Observing MatterObserving Matter

Chemistry 11Chemistry 11

Chapter 1Chapter 1

ChemistryChemistry

Begins with questions Begins with questions such as:such as: Why does octane burn Why does octane burn

but heptane explode?but heptane explode? How can we separate How can we separate

oil and water?oil and water? Why does salt dissolve Why does salt dissolve

in water?in water? Why does iron rust?Why does iron rust?

Continues with Continues with observation of matter observation of matter and an attempt to and an attempt to qualify and quantify qualify and quantify changes as eitherchanges as either ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical

States of MatterStates of Matter

Solid – atoms exist in a rigid structure with Solid – atoms exist in a rigid structure with definite size and shapedefinite size and shape

Liquid – there are weak links between Liquid – there are weak links between atoms but they are able to move past each atoms but they are able to move past each other and will fill the containerother and will fill the container

Gas – atoms move past each other and fill Gas – atoms move past each other and fill spacespace

Plasma – atoms have become ionizedPlasma – atoms have become ionized

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

QualitativeQualitative StateState ColourColour OdourOdour Crystal shapeCrystal shape MalleabilityMalleability DuctilityDuctility HardnessHardness BrittlenessBrittleness

QuantitativeQuantitative Melting PointMelting Point Boiling PointBoiling Point DensityDensity SolubilitySolubility Electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity Thermal conductivityThermal conductivity

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

Reactivity with waterReactivity with waterReactivity with air (oxygen, nitrogen)Reactivity with air (oxygen, nitrogen)Reactivity with acidsReactivity with acidsReactivity with basesReactivity with basesReactivity with pure substancesReactivity with pure substancesToxicityToxicityDecompositionDecomposition

Mixture or SolutionMixture or Solution

MixturesMixtures Can be heterogeneous Can be heterogeneous

or homogenousor homogenous ““Easily” separatedEasily” separated May be translucent but May be translucent but

not transparentnot transparent

SolutionsSolutions Must be homogenousMust be homogenous More difficult to More difficult to

separate (often separate (often requires physical or requires physical or chemical change)chemical change)

Will be transparent Will be transparent (can have colour)(can have colour)

Pure Substances, Elements and Pure Substances, Elements and CompoundsCompounds

Pure SubstancesPure SubstancesComposed of only one type of element or Composed of only one type of element or

compoundcompoundElementsElements

Made of only one type of atom (i.e. oxygen Made of only one type of atom (i.e. oxygen gas, carbon, mercury, etc)gas, carbon, mercury, etc)

CompoundsCompoundsMade of more than one type of atom (i.e. Made of more than one type of atom (i.e.

water, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, etc)water, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, etc)