfrSm ukrÜPDrsm;tm; prf;oyf&SmazGcGifh ESifh wl;azmfcGifhay;onfh

jzpfpOf jzpfonf/ cdkifrmNyD; aumif;rGefpGm tpDtpOfa&;qGJxm;aom vdkifpifcsay;onfhjzpfpOfonf

tpdk;&\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhtnD pDrHudef;rsm;

udk azmfaqmifapEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI&SdNyD; trSefwu,f xda&mufaom cGifhjyKcsuf

vdkifpifcsay;jcif;onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf cefYrSef;& vG,fulapNyD; aocsmrIudkvnf;

taxmuftyHYay;Edkifonf/ vdkifpifcsay;onfhjzpfpOfwGif tqifhESpfqifh&Sdonf/ yxrtqifhrSm

rnfonfhae&ma'orsm;wGif o,HZmw xkwf,lcGifhjyKrnfqdkonfudk tpdk;&u qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfNyD;

'kwd,tqifhrSm wl;azmfxkkwfvkyfrnfh ukrÜPDudk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfonfh tqifhjzpfonf/ oDtdk&D

t&qdkvQif vdkifpifwpfckcsif;pDtwGuf aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;jcif;rjyKvkyfrD wl;azmf&efqHk;jzwfjcif;t&if

jyKvkyf&aomfvnf; tqdkygESpfckvHk;u wlnDaom jzpfpOfwpfck\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;omjzpfonf/

vdkifpifcsray;rSDtcsdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmwZpfjrpf? blrdaA'qdkkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh

ajray:ajratmuf &ykkdifcGifhrsm;taMumif; (tydkif; 4 &Sd ajryHktnTef;ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif;wGif

Munfhyg) udk aocsmem;vnf oabmayguf&ef vdkonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifhvnf; ukrÜPDrsm;udk

vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;&mwGif vHkavmufaomenf;ynmESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&; tajctaeaumif;rGef

aom ukrÜPDrsm;udk csay;&rnfhtjyif o,HZmwwl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif tqdkygukrÜPDrsm;

taejzifh b@ma&;t& (tydkfif; 5 wGifMunfhyg)? obm0ywf0ef;usif (tydkif; 6 wGifMunfhyg)?

vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; (tydkif; 7 wGifMunfhyg)? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;wm0efrsm; (tydkif;

8 wGifMunfhyg) 20 ESifhtnD vdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&taeESifh vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf

vdkifpifcsxm;ay;vdkufNyDqdkygu apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; Oya'rsm;udk Muyf

rwf&ef vdktyfonf/

av;axmifhuGuf (4) wl;azmfonfhukrÜPD\ wm0efrsm;udk owfrSwfay;jcif;

o,HZmwxkwf,la&; pDrHudef;rsm;? vkkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh

Oya'rsm;ESifh vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf ESpfckpvHk;wGif owfrSwfMuonf/ wl;azmfa&;vkkyfief;rsm;

wGif cdkkifrmaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkkyfcsKyfrIpepf&Sdonfh tpdk;&rsm;onf vkyfief;&Sifrsm;vkyfaqmif

&rnfh t"du wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif azmfjyowfrSwfxm;Mu

onf/ vdkifpif odkYr[kwf cGifhjyKrdefYrsm;udkrl xyfjznfh Oya'jyXmef;rIwGif (Oyrm trdefYaMumfjim

pm) owfrSwfonf/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ü tajccH pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk Oya'rsm;wGif owf

rSwfzGifhqdkMuaomfvnf; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tao;pdwf pnf;urf;owf

rSwfcsufrsm;udk vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf wpfckpDwdkif;wGif azmfjyMuonf/ txl;ojzifh Oya'

rlabmiftm; rMumcP jyifqifaom (odkkY) Oya'rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tm;

enf;aom EdkifiHa&;t& wnfNidrfrIr&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif jyKvkyfavY&Sdonf/ tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;wGif

tpdk;& ESifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;jcif;ESifh Oya' tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifh vkyfiefrsm;tay: xdcdkkufrI

r&Sdap&ef &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m cHk½Hk;wGif ajz&Sif;cGifhESifh vkyfief;wnf

NidrfrIESifhqdkifonfh Oya'tydk'f (stabilization clauses) udk xnfhoGif;csKyfqdkkMuonf/ pm

csKyftajcjyK pepfwGif rwlnDonfh o,HZmwxkwf,lrI pDrHudef;rsm;tay: pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m

wm0efrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; odomxif&Sm;aom uGJjym;rIyHkpHrsm;vnf; &SdaeEdkifonf/,if;tcsuf

u apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwf&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdapNyD; tusifhysufjcpm;rI

tEå&m,fESifh tpdk;&rS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk nDwlnDrQ qufqHrIr&Sdjcif;wdkkY jzpfvmapygonf/

cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csay;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mü jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&\ yg0ifapjcif;jzifh o,H

Zmw xkwfazmfrI vkyfief;pOfaMumifh wdkuf½dkuf tusdK;oufa&mufrnfh Stakeholder rsm;yg0if

20 Licensing for artisanal and small-scale production is covered in section 9.

20


rItm; ydkkrdktm;aumif;vmaprnfhtjyif a'o\ pdk;&drfrIrsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tav;xm;vm

apygonf/ jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&\ yg0ifrIu a'ocHrsm;onf o,HZmwtm; ydkifqdkifonfqdkkonfh

tcsufudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;wpfenf;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsufonf o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrsm;wGif

ordkif;aMumif;t& a'owpfckESifh A[dktpdk;&tMum; y#dyu© rajyvnfrIrsm;&Sdonfh tajctae

rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh ta&;ygonf/

odkY&mwGif vdkifpifavQmufvTmrsm;ESifh (vdktyfygu) pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; jynfvnfqef;

ppf&mwGif enf;ynmqdkif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm; tvGefvdktyfonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;wGif A[dkktpdk;&yifvQif

tqdkygvkyfief;pOfrsm;ufdk xda&mufpGm pDrHEdkif&ef &kef;uef&avY&Sdonf/ tu,fí pGrf;aqmif&nf

tm;enf;aom jynfe,fa'otpdk;&udk ¤if;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; vTJajymif;ay;vdkufrnfqdkygu jyóem

rSm ydkíqdk;&Gm;vmEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tMum; owif;tcsuftvuf

tcsdK;rnDrI odkYr[kwf tqdkygvkyfief;pOftm; xdef;aMumif;&ef tawGUtMuHKr&Sdygu ydkkíqdkk;&Gm;vm

Edkifonf/ &v'ftaejzifh tpdk;&rS tusdK;odyfr&Sdaom oabmwl pmcsKyfrIrsm; jzpfapygonf/

tu,fí wm0ef&SdolwdkYwGif oifhavsmfaom rSwfwrf;pepfESifh avQmufxm;rIrsm;udk ajc&mcHjcif;wdkY

r&SdvQif cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpifrsm;udk xyfcgxyfcg csay;Edkifonfh tvm;tvmrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf

(tydkif; 4 wGif tao;pdwfMunfhyg)/ xdkYtjyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csay;jcif;

qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;rS z,f&Sm;vdkufygu tajccH pHEIef;rsm; owfrSwfjcif;? xda&mufaom blrdaA'

qdkkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;? oifhavsmfaom tcGefEIef;xm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh

wl;azmfrI twdrfteuf owfrSwfjcif;wdkkY vkyfaqmif&mwGif ydkí cufcJvmrnfjzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tav;xm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;udkk EkkdifiHtqifh xkkwfjyefxm;onfh Oya'

tay:wGif tajccHum aqmif&Gufonf/ taumiftxnfazmf udpö&yftrsm;pkkonf jynfaxmifpk

tpdk;&\ tcGifhtmPmtwGif; &Sdaeonf/ tao;pm;vkyfief;rsm; (tydkif; 9 wGifMunfhyg) tay:

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tpdk;&wdkY\ pDrHydkifcGifhtmPmudk tcsdKUaomjyXmef;csufrsm;u wdk;jr§ifhay;xm;aomf

vnf; tBuD;pm;pDrHudef;twGuf vdkifpifcsay;onfh udpörsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk uefYowf

xm;qJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif w&m;0if jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh jynf

e,fa'o tpdk;&\ tcef;u@onf tBuD;pm; pDrHudef;twGuf vdkifpifcsay;&mwGif ta&;yg

vsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh owÅKu@wGif awGU&onf/

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusdK;&Sdrnfh enf;ynmESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&;t& tiftm;awmifhwif;aom

o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;ukrÜPDrsm;udkom vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;Edkif&eftwGuf xda&muf

aom? yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdaom? BudKwifcefYrSef;Edkifaom cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpifcsay;onfh vkyfief;pOf

onf tvGefta&;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;onf ,ckvuf&SdwGif pdefac:rI

tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf/ vuf&Sdacwf wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qDavQmfrIr&Sdonfh

rwdusaom? acwfaemufusaeaom cGifhjyKcsufqdkif&m pnf;urf;csufrsm;? rnfonfhtpdk;&Xmeu

qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifaeonfudk r&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh trsdK;rsdK;aom Oya'rsm;wGifyg&Sdonfh

cGifhjyKcsufqdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm; ½IyfaxG;aejcif; tp&Sdonfh pdefac:rIrsm;udk &ifqdkifae&onf/

txl;ojzifh ausmufrswf&wem wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGif vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifhyufoufí tcuf

tcJrsm;pGm MuHKawGUae&NyD; vuf&Sda&G;aumufcH NLD tpdk;&uvnf; tqdkyg vdkifpifcsay;jcif;

qdkif&m Oya'rlabmifudk jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csxm;ay;

jcif;udk 2016 ckESpfwGif ,m,Dqdkif;iHYxm;cJYonf/ 21

21 Ye Mon and Kyi Kyi Sway, “Jade Mining Permit Extensions Suspended,” Myanmar Times, 27 July 2016.

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf

vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;ESifh

taumiftxnfazmf

udpö&yf trsm;pkkonf

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\

tcGifhtmPmtwGif;

&Sdaeonf/

21


vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh

t"duOya'rsm;tay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

owÅKwl;azmfa&;u@twGuf vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh oufqdkifaom t"du Oya'rsm;rSm

jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya' (1994 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;? 2015 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJ) ESifh jrefrmY

ausmufrsufOya' (1995 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;? 2003 ESifh 2016 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJ) wdkYjzpf

onf/ vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf to;pdwf owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jrefrmY

owÅKwGif;Oya' (1996) ESifh jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' (1996) wdkYwGif awGU&SdEdkifonf/ ,ckk

tpD&ifcHpmtm; a&;om;csdefwGif jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya' ESifh jrefrmYowÅKwGif; Oya'wdkYudk

jyifqifa&;qGJaeonfh tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJYonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; vdkufem&rnfh

jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya' (2016) wGif vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif jyKvkyf&eftwGuf owfrSwf

vdktyfcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;onf/

a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wdkYwGifrl vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;twGuf aocsmpkpnf;a&;qGJxm;

onfh Oya'rlabmif r&Sdao;ay/ a&eHajr tufOya' (1918)? a&eHtufOya' (1934) ESifh

jrefrmYa&eHpnf;rsOf; cGifhjyKcsuf tufOya' (1962) wdkYuJhodkY q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jyef

vnfjyKjyif a&;qGJjcif;r&Sdonfh u@tajcjyK Oya'rsm;om &SdaeNyD; tusdK;quftm;jzifhvufawGU

vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifjcif; r&Sday/ ,if;tpm; jrefrmYa&eH ESifh

obm0"gwfaiGUvkyfief; (MOGE) rS azmfaqmifxm;onfh xkwfvkyfrI rQa0a&; oabmwlnDcsuf

rsm; (PSCs) ESifh jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya' (2016) wdkYuom tqdkygu@twGuf Oya't&

t"du rSDjirf;p&m jzpfvmonf/ 22

Oya'jyXmef;rI tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;tm; vdkifpifvkyfief;

pif csay;&mwGif twdkifyifcHap&eftwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm udk;um;azmfjyxm;

onf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJYaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; tumtuG,fay;a&; Oya'

t& Xmaewdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf ¤if;a'otwGif; jyKvkyfrnfh o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh

tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; wdusaocsmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk

tqdkygvkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfrazmfrSD od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfNyD; tqdkyg Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh

tpdk;&wdkYtMum; aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcGifh&Sdonf/ 23 jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;

tumtuG,fay;a&; Oya'\ oufa&mufrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGuf aemufxyf awGUqHkk

aqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfEdkifonf[kk jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; (2017) wGif

owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf/ (atmufwGif Munfhyg)/ 24 xdkYtjyif EdkifiHawmf typftcwf&yfpJa&;

oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (NCA) wGifvnf; typftcwf&yfpJa&; e,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd a'ocH

jynfolwdkYtay:wGif BuD;rm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifaom pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;onf o,HZmw

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifjcif; (EITI) pHcsdefpHnTef; vkyfief;pOf

rsm;t& a'oEå& vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnfjzpfNyD; oufqdkifonfh wdkif;&if;

om; vufeufudkif tzGJUtpnf;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkyg

owfrSwfjyXmef;csuftm; rnfonfhtqifhxd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm &Sif;vif;

rIr&Sdyg/ 25

22 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment (2014).

23 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment on Limestone, Gold and Tin: Draft for Consultation (2016).

24 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Rules (2017).

25 Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Ethnic Armed Organizations, Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (March 2015).

22


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onf/


29 Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers: Myanmar’s State-owned Oil, Gas and Mining Enterprises (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).

30 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment.


23


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32 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Investment Rules; see also: Htin Lynn Aung, “Regions Can Approve up to US5$m Investments,” Myanmar Times, 13 March 2017.

33 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.

34 Su Phyo Win, “Tanintharyi Tightens Mining Oversight,” Myanmar Times, 17 August 2016.

35 Chan Mya Htwe, “Sagaing Authorities Start Gold Mine Clampdown,” Myanmar Times, 23 June 2016.


24


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uyif vdkifpifyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;tay: vdkufemrI &Sd r&Sdudk BuD;MuyfavY&Sdonf/ 39

37 Paul Shortell and Maw Htun Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).

38 Yimou Lee and Joel Schectman, “How a Rebel Myanmar Tin Mine May Up-end a Global Supply Chain,” Reuters, 29 November 2016.

39 Heller and Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers.

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25


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40 Oxfam, Community Consent Index 2015 (Oxfam Briefing Paper, 23 July 2015).

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26


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owfrSwfxm;onf/ wefzdkk;enf; wGif;xGufypönf; (aqmufvkyfa&;ausmufrsm;? ausmufp&pf?

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rsm;vHkNcHKrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh a'oEå& tmPmydkkifrsm;rS tvkyftudkif odkYr[kwf b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m

tusdK;tjrwftvdkYiSm vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyfrIrsm; jzpfapcJYonf/

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ay;cJYonf[kqdkonf/ 42 ,if;tcsufu tcGefawmfaumufcHrItwGuf t"du tcuftcJ twm;

tqD;wpfck jzpfcJYNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ pdwfcs,kHMunfEdkifrIudkvnf; xdcdkufapcJYonf/

41 Government of India, Mineral Concession Rules (1960); Government of India, Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957, amended 2015 (2015).

42 Erin Smith and Peter Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules: Government and Citizen Oversight of Mining (Revenue Watch Institute, 2011); Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (1997).

zm;uefYa'o? ucsif

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27


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Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh Shell ESifh Occidental a&eH ukrÜPDrsm;u Malampaya pDrHudef;twGuf cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHaomtcg a'oEå&tpdk;&u pDrH

udef; tqdkxJwGifyg&Sdaom ydkufvdkif;vrf;aMumif;rsm;u ZD0rsdK;pdwfrsm; ayg<u,f0NyD; Xmaewdkif;&if;

om;rsm; aexdkifaom tqdkyga'oudk jzwfoef;roGm;&eftwGuf n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;cJYonf/ 49

ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwpfckrSm vGwfvyfí BudKwiftoday; &,laom oabmwlnDcsuf(FPIC) t,ltqjzpfonf/ urÇmhukvor*¾\ Xmaewdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;qdkkif&m aMujimpmwrf;wGif

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Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY Xmae odkYr[kwf e,fajrrsm;rS twif;tMuyf a&TUajymif;apjcif;?

43 Venkatesh Raman Prasad and Abhishek Kumar Singh, “Oil and Gas Regulation in India: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 November 2016.

44 Andrew Smith, John King and Clayton Utz, “Oil and Gas Regulation in Australia: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 May 2013.

45 Government of Mongolia, The Minerals Law of Mongolia (2006).

46 Government of Mongolia, The Law of Mongolia on Petroleum (2014).

47 Government of the Philippines, Local Government Act (1991).

48 Smith and Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules.

49 Varsha Venugopal, Thinking Locally: Community Consultation in the Philippines (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).

28


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50 United Nations, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2007).

51 Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.

52 Michael Limerick, Kathryn Tomlinson, Rosemary Taufatofua, Rodger Barnes and David Brereton, Agreement-making with Indigenous Groups: Oil and Gas Development in Australia (University of Queensland, 2012).

29


¼ oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efrsm;udk jznfhqnf;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef vHk

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30


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tnTef;wGif w&m;0if ESifh w&m;r0if (ydkkifqdkkifrI) vkyfydkkifcGifhoufwrf; tcsuftvufrsm; yg

&SdEdkifonf/ ajr,mpm&if;rsm;taejzifh oufwrf;ukefvGefoGm;aom vdkifpifrsm;ESifh vdkifpif

aMu;rsm; ay;aqmifrIESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf umuG,fxm;aom {&d,mrsm;ESifhywfoufí

ajc&maumuf ppfaq;&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;onf pm&Gufay:wGif a&;om;jyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfEdkfifovdk 'D*spfw,fpepfjzifh

jyKvkyfxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ jrefrmEdkfifiHwGifrl yxrenf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKaeqJjzpfNyD;

tjcm; urÇmYEdkifiHrsm;url 'pf*spfpepfudk toHk;jyKaeonf/ bufaygif;pHk pkpnf;xm;aomowif;

tcsuftvufrsm; pkpnf;odkavSmifrIwpf&yfudk zefwD;ay;NyD; ½IyfaxG;rI trsm;tjym; &SdaeEdkif

onfh ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tqdkrsm;udk azmfxkwf&eftwGufvnf; taxmuftul jzpfapEdkifonfh

'D*spfw,fpepfodkY ul;ajymif;&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdonf/ (yHk 2 wGif 'D*spfw,f ajr,mpm&if;udk

Munfhyg) 'pf*spfw,fpepfjzifh wpfEdkfifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtwGuf tcsdefumvESifh wpfajy;nD

od&SdEdkifonfh aemufqHk;& wlnDaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh

jynfe,fa'otqifh tm;vHk;rS &&SdvmEdkifaponf/

trsm;jynfoluvnf; ajryHktnTef;pm&if;tm; Munfh½I&,lEdkifygu pDrHudef; apmifhMunfhppfaq;

a&; enf;vrf;wpfcktaejzifhvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ rnfolu rnfonfhajrae&mudk ydkifqdkif

cGifh&Sdaeonf qdkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdjcif;aMumifh EdkfifiHom;rsm;taejzifh

tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrIudkvnf; od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ trSefwGif vdkifpiftcsuftvuf jynfhjynfh

pHkkpHkk azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHktnTef; xm;&Sd&efrSm EITI pHEIef;wpfckkjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf

EITI tzGJU0ifavmif; EdkifiHjzpfonfhtwGuf tqdkyg owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk vufawGU

53 A cadaster can also be defined as a public institution that integrates the regulatory, institutional and technological aspects of mineral rights administration. In this report, we use the land information system definition.

31


taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf/

pdefac:rIrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;onf ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh owÅKwGif;rsm;

twGuf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ wcgw&HwGif ajrae&mwpfck odkYr[kwf tjcm;

wpfckudk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;onf rwlnDaom 0efBuD;Xmersm; odkYr[kwf rwlnDaom tkyfcsKyfrI

tqifhqifhtay: rlwnfaeEdkifonf (jynfaxmifpk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfe,fâ'otqifhtzGJU

tpnf;rsm;u rwlnDaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf)

tqdkyg tkyfcsKyfa&;u@rsm;rS wlnDaom rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESihf tcsuftvuf rQa0jcif;pepfudk

toHk;rjyKygu ajr,mrsm; xyfausmhtoHk;jyKaerI tajctaeESifh owÅKwl;azmfcGifh vdkifpifrsm;udk

vG,fulpGm od&Sdem;vnf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcufcJaponf/ ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf vkyfydkifcGifhESifh rwl

nDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum;wGif aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIESifh ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm;twGuf &Sif;vif;

wdusaom enf;vrf;rsm;&Sd&efrSm zuf'&,fpepfusifhoHk;aom obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf

r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfNyD; obm0 o,HZmw u@udk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifrItwGufvnf; r&Sd

rjzpf ta&;BuD;vmonf/

vkyfydkifcGifhtcsdKUudk jynfe,fâ'otqifhodkY vGTJtyfay;vdkufjcif;jzifh rSwfwrf;rsm; wduspGm odrf;

qnf;EdkifapNyD; txl;ojzifh w&m;0ifr[kkwfaom ajr,mydkkifqdkkifxm;rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;xm;Edkifrnf

jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf owif;tcsuftvuf pk

aqmif;rIjzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;rI taMumif;t&mwdkYudk ydkrdkem;vnf oabmaygufMuonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf ajr,mtaMumif;ESifh ajr,m

toHk;jyKrIwdkYudk ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfMuNyD; a'o\ ,Ofaus;rI "avYxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ydkrdk,Ofyg;onfh

tjyif ajr,mtoHk;jyKrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf a'owGif; vlrItzGJU0ifrsm;\,HkMunfrI

udkvnf; &&Sdxm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ a'owGif; vlYtzGJUtpnff;rsm;rSm o,HZmwwl;azmfcGifh

r&Sdonfh uefYowfe,fajr owfrSwfjcif;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifEdkifMuonf/ Oyrm

taejzifh 2016 ckESpf? udkvHbD,mEdkfifiHwGif tajccHOya' cHk½Hk;u uefYowfe,fajr owfrSwf&m

wGif A[dktpdk;&taejzifh a'oEÅ&tpdk;&ESifh oabmwlnDrI &,l&rnf[k tajccHOya'cHk½Hk;utrdefY

xkwfjyefcJYjcif;jzpfonf/ 54

odkY&mwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJydkkifcGifh ay;tyf&mwGifvnf;

pdefac:rI tcuftcJrsm; MuHKawGUEdkifonf/ tu,fí EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'otqifhMum;

vkyfydkkifcGifhcGJa0rI &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdygu ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;? n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI nHh

zsif;jcif;ESifh ta&SUtaemufrnDrIrsm; tBuD;tus,f jzpfay:vmEdkifNyD; &v'ftaejzifh ajr,mydkif

54 Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Comunicado No. 4: Sentencia C-035/16 (8 February 2016).

yHk (2) uae'gEdkifiH?

NAdwdoQ udkvHbD,m

jynfe,frS tGefvdkif;

ajr,mpm&if;

32


qdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; xyfoGm;jcif;ESifh ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIwdkYudk jzpfay:apEdkifonf/ 55

enf;ynmqdkif&m tuefYtowfrsm;uvnf; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIudk taESmifht,SufjzpfapEdkifonf/

Oyrmtaejzifh a0;vHacgifzsm;aom jynfe,fa'owGif;&Sd vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm&Sdaom jynfe,fa'o

qdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;wGif ajr,mqdkkif&m 'D*spfw,frSwfwrf;xJodkY tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfh

oGif;Edkif&ef pdwfcs&aom vQyfppfrD; odkYr[kwf tifwmeufvdkif;rsm;udk r&&SdEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/


2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 37 wGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd ajray:

ajratmuf o,HZmw tvHk;pHkudk t<uif;rJYydkifqdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;twGufaMumifh

ajr,mrsm; toHk;jyKrItwGuf tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh Oya'rsm;rSm jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif owf

rSwfjcif;jzpfNyD; jynfaxmifpktzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ajr,mrl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfonf/

ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeus y#dyu©rsm;\ t"du taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD;

ajr,mESifhywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udfk jyefvnfjyKjyif&efrSmvnf; EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdwdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;pkrsm; awmif;qdkaeaom udpöjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t½Hk; (KNU) u 2015 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fydkifajr,m rl0g'wpf&yfudk xkwfjyefcJYonf/ ,if;

rl0g'wGif wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m a'orsm;&Sd ajr,mESifh obm0o,HZmw

tm;vHk;udk t<uif;rJYydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpfaMumif;? "avYxHk;wrf;ESifh udkufnDaom ydkrdktmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh

ajr,mtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaMumif;wdkkYudk xnfhoGif;xm;

onf/ 56 2017 ckESpf? arvwGif usif;ycJYonfh 21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcHwGif &&SdcJYaom oabmwl

nDrIrsm;wGif A[dktpdk;& xdef;csKyfrIrsm; avQmhcsxm;onfh EdkifiHawmf ajr,mrl0g' wpf&yfudk azmf

aqmif&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfonfh tcsufwpfcsuf yg0ifcJYonf/ 57

ajr,mpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkkif&m t"du Oya'rsm;tm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajr,mpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;qkdkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;rSm tvGefyif ½IyfaxG;onf/ ydkifqdkif

rI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ajrxdfef;odrf;a&;ESifhywfoufaom rwlnDonfh Oya'aygif; 73 ckxd&Sdonf/ 58

t"duusaom Oya'oHk;ckrSm ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif; Oya'(1894)? ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif;

pDrHcefYcGJa&; Oya' (2012) ESihf v,f,majr Oya' (2012) wdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'

(2016) wGifvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkYtwGuf ajrtoHk;csrIESifhoufqdkifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;yg&Sdonf/

55 Enrique Ortega Girones. Mineral Rights Cadastre: Promoting Transparent Access to Mineral Resources (World Bank, 2016).

56 Office of the Supreme Headquarters of the Karen National Union, Karen National Union Land Policy (Karen National Union, December 2015).

57 Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Information, 37 Points Signed as Part of Pyidaungsu Accord (30 May 2017).

58 Burma Environmental Working Group, Resource Federalism: A Roadmap for Decentralised Governance of Burma’s Natural Heritage (2017).

ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;ae

us y#dyu©rsm;\ t"du

taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD;

ajr,mESifhywfoufaom

tcGifhta&;rsm;udfk jyefvnf

jyKjyif&efrSmvnf; EdkifiH

twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;pkrsm; awmif;qdkae

aom udpöjzpfonf/

33


ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif; Oya' (1894) wGif ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;

udk azmfjyxm;NyD; tqdkygOya'wGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u ]]jynfolrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdrnf[k

,lq&vQif}} ukrÜPDrsm;udk,fpm; ajrudk odrf;,lcGifh&Sdonf[k yg&Sdonf/ tqdkygOya'wGif ajr,m

odrf;qnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; avsmfaMu;ay;tyfjcif;? ajr,modrf;qnf;rItm; uefYuGufjcif;ESifh

oufqdkifonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;vnf;yg0ifNyD; ajrodrf;cH&olrsm;twGuf ]]Mum;emcGifh}} tcGifhta&;

vnf; yg&Sdonf/ tqdkyg ajr,mudpö tcsif;yGm;rItwGuf t<uif;rJY tmPmrSm or®wxHwGif &Sd

onf/ 59

ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya' (2012) onf tpdk;&\ pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;azmfaqmif

jcif;ESifh qufEG,faeaom ajr,mrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;twGuf toHkkkk;jyKonf/

tqdkygOya'onf w&m;0ifr[kwfaom (rd½dkk;zvm) ajr,mydkkifqkkdifrIrsm;udk todtrSwf rjyKyg/

xdkkYaMumifh vuf&SdtoHk;jyKaeonfh odkYr[kwf aexdkkifvsuf&Sdonfh ajrtm; ajrvGwfajrvyfajr½dkif;

tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;udk jzpfyGm;apEdkifonf/ Oya'xJwGif odrf;qnf;cH wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;rS ajr,m

odrf;qnf;rItm; uefYuGufrIjyKvkyfEdkifonfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sday/ 60

v,f,majrOya' (2012) u ajr,mydkifqdkifrIESifh ajr,mvGJajymif;rIwdkYESifhoufqdkifaom Oya'

jzpfonf/ ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya' (2012)ESifhtwl tqdkygOya'u ]]EdkifiH

ESifh jynfolvlxktusdK;twGuf}} v,f,majrrsm; odrf;qnf;cGifhudk cGifhjyKxm;onf/ tqdkygOya'

wGif ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;jcif; odkYr[kwf w&m;a&;&m jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;rItwGuf

vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; azmfjyrxm;yg/ 61

odomxif&Sm;aom wdk;wufrIwpfckrSm 2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif EdkifiHawmf\ ajr,mtoHk;jyKrI

rl0g'udk jyXmef;cJYjcif; jzpfonf/ tqdkyg rl0g'u jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;\

tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ydkrdkumuG,fay;&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ tqdkyg rl0g'xJwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk

rsm;\ ajr,mtcGihfta&;wdkYudk todtrSwfjyK&ef pHEIef;rsm;ESifh ,cifu w&m;0if rSwfwrf;r&SdcJY

aomfvnf; a'oEå& vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;u todtrSwfjyKaom ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;

rsm;udk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/ 62 tqdkyg rl0g'u

EdkifiHawmf ajr,mOya'rlMurf; a&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGU

taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfh tajctaea&muf&ef aES;auG;MuefYMumaeOD;rnfjzpfNyD; Oya'rlMurf;



61 Ibid.

62 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, National Land Use Policy (January 2016).

&Srf;jynfe,fwGif

rdkif;vkyfom;rsm;

ausmufrD;aoG;

prf;oyfwl;azmfaerI

NRGI twGuf

Suthep Kritsanavarin

34


a&;qGJjcif;udkyif rpwif&ao;ay/ 63

ajr,mydkifqdkifrI ESifh ajr,mpm&if; pDrHcefYcGJrI

EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'otqifhwGif&Sdaom jynfaxmifpktqifh Xmersm;u ajr,mtoHk;

jyKrIESifh ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;jyKpkkxm;onf/ MONREC ESifh

MOGE wdkYu owÅKwl;azmfa&; ESifh a&eHESifhywfoufaom vkyfief;vdkifpifqdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk

rSSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ MOREC, DGSE, owÅKwGif;0efBuD;Xme ESifh MGE wdkYuvnf; rwlnD

aom ajr,mpm&if;ajryHkrsm;udk rwlnDaomenf;pepfrsm;jzifh oD;jcm;pD xdef;odrf;xm;Muonf/64

vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;&mwGif (tydkif; 3 wGifMunfhyg) ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh vuf&Sdajrydkif&Sifrsm; odkY

r[kwf ajrtoHk;jyKaeolrsm;ESifh y#dyu©jzpfrIrS a&SmifMuOfEdkif&eftwGuf jynfe,f? a'oESifh NrdKUe,f

tqifh tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyfonf/ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHkk; pkpnf;xm;

aom ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yf r&Sdjcif;u ydkrdkcufcJaponf/ ajrydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk

trsm;tm;jzifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;rIaMumifh tcuftcJudk jzpf

ay:aponf/ 65 opfawmESifhoufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl MONREC \

opfawma&;&mOD;pDXme NrdKUe,f½Hk;rsm;u xdef;odrf;onf/ tqdkygXmeu umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;

onfh ajr,m tcsuftvufrsm;udkyg odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ v,f,majr toHk;jyKrIESifhoufqdkifaom

tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;0efBuD;Xme\ pdkufysdK;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh qnfajrmif;

0efBuD;? ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pm&if;tif;Xme\ NrdKUe,f½Hk;rsm;wGif odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ 66

xyfausmhvkyfaqmifrIrsm; a&Smif&Sm;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm zGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&SdbJ

y#dyu©wpfck jzpfay:vmvQif jynfe,fa'o Stakeholder wdkYtwGuf vkyfydkifcGifh rnfrQ&Sdrnf

qdkjcif;uvnf; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sdao;ay/ o,HZmwwl;azmfrI jyKvkyfaeaom ae&mwpf0dkuf&Sd ajr

rsm;udk rw&m;odrf;qnf;rI &Sdonf[kk pGyfpGJcsuftrsm;tjym; &SdaeNyD; a'ocH vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;

ESifh &JwyfzGJUtMum; xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifawGUrIrsm;udk jzpfapcJYonf/ 67 tpdk;&uvnf; v,f,majr

ESifh tjcm;ajrrsm; odrf;qnf;rIESifhywfoufí a'ocH vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum;

tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef jyefvnfoHk;oyf pdppfa&; A[dkaumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJYonf/ 68

odkY&mwGif 2014 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif tqdkyg trIaygif; 8478 xJrS 5 &mcdkifEIef;u ajyvnf

rI &&SdcJYonf/ obm0o,HZmw u@ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf ajrrsm;odrf;qnf;jcif;onfwyfrawmf

ESifh wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 69

MONREC uvnf; EdkifiHwum tultnDudk &,lNyD; owÅKwGif;qdkif&m ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk

azmfaqmif&ef vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdNyD;? ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;csufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom pdefac:

csufrsm;udk avQmhcs&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif ajr,mpm&if; jyKpkkjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh tpdk;&Xmersm; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI cdkifrm

vmapjcif;xuf owÅKwGif;vdkifpifqdkif&m udpörsm;tay: BuD;MuyfrIrsm; wdkk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef

&nf&G,fonf/ xYdktwGufaMumifh tqdkyg ajr,mpm&if;rSmvnf; ydkí BuD;rm;aom ajrpDrHcefYcGJjcif;


64 Stakeholder interview.


66 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing.

67 Ei Ei Toe Lwin. “Fury Over Letpadaung Copper Mine Report,” Myanmar Times, 18 March 2013.


69 The Asia Foundation, The State of Conflict and Violence in Asia (2017).

35


qdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udk tjynfht0 ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay/ 70


ajr,mpm&if; ESifh ajrpDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;udk avYvmcsOf;uyf&mwGif ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsufrSm

ajr,mydkkifqdkkifcGifh trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk rnfolu qHk;jzwfrnf? rnfonfh ajr,mrsm;tm; rnfodkY

toHkk;jyKcGifhay;Edkifonfudk rnfolu qHk;jzwfrnf (o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk uefYowf

xm;onfh {&d,mrsm; tygt0if)? ajruGufwpfcktm; w&m;0if ydkifqdkifrIESifhpyfvsOf;í rnfolu

qHk;jzwfrnf? tqdkyg ydkifqdkifrI rSwfwrf;rsm;udk rnfolu odrf;qnf;rnf? tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD

ajr,mrSwfyHkwifrIrsm;ESifh ajr,mpm&if;rsm;udk Munfh&Ippfaq;jcif;ESifh jyifqifrGrf;rHrIrsm;udk rnfol

u jyKvkyfEdkifonfqdkonfh tcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;&efvdkonf/ erlemtjzpf

azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh\ tqdkygvkyfief;pOfü yg0ifrI twdkif;twm

yrmPrSm wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm; &Sdonf/ tqdkygEdkifiHrsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;wGif

jynfe,fa'otqifh yg0ifrI twdkif;twm wpf&yftwGuf owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; xm;&SdNyD;

rnfonfhenf;vrf;u o,HZmw pDrHtkkyfcsKyfrItm; ydkkrdkaumif;rGefapoenf; qdkkonfhtcsuftay:

rlwnfí uGJjym;rI&Sdonf/

ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;

a,bk,stm;jzifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;onf erlemtjzpf azmfjyxm;aom

EdkifiHrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;pepfay:wGif rlwnfavY&Sdonf/ wpfjynfaxmifpepf usifhoHkk;aom EdkifiHrsm;

wGif vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif vuf0,fxm;&SdNyD; zuf'&,fpepf

usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdkay;tyfxm;onf/

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]]ajr,mydkifqdkifol}} jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;NyD;? EdkifiHawmfrS ajr,mtiSm; csxm;ay;

onf/ 71 aemufxyf OyrmwpfckrSm MopaMw;vsjzpfNyD; jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'orsm;u ajr,mESihf

oufqdkifaom udpö&yftm;vHk;twGuf tajccHOya't& pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/

Oya'rlabmifrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;pGm teufzGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdygu o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIudkxdcdkuf

apEdkifNyD; rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIrsm;udk ydkrdkjzpfyGm;aponf/ tqdkygtcsuf

tm; tif'dkeD;&Sm; Papua jyóemwGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/ Papua a'o udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh

txl; Oya't& c½dkiftqifhESifh NrdKUe,ftqifh tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; opfawmqdkkif&m

cGifhjyKrdefYvdkifpif csay;&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,ftqifhwGifvnf; jynfe,fa'o

\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh txl;Oya't& tvm;wl tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;u

¤if;wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya'rlabmiftm; vdktyfovdk teufzGifhMuNyD; tpdk;&tqifhrsm;

tMum; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&mü tcuftcJrsm;udk jzpfapcJYonf/ 72

ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpm&if;ppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif;rsm;

erIem avYvmxm;aom EdkifiHrsm; (tm;vHkk;r[kkwf) wGif ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpm&if;

ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; vkyfydkifcGifhtcsdKUudk jynfe,fa'oodkY cGJa0xm;onf/ odkY&mwGif ydkrdkxda&muf

tusdK;&Sdaom obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfpDrHEdkifrItay: rlwnfí wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH cGJa0ay;rI

twdkif;twm rwlMuay/ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI tqifajy

acsmarGUap&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/

70 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing.

71 Lehman Law, Basics of Mongolia Land Law (November 2016).

72 Yuko Kurauchi, Antonio La Vina, Nathan Badenoch and Lindsey Fransen, Decentralization of Natural Resources Management – Lessons from Southeast Asia: Case Studies under REPSI (World Resources Institute, May 2006).

36


Mopaw;vsEdkifiH zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIpepfwGif EdkifiHtwGif; oD;jcm;&Sdaeaom ajr

,mpm&if; &Spfckktygt0if ajr,mpDrHjcif; rSwfyHkwifXme &Spfck &Sdonf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDwpfckrS

a&;qGJcJYonfh jynfe,fa'otqifhrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aygif;pyf jyKpkxm;onfh

wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk NcHKiHkEdkifonfh em;vnf&vG,fulonfh wpfckwnf;aom ajr,mpm&if;onf vuf&Sd

wGif taumif;qHk; ajr,mpm&if;jzpfonf/ 73 jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;taejzifhvnf; ¤if;wdkY

\ ajr,mpm&if;rsm;udk pepfusNyD; xda&mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJEdkifMuonf/ Oyrm

tm;jzifh e,l;aqmufofa0;vfjynfe,fwGif trsm;jynfolrS owÅKwGif;ESifh ajr,mydkifqdkifrIqdkkif&m

owif;tcsuftvuf tvG,fwul &&SdEdkifonfh (Common Ground Database) owif;

tcsuftvuf pkpnf;rIwpf&yfudk jynfe,ftpdk;&u ukkrÜPDrsm;? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;wdkYESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 74 rnfodkYyifjzpfap 0efBuD;csKyf? jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm; ESifh ajrmufydkif;

a'o 0efBuD;wdkYyg0ifaom ppfaq;avYvmrIESifh ajryHka&;qGJrIrsm;qdkif&m aygif;pyftpdk;&aumfrwD

wpf&yftm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJYNyD; EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yf jyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOfudk

pwifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 75

jynfe,fa'otqifh oD;jcm;ajr,mpm&if; xm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh MopaMw;vsEdkifiHonft&nftaoG;

jrifhrm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk qGJaqmif&mwGif atmifjrifrIrsm;&Sdonf/ tcsdKUaom udpö&yfrsm;

wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;aMumifh tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrIudk xdcdkufapcJYonfh tcsufrsm;&Sdonf/

tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; owÅKwGif;vdkifpif csay;cGifh ay;vdkuf&m

vkyfuGufxyfoGm;rI rsm;vmjcif;ESifh vkyfydkkifcGifh oufwrf;twGuf vHkNcHKrI r&Sdjcif;wdkYudk jzpfapcJY

onf/ Swandiri Institute ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrS PWYP wdkY\ okawoe&v'ft& taemuf

Kalimantan jynfe,fwGif owÅKwl;azmfcGifhvdkifpif {&d,m [ufwmaygif; 123000 udk ab;rJY

awmrsm; wnf&Sd&mae&mtwGif; csxm;rdcJYonfhtjyif v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;? opfawmESifhoufqdkif

aom ajr{&d,m [ufwm ESpfoef; tus,ft0ef;udkvnf; owÅKwl;azmfcGifhvdkifpif csay;cJYonf

udk &SmazGawGU&SdcJYonf/ 76 tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ tawGUtBuHKudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'o

tqifhESifh EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIjzifh tqdkyg jyóemrsm;udk

a&SmifMuOfEdkifaMumif; awGU&ayrnf (av;axmifhuGuf 7 udkMunfhyg)/

av;axmifhuGuf (7) tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ ajr,mpm&if; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ owÅKu@rSm ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhqdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;

ESifh &ifqdkifcJY&onf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u owÅKprf;oyf&SmazGrI vdkifpifcsay;cGifhESifh udk,fydkif

ajr,mpm&if;rsm; xm;&SdcGifhwdkkY &SdcJYonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh e,fedrdwf owif;tcsuf

tvufrsm; &&SdrI tm;enf;í vkyfydkifcGifhoufwrf; vHkkNcHKrIudk ray;Edkifonfh xda&mufrIr&Sdaom

pepfrsm;u t"du jyóem&yf jzpfapcJYonf/ tqdkygtcsufonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf

t[efYtwm; jzpfapcJYonf/ 1993 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif jynfe,frsm;u wlnDaom ajr,m

pm&if;wpfckwnf;udkom xm;&Sd&ef oabmwlnDrI &&SdoGm;aomtcg yk*¾vduu@\,HkMunf

rIrsm;udk jyefvnf&&SdvmNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;uvnf; jyefvnfwdk;wufvmcJYonf/ tqHk;t

jzwf csrSwfEdkifaom tcGifhtmPmonf a'oEå&tqifhwGif &Sdaomfvnf; tpdk;&rsm; tm;vHk;

twGuf wlnDaom ajr,mpepfwpf&yf xm;&Sdjcif;rSm n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIudk ydkrdkxda&mufrI &Sd

apovdk vkyfief;u@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIudkvnf; ydkrdkwdk;wuf aumif;rGefaponf/ 77

73 The CadLite dataset developed by PSMA Australia. Company website, accessed 16 November 2017, https://www.psma.com.au/products/cadlite.

74 See NSW Government, Department of Planning and Environment, “Common Ground,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.commonground.nsw.gov.au.

75 Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, Cadastre 2034: Powering Land and Real Property (ICSM, 2014).

76 Rebecca Iwerks and Varsha Venugopal, It Takes a Village: Routes to Local-level Extractive Transparency (Natural Resource Governance Institute, February 2016).

77 Bauer et al., Subnational Governance of Extractives.

37


tm*sifwD;em;ajryHk

zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif ajr,mpm&if; aumuf,ljcif;ESifh ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk

jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY ydkrdkcGJa0ay;a&; vkyfaqmifcJY&mwGifvnf; pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh

BuHKawGUcJY&onf/ 1991 ckESpf a'oEå& tpdk;&Oya'wGif a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;udk ajr,mpm&if;

ppfwrf;rsm; jyKpkkcGifh wm0efay;tyfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif 2001 ckESpfwGif enf;ynmpGrf;&nfESifh

aiGa&;aMu;a&; rvHkavmufrIaMumifh rnfonfhh a'oEÅ&tzGJUtpnf;urS ppfwrf;aumuf,lEdkifjcif;

r&SdcJYaMumif; awGU&SdchJ&onf/ tqHk;wGif A[dktpdk;&u tqdkygwm0efudk obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh

o,HZmwXme (DENR) jynfe,f½Hk;cGJrsm;odkY jyefvnfvTJajymif;ay;cJYvdkuf&onf/ 78

rav;&Sm;EdkfifiHwGifrl a&m>yef;aygif;pyf pepfwpf&yfudk taumiftxnfazmfcJYonf/ ajr,mrSwfyHk

wifjcif;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rS wm0ef,l aqmif&GufNyD; 1965 ckESpf? EdkifiHawmf ajr,mOya'jzifh

jyefvnfxdef;csKyfxm;onf/ zuf'&,ftqifh Xmewpfckjzpfaom ppfwrf; ESifh ajryHka&;qGJjcif;Xme

(JUPEM) u ajr,mpm&if; ppfwrf;aumufjcif;udk vkyfaqmifNyD; uRef;qG,fwpfckvHk;\ e,f

ajrtpkrsm;udk ajryHkwpfckwnf;tay:wGif a&;qGJEdkif&ef vkyfaqmif&onf/ jynfe,ftqifh½Hk;rsm;wGif

tqdkyga&;qGJxm;aom ajryHkudk 'D*spfw,fenf;t& toHk;jyKcGifh&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;

vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tpD&ifcH&onf/ abmfeD,dkuRef;qG,f&Sd Sabah ESifh Sarawak jynfe,fwdkY

wGif ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIudk Sabah ajr,mOya'ESifh Sarawak ajr,mOya'wdkYjzifh toD;oD; pDrH

tkyfcsKyfonf/ 79 tqdkygjynfe,frsm;u ¤if;wdkYjynfe,ff\ ajr,mpm&if;udk udk,fwdkifjyKpkonf/80

,if;tcsufonf A[dktpdk;&xHrS vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPm ydkrdkcGJa0xm;onfqdkonfh tcsuftm;

xif[yfjyoonf/


ajr,mpm&if; pDrHrI ESifh ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhudk rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhu vkyf

aqmifoifhonfudk qHk;jzwf&mwGif rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;

pOf;pm;Edkifonf/

78 Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, Cadastral Template 2.0: Philippines (University of Melbourne, 2015).

79 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), “Gender and Land Rights Database: Malaysia – Land Legislation,” accessed 3 October 2017, http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/en.

80 Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, Cadastral Template 2.0: Malaysia (University of Melbourne, 2015).

tm*sifwD;em;

BUENOS AIRES

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38


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jyKvkyfcGifh&Sdonfudk qHk;jzwf&ef vdktyfonf/

¼ EdkifiHawmftqifh ESifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif; / /

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vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfe,fESifh wdkif;rsm;odkY ay;tyfrnfqdkygu jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

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vkyfaqmifjcif; / / MONREC \ owÅKajr,mpm&if; azmfaqmif&ef vkyfaqmifaerIonf

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onf/ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;u rwlnDaomu@rsm;wGif tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf

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ojzifh EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ay;

tyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh xnfhhoGif; aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu vQyfppfrD;ESifh tifwmeuf

&&SdrI aocsmjcif;r&Sdonfh ae&mwGif oifwef;tenf;i,f ay;½kkHESifh tokkH;jyKEkkdifonfh aqmh0J

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aom Stakeholder rsm;tMum; ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tusdK;&SdapcJYonf/

39


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ajymif;vJEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yfESifh vGJacsmfEdkifonf/

yxrqHk;tqifhtaejzifh tpdk;&onf b@ma&;rlabmiftm; &Sif;vif;pGm t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef vdk

tyfNyD; EdkifiHawmf\ vuf&SdOya'rsm; odkYr[kwf pDrHudef;rsm; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGiftxl;ojzifh

&Sif;vif;pGm teufzGifhqdk&ef vdktyfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh wGif;0cGefrsm;? taumufcGefrsm;?

xkwfvkyfrI rQa0jcif; tpDtpOfrsm; ESifh vufrSwfxdk;aMu;rsm; ponfh tcGef trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk

toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ aumif;rGefpGm 'DZdkif;a&;qGJxm;aom b@ma&;rlabmiftaejzifh tuefYtowf

&Sdaom obm0o,HZmwrsm;\ oabmobm0? o,HZmw &SmazGrIrsm;wGif raocsm ra&&mrI

rsm;ESifh tcGefawmfpD;qif;rIudk a&&SnfwnfwHh aumif;rGefap&ef tpdk;&\ pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdatmif

aqmif&Gufjcif; tp&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onf/ 81 ay;aqmifoifhonfh tcGef

awmfaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh xda&mufpGm aumufcH&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ tcGefawmfrsm;

ay;aqmifrIudk qef;ppfxm;aom ukrÜPDrsm;\ udk,fwdkif tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? xda&mufaom apmifh

Munfhppfaq;rI? pm&if;ppfjcif; ESifh pnf;Muyfjcif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh avQmhaygh tpD&ifcHjcif; ESifh

tcGefawmfaiG qHk;½HI;jcif;wdkkYudk a&Smif&Sm;Ekkdifonf/

tcGefawmfaiGudpöudk o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf azmfaqmif&mwGif t"duxm; aqG;aEG;&avY&Sd

onf/ tcsdKUtpdk;&rsm;u o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;rS &&Sdaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;ukd jynf

e,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;xHodkY vGJajymif;ay;jcif; enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Muonf/ tcGefawmf

cGJa0rIESifh oufqdkifaom pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk 2016 NRGI ESifh UNDP wdkYrS

xkwfa0aom Natural Resource Revenue Sharing ESifh 2016 NRGI rS xkwfa0aom

Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues tp&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;xm;onf/

tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif o,HZmw zuf'&,ffpepf azmfaqmif&mwGif jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;tm;

tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHcGifhay;NyD; tcGef ESifh wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;udkyif ¤if;wdkY

udk,fwdkif owfrSwfEdkifcGifhay;onf/ tqdkygtcsufonf o,HZmw wl;azmfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm

aom qdk;usdK;rsm;twGuf a'ocH vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; avsmfaMu;aiG ay;Edkifjcif;? y#dyu©rsm;udk

avQmhcsjcif; ESifh BudKwifumuG,fjcif;? o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; a'oEå& ydkifqdkifrI tqdk

rsm;udk wkefYjyefjcif;twGuf enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;onf tv,ftvwf

vrf;pOfudk vdkufMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tm*sifwD;em;wGif owÅKwGif;xGuf vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJ

rIudk jynfe,fa'otqifhodkY cGJa0ay;cJYNyD; jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcH,lEdkifonfh

wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;udk 3 &mcdkifEIef;xuf rydkk&ef owfrSwfxm;onf/ 82

tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHcGifhtm; jynfe,fa'tqifhodkkY cGJa0ay;jcif;jzifh jynfe,f

a'otqifhwGif tcGefawmfaiGrsm; vuf0,fa&muf&SdrI ydkrdkxda&mufapEdkifonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;

81 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Fiscal Regime Design (Natural Resource Governance Institute, March 2015).


40


wGif A[dktpdk;&rS tcGefawmfaiG vTJtyfay;jcif;udk aumif;rGefpGm taumiftxnf razmfEkkdifMuay/

Oyrmtm;jzifh uGef*dk 'Drdku&ufwpf EdkifiHwGif jynfe,frsm;odfkY b@ma&; cGJwrf;rsm; a&muf&Sd&ef

aESmifhaES;MuefYMumaejcif;u EdkifiHwGif; wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfyGm;&jcif;\ t"du taMumif;t&if; jzpf

aecJYNyD; txl;ojzifh owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm; trsm;qHk; aqmif&Gufaeonfh Katanga wGif jzpf

onf/ 83 tcGefawmfrsm; aumufcHEdkifcGifh ay;jcif;jzifh jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; b@m

a&;t& cdkifrmtm;aumif;vmapEdkifonf/ 84

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tm; tcGefawmfaumufcHcGifh ay;&mwGif a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

\ owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk n§dEIdif; azmfaqmifEdkifpGrf;? tcGefawmf aumufcHEdkifpGrf; ESifh &HyHkaiGrsm;udk

pDrHcefYcGJEdkifpGrf; &Sdr&Sdudk aqG;aEG;&avY&Sdonf/ aa,bk,stm;jzifh acwfrDqef;opfaom taumuf

cGef pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk vdktyfNyD; tpdk;&taejzifh aumufcHoifhaom taumufcGefrsm;udktrSefwu,f

aumufcHEdkifaponf/ Oyrm wGif;0cGef aumufcHrItwGuf xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;

jcif;udk jyKvkyf&eftwGuf jrifhrm;aom enf;ynmrsm;ESifh vlom;pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; vdktyfonf/

tqdkygtcsufrSm A[dkktpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yif ½kef;uef aqmif&Gufae&aom tcsufjzpfonf/

jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPm vTJtyfay;jcif;jzifh tcGefaumuf,l&&SdrI

avsmhusoGm;Edkifonf/

tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHjcif;udpöonf EdkifiHa&;t& toHkk;cscH&rI ESifh vmbfpm;rIwdkYaMumifhvnf;

xdcdkufysufpD;wwfNyD; enf;yg;aom BuD;Muyfa&; ,Eå&m;vkyfief;pOfwdkYaMumifh jynfe,fa'otqifh

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS tcuftcJ t[efYtwm;rsm; BuHKawGUEdkifonf/ 85 Oyrmtm;jzifh Edkif*sD;&D;,m;

EdkifiH\ jynfe,fa'otqifh tcGefawmf pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/

tjzpftysufwpfckkrSm 2011 ckESpfwGif Akwa Ibom jynfe,ftpdk;&u tar&duefa':vm oef;

120 udk aiGvHk;aiG&if; toHk;p&dwfrS jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;½Hk;odkY cGJa0 csxm;ay;vdkufonf/

tqdkygjynfe,f&Sd 60 &mcdkifEIef;aom aexdkifolrsm;onf qif;&JrGJawrI'Pfudk cHpm;ae&NyD;

trsm;jynfolrS tqdkyg toHk;p&dwf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: Munfh½Ippfaq;EdkifcGifh r&SdcJYay/ 86

83 International Crisis Group, Katanga: Tensions in DRC’s Mineral Heartland (3 August 2016); Rebecca Iwerks and Kaisa Toroskainen, Subnational Revenue Sharing in the DRC after Decoupage: Four Recommendations for Better Governance (Natural Resource Governance Institute, April 2017).


85 Ibid.

86 Vanessa Ushie. Political Decentralization and Natural Resource Governance in Nigeria, Research Report (The North-South Institute, 2012).

ucsifjynfe,fwGif

a&Tyef;xdrfwpfOD;

a&TcsdefaeonfhyHk

"gwfyHk - rif;aZ,sm

41


a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;ukd tcGefawmfaiGtay: xdef;csKyfrI tjynfht0 ay;vdkufygu o,HZmwrS&&Sd

aom tcGefawmfaiG\ jynfolYb@mtwGuf ta&;ygrItay: rlwnfNyD; o,HZmw <u,f0aom

a'orsm;ESifh o,HZmwenf;yg;aom a'orsm;tMum; rnDrQrIrsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh

2007 ckESpfwGif avYvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& b&mZD;EdkifiHwGif urf;vGefa&eHwGif;rsm;rS wGif;0cGefudk

cGJa0&,l&ef pDrHcefYcGJcJYrIaMumihf Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo ESifh Sao Paolo jynfe,frsm;

wGif tcGefawmf&&SdrI trsm;tjym; wdk;wufvmcJYonf/ tqdkyg jzpf&yfaMumifh o,HZmw xkwf

vkyfrIr&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;rS EdkifiHa&;vHIYaqmfrI urfydef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 2013 ckESpfwGif

tqdkygjynfe,frsm;u tcGefawmfaiGcGJa0rIqdkkif&m Oya'udk ajymif;&ef BudK;pm;cJYMuNyD; atmifjrifrI

vnf; &&SdcJYMuonf/ tqdkyg jyifqifrIaMumifh o,HZmw xkwfvkyfaom jynfe,frsm;wGif ½kwf

w&uf bwf*suf tusyftwnf;udk &ifqdkifcJY&NyD; 2013 wpfESpfwnf;wGifyif Rio de Janeiro jynfe,frSm tar&duefa':vm oef; 810 rQ qHk;&HI;oGm;cJYaMumif; cefYrSef;xm;cJYonf/ 87

jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; o,HZmw u@rsm;rS tcGefawmfaiG owfrSwfaumuf

cHEdkifcGifh ay;tyfyguvnf; wpfEdkifiHvHkk;qdkkif&m b@ma&;rl0g'ESifh us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ESifh

ukdufnDonfh vkkyfief;pOfrsm; azmfaqmif&ef ydkrdkcufcJapEdkifonf/ tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk EdkifiH

awmftqifh? tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifh aumufcHyguvnf; ukrÜPDrsm; tcGef

awmfaiGay;aqmif&ef 0efxkkyf0efydkk; jzpfapEdkifonf/ ,if;tcsufonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ ,HkMunfrI

tydkif;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonf/ xdkkYjyif qif;&Jcsrf;om rnDrQrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef tcGefawmfaiGvTJajymif;

ay;rIudk toHk;jyK&eftwGufvnf; ydkrdkcufcJrI&SdapEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bdkvDAD;,m;wGif jrLeDpD

y,f tpdk;&rsm;odkY tcGefawmfvTJajymif;rIonf jynfwGif; qif;&JrGJawrI EIef;xm;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;

wGufcsufxm;aom azmfrIvmjzifh tqHk;tjzwfjyKonf/ 88 tcsdKUaoma'orsm;twGuf A[dkcsKyf

udkiffrI avQmhcsaom csOf;uyfrIwpf&yfonf o,HZmw 0ifaiGrsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI

pdefac:csufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf&yf jzpfapwwfonf/


jrefrmEdkifiH\ b@ma&;rlabmifudk vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif qHk;jzwfNyD; jynfaxmifpk

tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif pdD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; tm;vHk;rS

tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udfk aumufcH,laeMuonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 8 wGifMunfhyg)

jrefrmEdkifiHonf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rS odomxif&Sm;aom tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdonf/

EdkfifiH\ yxrqHk; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;u@ yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifa&; (EITI) \ 2016

ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif xkwfjyefcJYaom tpD&ifcHpmt& jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&onf 2013^2014

ckESpfwGif owÅKwGif;rS cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifh tcGefawmfaiG tar&duefa':vm oef; 460 udk &&SdcJYNyD;

a&eHESifh "gwfaiGUrS tcGefawmfaiG tar&duefa':vm 2 .7 bDvD,Hudk &&SdcJYonf[kod&onf/ 89

tqdkygawGU&Sdcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;onf jynfolYb@m

twGuf ta&;BuD;onfudk jyoaeonf/ xdkkYjyif b@ma&;rlabmifrsm; ½IyfaxG;rIESifh tcGefawmf

aumufcH&mwGif tm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdjcif;aMumifh (txl;ojzifh ausmufrsufu@wGif) avsmhaygY

tpD&ifcHjcif;? aps;EIef;upm;jcif; ESifh tcGefa&Smifjcif;wdkYudk trsm;tjym; jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 90

tusdK;quftm;jzifh tcGefawmfaiG ½IH;qHk;jcif; jzpfvmapcJYonf/

87 Thalito Carrico, “Rio: Loser in Brazil’s Oil Royalty Row,” FT, 15 March 2013.

88 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.


90 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret.’

42


b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;jcif;

owÅKwGif;u@ tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHrIudk t"dutm;jzifh jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya' (2015)? jref

rmYausmufrsufOya' (2016)? oufqkdif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;t& pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf/ tqdkyg

tcsufrsm;udk tajccHMunfhvQif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u xkwfvkyfrIrQa0jcif;? EdkifiHawmfrS cGJa0ay;

jcif? wGif;0cGefaumufcHjcif; ESifh ajrjyifydkYaqmifcwdkYESifhywfoufaom n§dEIdif;rIrsm;ESifh owfrSwf

jcif;rsm;udfk jyKvkyfonf/ a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@ü jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u xkwfvkyfrIrQa0jcif;

oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif b@ma&;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;onf/ o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;ukrÜPD

rsm;taejzifh u@tvkkdufaumuf,lonfh tcGefrsm;tjyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS owfrSwfaom

aumfydk&dwf0ifaiGcGefrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;taumufcGefrsm;uJhodkY tjcm;tcGefrsm;tm;ay;aqmif&onf/

av;axmifhuGuf (8) jrefrmEdkifiH\ a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGUYESifh

owÅKwGif;u@\tcGefawmfaiG pD;qif;rI

jrefrmEdkifiH\ Oya'rlabmifwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwf,la&; vkyfief;rsm;rS tcGefawmfaiG

aumufcHjcif;udpöudk xnfhoGif;jyXef;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrS ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsufrsm;rSm-

¼ vdkifpifaMu; / / vdkifpifopf &&Sd&ef ukrÜPDrsm;rS wpfBudrfwnf;ay;&aom tcGef

¼ tpdk;&yg0ifrI / / o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif tpdk;&ydkifqdkifrI tpk&S,f,mrsm;

tay: tjrwfrsm;

¼ tpdk;&a0pk / / o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfrS yg0ifaqmif

&Guf&onfhtwGuf a&eH odkYr[kwf owÅKwGif;xGufypönf; tcsdK;wpf&yfudk wdkuf½dkufvufcH

&&Sdjcif;

¼ wGif;0cGef / / o,HZmw wl;azmfrIwGif yrmPESifh wefzdk;ay:rlwnfí &mcdkifEIef; tcsdK;us

jzifh ay;aqmif&jcif;

¼ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU ESifh owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm;\ 0ifaiGay:wGif

aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;

¼ ukefoG,fvkyfief;cGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU ESifh owÅKwGif;rS xkwfukefrsm; a&mif;csrI

tay:wGif aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;

¼ jynfwGif;taumufcGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGUESifh owÅKwGif;xkwfukefrsm; wifydkYa&mif;cs

&mwGif aumufcHaom txl;tcGefrsm;

jynfaxmifpktqifh Xmersm;rS tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHrI

a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wGif tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHjcif;ESifh vdkufemrI &Sdr&Sd apmifhMunfh

ppfaq;jcif;wGif MOGE u t"duae&mrS yg0ifaeonf/ PSC ykHpHatmufwGif EdkifiHawmfydkfif

pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tpdk;& &&Sdonfh a&eHa0pkkudk &,lydkifcGifhESifh a&mif;csydkifcGifh&Sdonf/

vufawGU wGif urf;vGefyifv,fjyif&Sd obm0"gwfaiGUrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;u a&mif;csNyD;

jrefrmEdkifiH twGuf &S,f,ma0pkudk aiGom;jzifh &&Sdonf/ ukef;wGif;a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUrS

&&Sdaom a0pk rsm;ukdrl wcgw&HwGif a&eHpdrf;jzifh jyefvnf&&SdNyD; wcgw&HwGifrl aiGom;jzifh

&&Sdonf/ MOGE u oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkrIESifh xkwfvkyfrI tydkqkaMu;rsm;? wGif;0cGef?

tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf ay;aqmif&aomaiGESifh oifwef; &HyHkaiGrsm;udk aumufcHonf/

xdkYtjyif EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;taejzifh ukkrÜPDrsm;\ a&eHpdrf; wefzdk;jzwfjcif;tm; ppfaq;&ef

wm0ef,l&onf/ 91 a&eHwGif;0cGef ESifh tydkqkaMu;aiGrsm;udk MOGE u &&SdNyD; MOEE odkY

vGJajymif;ay;onf/ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGef ESifh taumufcGefwdkYudk jynfwGif; tcGefrsm;OD;pD;Xme

(IRD) ESifh pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme\ taumufcGefXmerS aumufcHonf/

91 Heller and Delesgues. Gilded Gatekeepers.

43


owÅKwl;azmfa&; u@wGifrl t"du tcGefawmfaiGaumufcHa&; wm0efrsm;udk EdkifiHydkif pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;? jynfwGif; tcGefOD;pD;Xme ESifh taumufcGef XmewdkYu vkyfaqmifonf/ owÅKu@

wGifrl xkwfvkyfrI apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;tm; EdkifiHawmfydkif owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;u tvsOf;oifh

ovdk aqmif&GufaeNyD; jynfe,fa'otqifhrS w&m;0if yg0ifrI tcef;u@ r&Sdovdk xdef;odrf;

BuD;Muyfa&; vkyfydkifcGifh wm0efrsm;tay: Oya'jyXmef;rIrSmvnf; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ ausmufrsuf

u@wGifrl wGif;0cGefrsm; wGufcsufjcif;wGif jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;udk yg0if

cGifhay;xm;onf/ wGif;0cGefrsm;udkrl MONREC \ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrS owfrSwfaomEIef;xm;tay:

tajccHxm;onf/ MONREC \ nTefMum;csufrsm;t& tqdkygtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif oufqdkif&m

jynfe,fESifhwdkif; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh NrdKUe,frsm;rS taumufcGef 0efxrf;rsm; yg0if

onf/ odkYaomfvnf; t<uif;rJYvkyfydkifcGifh tmPm&SdonfrSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&om jzpfonf/

jynfaxmifpktkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf jynfe,fa'o\ yg0ifrIr&SdbJ tjcm;aom tcGef

awmfaiGrsm;udkvnf; aumufcHonf/ 92

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS tcGefawmfaumufcHrI

jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'orsm;wGif tcGefawmfaiG wdkuf½dkufaumufcHcGifh tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ jynf

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r[kwfaom tao;pm;tcGefrsm; (,pfrsdK;cGef? ajrcGef? a&cGef? vrf;jzwfoef;ctcGef)udk wdkuf½dkuf

aumufcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ txufyg aumufcHcGifh&Sdaom tcGeftrsdK;tpm;rsm;rS tcsdKUaom tcGefkudk

jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;u EIef;xm;owfrSwfEdkifaom tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomfvnf; tcsdKUaomtcGef

rsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS owfrSwfxm;aom tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;twdkif;om aumufcHEdkifonf/

jynfe,fESifhwdkif; tpdk;&wdkYonf a'owGif;&Sd tpdk;&ydkifypönf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif; odkYr[kwf a&mif;cs

NyD;? jynfe,f odkYr[kwf a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&ydkifvkyfief;rsm;twGuf tusdK;tjrwf&&Sd&ef jyKvkyfEdkif

onf/ (vufawGUwGif tqdkygtcsufrsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;u@twGuf ta&;ygrI

odyfr&Sd[k od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf) 93

toHk;p&dwfqdkkif&m vkyfydkkifcGifh tenf;i,fom&Sdaom jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tpdk;&bwf*sufrsm;onf

(av;axmifhuGuf 1 wGifMunfhyg) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ vTJajymif;ay;aiGtay:wGifom trsm;

tm;jzifh rlwnfae&onf/ tqdkyg bwf*swfvTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;rSmvnf; tvsOf;oifhovdk

aqmif&Gufaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 94 xdkodkYjyKvkyfjcif;u bwf*sufa&;qGJ&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfap

ovdk jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;\ toHk;p&dwfqdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vkkyfaqmif&mwGif

A[kkdMoZmuif;NyD; vGwfvyfpGmqkkH;jzwfEkkdifpGrf;udkk aESmifhaES;aponf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh jynfe,f

a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;u tcGefawmfrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHEdkifcGifhtwGuf awmif;qdkrIrsm;

&SdvmcJYonf/ vuf&SdwGif jynfe,fESifhwdkif;tpdk;&rsm;rS wpfEdkifwpfydkif ESifh tao;pm;wl;azmfa&;

vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaiG wdkuf½dkufaumufcHcGifh &Sd&ef Oya'jyifqifrIrsm;udk vkyfaqmifaeonf/

tqdkyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tydkif; 9 wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;onf/

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ Oya'rlabmifwGif razmf

jyxm;aom udpörsm;twGuf tcGefaumuf,lEkkdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; aqmif&GufaeMuonf/ (av;

axmifh uGuf 9 wGifMunfhyg)/ o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIu@wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh tcGefaumuf,lEdkifrI pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;rSm tuefYtowf&SdaeNyD; wdkif;

&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS w&m;r0if tcGefaumuf,lrIrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/ Oyrm

tm;jzifh ucsifvGyfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (KIA) onf ausmufpdrf;wGif;rsm;rS w½kwfjynfe,fpyfodkY

jzwfoef;ctcGefudkk pepfusNyD; acwfrDaom taumufcGef aumuf,lrIpepfwpf&yfjzifh aumuf,l

92 Stakeholder interview.


94 Ibid.

44


aeonf[kk ajymMum;rIrsm;&Sdonf/ 95 tpdk;&ppfwyfydkif;rSvnf; tqdkygu@rS w&m;r0if tcGef

awmfrsm; aumufcHrI&SdaeaMumif; pGyfpGJajymMum;rIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ 96

av;axmifhuGuf (9) a'oEå& tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;

wGif;0cGefay;jcif;? tcGefESifh tjcm;tcGefawmfaiGrsm; ay;oGif;apjcif;tjyif tpdk;&rsm;onf

ukrÜPDrsm;tm; a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; odkYr[kwf tajccHtaqmufttHk pDrHudef;

rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI &Sdvmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\ a&&Snf wnfwHhzGHUNzdK;a&; r[mAsL[mtwGuf tqdkyg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk qE´

tavsmuf jyKvkyfvmEdkifonf/

xdkuJhodkYaom okkH;pGJrIrsm;twGuf tcGefavQmhayghavY &SdapNyD;? a'oEå& pDrHudef;rsm;wGif &if;

ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh ukrÜPDrS aqmif&rnfhtcGef 0efxkyf0efydk;udk avQmhcsEdkifonf/ ,if;uJhokkdY

aqmif&Gufjcif;onf tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udkk A[kkdtpkd;&rS a'otqifhokkdY tusdK;tjrwfrsm;

ajymif;vJcHpm;apjcif;jzpfNyD; b@ma&;rIabmifrsm;t& jynfe,frsm;taejzifh u@rS aumuf

,l&onfh tcGefrsm; xdef;csKyfEkdifcGifhr&Sdonfhwkkdif tusdK;tjrwf a0pkkrsm; ykkdí&&Sdaponfh enf;

vrf;wpfckkjzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ owÅK? a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wGif a'owGif; vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf

odkYr[kwf vlrIa&; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sday/

odkYaomfvnf; MIC u &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; tm;vHk;udk tcGefraumufrD tusdK;tjrwfrsm;\

wpf&mcdkifEIef; rS oHk;&mcdkifEIef;txd aumfydk&dwf vlrIa&;wm0ef (CSR) tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf

oHkk;pGJ&efESifh ,if;tpDtpOftwGuf oHkk;pGJrIqdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; a'ocHtzGJU

tpnf;rsm;ESifh wm0ef&SdolwdkYxHrS tBuHÓmPfrsm; &,l&rnf[k tjynfht0 wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ 97 2016 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJcJYaom jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm

ausmufrsuf&wem pDrHudef;rsm;rS &&Sdaom tjrwfaiG\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;onf ]]usef;rma&;?

ynma&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; ESifh tjcm;t&mrsm;twGuf}} &efyHkaiGtjzpf toHk;jyK&rnf[k

jyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk vufawGUtrSefwu,f taumiftxnfazmf

rIESifhywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ 98 vlrIa&;qdkif&m &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI wm0efrsm;udkvnf;vdkifpif

oabmwlnDrI wpfckcsif;pDwGif owfrSwfazmfjyEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh vufyHawmif; &Sd

aMu;eDowÅK wl;azmfrIvdkifpifudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG; n§dEdIif;rIt& 0rfaygifukrÜPDonf ukrÜPD

tom;wiftjrwfaiG\ ESpf&mcdkifEIef;udk a'ozGHUNzdK;a&; &HyHkaiGtwGuf toHk;jyK&ef oabmwl

nDrI &&SdcJYonf/ 99

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; vlrIa&; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf ¤if;wdkYudk,fydkifowfrSwf

csufrsm;udk jyXmef;aqmif&GufrIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/

¼ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&u ]]qif;&JrGJawrI avQmhcsjcif; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

xdef;odrf;a&; &efyHkaiG}} udk jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf trdefYESifh xlaxmifcJYonf/ 2014 ckESpf?

ZGefvwGif tqdkyg &efyHkaiGrSm jrefrmusyfaiG oef; 240 xd&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ tqdkyg

trdefYyg jyXmef;csuft& owÅKwGif;rsm;u owÅKwGif;t&G,ftpm; ESifh trsdK;tpm; tay:

rlwnfí w&m;ao owfrSwfxm;aom tcaMu;aiGudk ay;aqmif&onf/ vuf&SdwGif

tqdkyg&efyHkaiGudk vuf&Sdtajctaetm; &Sif;vif;pGm rod&Sd&aomfvnf; t"dutm;jzifh

&Srf;jynfe,f&Sd v,form;rsm;twGuf tao;pm; aiGacs;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;cJY




98 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Gemstone Law (2016).

99 Myanmar Wanbao website, accessed 16 November 2017, www.myanmarwanbao.com.mm.

45


onf[k od&onf/ 100

¼ 2014 ckESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,ftpdk;&u ausmufrsuf&wem ukrÜPDrsm;tm; zm;uefY&Sd

ausmufwGif;rsm;odkY oGm;&ef t"duvrf;jzpfaom rdk;aumif; - zm;uefYvrf; cif;&eftwGuf

ukrÜPDwpfckudk jrefrmusyfaiG 10 oef;pD ay;tyf&eftwGuf pwifvkyfaqmifcJYonf/ 101

ppfudkif;wdkif;a'o? vufyHawmif; aMu;eDpDrHudef;teD; v,fvkyfom;wpfOD; a&cyfaeyHk/

qE´xkkwfazmfrIrsm;aMumifh pDrHudef;\ vdkifpifygowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk

jyefvnfn§dESdKif;cJY&onf/


,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf avYvmxm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;\ o,H

Zmwu@ tcGefawmfaiGrsm;tm; owfrSwfaumufcHcGifh twdkif;wmrsm;ay:rlwnfí uGJjym;Mu

onf/ wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY tcGeftcvTJajymif;ay;rI

&Sdaomfvnf; tcGefESifh wGif;0cGefrsm; tcaMu;aiGowfrSwfaumufcHjcif;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh

jynfaxmifpkk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;uom aqmif&Gufonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ydkrdkavQmhcsxm;aom EdkifiH

rsm;wGif tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif; odkYr[kwf tcGefEIef;xm; tvHk;pHkudk jynfaxmifpk

tqifhrS aqmif&Gufaomfvnf; jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf tcsdKU tcGefawmfrsm;udk

wdkuf½dkuf aumufcH,lcGifh &SdEdkifonf/ xl;jcm;onfhtcsuftaejzifh tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,f

a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;rS t"du taumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;

udk tjynfht0 vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfowfrSwfEdkifcGifh &Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/

tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;

avhvmrIjyKcJhonfh wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHrsm;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh t"du wGif;xGuf vkyfief;u@

tcGefawmf tvHk;pHkudk jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&u aumufcHonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrI tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;

tm;vHk;wGifvnf; tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'o tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;onfhpepf

rsm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif owÅKwGif;ESifhqufpyfaom tcsdKU tcGefawmfrsm;udk

a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;odkY vTJay;onf/ jynfwGif; ukefacsmrsm;tay: aumufcHaom pnf;MuyfcGef?

wGif;0cGefrsm; vdkifpifaMu;rsm; ESifh a'oEå&tpdk;& buf*suf tydktvQHwdkY\ &mcdkifEIef;wpfckudk

100 Thet Aung Lynn and Mari Oye, Natural Resources and Subnational Government in Myanmar: Key Considerations for Wealth Sharing (IGC, MDRI-CESD and The Asia Foundation, 2014).

101 Lynn and Oye, Natural Resources and Subnational Government in Myanmar.

46


taxGaxG a'oEå& zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &efyHkaiGtjzpf pkpnf;NyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI nTef;udef;rsm;?

vlOD;a& jynfwGif;tcGef&&SdrI yrmP ponfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;onfh azmfjrLvmtm;

toHk;jyKum tcGefawmfudk jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onf/ 102

tcsdefumv Mum&SnfpGm&Sdaeaom epfemrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGufvnf; tcGefawmf cGJa0ay;jcif;

enf;vrf;tokkH;csNyD; pDrHaqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif A[dktpdk;&onf

a,bk,stm;jzifh a&eHrS pkpkaygif; tcGefawmf\ 3 .1 &mcdkifEIef;tm; a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh jynf

e,frsm;udk cGJa0ay;um a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh jrdKUe,frsm;tm; 6 .2 &mcdkifEIef;? a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh

jynfe,frsm;&Sd tjcm;NrdKUrsm;tm; 6 .2 &mcdkifEIef; cGJa0ay;onf/ ("mwfaiGUtcGefawmfudk tvm;

wlyHkpHjzifh vTJajymif;cGJa0ay;aomfvnf; EIef;xm;tenf;i,f ydkrdkjrifhrm;onf)/ A[dktpdk;&ESifh cGJ

xGufa&;tzGJYrsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm; tcsdefMumjrifhpGmwnf&Sdaeaom Papua ESifh taemuf

Papua a'orsm;wGif ,if;a'orsm;rSm xkwfvkyfonfh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU tcGefawmf\

70 &mcdkifEIef;txd &&Sdonf/ 103

jynfe,fâ'o tqifhwGif tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufaumufcHEdkifcGifhESifh ywfoufNyD; rluGJ

trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ tcGefawmfaiG pD;qif;rIyHkpH ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaqmif&GufrIrsm;\ oabm

obm0ay: rlwnfí ajymif;vJrIrsm;&Sdonf/ Z,m; (1) ESifh (2) wGif o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;

tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;tm; t"du azmfaqmifonfh urÇmay:&Sd EdkifiHrsm;\ wGif;xGufESifh a&eH tcGef

aumufcHjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;tm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfazmfjyxm;onf/ MopaMw;vs? tdEd´

,? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; \ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGefrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;& wpfckwnf;rSom

aumufcHonf/ zdvpfydkiftaejzifh a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;rS jynfwGif;vkyfief;cGeftm; wdkuf½dkuf

owfrSwfaumufcHEdkifaomfvnf; A[dktpdk;&rS trsm;qHk; aumufcHEdkifonfh ¤if;tcGef EIef;xm;udk

owfrSwfay;onf/ 104

wGif;0cGefESifh ywfoufvQif ydkí ajymif;vJrIrsm; &Sdonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif owÅKwGif; ESifh a&eH

pDrHudef;tm;vHk;twGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHonf/ (odkY&mwGif

jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf vTJajymif;ay;&eftwGuf pepfwpfck&Sdonf)/

MopaMw;vswGif jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'orsm; (territory [koHkk;) taejzifh ukef;wGif;o,HZmw

t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;udk aumufcHonf/ urf;vGefa&eH wGif;0cGefrsm; (taemuf

ajrmuf urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;udkom vuf&SdaumufcH)tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHaomfvnf;

taemufMopaMw;vs tpdk;&tm; jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onf/ 105 tvm;wlyif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif

vnf; owÅKwGif; wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; jynfe,f^wdkif;a'o tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHNyD; a&eHtwGuf

wGif;0cGefrsm;udkrl EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHonf/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ pepfrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,f

tajctaersm; &Sdaeonf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh yifv,furf;½dk;wef;&Sd pDrHudef;rsm;rS

wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; aumufcHEdkifonfhtwGuf urf;vGefwnf&Sdaom pDrHudef;rsm;twGufvnf;wGif;0

cGefrsm; aumufcHEdkifrItay: oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; &Sdvmonf/ 2000 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS

Terengganu jynfe,ftm; wGif;0cGef vTJajymif;ay;rIudk &yfwefYcJYNyD; ,if;wGif;0cGefrsm;tm;

A[dktpkd;&rS xdef;csKyfaom &HyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJcJYonf/ twdkuftcHygwDjzpfaom rav;&Sm;

tpövmrfrpfygwD (PAS) onf jynfe,fa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif tEdkif&&SdcJYNyD; rMumrD ,ckuJhodkY

ajymif;vJvdkufonfhtwGuf ,ck tajymif;tvJonf EdkifiHa&;t& vHIYaqmf aqmif&Gufjcif;wpfck

jzpfaMumif; jynfe,ftpdk;&u a0zefcJYum zuf'&,ftpdk;&tm; w&m;pGJqdkcJYonf/ zuf'&,ftpdk;&

taejzifh pGyfpGJajymMum;csufrsm;udk jiif;qdkcJYNyD; aemufqHk;wGif w&m;½Hk;rS Terengganu jynfe,f

tpdk;&taejzifh urf;vGefa&rdkif oHk;rdkifxuf ausmfvGefygu wGif;0cGefrsm; aumufcHEdkifonfhtcGifh


103 Ibid.


105 Information and Research Services, Research Note: Crude Oil Excise and Royalties (Department of the Parliamentary Library, 2000).

47


r&Sd[k qHk;jzwfcJYonf/ 106

t"du tcGefawmfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHavY&SdNyD; a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,ftpdk;&

rsm;taejzifh yrmPenf;yg;aom taumufcGefESifh tcaMu;aiGrsm;udk aumufcHEdkifcGifhom&SdavY

&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS wGif;0cGefrsm; ESifh aumfydk&dwf0ifaiGcGef

rsm;udk aumufcHNyD; a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ypönf;Opöm? tdrf&m taqmufttHk? ajr,m?

,mOf ESifh a&toHk;jyKrI tcGefrsm;? ausmufp&pfESifh oJxkwfvkyfrItwGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;udkom

aumufcHonf/ 107 EdkifiHawmftqifh aumufcHaom tcGefawmfrsm;\ wefzdk;rSm jynfe,ftqifh

taumufcGefrsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkonf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;& Xmersm;rS aumufcH&&SdcJY

aom tcGefawmfaiGrSm rGef*dkvD;,m;aiGaMu; MNT 1 .3 x&DvD,H &SdcJYNyD; jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;

aumufcH&&SdcJYaomf tcGefawmfaiG yrmPrSm MNT 0 .1 x&DvD,Hom &SdcJYonf/ 108

Z,m; 1/ erIemtjzpf azmfjyxm;onfh EkkdifiHrsm;wGif tpkkd;&tqifhqifhrS aumuf,laeonfh

wGif;xGuf tcGeftrsdK;tpm;rsm;

EdkifiHtpdk;& zGJUpnf;yHk

pepf

aumfydk&dwf

0ifaiGcGefwGif;0cGefrsm;

ypönf;Opöm?tdrf&m

taqmufttHk^

ajr,m tcGefrsm;

A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ&

tm*sifwD;em; zuf'&,f X X X

MopaMw;vs zuf'&,f X X* X X* X

b&mZD; zuf'&,f X X X

uae'g zuf'&,f X X X* X X* X

csDvDwpfjynfaxmif

pepfX X

w&kwfwpfjynfaxmif

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tdEd´, zuf'&,f X X X

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e,fajrtvdkuf

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X X X X

umZufpwefwpfjynfaxmif

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106 Wee Chong Hui, Oil and Gas Management and Revenues in Malaysia (Universiti Teknologi Mara Sarawak).


108 Mongolia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Mongolia Tenth EITI Report 2015 (December 2016).

48


rGef*dkvD;,m;wpfjynfaxmif

pepfX X X

jrefrmwpfjynfaxmif

pepfX X X X

yD½l;wpfjynfaxmif

pepfX X X

zdvpfydkif

e,fajrtvdkuf

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pepf

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&k&Sm; zuf'&,f X X X X

awmif

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,lau

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X

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Sources : National legislation; PricewaterhouseCoopers country mining tax profiles (2015)

* – zuf'&,fpepf usifhoHk;aom e,fajra'orsm;wGifom toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

** – aiyl aimak tqifh a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHaom tcGefawmfr[kwfaom ay;aiGrsm;

,if;aiGrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh wGif;0cGefrsm;jzpfonf/

*** – wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; a'ocHtzGJUrsm; ESifh tcsdKU a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;rSom wGufcsuf

aumufcH,lonf/

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aumufcHrItqifh

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pepf

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49


*gemwpfjynfaxmif

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pepfX X

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,lau

e,fajrtvdkuf

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X

,ltufpf zuf'&,f X X X* X X

Sources : Deloitte Oil and Gas Taxation profiles (2013); Deloitte Taxation and Investment profiles (2015); EITI Reports (most recent); Fidfinvest AG (2005) Taxation in the United Arab Emirates; Mitch Kunze and William E. Morgan (2005) “Taxation of Oil and Gas in the United States 1970–1997.” Natural Resources Journal 45(1): 77–101; national legislation; PricewaterhouseCoopers tax summaries (2016).

* – zuf'&,fpepf usifhoHk;aom e,fajra'orsm;wGifom toHk;jyKEdkifonf/

** – urf;vGef vkyfief;rsm;twGufom

*** – Oya't& edkdifiHawmfrS pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS

ajr,mcGefrsm; aumufcHonf/

50


b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;jcif;

b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;&mwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhrSm tuefYtowfrsm;

ydkrdk BuHKawGU&avY&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif rdrdwdkY a&G;cs,fxm;aom

erlemôm"ursm;t& jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh u@tvdkuf aumufcHonfh tcGefEIef;xm;

tm; owfrSwfjcif;rSm tvGefyif &Sm;yg;vSonf/ tdEd´,wGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onf ukef;wGif;

wGif;0cGefrsm; aumufcHaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uom EIef;xm;rsm;udk owfrSwfay;onf/

jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&taejzifh urf;vGef wGif;0cGefEIef;xm;udk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfum aumufcHonf/

rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;tm; EdkifiHydkif a&eHvkyfief;BuD;jzpfaom Petronas zuf'&,ftpdk;&ESifh oufqdkifaom jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS oabmwlxm;aom xkkwfvkyfrI tusdK;

tjrwfcGJa0jcif;pmcsKyf (Production Sharing Contracts) t& qHk;jzwf owfrSwfonf/ 109

rMumao;rDu Sarawak jynfe,fwGif EdkifiHawmfydkif a&eHukrÜPDBuD;jzpfaom Petronas rS &&Sdaom wGif;0cGef yrmPtm; wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef pnf;½Hk;vHIUaqmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJYaomfvnf; EIef;xm;

rsm;tm; wpfzufowf wdk;jr§ifhEdkifjcif;udk rjyKvkyfEdkifcJYyg/ 110

tpdk;&rSr[kwfaom jynfe,f Stakeholders rsm;taejzifh b@ma&; tpDtrHrsm;udkvkyfaqmif

cGifh ay;tyfcH&Edkifonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS owÅKwGif;u@wGif wGif;0cGefrsm;udk

a,bk,stm;jzifh aumufcHaomfvnf; a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm; aexdkifaom {&d,mrsm;&Sd owÅK

wGif; pDrHudef;rsm;taejzifh vlxk&HyHkaiG wpf&yftwGuf txl; wGif;0cGef ay;aqmif&ef oabmwl

xm;onf/ zdvpfydkif owÅKwGif;Oya't& tqdkyg wGif;0cGefrsm;onf o,HZmwwl;azmfrItusdK;

tjrwf\ tenf;qHk; 1 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh nDrQ&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ 111

xkwfvkyfrItm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;

aumif;rGefxda&mufaom tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;twGuf t"du ta&;ygaom tcsufwpfckrSm

xkwfvkyfrItm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;onf wdusrSefuefaom wGif;0cGef ay;

aqmifrItwGuf r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;taejzifh ¤if;wkdY\ Oya'jyXmef;rIwGif

ukrÜPDrsm;\ xkkwfvkyfrItpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; vufcHppfaq;onfh Xmeudk xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;aomf

vnf; tpD&ifcHpmyg tcsuftvuf rSefuefaMumif; twnfjyKppfaq;onfh vkyfief;pOfxnfhoGif;

&ef ysufuGufavY&Sdonf/

A[kdcsKyfukkdifrIavsmhcsrI tqifhtjrifhqkkH; ykHpHjzpfaom MopaMw;vswGif jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m

tpdk;&rsm;onf ukkrÁPDrsm;\ udk,fwdkiftpD&ifcHaom xkwfvkyfrI tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lí

ukef;wGif; o,HZmwvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufrItwGuf wGif;0cGef rnfírnfrQ ay;aqmif&rnfudk

wGufcsufonf/ 112 jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tcsuftvufrsm; cdkifrmrI&Sd

&eftwGuf tjynfht0 wm0ef&Sdonf/ 113 qefYusifbuftm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jynfwGif;

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jzpfjcif;ay:rlwnfí xGuf&Sdonfh yrmP? trsdK;

tpm; ESifh t&nftaoG;wdkYtm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&wdkY

tMum; wm0efcGJa0,l&rnf[k 2009 ckESpf owÅKwGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI

Oya'wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm;xHrS xkwfvkyfrI tpD&ifcHpm


110 Intan Farhana Zainul, “Sarawak to Set Up Own Oil Company Amid Ongoing Talks with Petronas,” The Star, 5 September 2017.

111 Government of the Philippines, 1995 Mining Act (1995).

112 Geoscience Australia, Minerals and Petroleum in Australia: A Guide for Investors (2015).

113 Government of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Petroleum, “Petroleum Royalties,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Petroleum/Royalties-1578.aspx.

51


rsm;tm; ukefypönf;trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfí Mines and Geoscience Bureau (MGB) rS tqifhqifh aumufcH,lonf/ MGB \ A[dkXme? a'oqdkif&mESifh pD&ifpkqdkif&m 'g½dkufwmrsm;

taejzifh rwlnDaom tpD&ifcHpmtrsdK;rsdK;udk aumufcH,lonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynfwGif;tqifh

vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;twGuf 'g½dkufwmrsm;tm; MGB A[dkXmerS cefYtyfovdk A[dkXmeodkY

wdkuf½dkuf wm0efcHrIvnf; &Sd&onf/ 114


jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; tpdk;&rsm;odkkY o,HZmwrS b@maiG cGJa0ay;a&;? vkkyfykkdifcGifh wkd;jrifh

ay;&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tBuHjyK axmufcHcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifh

onf/

¼ b@ma&;qdkkif&m vkyfydkkifcGifhtm; yg0ifyufoufoltm;vHkk; oabmqE´jzifh cGJa0ay;jcif; / /

,ckvuf&SdwGif b@ma&;qdkkif&m A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;onf tpDtpOfwus r[kwfbJ

vwfwavm tajctaersm;tvkkduf jzpfay:aeonf/ ,if;tpm; rnfonfhtcGeftrsdK;tpm;

tm; jynfe,ftzGJUpnf;rsm;rS wdkuf½dkuf EIef;xm;owfrSwfjcif; odkYr[kwf aumufcH,ljcif; jyK

vkkyfEkkdifaMumif;udkk trsm;qE´ &,laqmif&Gufoihfonf/ (tqdkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh

tcsufrsm;udk NRGI rS xkwfa0onfh Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ jynf

e,fESifh a'orsm;tm; tcGefawmfaiGaumufcHcGifh wkd;jr§ifhay;tyfygu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;xHrS

tcGefrsm; tjynfht0&&Sd&eftwGuf A[kkdtqifhESifh jynfe,ftqifhMum; n§dEdIif;rIrsm; &Sdaeap&ef

aqmif&Gufxm;&rnf/ EkkdifiHwpf0Srf;vkkH;wGifvnf; &Sif;vif; pepfusonfh b@ma&;pepfrsm;

toifhjzpfatmif jyifqifxm;&rnf/

¼ tcGefawmf aumufcHrItwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif; / / txl;ojzifh xkwfvkyfrItm;

apmifhMunfhppfaq;&eftwGuf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m tqifhjrifh ESHYpyfuRrf;usifrI vdktyfonf/

tcGefawmfaumufcHrI wm0ef,lxm;&onfh jynfaxmifpkk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf pGrf;aqmif&nf

ydkif;qdkif&m tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdygu tcGefawmfrsm; raumufcHEdkifonfh tajctaeudk OD;wnf

aponf/ jynfe,f Stakeholders rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdkay;a&; vkyfaqmif&mwGif ¤if;wdkY

\ wm0efrsm;tm; ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdaeap&ef aqmif&Gufjznfh

wif;ay;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wygwnf; aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

¼ tcGefawmf pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf pGrf;&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif; / / tem*wfwGif jynfe,f ESifh a'o

qdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;rS tcGefawmftm; wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHEdkifrnfqdkygu (odkYr[kwfygu jynf

axmifpktpdk;&xHrS tcGefawmf ydkrdkvTJajymif;ay;rIudk vufcH&&Sdrnfqdkygu) tqdkyg tcGefawmf

aiGaMu;rsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif;jzifh tusdK;&SdvmEdkifonf/

,if;tjyif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfrsm;\ toHk;p&dwf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm;

Munfh½Ippfaq;Edkif&efESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;tm; wm0efcHrI&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkif&ef

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;&ef vdktyfonf/

¼ tcGefawmf aumufcH&&SdrI ESifh toHkk;p&dwf udkufnDrI&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; / / wpfzufwGif

tcGefawmfrsm;tm; tusdK;rJYpGm oHk;pGJrI odkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfzufwGif nHhzsif;aom 0efaqmifrI

rsm;ay;jcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHaom tcGefawmfrsm;ESifhtoHk;

p&dwf vkkyfykkdifcGifhrsm; udkufnDatmif aqmif&Gufoifhonf/ vuf&SdwGif jynfe,f ESifh a'otpdk;

&rsm;\ 0efaqmifrIrsm; axmufyHYay;a&; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;rSm tuefYtowfjzifhom &SdaeNyD;? jyK

jyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkkyfonfhtcg vuf&Sd EdkifiHawmfbuf*sufrSwpfqifh aqmif&Gufaeaom

ta&;ygonfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rxdcdkkufapbJ jyKjyifajymif;vJ aqmif&GufrI vkyfaqmif&efowd

jyKoifhonf/

114 Government of the Philippines, The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (2010).

52


¼ jynfe,ftcGefawmfrsm;tm; rnfolrsm;u vufcH&,loifhonfudk qHk;jzwfjcif; / / trsm;tm;

jzifh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; tcGefawmfrsm; vufcH&,lolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf

Edkifaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tcGefawmfrsm;tm; a&S;tpOftvmtwdkif; qufcHvmonfh

tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? jrLeDpDy,frsm; ESifh ajrydkif&Sifrsm;tm; vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;udkvnf;

jyKvkyfMuonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHom;rsm;xHodkY wdkuf½dkuf vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;udkyif jyK

vkyfEdkifonf/ om"utaejzifh Alaska wGif tNrJwrf;aexdkifonfh EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf a&eH

wGif;0cGefrsm;rS aiGaMu; rwnf axmufyHYay;onfh Alaska Permanent Fund rS ESpfpOf tpkay: tjrwfudk vufcH&&Sdonf/ txufyg om"ursm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhoHkk;Edkifaomf

vnf; tcGefawmfvTJtyfrIudk aumif;rGefpGm a&&SnfpDrHcefYcGJEdkifonfh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udkom

ay;oifhonf/

53


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bmaMumifh ta&;ygovJ/

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aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHcsufrsm; xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/

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onf ueOD;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usif pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk azmfaqmifay;Edkifonfh cdkifrmtm;

aumif;onfh Oya'rlabmifwpf&yfudk jyXmef;&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkkYaemuf pDrHudef;rsm;tm;vkyfudkif

aqmif&GufcGifhvdkifpif rcsay;rD wl;azmfxkwfvkyf aqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifonfhtusdK;

oufa&mufrIrsm;udk tuJjzwf qef;ppfEdkif&eftwGuf ,if;Oya'rlabmiftm; tajccHrlabmiftjzpf

toHk;jyKoifhonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ywf0ef;usiftay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwfoHk;oyfrI

rsm; (EIAs) ESifh wGJzufpDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ 115 wl;azmfxkwf

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EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfe,fâ'orS

Stakeholders rsm; yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf awmif;qdkrItrsm;tjym; &Sdaeonf/ tqdkygawmif;qdkrI

rsm;\ aemufuG,frS taMumif;&if;rSm obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m qkwf,kwfysufpD;rIrsm;aMumifh

wdkuf½dkufoufa&mufrIrsm;udk awGUBuHKcHpm;&onfh tqdkyg Stakeholders rsm;taejzifh wl;azmf

xkwfvkyfaqmif&GufrIrsm; rpwifrD jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: oufa&mufrI

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rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fay;Edkifonf[k a'ocHrsm; ,HkMunfrI&Sdvmap&ef Stakeholders rsm; tm;vHk; aocsmpGm aqmif&Gufoifhonf/

odkY&mwGif vkyfydkkifcGifh wm0ef,lrIrsm; cGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; pdefac:rIrsm; &Sdaeonf/ EIAs, EMP rsm;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;wdkkY vkyfaqmif&mwGif enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI

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twGufom tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsuf r[kwfyg/ tqdkygtcuftcJ avsmhyg;oufom

ap&eftwGuf EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif tajccH bHkpHEIef;rsm;tm; jyXmef;&rnfjzpfonf/ zuf'&,fpepfwGif

A[dkktpdkk;&tm; obm0 0ef;usifqkkdif&m udpörsm;wGif 0ifa&mufMuyfrwf&ef tajccHOya't&

tmPmay;xm;jcif; r&Sdojzifh A[dkktpdkk;t&taejzifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif

yg0ifyufouf&ef ydkrdkcufcJapEdkifonf/

115 In many countries, these are more broadly defined as environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) and also include a review of social impacts as well as preparation of corresponding management plans.

54



jrefrmEdkifiH\ o,HZmw u@onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pdefac:csufrsm;ESifh MuHKawGUvsuf

&Sdonf/ Oyrm - a&Twl;azmfrI vkyfief;rsm;wGif tEå&m,f&Sdaom rmusL&D odkYr[kwf qdkif,mEdkuf

toHk;jyKrIaMumifh ajrrsufESmjyifESifh ajratmufa& npfnrf;rIudk jzpfay:aponf/ 116 ausmufpdrf;

u@wGif rrSefuefaom wl;azmfrI'DZdkif;ESifh pGefYypfypönf; pDrHcefYcGJrI nHhzsif;jcif;wdkkYaMumifh vlaygif;

rsm;pGm aoaMuysufpD;apcJYonfh ajrNydKjcif;rsm;ESifh a&BuD;rIrsm; tygt0if jyif;xefaom obm0

ab;tEå&m,frsm;udkvnf; awGUBuHKcJY&NyD;jzpfonf/ 117

tqdkyg pdefac:csufrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf rMumao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; jynfaxmifpktpdk;

&rS Oya'opfrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk jyXmef;cJYonf/ tqdkyg jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGifvnf; ywf

0ef;usifqdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk owfrSwfjyXmef;jcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udk jynfaxmifpk

tpdk;&rS wm0ef,lxm;qJ jzpfonf/ vkyfief; taumiftxnfazmfrI tqifhwGif jynfe,f^wdkif;

tpdk;&rsm;\ yg0ifrItcsdKU &Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkkY\ tcef;u@tm; &Sif;vif;wdusaom vrf;nTefrI

r&SdbJ a,bk,stm;jzifh tqifoifhovdk aqmif&Gufae&onf/ Oya'rlabmiftm; taumif

txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; tm;enf;aeao;onf/ 118

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'rlabmif

vuf&SdtcsdefwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;qdkkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh

Oya'rsm;udk ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; jyefvnfoHk;oyfrIjyKvkyfrI NyD;qHk;awmhrnfjzpfonf/ obm0

ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; Oya'udk 2012 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfjyifqif rGrf;rHcJYNyD; aemufqufwGJ

taejzifh MONREC rSvnf; 2013 ckESpfwGif obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; enf;Oya'udk

owfrSwfjyXmef;cJYonf/ xdkkYaemuf 2016 ckESpfwGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m t&nftaoG;pHcsdef

pHnTef;rsm; (EQS) ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf qef;ppfcsuf

vkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; xGuf&SdvmcJYonf/ tqdkygOya'rsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;tm;tao;pdwf

xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf/




ucsifjynfe,f wEdkif;NrdKU

e,f&Sd y,if;wGif;wpfckk

"gwfyHk - cGefvwf

55


¼ EIA ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf (EMP) vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaom

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csufrsm;

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKrIay;jcif;

jrefrmEdkifiH obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'rIabmifrsm;t& MONREC \ obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme ECD onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKcsufrsm;

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tqifhwGif aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm;tm; pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh jynfe,fâ'otqifhrS yg0if

aqmif&GufrI &Sdvm&ef vkyfaqmif&onf/ ,if;tjyif EIA vkyfief;pOf\ tcef; 5 wGif EIA jyifqifrItwGuf ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHawmf? wdkif;a'o? jynfe,fESifh a'oEå&tqifh tpdk;&

tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfNyD; ¤if;wdkY\tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyf

onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ 119 MONREC onf vuf&SdtcsdfefwGif EIA vkyfief;pOfü trsm;jynf

ol yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;nTefcsufrsm; jyifqifaeNyD; y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh tusdK;oufa&mufrI

&Sdaeaomae&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrItwGuf tao;pdwfvkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/120

odkYaomf EIAs ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfrsm;tm; zGifhcsjcif; ESifh vufawGUaqmif&Guf&mwGif tm;

enf; csdKU,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdonf/ 121

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI pDrHudef;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufonfESifh ECD onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk apmifhMuyfppfaq;&onf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; Oya'ESifh EIA vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif IEEs ESifh EIAs pnf;urf;rsm; Muyfrwf&eftwGuff txl; tcGifhtmPm

wpf&yfudk ay;xm;onf/ tqdkygtcsufwGif o,HZmwwl;azmfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS jyKpkxm;onfh

pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; av;pm;vdkufemrIqdkif&m ESpf0uf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; jyefvnfqef;ppfoHk;oyf

jcif;vnf; yg0ifonf/ 122 tpdk;&rS obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m BudKwifumuG,frIrsm;udk tm;ay;

aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; tcsdefESifhwajy;nD taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrItydkif;wGifcsdKU,Gif;

tm;enf;csufrsm;udk BuHKawGUae&onf/ tifwmAsL; ajzMum;olrsm;u ECD \ apmihfMunfh

119 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (2016).

120 Vermont Law School, Draft Guideline on Public Participation in Myanmar’s EIA Process (31 May 2017).

121 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index.

122 Environmental Conservation Department website, “Monitoring,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.ecd.gov.mm/?q=node/387.

56


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wGif;Xme\ w&m;0if wm0efrsm;ESifh rnfodkY qufEG,frI&Sdonfudk Oya'rlabmifwGif &Sif;vif;pGm

zGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/

urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI^vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;

rdrdwdkY ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkkif&m

Oya'rlabmif wpf&yfudk EdkifiHawmftqifhu a&;qGJxm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfief; taumif

txnfazmfrIESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;wdkYtwGuf jynfe,fâ'o qdkif&mrS ydkí wm0ef,lonfudk

vnf; awGU&onf/ txl;ojzifh EIA vkyfief;pOfwGif a'ocHrsm;\ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;

udpörsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifap&ef jynfe,fâ'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;udk w&m;0if

tcef;u@wpf&yf cGJa0csxm;ay;Muonf/

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKcsufay;jcif;

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tqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufrsm; csay;EkkdifcGifh odkYr[kwf

tqdkygvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS n§dEdIif;wdkifyifydkifcGifhudk ay;xm;

jcif;jzifh jynfe,ftqifhudkk yg0ifaponf/ tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

123 Kyaw Thu, Government Official Shuts Down Two Jade Mining Companies in Northwest Myanmar (17 August 2016).

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57


Oya'rlabmifwpf&yf &Sdaeaomfvnf; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI pDrHudef;rsm;onf jynfe,f

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tyfonf/ 124 rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif (soum) jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rI;rsm;tm; owÅKprf;oyf &SmazGa&;

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onfh udpö&yfrsm;udk xkwfjyefaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; ydkrdktm;aumif;ap&ef

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Pmrsm; &Sdonf/ 126

MopaMw;vsEdkkifiH jynfe,ftpkkd;&rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;

a&;qGJjcif;ESifh twnfjyKcsufay;&mwGif xdef;csKyfrI tcGifhtmPm tjynfht0&Sdonf/ ,if;onf

awGUBuHK&cJaom om"uwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ 127 zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS xdef;odrf;xm;onfh {&d,m

twGuf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsufrsm; xkkwfay;jcif;uJYodkkYaom EdkifiHawmftqifh ta&;ygonfh

udpö&yfrsm;twGuf pnf;MuyfrI tcGifhtmPmudk vuf0,fxm;&Sdonf/ xdkkYjyif EdkifiHwpf0ef; ywf0ef;

usifqdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk tedrfhqHk; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; aqmif&Gufonf/ 128

Oya'rlabmifrsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsufay;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ü jynfe,fâ'o

tqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ yg0ifrItwGuf owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifavY&Sdonf/ odkkYaomfvuf

awGUwGif trSefwu,f jynfe,ftqifh pwdwf[kkd'grsm;tay: vkyfykkdifcGifhvTJay;rI &Sdr&SdrSm EdkifiH

ay:rlwnfí uGJjym;Muonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufEdkif

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jyXmef;xm;onf/ 129 tydkif; (3)wGif qdkcJYovdk ,if;tcsufonf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsuf

rsm; csay;onfhjzpfpOfudk oufa&mufapcJYNyD; ywf0ef;usifqdkkif&m taMumif;jycsufjzifh a'o

trsm;tjym;wGif vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm; &yfwefYjcif;wdkYudk jzpfapcJYonf/ ¤if;jzpfpOf

wGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;jcif;

rsm;u taMumif;cHtjzpf wpdwfwykkdif; yg0ifaeonf/ a'oEå&tqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS vdkifpifcsay;

onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf twnfjyKcsufay;&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomfvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usif

tusdK;oufa&mufrI xkwfjyefcsufrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkkYom odcGifh&Sdonfh

twGuf jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf ywf0ef;usiftay: xdcdkkufrIrsm;udk xd

a&mufpGm tuJjzwf qHk;jzwf&ef cufcJaponf/ 130

124 Government of India, Air Act (1981); Government of India, Water Act (1974); Government of India, Environment Act (1986); Government of India, Hazardous and Other Waste Rules (2016); see also: Els Reynaers Kini, Tavinder Sidhu and Surender Pal Bhatia, “Environmental Law and Practice in India: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 July 2017.

125 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.

126 Government of Indonesia, Environmental Permit Regulations (2012); Government of Indonesia, Environmental Protection and Management Law (2009).

127 Geoscience Australia, Minerals and Petroleum in Australia.

128 Government of Australia, Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999); Australian Government Department of Environment. Fact sheet 1: What is the One-Stop Shop?

129 Government of the Philippines, Local Government Act.


58


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aimag oufqdkif&m tkkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u o,HZmw &SmazGjcif;rsm; ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk

wm;qD;ydkkifcGifh &Sdonf/ 131

av;axmifhuGuf (10) yD½l;EdkifiH\ yl;aygif;yg0if apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;jzpfpOf

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; wm0ef,lxm;onfh tpkkd;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

tjyif Oya'rlabmiftjyifbufrStpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf/ tpdk;& odkYr[kwf ukrÜPD\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk trsm;jynfol od&Sdap&ef xkwfjyef&rnfjzpfNyD; odkY

rSom vGwfvyfNyD; taESmiftzGJUuif;aom pdppf ppfaq;jcif; jzpfvmrnf/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom

Stakeholders rsm;udkvnf; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif wdkuf½dkuf yg0ifvmEdkif

&ef aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a'ocHrsm;tm; a&erlem odkYr[kwf ajrqDvTm erlem

rsm; qef;ppf,lapjcif; wm0efudk ay;tyfjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI tcef;u@

wpf&yfudk zefwD;Edkifonf/ yD½l;EdkifiHwGif owÅKwGif;rsm;\ a&toHk;jyKrIESifh a&t&nftaoG;ydkif;

qdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIwdkYtwGuf “Participatory Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance Committees” uJhodkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;onfh tzGJUrsm;udk zGJUpnf;rIrsm; &Sd

onf/ ¤if;onf owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm; ESifh a'ocH vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; oabm

tavsmuf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrIa&; y#dyu©rsm; jzpfrvmatmif umuG,fay;

onfhtwGuf tpdk;&taejzifh ydkrdkaxmufcHrIrsm; &Sdonf/ 132 yD½l;EdkifiH\ jzwfoef;rI tawGU

tBuKHrsm;t& yl;aygif; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;onf ukrÜPD\ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mvkyfaqmif

csufESifh tpdk;&\ apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tm;xkwfrIrsm;tay: ,HkkMunfrI&Sdvmaponfh enf;

vrf;wpfckkjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; uRrf;usifolrsm; OD;aqmifonfh w&m;0if BuD;Muyfppfaq;rI

tcef;u@udk tpm;xkkd;onfh oabmrsdK;rjzpfatmif owdjyK&rnf/

yD½ll;EdkifiH ajryHk

131 Government of Mongolia, Law of Mongolia on Environmental Impact Assessments (2014); Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.

132 Andre Xavier, Aldo Leon, Alexandra Carlier, Manuel Bernales and Bern Klein, The Role of Participatory Environmental Monitoring Committees in Mining Regions in Peru (Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Sustainable Development in the Minerals Industry, 2017).

59



jrefrmEdkifiH\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;pOfrsm; wdk;wufajymif;vJrI qufvuf

aqmif&Guf&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/

¼ EIA vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; w&m;0if

owfrSwfay;jcif; / / EIA vkyfxHkk;vkyfenf; topfrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh n§dEdIif;

wdkifyifrItwGuf jyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifonfrSm tm;wufzG,f&mjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\tcef;

u@ESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdk&ef vdktyfaeao;onf/ qdkkvdkonfrSm qHk;jzwf

csuf csrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh rnfonfhtwdkif;twm yrmPtxd vkyfydkif

cGifh&Sdonfudk wdwdusus owfrSwfazmfjy&ef vkkdtyfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI

pDrHudef;rsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuf csay;&mwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkkif;a'otpdk;&\ axmufcHrI&&Sd&ef vkkd

tyfonf[kk w&m;0if owfrSwfay;jcif;/ jynfe,fâ'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; EIA ppfwrf;

jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;rIwGif xnfhoGif;yg0ifapEdkifonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfe,fâ'o

qdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;tm; ADwdktmPmay;tyfjcif;udpötm; tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf

NyD; &Sif;vif;aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; r&Sdygu ,if;tcsufonf vdkifpif

rsm; csay;&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfEdkifovdk wpfzufowf uefYuGufjiif;qdkrI tEå&m,fudk

vnf; ydkí BuD;xGm;vmapEdkifonf/

¼ pGrf;aqmif&nfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;udk owdjyKrlum jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;\ apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tydkif;udk yHYydk;aqmif&Gufjcif; / / jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;\ a'owGif;tajctaersm;udk ydkrdkoduRrf; ESHYpyfrIrsm;ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;ESifheD;uyfpGm

&Sdaejcif;wdkkYaMumifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkkYvkyfaqmif&ef oifhavsmf

onf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkkY\ enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf

jzpfonf/ ECD taejzifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm; MuHKawGU

ae&NyD;? jynfe,fâ'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfonfh wm0efudk aus

yGefpGm xrf;EkkdifrI &Sdr&Sdukkdvnf; &Sif;vif;pGm rod&ao;yg/

¼ jynfe,fâ'oqkdif&m tpdk;&rsm;udkk pnf;urf;MuyfrSwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; rnfonfh

tqifhxd ay;rnfudkk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef/ / / tu,fí jynfe,fâ'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm;

apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; wm0efrsm;udk ay;tyfvQif pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

ay;&ef vdktyfonf/ pnf;urf;rvdkufemonfh vkyfief;rsm;tm; ta&;,lonfh vkyfief;pOfudk

ydkkrdkvsifjrefvmaprnf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf

Edkif&ef jynfe,fâ'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;wGif vdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfwdkYudk

&Sdr&Sd csifhcsdefqkkH;jzwf&ef vkkdonf/ xda&mufaom BuD;Muyfppfaq;jcif; r&SdvQif Oya'taumif

txnfazmf&ef tyfESif;xm;onfh tmPmudkk udk,fusdK;twGuf tmPm tvGJoHkk;pm;jcif;rsm;ESifh

Ncdrf;ajcmuf aiGnpfrIrsm;qDodkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifonf/

60


7/ vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; ESifh usef;rma&; (OSH)

bmaMumifh ta&;ygovJ

o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm; txll;ojzifh owÅKwGif;u@taejzifh tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;

ESifh a'ocH vlxkktwGuf ta&;ygaom tvkyftudkif zefwD;rIrsm; &SdvmapEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf

vnf; pepfus aumif;rGefaom ab;qD;&efum tpDtpOfrsm; r&Sdygu ,if;tvkyftukdifrsm;onf

tEå&m,f&SdEdkifonf/ owÅKwGif;u@\ tvkyform;tiftm;rSm urÇmYtvkyform; tiftm;\ 1

&mcdkifEIef;om &Sdaomfvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform; tzGJUtpnf;rS cefYrSef;xm;csuft&

urÇmYvkyfief;cGif rawmfwq xdcdkufrIrsm;\ 8 &mcdkifEIef;eD;yg;onf owÅKu@u jzpfonf[k

qdkonf/ rawmfwq xdcdkufrIrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGif a&m*gb,rsm;rSm ta&;ygaom pdefac:csuf

tEå&m,frsm;yif jzpfonf/ 133 tusdK;quftm;jzifh wl;azmfa&;ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdY\ tvkyf

orm;rsm;twGuf ab;tEå&m,fuif;a0;NyD; usef;rma&;twGuf pdwfcs&aom 0ef;usifwpf&yfudk

axmufyHY zefwD;ay;&ef tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tcdkiftrm aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

owÅKwGif;tvkyform;\ &mcdkkifEIef; owÅKu@ rawmfwqxdcdkkufrI &mcdkkifEIef;

vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;wdkYudk tusdK;&SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef tpdk;&rsm;onf&Sif;vif;

jywfom;aom Oya' ESifh vrf;nTefcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;&ef vdktyfonf/ ,if;tcsuftm; EdkifiH\

tvkyform;Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf o,HZmw u@tvdkuf Oya'rsm;ESifh enf;Oya'rsm;wGifxnfh

oGif; jyXmef;Edkifonf/ pDrHudef;tvdkuf vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; tpDtpOfrsm;tm;

qef;ppf oHkk;oyfrIonf ywf0ef;usifoufa&mufrI tuJjzwf qef;ppfjcif;\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf

jzpfaewwfonf/ pDrHudef;rsm; pwifvkyfudkif aqmif&GufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;

a&; ESifh usef;rma&; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIESifh pnf;MuyfrIrsm;udk tpdk;&

rsm;taejzifh aocsmpGm aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf zuf'&,fpepftm; aqG;aEG;&mwGif vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifhusef;rma&;

rSm rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;twGuf yPmr OD;pm;ay;tjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;avY r&SdMuay/ odkY&mwGif

rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhrS Oya'jyXmef;rnf? rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhrS vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf

aqmif&GufrIESifh apmifhMunfh ppfaq;rnfwdkYtwGuf wm0efrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwf&ef

vGefpGmta&; ygonf/ ¤if;wm0efudk jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ay;

jcif;onf tusdK;wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdaprnf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkkaomf ¤if;wdkkYu wl;azmfxkwf

vkyfrI vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkkrdk&&SdEdkifNyD; pnf;urf;

Muyfrwfjcif;udk ydkrdkxda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifaponfhtwGufaMumifh jzpfonf/

133 International Labour Organization (ILO), “Mining: A Hazardous Work,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_ 124598/lang--en/index.htm.

yHk (3)

urÇmYtvkyform;

pkpkaygif;ESifh owÅKwGif;

vkyfom;wdkY\ rawmfwq

xdcdkufrI EIdif;,SOfcsuf

(&mcdkif;EIef;jzifh)

61


odkY&mwGif ,cktpD&ifcHpmü tjcm;rl0g'a&;&m u@rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onfh

twdkif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rI vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifxda&muf

aom pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; jzpf&ef enf;ynm pGrf;aqmif&nf? b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m

pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh vlom;pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; &Sd&ef r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf/ jynfe,fâ'otqifh

wGif ,if;tcsufr&SdvQif vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; vTJajymif;cGJa0ay;jcif;onf xda&mufaom

BuD;Muyfppfaq;rIrsm; jzpfvmEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ tvm;wlyif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;

ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfaqmif&mwGifvnf; enf;ynmydkif;

qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI trsm;tjym; vdktyfonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk

cGJa0ay;vkkdufonfhtcg tcsdKUjynfe,fâ'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aumif;rGefvHkavmufaom

vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh

tajctaersm;udk jzpfapEdkifonf/ a'ocHtmPmykkdifrsm;onf pDrHudef;ESifh ykkdíeD;pyfrI&Sdaomfvnf;

tcsdKUtajctaersm;wGif a'owGif; tvkyftudkifzefwD;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aumif;usdK;rsm;udk

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onfhtwGuf ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; jypf'PfcsrSwf&ef (Oyrm - vkyf

ief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk &yfqdkif;jcif;) wGefYqkwf 0efav;rIrsm;vnf; &SdvmEdkifonf/


jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; (OSH) udpö&yfrsm;twGuf

Oya'jyXmef;rIESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;udk vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&uom wm0ef,l

aqmif&Gufaeonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkygpepftm; &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ vkyfief;cGif

ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&; ESifh usef;rma&;udpöudk Oya'trsdK;rsdK;wGif xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;NyD;

jynfaxmifpkktqifh Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfief;rsm;u pnf;urf;Muyfrwfonfh wm0efudk

,lxm;onf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh ½kkyfysufqif;ysufEkkdifonfh tm;enf;csufrsm;aMumifh wl;azmfa&;

pDrHudef;rsm;\ aqmif&GufrI tqifhtwef;udkk usqif;aponf/ txl;ojzifh owÅKwGif;u@ESifh

ausmufrsufu@wdkYwGif ydkrdk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ 134

vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;? usef;rma&; ESifhoufqdkifaom t"du Oya'rsm;udk NcHHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;

usef;rma&;ESifh ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;udk Oya'trsdK;rsdK;wGif udk;um;azmfjyxm;onf/ 1951

puf½Hkrsm; tufOya'wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í jyXmef;csufrsm; yg

&Sdaomfvnf; u@tvdkuf tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ tvm;wl 2012 vlrIzlvHkka&;Oya'

wGifvnf; tvkyform;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufí tcsdKUjyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifonf/ 2012

ckESpfwGif tvkyform;0efBuD;XmerS vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya'rlMurf;

wpf&yfudk pwifa&;qGJcJYaomfvnf; tqdkyg Oya'rlMurf;rSmvnf; Oya'wpf&yftjzpf xGuf&Sdvm

jcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 135

owÅKwGif;u@ü owÅKwGif;Oya'? ausmufrsufOya'ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI

qef;ppfjcif; vkyfxHkk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; jyXmef;csuftcsdKU

yg0ifonf/ owÅKwGif;u@wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;udpö&yfrsm;twGufowÅK

wGif;vkyfief; ab;uif;a&; Oya'wpf&yfudk ,cif owÅKwGif;0efBuD;XmerS (obm0ywf0ef;usif

xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh opfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme ESifh aygif;pnf;jcif;rjyKrD umvrsm;wGif)

jyXmef;&ef jyifqifcJYonf/ ¤if;Oya'yg tcsdKUjyXmef;csufrsm;rSm ,ckvuf&SdwGif &Sdaeaomvkyfief;

cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya' tpdwftydkif;tcsdKUrS jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh o[

ZmwjzpfrI r&Sdonfudk avYvmod&Sd&onf/ ,if;Oya'\ vuf&Sdtajctaeudk rod&yg/ 136


135 Ibid.

136 Ibid.

62


a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif 1951 a&eHajr (tvkyform;rsm;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;)

tufOya'wGif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS tav;xm; aqmif&Guf&rnfh usef;rma&; ESifh vkyfief;cGif ab;

uif;a&;ESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&; tp&Sdonfh BudKwifumuG,fa&; pHEIef;rsm;udk

us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jyXmef;xm;onf/ 137

apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH\ vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;? usef;rma&;ESifhoufqdkifaom Oya' tpdwftydkif;rsm;t&

rwlnDaom A[dktpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pnf;Muyf

ydkifcGifhrsm; &Sdonf/ rltm;jzifhqdk&aomf tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme\ puf½Hkrsm;ESifh taxGaxGtvkyf

orm;Oya'rsm; ppfaq;a&;Xmeonf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&mtjzpftysuf

rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ vufawGUwGifrl tvkyform;0efBuD;Xmeonfo,H

Zmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIu@rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ppfaq;aqmif&GufrIrsm; r&SdaMumif;od&onf/ 138

u@tvdkuf 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifhusef;rm

a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk t"duwm0ef,l vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ NRGI rS qef;ppfoHk;oyfxm;

onfh ausmufrsufOya' rlMurf;ESifh owÅKwGif; pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif owÅKwGif;Xme\ nTefMum;a&;

rSL;csKyfudk owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; tBuD;tuJtjzpf azmfjyxm;um usef;rma&;ESifh

vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;qdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq;ydkkifcGifh ay;xm;onf/ uRrf;usifolwpfOD;ESifh awGUqHk

ar;jref;rIt& MGE onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; aqmif&GufrIrsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif

ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&onf/ owÅKu@wGif EdkifiHydkif

owÅKwGif;vkyfief; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHkprf;ppfaq;

jcif;rsm;udk tvGwfoabm aqmif&Gufonf/ 139 EdkifiHvkyfief;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;t& yg0if½Hkomru



139 Ibid.

a&Trdkif;wGif;wGif toHkk;jyK

onfh avxdkk;ydkkufrS

xkkwfvTwfaom

zkkefrIYefrsm;aMumifh

tqkkwfxJodkkY a&m*gydkk;

0ifa&mufrIudk jyoxm;

onfh "gwfrSefudk rEÅav;

a'o a&Trdkif;vkyfom;

wpfOD;rS jyoaeyHk

NRGI twGuf

Andre Malerba

63


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2015 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' vkyfief;pOf Z,m; 2 udk xyfwdk; jznfhpGufcsufrsm;

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jynfaxmifpkrS jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh udkufnDrI&Sdap&ef &nfoefí aqmif&GufcJYjcif;jzpfonf/

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tEå&m,frsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/


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onf/ 140

taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrI ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;

,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf erlemavYvmonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;

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e,fa'otqifhodkkY cGJa0ay;rIvnf; &Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;rS

apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;ESifh pnf;MuyfrIwdkYtwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/ tjcm;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif apmifh

Munfhppfaq;a&; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ a'oudk,f

pm;vS,frsm;rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;

tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk zuf'&,ftpdk;& at*sifpDwpfckjzpfaom ywf0ef;usif ESifh o,HZmw t&if;

tjrpfXme\ a'oqdkif&m Xmersm;rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ ,if; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onf apmifh

Munfhppfaq;a&;qdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;tm; pDrHudef; vkyfief;cGifESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfapNyD; pHkprf;ppfaq;

jcif;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh tpdk;&odkY wm0efcHrI&Sdap&ef tcdkiftrm vkyfaqmifxm;onf/

140 David Cliff, The Management of Occupational Health and Safety in the Mining Industry in Australia (International Mining for Development Centre, 2012).

Mopaw;vsEdkifiH&Sd

jynfe,fESifh a'owdkif;wGif

vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;

ESifh usef;rma&;qdkkif&m

udk,fydkkif Oya'jyXmef;rI

&SdNyD;? A[dkktpdk;&rS

EdkifiHwpf0Srf; Oya'rsm;

vdkufavsmnDaxGrI &Sd&ef

aqmif&Gufonf/

64


taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk jynfe,f^

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ajymqdkk&ef wGefYqkkwfaewwfonf/ tvkyform;or*¾rsm;ESifh wGJzufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhtusdK;

aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEdkif&ef atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf/

¼ tvkyform;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; usef;rma&;ESifh vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;qdkif&m

pHEIef;rsm;? ay:aygufvmEkkdifonfh tEå&m,frsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk rnfodkY azmf

xkwfEdkifonfwdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í oifwef;ay;jcif;

¼ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS tpD&ifcHwifjyEdkif&ef

,Eå&m;vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfudk xm;&Sdjcif;ESifh wifjyaom trIudpörsm;tm; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;

¼ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;tm; tpD&ifcH wifjyrItwGuf or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;tm; &efwHkYESif;jcif;rS tumtuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdkkYjzpfonf/

141 Pia K. Markkanen, Occupational Safety and Health Indonesia (International Labour Organization, 2004).

65


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oGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/

¼ u@wpf&yftwGuf wpforwfwnf;jzpfaom pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk tcdkiftrm&Sdatmifvkyfaqmif

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rsm;tm;jzifh jznfhpGufjyXmef;rI jyKvkyfEdkifonf/

¼ jynfaxmifpkkESifh jynfe,f^wdkif;a'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif&rnfh

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rIrsm;qdkif&m wm0efrsm;udkk tjynfht0 wm0ef,lvkkdufoifhonf/ wm0efcHrI jywfom;&eftwGuf

vnf; ,if;tcsufudkk rjzpfrae azmfaqmif&rnf/

¼ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tcsdK;nDrQaom aiGaMu; ESifh uRrf;usifrI axmufyHYjcif;udk vkyfaqmif

&ef / / vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; usef;rma&;qdkif&m taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh pnf;urf;Muyf

rwfjcif; vkyfydkifcGifhudk rnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;rS &,lxm;onfjzpfap tqdkyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk

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&nf ESifh b@ma&;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; &Sdoifhonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;\ tawGUtBuHKt&

jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkif

aom pdefac:csufrsm;rSm ,if;jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ay;tyfaomwm0efudkk

ausyGefatmif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;r&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/

¼ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifvmap&ef

awmiftmz&du

CAPE TOWN

BLOEMFONTEIN

PRETORIA

awmiftwÅvefwdwf

ork'´&mtdEd´,

ork'´&m

66


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ay;onfh tcef;u@wpf&yfwGif &SdaeEdkifaomfvnf; wm0efcHrI cdkifrm aocsmap&eftwGuf

apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m t<uif;rJY tcGifhtmPmudk tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm; vuf0,fwGif

&Sdoifhonf/

67


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wGif tusdK;tjrwfwefzdk; cGJa0jyefYESHYrIqdkif&m cefYrSef;,lqcsuf wpf&yfudk yHk 3 wGifMunfhyg)

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odkYr[kwf jynfwGif; tvkyform;rsm;tm; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif; rsm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh

vnf; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIpDrHudef;rsm;aMumifh ydkrdkBuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf jzpfvmap

&eftwGuf oD;oefYpmcsKyfrsm;wGif owfrSwfcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;jcif; odkYr[kwf Oya'jyXmef;jcif;jzifh

aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ 142 iSm;&rf; cefYtyfjcif; ESifh 0,f,ljcif;twGuf owfrSwfcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf

uefYowf yrmPrsm;? oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;? tao;pm;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rjzpfrae axmufyHY

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enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK; tokkH;jyKvsuf tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ 143 jynfwGif; ykk*¾vdu

u@? vkkyfom;tiftm;pkkMum; tNydKiftqkkdif aqmif&GufrI&Sdap&ef? pD;yGm;a&; vkkyfief;trsdK;tpm;

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EdkifapNyD; tqkkd;qkkH;taeESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI tcef;u@udkvnf; t[efYtwm; jzpfapEdkifonf/

a'ocH Stakeholder rsm;rS awmif;qdkavh&SdonfrSm pDrHudef;\ tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udkk wpfEdkifiH

vHk; twdkif;twmxuf wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI jyKvkkyfonfh a'orsm;odkY csufcsif; a&muf&Sdapa&;yif

jzpfonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 12 wGifMunfhyg)/ tvkyftudkif cefYtyfrIESifh axmufyHY0,f,lrIrsm;onf

tcGefb@ma&;ydkif;xuf ydkí xifomjrifom&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;wpf&yf jzpfEdkifonf/xkdYaMumifh

tqHk;tjzwfjyKvkyfjcif;? taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh a'owGif;xkwfukefrsm; ydkrdk

toHk;jyKvmEdkifa&; jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;wkkdYwGif jynfe,fa'otqifhqdkif&m

142 Ana Maria Esteves, Bruce Coyne and Ana Moreno, Local Content Initiatives: Enhancing the Subnational Benefits of Oil, Gas and Mining (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2013).

143 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Local Content: Strengthening the Local Economy and Workforce (2015).

tpdk;&odkkY ay;acsrI (a':vmoef; 4650)

Suppliers odkkY ay;acsrI (a':vmoef; 26358)

vkyftm;c? vpm (a':vmoef; 6054)

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yHk (4)

a&Trdkif;wpfckk\

wefzdkk;rsm; ysHUESHHYrI

Source: World Gold Concil, Responsible Gold Mining and Value Distribution, 2013 Data: A Global Assessment of the Economc Value Created and Distributed by Members of the World Council (2014)

68


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teufxm; pOf;pm;rI jyKvkyfaeonf/ 144

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Xmef;csufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif r&Sdyg/ 145


jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; udpö&yfrsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd

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&nf&G,fonfh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; w&m;0if jyXmef;csufrsm; r&SdonfhtwGuf pDrHudef;aMumifh

oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh a'ocHrsm;taejzifh ,if;u@rS &&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwfrsm;tm;

144 Marta Nogueira and Alexandra Alper, “Brazil Mulls Easing Local Content Rules in Older Oil Contracts,” Reuters, 18 July 2017.

145 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Local Content.

69


tusdK;cHpm;&jcif; r&Sdao;ay/

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a'otusdK;pD;yGm; zGHUNzdK;a&;qkkdif&m Oya'rlabmiftm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;

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onf/ 148

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csufrsm; jyKvkyfjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 150

,ckvuf&SdtcsdefwGif jyifqifa&;qGJaeonfh owÅKwGif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; rlMurf;t& rnf

146 Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability, The 21st Century Panglong Process Must Set a New Approach for Natural Resource Management (2017). Published on Facebook.

147 See Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Law (2016). The law repeals the Foreign Investment Law (2012), which had included the more detailed quotas that 25 percent of skilled workers had to be Myanmar citizens within two years, 50 percent within four years and 75 percent within six years.

148 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Investment Rules.

149 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures.

150 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index (2017).

70


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rnfjzpfonf/ 151 odkYaomfvnf; NRGI rS qef;ppf oHk;oyfcsuft& ,if;rlMurf;wGifvnf;

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xnfhoGif;&rnf[k qdkonf/ 152

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wm0ef&Sdonf/ 154

151 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Draft Myanmar Mines Rules (2017).

152 Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, Model Production Sharing Contract.


154 Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, Model Production Sharing Contract.

71



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a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifhywfoufí pmcsKyfpmwrf;qdkif&m jy|mef;csuftay: nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;

&mwGif jynfe,fâ'otpdk;&udk yg0ifcGifhay;xm;onf/ 156 zdvpfydkifwGif tqdkygvkyfydkifcGifhudk Xmae

wdkif;&if;om;qdkkif&m Oya'wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ]]bdk;bGm;ydkif ae&m}}

155 Government of Indonesia, Regulation of Regents No.48/2011 (2011).

156 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law; Government of Mongolia, Law on Petroleum; Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.

tif'dkkeD;&Sm; Bojonegoro a'otpdk;&onf a&eHESifh

obm0wf"mwfaiGU

vkyfief;twGuf a'ocH

tusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh

ywfoufí xyfwdk;

jznfhpGuf Oya'wpfckk

csrSwfcJYonf/

þOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkk

Oya'xuf ydkktao;pdyfNyD;?

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;

ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh

a'oEå& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;

rsm; ESifh a'ocHrsm;udk

¤if;wdkYvkyfief;rsm;wGif

yg0if&ef vdktyfonf[k

nTefMum;xm;onf/

72


wGif o,HZmwwl;azmfrI aqmif&Gufonfhtcg ¤if;wdkkYtaejzifh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOf

rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif yg0iffcGifh&Sdonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl vkyfydkifcGifh

tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vuf0,fxm;&Sdonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;u vkdifpifavQmuf

xm;onfh vkyfief;pOf\ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf ukkrÜPDrsm;rS wifoGif;onfh tpDtpOf^ pDrHudef;rsm;

twGuf owÅKwGif;ESifh blrdodyÜH AsL½dk a'oEå& ½Hk;rsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ a'owGif;ü

tajcpdkkuf vkyfudkifaomfvnf; tqdkyg½Hk;rsm;udk A[dktpdk;&u a&G;cs,fcefYtyfxm;NyD;? A[dktpdk;&

odkY wdkuf½dkuf wm0efcHrI&Sd&onf/ 157

pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;

pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;udpöwGif jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpkd;&onf ydkí xJxJ0if0if yg0ifonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;udpöudk jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&u Oya'jyKNyD;

taumiftxnf azmfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;onf BuD;Muyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk

aqmif&Guf&onf/ owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tvkyftudkifzef;wD;jcif; udpö&yfrsm;wGif a'

oEå& tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tm;

enf;aomfvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhvkdifpif &&Sdxm;onfh ukrÜPD\ pnf;urf;vdkufemrIudk apmifhMunfh

ppfaq;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;udk a'ocHvlxkonfvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcGifh &Sd

onf/ 158


jrefrmEdkifiHwGif o,HZmw u@rS &&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;tm; jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkfif&m

Stakeholder rsm;xHodkY cGJa0ay;jcif;qdkkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk qufvuf tav;xm; aqmif&Guf

oGm;&mwGif atmufyg tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Ekdifygonf -

¼ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ydkíus,fjyefYaom zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh

wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfatmif aqmif&Gufyg / / jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m

tpdk;&wdkYMum; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vlrIpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m bHkk&nfrSef;csuf xm;&Sd

NyD; a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;udk tqdkyg&nfrSef;csufESifhtnD vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tusdK;aus;Zl;

&SdEdkifonf/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS tvHk;pHk NcHKiHkrdaom rlabmifwpf&yfudk csrSwfEdkifNyD; jynfe,f

ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;u a'otwGuf tqifajyovdk udkufn§d toHkk;jyKEdkifonf/ þ

rl0g'rsm;onf tem*wfwGif vkyfaqmifrnfh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkkif&m Oya'rsm;? enf;

Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh csKyfqdkkonfh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;twGuf udk;um;csufwpfck

jzpfvmEkdifonf/

¼ ]]a'owGif;}} qdkonfh pum;&yfudk teufzGifhjcif; / / vuf&SdwGif tpdkk;&\ rl0g'onf jrefrm

jynfolrsm; tvkyftudkif&&SdrI wdk;wufa&;twGuf tajccHtm;jzifh tav;xm; aqmif&Gufae

onf/ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh a'ocHrsm; tusdK;&Sdap&efESifh

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk tcsdKU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o Stakeholder rsm;ESifh teD;uyf aqG;aEG;wdkifyif í ]]a'owGif;}}

qdkaom pum;&yf\ t"dyÜm,fudk ydkí wdwdusus zGifhqdkEkdifonf/

¼ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,fâ'oqdkif&m tpkd;&Mum; nd§EdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif; / / jynfe,f

ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;rS ¤if;wdkkYjynfe,fESifh wdkif;twGuf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; oD;oefY

owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jy|mef; taumiftxnfazmfcGifh &Sdvmygu jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&\ rl0g'

rsm;ESifh nd§EdIif;aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzifh tusdK;&SdEdkifonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,f ESifh a'o

qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;wGif a'opD;yGm;a&;\ tcuftcJrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;

xm;oifhonf/ ,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;&SdNyD; trsdK;tpm; uGJjym;aom yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk

157 Government of the Philippines, Mining Act.

158 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law. stakeholder interview.

73


OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufoifhonf/

¼ jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;\ u@udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfyg / /

EIA rlabmift& vlrIpDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfrsm; zGHUNzdK;a&;wGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o tpdk;&ESifh

wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&ef jy|mef;csufrsm;onf aumif;aomajcvSrf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ a'ocHtusdK;

zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOftm; qef;ppfn§dEIdif;jcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif; ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;

jcif;rsm;twGuf vkyfydkkifcGifh wm0efrsm;udk EIA rlabmifwGif ydkí &Sif;vif;jywfom;atmif

t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk owfrSwfEdkifonf/ rGef*dkvD,m;uJhodkkY jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;omru

a'ocH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg yg0ifapjcif;onf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; rl0g'rsm; pm&Gufay:

wGifomr[kwfbJ vufawGU taumiftxnfazmfjcif; udk jzpfapNyD; wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;'Pfudkk

wkkduf½kkduf cHpm;&onfh a'ocHtwGuf tusdK;&SdapEdkifonf/ EIA ESifh EMP rsm;udk jynfol

vlxktm; vufvSrf;rDatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh a'ocHrsm;udkk tusdK;&Sdaponf/

74


9/ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI


wpfEdkifwpfydkif ESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf urÇmh

tvkyftudkif u@\ t"du t&if;tjrpf jzpfygonf/ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif; (ASM) onf urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd cefYrSef;ajc vlOD;a& oef; 100 eD;yg;\

toufarG;vkyfief; jzpfonf/ 159 þu@rS odomxif&Sm;aom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEkdifonf/

rGef*dkvD;,m; onf 2014 ckESpfwGif w&m;0if ASM vkyfief;rS jynfywifydkYa&mif;csrI cefYrSef;ajc

tar&duefa':vm oef; 110 txd &&SdchJonf/ tqdkygckESpftwGif; o,HZmw vkyfief;rsm;rS

&&Sdaom pkpkaygif; jynfywifydkkYa&mif;csrI\ 3 .3 &mcdkifEIef;txd &SdcJYonf/ 160

,if;uJhodkY pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygrI tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif þ

vkyfief;udk w&m;0if pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;aqmif&GufrI r&Sdao;ay/ vkyfief;cGiftajctaerSm

tEå&m,f&SdNyD; obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrIa&;&m pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;vnf; nHhzsif;rI &SdaeqJjzpfNyD; tcGef

aumuf,lrIvnf; tm;enf;aeonf/ vufjzpf wpfydkif owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;onf tBuD;pm;tqifh

vkyfudkifaeolrsm;ESifh y#dyu©jzpfvmEdkifNyD; xkdrSwpfqifh vkyfief;vnfywfrI xdcdkufum tMurf;

zufrIESifh vlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmEkdifonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;vHk;wGif ysHUESHYrI enf;

aeao;aomfvnf; wpfEkdifwpfydkif a&eHxkwfvkyfrI vkyfief;onf EkdifiHtcsdKUwGif ta&;ygaomudpö

wpf&yfjzpfNyD; tvm;wl jyóemrsm; &ifqdkifae&onf/

wpfEdkifwpfydkkifESifh tao;pm; wl;azmfjcif;u@\ pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygrIESifh vlrI0ef;usifESifh

ywf0ef;usiftay: oufa&mufrIudk xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef vdktyfaejcif;aMumifh tpdk;

&rsm;onf Oya'rsm; jy|mef;í pnf;urf;xdef;Muyf&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&GufvmaeMuonf/ yxr

tqifhtaejzifh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;onf ASM odkYr[kwf wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHwl;azmfjcif;qdkkif&m

Oya'rsm;udk yifrOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;avY &SdMuonf/ odkYaomf cGifhjyKrdefY avQmuf&mü

ukefusp&dwfrsm;jcif;? tcGefaqmif&jcif;? ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrIa&;qdkkif&m pnf;urf;csufrsm;vdkuf

em&jcif;aMumifh ,if;u@tm; w&m;0ifjzpfatmif azmfaqmif&mwGif t[efYtwm;rsm;jzpfaeNyD;

Oya'a&;&m tajymif;tvJ udpörSmvnf; atmifjrifcJaom udpöwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;tae

jzifh w&m;0ifvkyfief;tjzpf ajymif;vJap&ef rSefuefonfhrufvHk;rsm; azmfaqmifay;jcif;ESifh Oya'

rlabmif jyifywGif qufvufvkyfudkifaeolrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,ljcif;wdkkY aqmif

&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfief;udk w&m;0if jzpfapa&;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfydkif wl;azmfolrsm;tm; tumt

uG,fay;a&;? tBuD;pm;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;ESifh y#dyu© rjzpfapa&;twGuf jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m

tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yg0ifEdkifonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; wl;azmfol

rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cH&olrsm; r[kkwfbJ? tumtuG,frJY xdcdkkuf

vG,folrsm; jzpfMuonf/ jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkkYtm; Oya'rlabmiftwGif;rS

w&m;0if vkyfudkifvmEdkkfifap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&eftwGuf tajctaeay;onfjzpfaomaMumifh

ajyvnfatmif aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ w&m;0ifjzpfatmif vkyfaqmif&mwGif BuHKawGU&onfht"du

twm;tqD;tcsdKUrSm tcsdefMum? A[dktpdk;&ESifh qufqH&ef vdktyfjcif;? tvGef½IyfaxG;onfhvkyfxHk;

vkyfenf; tqifhqifhwdkY jzpfonf/ vkyfydkkifcGifh cGJa0vdkufygu AsL½dkua&pD BudK;eDpepf 'ku©rsm;udk

avQmhcsEkdifonf/ odkYaomf þudpöudk jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJí ajz&Sif;

159 These numbers include workers and their families. World Bank, “Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining,” last modified 21 November 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/artisanal-and-small-scale-mining.

160 Bolormaa Purevjav, Human Rights and Mongolia’s Small-Scale Mining Sector (The Asia Foundation, 2014); Calculated as follows: 110m*100/3,295,381,000, with data from the World Bank, “World Integrated Trade Solutions Portal,” accessed 15 January 2017, http://wits.worldbank.org.

75


oifhonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ynmay;jcif;? rufvHk;ay;jcif;ESifh xdawGU aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vkyf

aqmifoifhNyD; pnf;MuyfrI vkyfaqmif&ef pdwfqEÉSifh pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sd&efvnf; vdktyfonf/


wpfEkdifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ t"du pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief; &if;jrpfwpfck jzpfonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 13 udk Munfhyg) vkyfudkifaeol ta&twGufudk

twdtus ajym&ef cufcJaomfvnf; ausmufrsuf wl;azmfonfh jrefrmEkdifiH ajrmufydkif;a'owGif

a&raq; OD;a& 400000 ausmf &Sdonf[k o,HZmw ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;

0efBuD;Xme (MONREC) u cefYrSef;xm;onf/ 161 wpfEkdifwpfydkif ausmufwl;vkyfief;ESifh a&eH

vkyfief;tay: rDScdkaeol pkpkaygif; (wpfaeYvkyfrS wpfaeYpm;&olrsm; tygt0if) ta&twGufrSm

,ckxuf ydkEdkifonf/

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onf/ þu@onf vlrI0ef;usifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: BuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh

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cufcJNyD; vkyfief;tenf;i,fudkom w&m;0if cGifhjyKxm;onf/ w&m;0if owfrSwfcGifhjyKrI r&Sdjcif;?

vkyfief;cGif tEå&m,f&Sdjcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfxHk;rsm; nHhzsif;jcif;? (uav;oli,f

acgif;yHkjzwfrI ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; tvGJoHk;pGJrI tygt0if) vlrI0ef;usiftay: tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom

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ESifh tcGefaumuf,ljcif;) u@wpfckkjzpfonf/

av;axmifhuGuf (13) jrefrmEdkifiH\ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw

xkwf,ljcif;vkyfief;

tao;pm;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfykdif vkyfief;udk EkdifiHtvdkuf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyHk uGJjym;onf/ a,bk

,stm;jzifh &Hzef&HcgwGif zufpyfyl;aygif; vkyfudkifavY&Sdaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; (odkY) rdom;pkrsm;u

puftenf;i,f oHk;í (odkY) roHk;bJ xkwfvkkyfrIEIef; tenf;i,fom&Sdonfh tao;pm; wl;

azmfxkwfvkyfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ BuD;MuyfrItm;enf;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEkdif

wpfydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf &mZ0wfom; ESifh vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm; xdef;csKyfcH&Edkifonf/

wpfEkdifwpfydkif ausmufwl;vkyfief;onf wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHvkyfief;xuf urÇmwpf0ef;wGif

ydkí ododomom ysHUESHYrI&Sdonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 2015 ckESpf owÅKwGif;Oya' jyifqifcsuft& tao;pm; owÅKwl;azmfa&;ESifh

wpfEdkifwpfydkkif owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;tjzpf trsdK;tpm; cGJEdkifaom vkyfief;ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/

yxrwpfckrSm ]]BuD;rm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh toHk;p&dwf rvdkaom (odkY) txl;enf;ynmESifh

enf;pepfrsm; rvdkaom}} pD;yGm;jzpf xkwfvkyfrI 163 [kk t"dyÜm,f zGifhqkdxm;NyD; 'kwd,wpfckrSm

]]omrSef vufoHk;ud&d,mrsm;udk toHk;jyKaom xkwfvkyfrI}} 164 jzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap

wpfEdkifwpfydkkif (odkY) tao;pm; wl;azmfrItqifhudk tppftrSef t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&mwGif pdefac:

rI &SdEdkifonf/ tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf tao;pm;tqifh vkyfief;vkdifpif rsm;pGm

&,lxm;NyD; vkyfuGufwpfckwnf; aygif;vkyfaeonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tBuD;pm;tqifh vkyfief;

161 International Growth Centre, Artisanal Jade mining in Myanmar (2017), accessed 16 November 2017, https://www.theigc.org/project/artisanal-jade-mining-myanmar.


163 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar.

164 Government of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Mines Law (2015).

76


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aom tao;pm; pufrsm;vnf; wcgw&H toHk;jyKonf/ rauG;? ppfudkif;? {&m0wD ESifh

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jzpfay:aponf/ vkkyfief;cGifwGifvnf; ab;uif;vkkHjcKHa&; pHEIef;rsm; vkkdufemjcif;r&Sdyg/ 165

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ausmufpdrf;&Smaeaom a&raq;ausmuf &Smolrsm; ("gwfyHk - rif;aZ,sm)

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pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efvnf; Oya'topfwpf&yf jy|mef;xm;onf/ a&eH vuf,ufwGif;qdkif&m Oya'

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qifcJYonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' Z,m; 2 ESifh 5 wGif vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh tcGefaumuf,ljcif;

165 Htoo Thant and Chan Mya Htwe, “Government to Tighten Licensing Restrictions on Artisanal Oil Drilling,” Myanmar Times, 12 September 2016.

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77


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rlt& ASM u@qdkkif&m obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; topfrsm;wGif jynfe,f

ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;\ yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh tcsdKUudkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ 2016

EIA vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;t& tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkkif vkyfief;rsm;onf ueOD; obm0ywf

0ef;usif ppfaq;rI tpD&ifcHpm (IEE) wifjy&ef vdktyfonf/ xdktpD&ifcHpmudk obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;Xmeu tuJjzwf ppfaq;onf/ pDrHudef;a'otwGif; ywfouf

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vdkufemrI taxmuftxm;vufrSwf (ECC) xkwfay;&ef tqHk;tjzwfjyKvkyfonf/

w&m;0ifjzpfvmatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;

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&Sdaeaomfvnf; vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm w&m;r0if &yfwnfaeqJyif jzpfonf/ Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business u jyKvkyfaom okawoet& uGif;qif;okawoejyKpOf awG&Sd

cJYaom xHk;ausmuf*l? a&T ESifh oHjzL u@wdkYwGif vkyfudkifaeonhf wpfEdkifwpfydkkif owÅKwl;azmfa&;

vkyfief;rsm;onf cGifhjyKrdefYr&bJ aqmif&Gufaejcif;jzpfonf/ 168 vdkifpifavQmufjcif;ESifh obm0

ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf wpfydkifwpfEkdif

wl;azmfolrsm;twGuf tvGef 0efydaponf/ cdkifrmaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ,Eå&m;rsm;r&Sdonhf

twGuf w&m;0ifjzpfa&; vkyfaqmif&ef qGJaqmifEdkifaom rufvHk;vnf; aumif;aumif; r&Sday/

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&rsm; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmydk&atmif Oya'a&;&mtajymif;tvJ

vkyfjcif;onf jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd? w&m;0iftjzpf cGifhjyKa&;wGif taxmuftul

166 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Law 45/2015.

167 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Comments on Artisanal Oil Production Bill (2017).


78


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169 Given Myanmar’s somewhat unique status as a country with significant artisanal oil production, this section only draws observations from the management of artisanal and small-scale mining in other countries.

170 Government of Indonesia, Law No.4/2008 (2008); Government of Indonesia, Law No. 23/2014 (2014).

171 Government of the Philippines, Small Scale Mining Act (1991); Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.

172 Government of Malaysia, Mineral Development Act (1994).

79


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pepfonf aemufydkif;wGif trsdK;om; ASM pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; jzpfvmcJYonf/ 174

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,if;udk wdkufzsuf&ef Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,f tpdk;&onf rDem[ef bm,meD[ef

(Minahang Bayanihan) tpDtpOfudk pwifazmfaqmifcJYonf/ tqdkyg tpDtpOfonf

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rae oifwef;wuf&onf/ oifwef;rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&u jynfaxmifpktpdk;&? t&yf

173 Government of India, 2006 EIA Notifications (2006); The Times of India, Amendments in Rajasthan Mining Rules Illegal: HC (10 April 2015); “Rajasthan: Thousands of Quarries Shut Down as Deadline to Obtain NGT Nod Closes In,” First Post, 30 January 2017.

174 Bolormaa Purevjav and Jonathan Stacey, Mongolia’s Small-Scale Miners Play Critical Role in Safeguarding Natural Resources (The Asia Foundation, 2016).

175 Philippine Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Volume II of the PH-EITI Country Report 2015 (2015).

80


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3076 0ef;usif) 176 ukkdom a'oEå& tcGeftjzpf &&SdcJhonf/

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oufa&mufrIudkvnf; ajz&Sif;&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfcJYonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ppfaq;

twnfjyKjcif; pepfaMumifh uav;vkyfom; avsmhusvmonf/ xdkYtjyif xdktpDtpOfonf

obm0ywf0ef;usif pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufapcJYonf/ &v'ftaejzifh jy'g;rygaom

wl;azmfjcif; enf;pepfrsm;ESifh owÅKwl;azmfNyD;aemuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif

&GufrI jrifhwufvmcJYonf/ xdktpDtpOfaMumifh Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,f tpdk;&onf

Galing Pook qk csD;jr§ifhcHcJY&onf/ xdkqkonf qef;opfaumif;rGefaom a'oEå& pDrHtkyf

csKyfa&; azmfaqmifrIESifhywfoufí EdkifiHawmfuay;aom qkjzpfonf/

zdvpfydkif ajryHk

176 Both USD values are calculated with P/USD values of 1/0.02 on 18 January 2016.

zdvpfydkif

MANILA

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SOUTHCOTABATO

81



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a&;twGuf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ a&SUqufvkyfaqmif&mwGif atmufygtBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;

pOf;pm;Edkifygonf -

¼ jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk w&m;0if cGifhjyKyg / /

jzpfvmrnfh Oya'tajymif;tvJrsm;t& ,cifu jynfaxmifpk 0efBuD;Xmersm;udkk wm0efcH&

aom a'oEå& udk,fpm;vS,fudk vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm vTJay;vmEkkdifzG,f&Sdonfudkk awGU&Sd&onf/

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ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;twGuf toHk;0ifaom ajcvSrf;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ygrpfcsay;onfh

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w&m;0ifowfrSwfa&; vkyfief;\ 0efxkkyf0efykkd;rsm;udk rsm;pGm avQmhcsay;Edkifonf/ (cGifhjyKrdefY

avQmufvTmwpfapmif wif&eftwGuf tcsdefay;c&D;oGm;&jcif; vkkdtyfrIudkk avQmhcsjcif;)

¼ tBuD;pm;vkyfief;qdkkif&m rl0g'ESifh nd§EdIif;aqmif&GufrI jyKvkyfyg / / tBuD;pm; vkyfief;rsm;

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u qufvufudkifwG,faeí

tao;pm;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfydkif vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkdifpifcsay;onfhudpöudk jynfe,fESifh wdkif;

a'oBuD; tpdk;&rsm;vufxJ vTJajymif;ay;&mwGif tcuftcJ pdefac:rIrsm; MuHKawGUvmEdkifonf/

tu,fí aumif;rGefaom pDrHcefYcGJrI r&dSygu apmifhMunhfppfaq;rI tm;enf;jcif;aMumifhvdkifpif

csay;&mwGif vkyfuGufwpfckESifh wpfck xyfukefNyD; vkkyfuGufykkdifqkkdifrI ckkdifrmrIr&Sdjcif; tcGef

qHk;½HI;rIwdkY jzpfvmEdkifonf/ tu,fí vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;tpm;

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&xH wm0efcHrI&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHodkY vTJajymif;ay;rnf

qdkygu nd§EdIif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI pepfwpfck vdktyfvmrnf/ n§dEdIif;yl;aygif;&mwGif ajr,m

pm&if;pepf rQa0okHk;pGJrIvnf; yg0ifEkdifonf/ (tcef; 4 udkMunhfyg)

¼ tedrfhqHk; pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;aqmif&Gufa&; / / obm0 o,HZmwudkk zuf'&,f

enf;us cGJa0jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;uJhokdYyif taumiftxnfazmfrIwm0efudkk

jynfe,ftqifhokkdY tjynfht0 vTJajymif;vkkdufonfhwkkdif wpfEkkdifiHvkkH; usifhokkH;&rnfh tedrfhqkkH;

pHEIef;udkk qufvufpGJukkdifxm;&ef vkkdonf/ owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;

&SmazG&ef jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; wpfckESifhwpfck ul;oef;oGm;vmaeMu&í ,if;tcsuf

onf ASM ESifh ydkrdkoufqdkifrI&Sdonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf vkyfief; w&m;0ifjzpfa&; vkyfaqmif&ef

rufvHk;aumif;aumif; ay;onfh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;xH a&mufvmEdkifovdk w&m;

r0if vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaomfvnf; tjypfay;rcH&onfh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;odkYvnf;

a&muf&SdEdkifonf/ tu,fí a&xknpfnrf;rIrsdK; jzpfNyDqdkygu wpfydkifwpfEkdif vkyfief;rsm;\

qdk;usdK;rsm;onf jynfe,fwpfckkrS tjcm; jynfe,fwpfckay:txd oufa&mufrI &SdEkdifonf/

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&u usifhoHk;Edkifaom jynfaxmifpktqifh tedrfhqHk; pHcsdefpHEIef;

rsm; csrSwfjcif;onf tqdkygpdefac:rIudk ausmfvTm;&ef toHk;0ifaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

82


aemufqufwGJ 1/ tusOf;csKyf Z,m;rsm;

b@ma&;qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;jcif;

wdkuf½dkufay;acsrIrsm; tjcm;tcGefawmfrsm;

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ajriSm;&rf;c

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a&eHESifh

bbm0"mwfaiGUA[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ&

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tdE´d, X X X

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zdvpfydkif X X* X X

83


obm0 ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrI

EdkifiH Oya' oufqdkifaom Oya'tykkd'frsm;

w&m;0ifrlabmif 'DZdkif;yHkpH

MopaMw;vs

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh ZD0rsdK;pdwfrsm;

umuG,fa&; tufOya' 1999 ESifh

"eo[m, EdkifiHrsm; MopaMw;vs

zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHtufOa'

(The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act)

,la&eD,rf wl;azmfjcif;ESifh ordkif;0if EdkifiHawmf tarGtESpf

rsm; wl;azmfjcif; tp&Sdaom ]]EdkifiHawmftqifh obm0ywf

0ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;ygonfh tcsufrsm;}} rSvGJí obm0

ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tay: Oya'jyK&mwGif jynf

e,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm ay;

xm;onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/

jynfe,fa'otqifh obm0

ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'jyKjcif;

jynfe,f odkYr[kwf a'owpfcktwGif;&Sd obm0ywf0ef;

usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom w&m;0if wm0ef

0wÅ&m;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf/

tif'dkeD;&Sm;

EdkifiHawmf obm0ywf0ef;usif

tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwftzGJU

zGJUpnf;rI

obm0ywf0ef;usif 0efBuD;Xmeonf EIA pepftm; BuD;Muyf

&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/ ,if;0efBuD;Xmeonf y"meusaom

EIA pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wdkYudk xkwfjyefonf/ jynfe,fESifh c½dkif

tqifhwGif EdkifiHawmf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; rsm;tm; ydkrdkjynfhpHkrI

&Sdap&eftwGuf ydkrdkwif;usyfaom EIA pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;

rsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifonf/

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tuJjzwfqef;ppfjcif;

tif'dkeD;&Sm;

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;

umuG,fa&; ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; Oya'

2009

bbm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf

qef;ppfcsufwGif pDrHudef;rsm;aMumifh tusdK;oufa&mufrI

&Sdaom vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh

0ifa&mufvkyfaqmif&rnfh tcsufrsm; yg0if&rnf/

rGef*dkvD;,m;

rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiH obm0

ywf0ef;usif tusdK;oufa&mufrI

qef;ppfcsufrsm; Oya'

ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usif tusdK;oufa&mufrI

tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif a'oEå& tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;ESifh

pDrHudef;aMumifh xdcdkuf tusdK;oufa&mufrI&SdEdkifrnfh a'ocH

rsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;\ rSwfcsufrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;&ef

vdktyfonf/

zdvpfydkif

yD'D 1586 Oya' (obm0 0ef;usif

pDrHrIqkkdif&m vkkyfief;rsm; ESifh tjcm;

aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm; twGufyg

tusKH;0ifonfh obm00ef;usifxdcdkkuf

rI qef;ppfonfh pepf usifhokkH;&ef

owfrSwfonfh Oya') 1978 wGif

twnfjyKcJhNyD; pnf;rsOf;rsm; vkkyfxkkH;

vkkyfenf;rsm;ESifh wGJzufusifhokkH;onf/

o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;ukrÜPDrsm; taejzifh ½lyfaxG;onfh EIA vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfudk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/

ukrÜPDrS wifjyxm;onfh obm0ywf0ef;usif tusdK;

oufa&mufrI tpD&ifcHpmwGif trsm;jynfolESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;

rI ESifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;qdkif&m vufcHEdkifrI xkwfjyefcsufrsm;\

&v'frsm;udk xnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfonf/ a'oEå& tpdk;&

tmPmydkiftzGJUrsm; (LGUs) onf trsm;jynfolESifh wdkifyif

aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh vlrI0ef;usif yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrI

pDrHaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/

84


o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfa&;twGuf qHk;jzwfjcif;/ EIA ESifh EPP jyefvnfqef;ppf

oHk;oyfrI ESifh vkyfief;oabmwl n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI

MopaMw;vs

Xmaersm; ydkifqdkifcGifhtufOya'

(1993) ESifh jynfe,fESifh a'o rsm;\

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; a&;&m Oya'

tpOftvmtm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; ydkifqdkifonfhajray:

wGif vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh rnfonfho,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyf

a&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rqdk Xmae wdkif;om;rsm;\ oabmwl

cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf vdkifpif

oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf rsm;ESifh tjcm; oabmwlcsufrsm;

atmufwGif owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh uwdu0wf awmif;qdkcsuf

rsm;udk tqdkjyK&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/

zdvpfydkif

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; tcGifhta&;

tufOya' 1997

a*[pepf ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdef;odrf;apmifh

a&Smufa&; owfrSwfpHEIef;rsm;udk cdkifrmaocsmap&ef tvdkYiSm

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk

n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/

a'oEå& tpdk;& tufOya' 1991

obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: qdkk;usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdEdkifonfh

pDrHudef;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf a'oEå&tpdk;&\ oabmwlnDcsuf

vdktyfonf/

tdE´d,

avxk tufOya'? 1981

a&xk tufOya'? 1974

tEå&m,f&Sdaom pGefYypfypönf; qdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;rsm;? 1989

o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;onf jynfe,f

obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;csKyfa&; bkwftzGJUxHrS jynfe,ftqifh

cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif opfawmpDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh

pyfvsOf;aom EIA vkyfief;pOfESifh udpö&yfrsm;onf jynfaxmif

pk tpdk;&\ pD&ifydkifcGifhatmufwGif &Sdonf/

tif'dkeD;&Sm;

(owÅKwl;azmfa&;)

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyK

csuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;? 2012 ESifh

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI Oya'?

2009

EIA vkyfief;pOfwGif tqHk;tjzwfjyKjcif;udk A[dkcsKyfudkifrI

avQmhcsonf/ c½dkif? jynfe,fESifh A[dktpdk;&rsm; tm;vHk;onf

¤if;wdkY\ pD&ifydkifcGifhrsm;twGif; EIA rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf

wm0ef&Sdonf/ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif epfem&onfh

vlrItodkif;t0ef;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;jyKaom obm0ywf0ef;usif

tuJjzwf qef;ppfa&; aumfrwDwpf&yf &Sdonf/

rav;&Sm;obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

t&nftaoG; tufOya'? 1974

Sabah ESifh Sarawak jynfe,frsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m t&nftaoG;xdef;odrf;a&; aumifpDwGif udk,fpm;jyKEdkif

onfh txl; owfrSwfjyXmef;csufwpf&yf &Sdonf/ tjcm;

jynfe,frsm;rSm aumifpDwGif udk,fpm;jyKjcif;r&Sdyg/ aumifpD\

&nf&G,fcsufrSm obm0ywf0ef;usif Xmetm; EIA ppfwrf;

rsm;tygt0if ,if;tufOya'ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh obm0ywf0ef;

usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tBuHjyK&ef jzpfonf/

rGef*dkvD;,m;rGef*dkvD;,m; owÅKwGif;xGuf

vkyfief;rsm; Oya'? 2006

owÅKwGif; o,HZmw &SmazGrIrsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif

BudKwifumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tpDtpOfrsm; (EPPs) tm;

o,HZmw&SmazGrIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh soum (c½dkif) \ tkyfcsKyf

a&;rSL;xHodkY wifjy&onf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vdkifpifrsm;

onf A[kkdtpkkd;& tmPmatmufwGif jzpfonf/

85


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tif'dkeD;&Sm;

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MopaMw;vs

EIA Oya'

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf owÅKwGif;vkyfief;vdkifpif

csay;rItwGuf ta&;ygonfh vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm wpf&yf&Sdonf/

,if;vkyfydkifcGifhjzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m BuD;Muyfppfaq;

a&;udk vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/

zdvpfydkif

ESifh

rGef*dkvD;,m;

obmy0wf0ef;usif ESifh a'oEå&

tpdk;&rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Oya'

jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;tm; ukrÜPDrsm;rS

av;pm;vdkufemrIudk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&eftwGuf yl;wGJvkyfydkif

cGifh tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&onf ¤if;wdkY

pD&ifydkifcGifhatmuf&Sd qufpyfonfh pDrHudef; [lorQ EIA vkyf

ief;pOf tNyD;owf aqmif&Gufxm;rItm; twnfjyKppfaq;&ef

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rGef*dkvD;,m; obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf

qef;ppfcsufrsm;qdkif&m Oya' 2014?

ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; owÅKwGif; Oya'

Soums ESifh aimags tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf vdkifpif&

o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\

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twGuf obm0 ywf0ef;usiffqdkif&m wl;azmfq,f,lrI vkkyfcGifh

udkk Soums ESifh aimags tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf &yfqkdif;

xm;Ekkdifonf/ pDrHudef; vkyfaqmifonfh vkyfief;rS ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m wl;azmfq,f,lrI ESpfpOftmrcHrsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;&ef

ysufuGufyguvnf; tkkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;taejzifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk

&yfqdkif;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ vdkifpifudkifaqmifxm;onfh vkyfief;rS

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vdkufem&ef ysufuGufyguvnf; soums ESifh aimags tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf o,HZmw &SmazGa&; ESifh wl;azmfa&;

aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/

86


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tpOftvmtm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; ydkifqdkifonfh

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vkyfaqmifrnfh obm0o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;vdkifpif

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taumiftxnfazmfjcif;qdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &DyufAvpf

tufOya' trSwf 7942? 1995

zdvpfydkifowÅKwGif; tufOya'

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87


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taumifxnfazmfjcif;qdkif&m

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tufOya' trSwf 7942? 1995

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tvdkuf apmifhMunfhppfaq;onf/ tqdkyg½Hk;rsm;onf pm&if;ppf

&eftwGuf MGB tm; apmifMunfhppfaq;rIqdkif&m tpD&ifcH

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31? a'oEå& tpdk;&Oya'? 2014

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2015 ckESpfwGif jyefvnf

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(2010 wGif jyifqif)

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wl;azmfcGifh vdkifpifrsm;tm; csay;onf/

zdvpfydkif

tao;pm; owÅKwGif;vkyfief;

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rsm;u jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdonfh NrdKUrsm;wGif

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89


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tdE´d,EIA xkwfjyefcsufrsm; 2016

(2016 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif jyifqif)

5 [ufwmatmuf vkyfuGufrsm;ay:&Sd aqmufvkyfa&;oHk;

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tao;pm; owÅKwGif;rsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m

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rS xkwfjyefay;NyD; ,if; 'g½dkufwmtm; A[dk DENR ½Hk;rS

cefYtyfonf/

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pDrHudef; tm;vHk;twGuf a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;\ BudKwif

oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/

90


aemufqufwGJ 2/ usrf;udk;pm&if;

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vGwfvyfNyD; tusdK;tjrwfr&SmazGonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfaom obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf pDrHcefYcGJrI tBuHay;

tzGJU (Natural Resource Governance Institute) onf jynfolrsm; rdrdwdkif;jynfrSxGufaom a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU

ESifh owÅKwGif;xGufrsm; <u,f0rI\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef vufawGUtoHk;cs okawoejyKjcif;?

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obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf … · Khin Saw Htay, Ko Ko Lwin and Paul Shortell Zefe0g&D 2018 obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf-jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;