Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

OCEP – ‘West Africa’: Source Rock Occurrence & Maturity in the West

African Distal DomainProject Outline (September 2019)

As exploration extends into deeper waters there is an everincreasing need to improve our understanding of thesedimentary, tectonic and thermal conditions operating onoceanic crust. The SRC/IGI/Bridgeporth Oceanic CrustExploration Projects are designed to answer the key questionssurrounding exploration on oceanic crust viz. source rockoccurrence, thermal history and structural development.

The first of these projects is aimed at the West African passivemargin of the South Atlantic (OCEP – ‘West Africa’: Source RockOccurrence & Maturity in the West African Distal Domain).

Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

Aims and Objectives

The initial phase of work on OCEP – ‘West Africa’ has alreadybeen completed and is available for licensing. This has includedfieldwork and a thorough literature review and databasecompilation exercise as follows:

➢ Review of biostratigraphy of 15 DSDP/ODP sites

➢ Review and databasing of geochemistry data from 30 DSDP/ODP sites

➢ Review of thermal history and thermal calibration using DSDP data

➢ Examination and sampling/analysis of Mesozoic sections exposed onFuerteventura (Canary Is.) and Maio (Cape Verde Is.)

Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

Aims and Objectives

The research has included a review and re-evaluation of data from selectedDSDP/ODP boreholes along the West African margin between Morocco andSouth Africa. All sites are located in the ‘Distal Domain’ and most are onoceanic crust. In addition, field visits have been undertaken to the islands ofFuerteventura and Maio where oceanic crust is exposed.

While DSDP/ODP data are in the public domain, the compilation anddatabasing of all analytical results in this project has been a majorundertaking and the original data have been substantially re-evaluated,leading to significant new information on the habitat of source rocks onoceanic crust.

Seismic data and potential field data (public domain and provided by seismiccontractors / government agencies) are now being used to extend theresearch away from DSDP/ODP borehole control in the distal domain to theproximal continental margin.

Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

Technical Database

Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

Technical Database

Field visits, sampling and analytical work –Fuerteventura and Maio

DSDP/ODP sites selected on basis of:

➢ Significant Mesozoic section penetrated

➢ Geographic spread

➢ Occurrence of recognised organic intervals

Oceanic Crust Exploration Project

Technical Database

Seismic database has been established, using:

➢ Modern MC2D data (Geoex, discussions ongoing with other companies)

➢ Government Agencies (ongoing discussions with Sonangol, Petroleum Commission, Namcor, PASA)

➢ Published and Academic data (NOAA, UNCLOS, IEDA, etc)

OECP West Africa

Summary Work Schedule

Database creation and management

Biostratigraphy

Geochemistry (p:IGI)

1D Model calibration

Seismic (Kingdom)

GIS (ESRI)

Data evaluation and modelling

1D and 2D basin modelling

2D and 3D potential field modelling

Seismic interpretation

Final Reporting

Integrated Technical Report

Technical Database

202020192017-182014

OECP West Africa

Summary Work Schedule

• Interim Products

• Interim Results

Database Creation

•Multidisciplinary approach

• Integration of datasets

•Evaluation and synthesis

•Workshops

Integrated interpretation •Presentation of results

to sponsors

•Compilation of final products

Reporting

202020192017-182014

OECP West Africa

Interim Deliverables Currently Available

➢ Review of biostratigraphy of 15 DSDP/ODP sites

➢ Review and databasing of geochemistry data from 30DSDP/ODP sites

➢ Preliminary Geochemical Interpretation and 1DThermal/Basin Modelling

➢ Review of thermal history and thermal calibration usingDSDP data

➢ Examination and sampling/analysis of Mesozoicsections exposed on Fuerteventura (Canary Is.) andMaio (Cape Verde Is.)

Biostratigraphic Review completed for 15 sites. Data/disciplines reviewed: Macropalaeontology(ammonites, bivalves), Micropalaeontology (foraminifera, radiolaria and calpionellids), Nannofossils, Palynology (dinocysts and miospores) and Lithologies.

Revised Stratigraphy for each site.

Technical Report plus, for each site, large-scale summary charts and smaller A3 summaries are provided, which show:

– Core distribution against depth of penetration

– Core lithologies and any sedimentary structures

– Original and updated stratigraphic breakdowns

– Major stratigraphic breaks/unconformities –usually related to major sequence boundaries

– TOC values from the geochemical database

OECP West Africa

Biostratigraphic Review and Database

OECP West AfricaGeochemical Database

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PORT O AL EGRE

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NEW YORK CIT Y

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YEKAT ERINBURG

PORT HARCOURT

CIUDAD J UAREZ

SANT O DOMINGO

KAOHSIUNG CIT Y

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PORT -AU-PRINCE

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HO CHI MINH CIT Y

NIZ HNIY NOVGOROD

SAINT PET ERSBURG

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AL BASRAH AL QADIMAH

AL MAWSIL AL J ADIDAH

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SANT A CRUZ DE L A S IERRA

1262A1262B1262C

136

137138

139140140A

141

360361

362362A363

364365

366366A

367

368

369369A

370415415A415B416416A

524 525A527528528A

530530A530B532532A532B

544A544B545547547A547B

959959A959C959D

Northern sectorLeg 14: Sites 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 140A, 141Leg 41: Sites 366, 366A, 367, 368, 369, 369A, 370Leg 50: Sites 415, 415A, 415B, 416, 416ALeg 79: Sites 544A, 544B, 545, 547, 547A, 547B

Southern sectorLeg 40: Sites 360, 361, 362, 362A, 363, 364, 365Leg 73: Site 524Leg 74: Sites 525A, 527, 528, 528ALeg 75: Sites 530, 530A, 530B, 532, 532A, 532BLeg 159: Sites 959, 959A, 959C, 959DLeg 208: Sites 1262A, 1262B, 1262C

Geochemical data were obtained from DSDP/ODP online database and various literature sources

Key sitesUnderlined sites are defined as ‘key sites’. These areDSDP/ODP boreholes for which a new evaluation ofbiostratigraphic data has been completed. This results in animproved resolution and age revision for chronostratigraphicdivisions in each of the sites.

A bibliography of all sources used to collect raw data for the DSDP/ODP geochemical database is available as a separate

word document

OECP West AfricaGeochemical Database

Geochemical database➢ p:IGI-3 & Excel formats➢ Technical notes on database compilation➢ Database bibliography (data sources)

PowerPoint overview

Shipboard geochemical data (TOC & Rock Eval pyrolysis) from DSDP & ODP online datasets and pdfs of Initial Reports volumesAdditional geochemical data from other publications, either in DSDP/ODP volumes (Scientific Results) and papers published elsewhereData for: 7600 samples from 30 DSDP/ODP sites (Morocco to South Africa)

Data types: Total Organic Carbon content 7052 samplesRock Eval pyrolysis >1300 samplesVitrinite Reflectance 102 samples (& 90 TAI)Kerogen stable carbon isotopes 533 samples (& 245 extracts)

OECP West AfricaPreliminary Geochemical Interpretation and 1D

Thermal/Basin Modelling on Oceanic Crust - Calibration

➢ 7 DSDP and 1 ODP sites were selected, capturing the wide range of tectonic settings and thermal regimes along the margin.

➢ The litho-stratigraphy of the well models is based on the revised stratigraphy, and the source rocks defined in agreement with the geochemistry interpretation.

➢ The setup of the thermal models took into account the available regional constraints, which include the structure of the crust/lithosphere and Heat Flow

➢ The available constraints for the geothermal gradients at the drill sites (i.e. temperature and maturity data) are scarce, and in most places non-existent.

➢ Plausible tectonic/thermal scenarios were tested at each location and the model predictions compared with published heat flow data.

OECP West Africa - Interim Project Deliverables Currently Available

Project delivered in electronic format on DVD or USB stick

Available now - delivery immediate upon signature of a standard non-exclusive data licence agreement with SRC.

Section 1 Report Introduction

Section 2 Introduction to Oceanic Anoxic Events

Section 3 Biostratigraphy

Section 4 Technical Notes on Geochemistry Database

Section 5 Geochemical Interpretation

Section 6 Thermal History and Basin Modelling

Appendix Geochemistry Database (in p:IGI and Excel formats)

OECP West Africa

Ongoing Research Work

The ongoing interpretation phase of the project will usethe results from the database build and review and willincorporate the interpretation of public domaingeophysical data (potential field and seismic) to:

✓ Synthesise the stratigraphy of the Distal Domain to ascertain thecontext of organic-rich intervals (ORIs)

✓ Evaluate the geochemistry of the ORIs as commercial source rocks

✓ Investigate lithospheric/crustal structure to provide critical controlfor structural interpretation and basin modelling

✓ Determine thermal (maturity) history of source rocks by 1D and 2Dbasin modelling

➢ Interpret stratigraphy of ‘Distal Domain’ as framework for correlation of ‘drift’ ORIs/potential source rocks.

➢ Seismic stratigraphic interpretation for extrapolation of ORIs/potential source rocks.

➢ 10 regional sections envisaged

OECP West Africa Source Rock Extrapolation

Mid-Cretaceous SRFan

DSDP 367

From Cairn Energy

OECP West Africa Structural Interpretation

➢ Interpretation of crustal structure/architecture, and ‘reactivation structure’

➢Potential field modelling (2D and 3D models)

➢Constrain 1D and 2D basin modelling from the control points towards the LLOC.

➢10 transects envisaged for modelling

OECP West Africa Maturity Extrapolation

Future Project DeliverablesResults of Ongoing Interpretation & Research

Project to be delivered in electronic format on DVD or USB stick

Subject to signature of a standard non-exclusive data licence agreement with SRC.

The research final deliverables will include:

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Seismic Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretation, Source Rock Extrapolation, ORI Development and Extent

Section 3 Structure and Architecture of the transitional-to-oceanic crustal zone

Section 4 Geochemical Interpretation and Synthesis of Source Rocks in Distal and Proximal Domain

Section 5 Maturity Modelling and Mapping

Section 6 Integration of Studies

Section 7 Summary and Conclusions

Oceanic Crust Exploration ProjectAccompanying Technical Notes

Here we provide a flavour of the ongoing researchinvestigations into oceanic crust exploration beingundertaken by SRC, IGI and Bridgeporth and early resultsobtained:

➢ Source Rocks

• Thick ORIs are developed in DSDP core-holes in the Jurassic, Aptian, Albian, Cenomanian-Turonian and Coniacian not restricted to OAEs.

• Geochemistry indicates that ORIs are dominantly oil-prone and represent good commercial source rocks.

Oceanic Crust Exploration ProjectAccompanying Technical Notes

➢ Thermal History

• Source rocks can be thermally mature on oceanic crust despite perceived ‘cool’ history. DSDP data show anomalously high maturity levels at several locations.

• DSDP data show evidence for ‘hotter in past’ thermal history on oceanic crust. This can be attributed to anomalously high heat flow and/or additional burial (now ‘missing section’). We are investigating this scenario offshore Morocco by obtaining new thermal history data (AFTA/VR) from DSDP 415, 416 & 370 and in the eastern Gulf of Guinea where there is an extensive thermal history database. Results will be presented at the PESGB-HGS Africa Conference in October 2019

Oceanic Crust Exploration ProjectAccompanying Technical Notes

➢ Structural Development/Tectonic History

• Cretaceous and Tertiary post-break-up uplift has been demonstrated along vast tracts of the West African margin. New evidence suggests that uplift has extended into deep-water over transitional and oceanic crust offshore Morocco and eastern Gulf of Guinea.

• Sub-lithospheric processes dominate current thinking on the thermal and deformational history of oceanic crust despite growing evidence for lithospheric deformation involving re-activation of oceanic crustal fabric.

• We are investigating a tectonic explanation for deformation and uplift using new seismic data offshore Morocco and studies on Fuerteventura and Maio. These ideas will be presented at the PESGB-HGS Africa Conference in October 2019.

Eastern Atlantic Oceanic Crust Project

September 2019