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9/7/12 1 1 Marine Biology Chapter 1 2 Why We Study The Ocean Scien:sts study and try conserve the ocean for several reasons. Some are posi:ve and some nega:ve on human life. 3 Posi:ves Some posi:ve reasons to study or conserve the oceans include: protec:on of food sources medical reasons raw materials oxygen produc:on tourism 4 5 Photosynthesis done by phytoplankton near the surface 6 Nega:ves The oceans have a nega:ve affect on human life as well. These must be studied and include: the erosion on piers and beaches foul the boLom of ships with barnacles clogging of intake and ouLake pipes.

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Page 1: oceanforseveralreasons.Someare MarineBiology posi ...stecklescience.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/2/2/23227308/... · 9/7/12 1 1 Marine"Biology" Chapter"1" 2 Why"We"Study"The"Ocean" •

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Marine  Biology  

Chapter  1  

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Why  We  Study  The  Ocean  

•  Scien:sts  study  and  try  conserve  the  ocean  for  several  reasons.  Some  are  posi:ve  and  some  nega:ve  on  human  life.  

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Posi:ves  Some  posi:ve  reasons  to  study  or  conserve  the  oceans  include:    

•   protec:on  of  food  sources  •   medical  reasons  •   raw  materials  •   oxygen  produc:on  •   tourism  

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Photosynthesis  done  by  phytoplankton  near  the  surface  

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Nega:ves  

•  The  oceans  have  a  nega:ve  affect  on  human  life  as  well.    These  must  be  studied  and  include:  

•  the  erosion  on  piers  and  beaches  •  foul  the  boLom  of  ships  with  barnacles    •  clogging  of  intake  and  ouLake  pipes.  

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Erosion  

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Foul  the  BoLom  of  Ships/Piers  

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Clog  Intake  Pipes  

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History  of  Marine  Bio  

•  995  AD-­‐Leif  Eriksson  discovered  Vinland-­‐today  we  call  it  North  America.  

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•  1768-­‐James  Cook  explored  the  oceans,  he  was  the  first  European  to  see  the  Antarc:c  Ice  fields  and  see  Hawaii  and  many  other  Pacific  islands.    He  also  made  use  of  a  chonomerter  which  is  a  :me  piece  used  to  accurately  prepare  charts.    Although  he  was  good  to  the  people  on  the  islands,  he  was  killed  in  1779  in  Hawaii.  

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Actual  Chart  for  Cook  

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•  1831-­‐Charles  Darwin  set  sail  on  the  HMS  Beagle  for  5  years.    He  was  famous  for  his  theory  of  evolu:on  but  originally  studied  barnacles.  

Voyage  of  the  Beagle  

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Challenger  Mission  

•  From  December  1872  to  May  1876,  Challenger  sailed  almost  69,000  miles  entering  all  oceans  but  the  Arc:c.  Samples  and  data  were  carefully  returned  to  Scotland  for  systema:c  analysis  and  documenta:on.    

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•  To  inves:gate  the  physical  condi:ons  of  the  deep  sea  in  the  great  ocean  basins  in  regard  to  depth,  temperature,  circula:on,  specific  gravity  and  penetra:on  of  light.    

•  To  determine  the  chemical  composi:on  of  seawater  at  various  depths.  

•  To  ascertain  the  physical  and  chemical  character  of  deep-­‐sea  deposits  and  the  sources  of  these  deposits.    

•  To  inves:gate  the  distribu:on  of  organic  life  at  different  depths  and  on  the  deep  seafloor.  

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Why  Scien:sts  Wanted  In  

•  Some  scien:sts  were  content  with  studying  dead  material.    Many  others  wanted  to  get  on  board  of  the  Challenger  to  study  animals  in  the  wild.  This  was  one  of  their  only  chances  because  other  ships  did  not  have  the  room  for  a  scien:st  who  was  not  working  for  the  shipping  company.  

Collec:on  of  Material  

•  A  dredge  took  samples  along  the  surface  of  the  seafloor  while  being  dragged  across  the  boLom.  The  Challenger  dredges  were  between  3  and  5  feet  in  width  and  were  just  metal  nets  shaped  into  bags.  A  piece  of  :ghtly  woven  cloth  in  the  boLom  of  the  bag  trapped  small  animals  and  samples  of  mud.  

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Dredge  

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How  They  Tried  To  Study  The  BoLom  

•  Scien:sts  wanted  to  get  in  the  water  but  were  limited  to  shallow  water  because  of  the  limit  of  breath  or  visibility.    It  was  difficult  to  see  the  boLom  so  SONAR  (SOund  NAviga:on  Ranging)  was  used.  

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Very  Slow  and  Time  Consuming  

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How  Scien:sts  Could  Study  Underwater  

•  Air  was  pumped  into  a  helmet  so  the  diver  could  breathe.    This  was  limited  to  length  of  the  breathing  tube.  

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How  Could  Scien:sts  Get  Up  Close?  

•  Ager  World  War  II,  SCUBA  (Self  Contained  Underwater  Breathing  Apparatus)  was  introduced.    This  allowed  scien:sts  to  breathe  underwater  and  see  life  in  ac:on.  

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Disadvantages  of  SCUBA  

•  Divers  do  not  have  an  unlimited  amount  of  air.  

•  The  human  body  cannot  survive  diving  too  deep.  

•  In  the  case  of  an  emergency,  divers  cannot  surface  too  quickly  because  they  will  have  a  complica:on  called  the  Bends.  

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Hyperbaric  Chamber  

• Hyperbaric  oxygen  therapy  (HBOT)  involves  breathing  100%  oxygen  in  a  sealed  chamber.  This  concentra:on  is  five  :mes  higher  than  the  normal  air  we  breathe.  The  chamber  is  also  pressurized  to  create  1.5  to  3  :mes  normal  atmospheric  pressure.    

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Bends  Video  

•  hLp://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-­‐ac:vi:es/water-­‐sports/ques:on101.htm  

•  5:51  

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New  Ways  to  Study  the  Ocean  

•  ROV’s  (Remotely  Operated  Vehicles)  •  CriLer  Cams  •  Tags  

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ROV  

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Benefits  of  Using  an  ROV  

•  A  remotely  operated  vehicle  (ROV)  can  go  very  deep  and  study  marine  life  up  close.  ROVs  are  unoccupied,  highly  maneuverable  and  operated  by  a  person  aboard  a  vessel.  They  are  linked  to  the  ship  by  a  tether  and  a  group  of  cables  that  carry  electrical  power,  video  and  data  signals  back  and  forth  between  the  operator  and  the  vehicle.    

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CriLer  Cam  

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Benefits  of  a  CriLer  Cam  

•  A  research  tool  designed  to  be  worn  by  wild  animals.  It  combines  video  and  audio  recording  with  collec:on  of  environmental  data  such  as  depth,  temperature,  and  accelera:on  without  interference  by  a  human  observer.    

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Monitoring  Large  Schooling  Fish  

•  Scien:sts  monitor  large  schooling  fish  like  tuna  and  swordfish  to  gather  informa:on  about  where  they  have  been  and  monitor  breeding  and  feeding  paLerns.  

•  Monitors  are  also  used  on  sharks  and  whales  for  the  same  purposes.  

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CriLercam  Video  

•  hLp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8kEJyur_C0  

•  7:00  

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Tagging   Tags  and  Tagged  Shark  

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Tagging  

•  Tagging  •  3:00  

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Thought  Ques:ons  

It  will  be  a  good  idea  to  copy  these  down!  

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What  are  the  benefits  and  risks  of  SCUBA?  

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How  have  ROV’s  revolu:onized  marine  biology?  

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What  can  be  learned  using  a  criLercam?  

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How  are  animals  tagged  and  why  is  it  important?