View
215
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
OccupationalSafety and Health
PH 15011/17/08
Population Health
Focuses on improving health of communities – saves lives millions at a time, not just one at a time
Prevents disease and disability Promotes healthy environments
and behaviors Assures high quality, cost-
effective health care
Linkages and Overlaps
Public/Health Care Systems
Population Health
Personal Health
20th Century Advancements
In the 20th Century public health worked hand in hand with medical advances to: Decrease infant mortality by 99% Reduce the incidence of coronary
disease by 51% Eradicate many crippling and
deadly infectious diseases Add 25 years to our lifespan
Investments Not Effectively Targeted
Health care 97%
Population Health 3%
The 97/3 Problem
Investments Not Effectively Targeted
Value of Investment
Population Health Individual Healthcare
…”the one thing that we all really care about: a medical system that focuses on our lifelong health and prioritizes prevention as much as it does treatment.”
Bill Gates, Wall Street Journal, 10/05/07
An Ecological Model of Health
Medical care Behavior Biology (genetics) Physical
environment Social environment
Education Socioeconomic
Status Employment Housing
Population health modeled on evidence that there are multiple determinants of health
Magnitude of the Problem
10 million work-related injuries/year
430,000 new work-related diseases/year
Each day: 9,000 sustain disabling injuries 16 die from injury 137 die from work-related disease
Annual Toll of Occupational Injury and IllnessInjuries
Fatal 6,529 Non-fatal* 13.25 million Total costs $145 billion
Diseases Fatal** 60,300 Non-fatal 862,200 Total costs $26 billion
* 46% disabling (6.09 million)** Based on cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, neurologic and renal disorders
Annual Economic Burden of Disease and Injury
171
33
67.3
164 170.7
020406080
100120140160180200
OccupationalDiseases and
Injuries
AIDS AlzheimerDisease
CirculatoryDiseases
Cancer
Co
sts
in B
illio
ns
1997; Leigh et al. Arch Int Med.
Global Burden of Occupational Injury and Illness
Among 2.7 billion workers Each year:
2 million deaths from disease and injury
270 million workers sustain non-fatal injuries
12 million injuries among youth workers (12,000 fatal)
4% gross domestic product (GDP) lost per year
Occupational Risk Hazards
Attributable Fraction (%) of Global Disease and Injury Due to Occupational Risk Factors
2
10
15
14
18
22
41
2
5
2
7
6
11
32
0 10 20 30 40 50
Leukemia (2)
Trachea, bronchusor lung cancer (9)
Unintentional Injuries(10)
Asthma (11)
COPD (13)
Hearing Loss (16)
Low Back Pain (37)
Male Female
THE US WORKFORCE
Size of workforce: 140 million
Unionized: 12%Unemployed: 6.5%
Changing Demographics
Projected Changes in Civilian Labor Force 2004 to 2014
3135.7
15.6
21.2
46.4
46.8
05
1015
2025
3035
4045
50
Minorities Over Age 55 Women
2004 2014
Women Participating in the Global Workforce
Developed Countries % of women who work Sweden and Denmark 75% United States 60% France and Germany 57% Switzerland 53% Netherlands 38% Italy 37% Spain 26%
Source ILO, 1995
Women Participating in the Global Workforce
Developing Countries % of women who work* China 80% Mozambique 78% Vietnam 77% Thailand 67% Brazil and Chile 33% Mexico /Argentina 32% Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Jordan 10% Algeria 8%
* Includes the informal workforce
Source, ILO, 1995
Aging Workforce
0
5
10
15
20
perc
ent
Japan U.S. France
Workers Over Age 60
1995
2030
Source Health Affairs, May/June 2000
Projected Changes in Employment by Industry
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Goods Producing Service Producing
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al
198619962006
Source: Franklin, 1997
Growth of the Contingent Workforce
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mill
ions
Temporary employees
Part-time workers
Multiple-job holders
Self-employedworkers
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Informal Sector
Majority of new jobs in developing countries Subcontracting
Independent, cater to markets at low end of income scale
Household-based Unpaid female labor, family members
Independent service sub-sector Bulk of informal sector, lowest skills Maids, street vendors, cleaners, casual unskilled
laborers
ILO 1999ILO 1999
Informal Workforce (% of Total Urban Employment)
Africa – 60% Bolivia and Madagascar– 57% Tanzania – 56% Colombia – 53% Thailand – 48% Venezuela – 46% Industrialized Countries – 5-
10%ILO 1999/WHO 1995ILO 1999/WHO 1995
Annual Hours WorkedAnnual Hours Worked
1,731
1,732
1,889
1,966
1,399
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Norway
Britain
Canada
Japan
United States
Average annual number of hours worked per person
Source: International Labor Organization (1999)
Changing Nature of Work:Increased Stress
Three-fourths of employees believe the worker has more on-the-job stress than a generation ago
Work Organization/Stress - Severity of the Problem
No good surveillance systems and few studies in the U.S.
Estimated 13% of U.S. worker compensation claims are for stress-related disorders
27% of U.S. workers reported jobs are greatest single source of stress
60% sampled women workers cited job stress as biggest problem at work
Employment Trends Index (ETI) and Labor-Market Indicators
Percentage saying “jobs hard to get” Initial claims for unemployment insurance Percentage of firms with one or more jobs
open Number of employees hired by
temporary-help industry Part-time workers for economic reasons Job openings Industrial production Real manufacturing and trade sales
U.S. Health System:You Don’t Get What You Pay For
Highly fragmented at all levels Most expensive (16.3% of gross
domestic product) One of least accessible (48 million
uninsured, more underinsured) U.S. pays for half of all personal
health care (e.g. Medicare/Medicaid, DOD, VA, federal worker insurance)
U.S. Health System:You Don’t Get What You Pay For, con’t.
WHO ranked 191 countries U.S. 37th in overall performance U.S. 24th in overall health attainment
U.S. among its peers Of 29 countries in OECD—Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development Ranked 23rd in infant mortality Ranked 21st in male life expectancy
Met only 15% of Healthy People 2000 objectives (deteriorated in 20% of objectives)
Does Being Uninsured Matter?
YES 20% uninsured (vs. 3% insured) did not get
medical care for a serious medical problem 30% uninsured (vs. 12%) did not fill a
prescription 39% uninsured (vs. 13%) skipped a
recommended test or treatment 13% (vs. 4%) had trouble getting mental
health care
Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance
5254565860626466687072
1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2006
Perc
ent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau/ Kaiser Family Foundation
Insurance for Work-Related Conditions
Workers’ compensation no fault, state by state
Illnesses > injuries often contested Worker may be uninsured or
underinsured for set of conditions despite being deemed fully insured
Occupational Injuries in U.S.
Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries (total recordable cases) by selected industry sectors, 1980 - 2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Inju
ry r
ate
per
10
0 fu
ll-t
ime
wo
rke
rs
Agricultural productionConstructionNursing and personal care
Health Care Industry
Health care workers = 8% of U.S. workforce
1996-2006: 2 of the 4 fastest growing industries are HC-related (health services and health practitioners’ offices)
Health care services are growing at twice the rate of the overall economy
Health Care Worker Hazards
Biological hazardsbacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Chemical hazardsmedications, solutions, gases
Physical hazardsradiation, electricity, extreme temperatures,
noise, lifting Psychosocial hazards
factors causing stress, emotional strain, interpersonal problems
Needlestick Injuries
Exposure to bloodborne pathogens (HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C)
In the United States, approximately 800,000 needlestick injuries occur in hospitals annually -- an average of one injury every 10 seconds
1/3 of all sharps injuries have been reported to occur during disposal activities
Infections in Health Care Workers
(35 million worldwide)
Attributable fraction of Hep C, Hep B and HIV infections in health care workers due to injuries with sharps, ages 20-65
Overall: of all Hep B&C, ~40% due to sharps Of all HIV, about 1 – 12% due to sharps
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Per
cen
tag
e
Attributable fraction of Hep C, Hep B and HIV infections in healthcare
workers due to injuries with contaminated sharps, ages 20-65
HCVHBVHIV
Africa Americas E Med. Europe SE Asia W Pacific
Occupations of Victims of Nonfatal Workplace Violence 1992-96
# per 1,000
Occupation Annual Average Workers
Total 2,009,400 14.8Medical
Physicians 10,000 15.7Nurses 69,500 24.8Technicians 24,500 21.4Other 56,800 10.7Mental Health
Professional 50,300 79.5Custodial 8,700 63.3Other 43,500 64.0Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998
BLS Data on Nonfatal Workplace Assaults, by Source of Injury (1995)
Health CarePatient, 51%
OtherSource, 12%Other Person,
29%Worker/Former Coworker, 8%
Work Organization Stressors in Health Care Settings
Death and dying Floating Work overload Work environment Family stress Role conflict Shiftwork
Effects of Medical Error
IOM estimates that medical errors cause 44,000-98,000 deaths annually
Medical error = 8th leading cause of U.S. deaths
Medical error causes more deaths than auto accidents, breast cancer and AIDS
Chicago Tribune: “To compensate for understaffing, hospitals often rely on machines with warning alarms to help monitor patients’ vital signs. At least 216 patient deaths and 429 injuries have occurred in hospitals where registered nurses failed to hear alarms built into lifesaving equipment, such as respirators and blood-oxygen monitors.”
More registered nurses are associated with shorter length of stay and fewer complications
Outcome %Lower
Length of Stay 3.5%
Urinary Tract Infection 9.0%
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding 5.1%
Pneumonia 6.4%
Shock/Cardiac Arrest 9.4%
Failure to Rescue 3.9%Source: Needleman et al., Nurse-Staffing Levels and Quality of Care in Hospitals, NEJM, 2002
Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Buyout and Job Dissatisfaction
Nurses –
94% women
43% high emotional exhaustion
42% dissatisfaction with current job
After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, each additional patient per nurse →23% ↑ burnout15% ↑ job dissatisfaction 7% ↑ patient mortality
Design: Linked data from discharge of 168 adult hospitals in PA, 10,000 nurses (random survey), 230,000 patients
Results:
Source: Aiken et al. JAMA 2002; 288:1987-93
Fewer People, Same Work
Work organization factors Downsizing Deskilling and collapsing of job titles More patients at higher acuity levels Decline of non-profit facilities
Fewer people + same work added stress and fatigue compromised patient care
Improving Worker Health
and Safety Leads To:
Improved health status Decreased health
care/related costs Increased productivity Increased quality
Job Creation 1992-2008
The Last Eight Years
Worker productivity (2000-2007) 20%
Real income working, middle-class households ( $2,000) 3%
The Next Four YearsJob Creation – Infrastructure Support
Education Health and Health Care Energy/Transportation Research