Ocean Energy STTNAS

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Hugh Outhred, STTNAS Seminar, 30 July 2011

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Ocean Energy

Hugh Outhred

STTNAS Seminar

30 July 2011Email: [email protected]

http://www.ceem.unsw.edu.au/content/RenewableEnergyinIndonesia.cfm?ss=1

Outline

Ocean energy resources

Overview & comparison with other renewables

Ocean energy resource categories:

Main types & their global distributions

Ocean energy conversion technologies: For the main types of ocean energy

Estimated technical potential by global region

Conclusions

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General reference material on renewableenergy including ocean energy

Key reference for this presentation:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group

3, Mitigation of Climate Change,Special Report on Renewable

Energy Sources and Climate Mitigation, June 2011 (IPCCSRREN, 2011). Available for download from:

http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/

Another valuable recent publication:

REN21, Renewables 2011 Global Status Report,July 2011.

Available for download from www.ren21.net

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Ocean energy definition & features(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

Ocean energy derives from the potential, kinetic, thermal & chemical

energy of seawater, which can be transformed to provide electricity,thermal energy, or potable water.

A wide range of technologiesare possible, such as barrages fortidal range, submarine turbines for tidal and ocean currents, heat

exchangers for ocean thermal energy conversion, & a variety of

devices to harness the energy of waves & salinity gradients.

Ocean technologies, with the exception of tidal barrages, are at thedemonstration & pilot project phases & many require additional R&D.

Someof the technologies have variable energy output profiles withdiffering levels of predictability(e.g., wave, tidal range & current),

while others may be capable of near-constant or even controllableoperation (e.g., ocean thermal & salinity gradient).

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Note: solar & wind energy arenon-storable energy fluxes

Founding an International Renewable Energy Agency,IRENA, 2009

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(physical upper bound)

Current global primary energy use(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)

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RE annual

production

1972-2008(IPCCC SRREN,

2011)

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Renewable energy sources:

potential vs current energy use(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)

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Levelised costs: RE & non-RE options(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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CO2 coefficients for RE & non-RE options(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Ocean energy resource categories(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Wave energy: Derived from the transfer of the kinetic energy of the wind to

the upper surface of the ocean. Theoretical resource = 32,000 TWh/yr;

technical potential much less & depends on technology development.

Tidal range (tidal rise & fall): Derived from gravitational forces of the Earth-Moon-Sun system. Theoretical potential 1-3 TW, located in relatively shallow

waters; technical potential much less.

Tidal currents: Derived from tidal filling & emptying of coastal regions.

Estimates of 48 TWh/yr for Europe and 30 TWh/yr for China. Potential sites in

Korea, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand & South America.

Ocean currents: Derived from wind & thermohaline ocean circulation. FloridaCurrent (USA) has 25 GW technical potential. Others in South Africa, East

Asia & East Australia.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): Derived from temperature

difference between surface & deep water (below 1,000 m). Large resource

(perhaps 44,000 TWh/yr) but energy density low.

Salinity gradient (osmotic power): Derived from salinity difference between

fresh & ocean water at river mouths. Theoretical potential ~ 1,650 TWh/yr

Global wave energy

resources(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Tidal range energy resources(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)


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Tidal range

in Australia(www.bom.gov.au)

& potential

tidal site

near

Derby, WA

(HydroTas, 2001)

Major ocean currents(IPCCC SRREN, 2011)

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Ocean thermal energy resources: Indonesia

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Wave energy technology challenges

Must survive tsunamis, storms,marine corrosion & marine biota

Energy conversion & transfer to

land must be cost-effective ininvestment cost & operating life

Operation & maintenance mustbe cost effective (www.greenhouse.gov.au)


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Oscillating water column device(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Oscillating body & over-topping devices(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Oceanlinx oscillating watercolumn: Mk1 Prototype(www.oceanlinx.com)

Carnegie Wave Energy CETO system(www.carnegiewave.com)

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Carnegie Wave Energy CETO system(www.carnegiewave.com)

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Carnegie

Wave Energy

CETO

system(www.carnegiewave.co

m)

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Proven ocean technology: tidal energy

Low-head hydro with two-directional flow:

La Rance Tidal Power Station, 240 MW, 1966

Tidal range varies with solar-lunar alignment

Sea water more corrosive than fresh water

Low head implies lower energy density than

high-head hydro

(www.greenhouse.gov.au)

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Severn Estuary UK: Tidal Reef Proposal, 2011(www.severntidal.com)


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Ocean current conversion devices(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

Clean CurrentTurbineCanada, 2006

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SeaGen, 1.2MW from

2x16m turbines, UK(www.marineturbines.com)

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Closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)(www.nrel.gov)

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Closed cycle OTEC Lockheed Martin(www.lockheedmartin.com)

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Salinity gradient: reversed electro dialysis(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Cathode exchange membrane Anode exchange membrane

Salinity gradient: pressure-retarded osmosis(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Fresh water & sea water will mix unlesspressure difference exceeds osmotic pressure


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Ocean energy types & cost estimates(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Estimated regional RE technical

potential compared to 2007

primary energy demand(IPCC SRREN, 2011)

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Conclusions

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Wave energy:

Large resource, technically challenging

Tidal range energy:

Proven but limited & site-specific resource

Tidal current energy:

Limited & site-specific; prototypes being tested

Ocean current energy:

Medium resource, site-specific, technically challenging

Ocean thermal energy:

Large tropical resource, technically challenging

Salinity gradient energy:

Small resource, site specific, technically challenging

Hugh Outhred Bsc, BE (Hons 1), PhD

Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Hugh Outhred is a Professorial Visiting Fellow at the University ofNew South Wales, an Adjunct Professor at Murdoch University, GuruBesar Luar Biasaat STTNAS Jogjakarta, Indonesia and a Director ofIpen Pty Ltd, which provides advisory and educational services onenergy, society and the environment.

Hugh retired in 2007 after a 35-year career at UNSW, most recentlyas Presiding Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Marketsand Head, Electrical Energy Research Group, School of ElectricalEngineering and Telecommunications.

During his career, Hugh has been a Fulbright Senior Fellow at theUniversity of California Berkeley, a Lead Author for the IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Change Mitigation,a Board Member of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre forRenewable Energy, an Associate Director of UNSWs Centre forPhotovoltaic Devices and Systems, a Member of CSIROs EnergyFlagship Advisory Committee, a Member of the National ElectricityTribunal and a Member of the New South Wales Licence ComplianceAdvisory Board.

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Ocean Energy STTNAS