OCR A an AS History Unit Y104 Scheme of Work · Web viewExtent to which everyday life for peasants, industrial workers, students, intelligentsia, religious clerics, middle-classes,

1

UNIT Y318: RUSSIA AND ITS RULERS

NOTE: BASED ON 3X 50 MINUTE LESSONS PER WEEK

TERMS BASED ON 6 TERM YEAR.

This theme focuses on the nature of Russian government and its impact on the Russian people and society. Learners should understand the similarities and differences between the autocratic rule of the tsars to 1917 and the subsequent Communist dictatorship. The strands identified below are not to be studied in isolation to each other. Learners are not expected to demonstrate a detailed understanding of the specification content, except for the named in-depth studies, but are expected to know the main developments and turning points relevant to the theme.

Key topic Week Indicative content Extended content Resources

The nature of government 1 Autocracy, dictatorship and totalitarianism

Nature of rule in Russia from 1855-1964.

Tsarist and Communist aims, ambitions, fears and concerns.

Similarities and differences in leadership between Tsars, Communists, individual.

The effectiveness of Tsarism, Communism and individual rulers.

Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow

Conquest, R. Stalin: Breaker of Nations (2003) Phoenix, London

Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project, John Murray, London

Evans, D. & Jenkins, J. Years of Russia and the USSR 1851-1991 (2001) Hodder and Stoughton, London

Figes, O. Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: a Pelican Introduction (2014)

Hite, J. Tsarist Russia 1801-1917 (1989) Causeway Press, Ormskirk

Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical

1 Developments in central administrationChanges in local government

Similarities and differences in the features and functions of government institutions or ministerial positions.

The extent of control of central government and its ruler.

The development of central, regional and local government.

Similarities and differences between Tsarist and Communist governments and methods.

2


The role and impact of individuals on the nature or course of Russian government (e.g. Milyutin, Witte, Pobedonostsev, Stolypin, Trotsky, Rasputin, Dzerzhinsky, Kirov, Zinoviev, Beria, Kaganovich, Molotov).

The nature, aims and development of Communist institutions such as the CPSU, Central Committee, Politburo, Sovnarkom, Comintern, Cominform, Vesenkha, Gosplan.

Reasons for and the nature of De-Stalinisation.

Impact of war and revolution.

Themes, Hodder Education, London

Laver, J. The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 (2002) Heinemann, Oxford

Lee, S. Russia and the USSR 1855-1991 (2006) Routledge, Oxford

Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia 1894-1924 (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London

Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London

Oxley, P. Russia 1855-1991 From Tsars to Commissars (2001) Oxford University Press, Oxford

Sebag Montefiore, S. Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar (2004), Phoenix, London

Service, R. Lenin (2000) Pan Macmillan, London

Sherman, R. & Pearce, R. Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London

Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow

2 The extent and impact of reform

Reasons for economic, political, military and social reform (e.g. need to catch up with the West, war, revolution, serfdom).

Extent to which reform was imposed ‘from above’ or ‘from below’.

Strengths, limitations and impact of reforms affecting the government, army, economy and society (short- and long-term effects).

The significance some key reforms:o the Emancipation of the Serfs.o constitutional reforms and

developments such as the October Manifesto, Fundamental Laws, Constituent Assembly, Stalin Constitution.

Reasons for the limitations of reforms

3


and extent of Russia’s problems (e.g. geographic size, backwardness, large peasantry, corruption).

The role of reform and political development as a catalyst for revolution or opposition to government.

3 Methods of repression and enforcement

Similarities and differences between Tsarist, Communist and individual rulers’ methods:

o government policies (e.g. education, judiciary, emergency powers, food requisitioning)

o propaganda and censorshipo secret police (e.g. Third Section,

Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD, MVD, KGB)

o ‘guests of the Tsar’, the Lyubianka, exile and gulags

o denunciations, fear, espionage, chistka and show trials

o anti-Semitism and pogromso role of positions such as the

Minister of the Interioro importance of individuals such

as Trepov, Plehve, Dzerzhinsky, Yezhov, Beria

o the Red Terror and Ezhovschinao ideological tenets of the Cold

War and mistrust of the West.3 The nature, extent and

effectiveness of Causes of opposition, including the

1905 revolution, the February and

4


opposition both before and after 1917.

October Revolutions of 1917 and sides in the Civil War.

The nature of opposition or resistance to government:

o ideological, military, political, religious, social and personal

o social composition and extent of membership

o aims and methods of opposition groups, movements and individuals: passive, subversive or violent

o government paranoia and fear of conspiracy.

The significance and effectiveness of opposition groups such as: Land and Liberty, People’s Will, Narodnik, SRs, Populist, Menshevik, Bolshevik, Octobrist, Kadet, Progressive, Black Hundreds, exiles and dissidents.

The role of individuals such as Plekhanov, Zasulich, Kaplan, Lenin, Trotsky.

The ‘Polish syndrome’, nationalities and extent of involvement of greater Russians or foreigners in opposition to Russian rulers (e.g. Czech legion, Cossacks, western forces).

The significance of events such as the assassination of Alexander II, 1905 Revolution, the 1917 Revolutions, Kornilov coup, Kronstadt Mutiny, the

5


Leningrad affair, Doctor’s Plot, Polish and Hungarian Uprisings.

Reasons why opposition was weak or was more successful against Tsarism than Communism.

Communist and Cold War mentality. The impact of the development of 20th

century media and the press on opposition and state control.

Comparative success of Russian leaders in preventing or quashing opposition.

4 Attitude of the Tsars, Provisional Government and Communists to political change.

The extent of political change.

Government reactions to strikes, public demonstrations, dissent and political activism (e.g. Bloody Sunday, Lena goldfields).

Attitude and reactions to change (e.g. adaptation or manipulation of priorities, personal involvement, repression, reform).

Comparative contributions and extent to which individual rulers or regimes achieved success, caused development or modernised Russia (e.g. if Alexander II deserves the title ‘Tsar Liberator’).

Extent to which communism merely replaced one form of autocracy for another (Communists as ‘Red Tsars’).

Extent to which Russian rulers preferred repression to reform.

The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy

5 Changes to living and working conditions of urban and rural people

The attitude of Russian rulers and government to the peasantry.

The development of transport systems

Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project,

6


and society of the Russian Empire and the USSR

including the impact on the peasants of Emancipation, Land Banks, famines, NEP, collectivisation and the Virgin Lands scheme, the impact of industrial growth under the Tsars, War communism, NEP and the Five Year Plans on industrial workers.

such as the railway. The development of education, public

health, housing and living standards. The impact of economic reform on

women and families. Key features of agricultural policies and

their positive and negative effects on the peasantry /rural population.

Key features of industrialisation and their positive and negative effects on the proletariat, skilled and unskilled workers, urban/rural populations.

Similarities and differences in Tsarist and Communist aims, methods and economic theories.

Comparative significance and success of economic and financial policies: Reutern, Bunge, Vyshnegradsky, Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’, Stolypin, war communism, NEP , dekulakisation, collectivisation, the Five Year Plans, Virgin Lands scheme, Seven Year Plan.

Communist incentives and propaganda such as the Stakhanovites.

John Murray, London Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917

(2002) Heinemann, Harlow Evans, D. & Jenkins, J. Years of

Russia and the USSR 1851-1991 (2001) Hodder and Stoughton, London


Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical Themes, Hodder Education, London




Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London

Oxley, P. Russia 1855-1991 From Tsars to Commissars (2001) Oxford University Press, Oxford


Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers

6 Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Control of movement: the mir, kolkhozi, sovkhozi, conscription, exile, passports, methods of permission, evacuation.

Local authority, the elite and government change: JPs, Land Captains, kulaks, Nepmen, Party officials.

Stalinist policy: coercion, force, social engineering and the human cost of

7


economic development. Extent to which cultural policies were

repressive or enabled greater personal advantage: music, art, architecture, theatre, education, religion.

Impact of forced labour and the gulags.

1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow

7 Reasons for and extent of economic and social changes.

Reasons economic and social change. Comparative extent to which Russian

rulers and governments transformed and modernised Russia.

Extent to which everyday life for peasants, industrial workers, students, intelligentsia, religious clerics, middle-classes, ethnic minorities and nationalities was better or worse under the Tsars or Communists.

Impact of war and revolution on the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR

8-9 The effects of the following wars on government, society, nationalities and the economy: the Crimean War, the Russo-Japanese War, 1905 Revolution, 1917 Revolutions, First World War, Second World War, the Cold War.

The role of war and revolution as principal causes of political change, development and policy.

Extent of responsibility of Russian government and individuals for instigating or permitting the negative effects of war and conflict on Russian economy and society:

o Nicholas II and the Great Waro Lenin, Trotsky and the Civil Waro Stalin, the Great Patriotic War

and early Cold Waro the Ukraine.

Similarities and differences in wartime economies societies during each





Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder,

8


conflict and/or the immediate post-war period.

Impact of war and revolution on Russia during the period on society, politics, nationalities and the economy.

London Snyder, T. Bloodlands: Europe

Between Hitler and Stalin (2011) Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers

1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow

Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states

10 The Polish Revolt 1863; Finland; the Baltic provinces; impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Russo-Polish War.

Reasons for ‘national’ opposition to Russian governments in European states:

o national interests and needso desire for independenceo Russificationo repression, control, inequalityo impact of war and revolution.

The ‘Polish syndrome’ and significance of the 1863 revolt to Russian policy.

Significance of the 1905 revolution on protests and government repression (Riga, Lodz, Baku, Finland).

The effect of the 1917 revolutions and Bolshevik policies on Russian government and national/local populations:

o role of Lenin (aims, actions)o loss of Russian territoryo short-and long-term impact of

the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic states

o Civil War and Russo-Polish waro creation of the RSFSR and USSRo attitudes and outcome of the

Applebaum, A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-56 (2013)


Conquest, R. Stalin: Breaker of Nations (2003) Phoenix, London


Etkind, A. Internal Colonisation: Russia’s Imperial Experience (2011), Polity Press

Evans, D. & Jenkins, J. Years of Russia and the USSR 1851-1991 (2001) Hodder and Stoughton, London



Hopkirk, P. The Great Game (1990), Oxford University Press,

9


Great Patriotic War. Comparative importance of wars on the

treatment of European nationalities: WW1, Civil War, Great Patriotic War, Cold War.

Oxford Hopkirk, P. Setting the East Ablaze:

Lenin’s Dream of an Empire in Asia (2006) John Murray, London

Hosking, G. Russia: People and Empire 1552-1917 (1997), Cambridge, Massachusetts



McCauley, M. The Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949 (3rd ed.2003) Pearson, London

McKenzie, D. & Curran, M. (ed.) A History of Russia, the Soviet Union and Beyond (2001), Wadsworth, Belmont


11 Expansion in Asia. Differing reasons for expansion across the period

Differing impact of expansion across the period

11 Russification. Aims, purpose and features of Tsarist Russification.

12 Communist advance into Eastern and Central Europe after the Second World War.

Reasons for Soviet control of eastern Europe from 1944.

Reasons for and the effect of the actions and tactics of the Red Army in Poland and Germany during the Second World War (e.g. Katyn forest, Warsaw Uprising, occupation of Germany).

Impact of Soviet control of Eastern and Central Europe.

10

UNIT Y318: RUSSIA AND ITS RULERS – DEPTH STUDIES

NOTE: BASED ON 3X 50 MINUTE LESSONS PER WEEK

TERMS BASED ON 6 TERM YEAR.

YOU COULD CHOOSE TO INTEGRATE THIS WITHIN THE SECTION ABOVE, SHOULD YOU WISH TO TEACH THIS CHRONOLOGICALLY, HOWEVER PLEASE NOTE QUESTIONS ON THE THEMATIC ESSAY ARE THEMATIC IN NATURE, WHEREAS THE DEPTH STUDIES ARE ROOTED IN INTERPRETATIONS.

Key Topic Week Indicative Content Extended Content Resources

Alexander II’s domestic reforms

12 The effects of the Crimean War.

The aims of Alexander II’s domestic policies.

Extent to which the Emancipation of the Serfs was motivated by the failure of the Crimean war or other factors:

o the difference of Alexander II to his father (aims, priorities)

o the role of Crimean war in highlighting Russia’s weaknesses (military and economic)

o condition of the peasantry: state peasants and serfs by 1855

o nature of the nobilityo Western influenceo moral reasonso economic inefficiency.

Reasons why Alexander was able to introduce Emancipation and methods in doing so:

o plans, discussions, advisorso terms of the Treatyo announcement to the peasants

Acton, E. Russia (2nd ed. 1995) Longman

Anderson, M.S. The Ascendancy of Europe 1815-1914 (2nd ed. 1985) Longman

Emmons, T. The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (1968) Cambridge University Press

Falkus, M. The Industrialisation of Russia (1972) Macmillan

Gerschenkron, A. The Beginnings of Russian Industrialisation (1970) Soviet Studies


11


o extension to state serfs 1866. The significance of Emancipation to wider

economic, social and military aims and development.

Aims of other domestic reforms:o Alexander’s intentions and the

risks behind local government reform

o need for legal reforms and tackling corruption

o problems with conscription, military service and discipline

o management of the extension of education and retention of autocracy

o purpose and methods of censorship

o need for industrialisation and catching up with the West.

Extent to which domestic reforms were approached from a pragmatic or ideological basis.

Reasons for a change in aims and policy decisions during Alexander’s reign (reform or reaction).

Hosking, G. Russia, People and Empire 1552-1917 (1998) Fontana Press

McCauley, M. & Waldron, P. The Emergence of the Modern Russian State 1855-1881 (1986) Macmillan

Moss, W. The Age of Alexander II (2001) Anthem

Mosse , W. L. Alexander II and the Modernisation of Russia (2nd ed. 1992) IB Taurus

Neville, P. ‘Tsar Alexander II Liberator or Traditionalist?’ Modern History Review, vol.9, issue 1 (Sept.1997)

Perrie, M. Alexander II: Emancipation and Reform in Russia (1989) Historical Association

Pipes, R. Russia under the Old Regime (1974) Penguin

Radzinsky, E. Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar (2005) Free Press, New York

Rieber, A. ‘Alexander II: a revisionist view’, (1970) Journal of Modern History

Seton-Watson, H. The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (1988) Clarendon Press

Sherman, R. & Pearce, R.

13 The nature of his government.

Changes in central administration.

Structure and function of central and local government institutions and bodies.

Role of the Church. Nature and extent of legal reforms,

censorship, the press, police and role of the Minister of the Interior.

Circumstances of the Loris-Melikov

12


proposal. Character and importance of advisors,

ministers and imperial relations:o Westernising, Liberal, Slavophile

or reactionary tendencieso extent of individual influence or

direct involvement in policyo role of Rostovtsev, Reutern,

Golovnin, Grand Duke Constantine and the Milyutin brothers

o influence of Count Tolstoy, Prince Kropotkin, Panin, Pobedonostsev and Catherine Dolgoruky.

Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London

Vernadsky, G. (ed.) Source Book for Russian History (1972) Yale University Press

Waldron, P. The End of Imperial Russia 1855-1917 (1997) St Martin’s Press

Watts, C.P. ‘Alexander II’s Reforms’, History Review, No.32 (Dec. 1998)

Westwood, J.N. Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812-1886 (5th ed. 2002) Oxford University Press

Zakharova, L.G. ‘Emperor Alexander II, 1855-1881’, in Raleigh, D. & Sharpe, M. Emperors and Empresses of Russia (ed. 1996)

14 Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Short- and long-term effects of Emancipation on state and privately owned serfs:

o land redistribution, allotments and property

o redemption taxeso population growtho the role of the miro marriageo difference in experience between

former state and private serfs or household serfs.

Effect of Emancipation on the gentry and landowners.

Impact of industrialisation and development of transport on urban and rural communities.

Positive and negative effects of other

13


domestic reforms:o military serviceo legal representationo political representation and local

electionso role of the zemstvao municipal reform and introduction

of the dumao education (schools, university,

literacy, Sunday schools)o religious and cultural freedom.

Reasons for and the nature of the treatment of the nationalities and minorities, including the impact of foreign policy and expansion into Asia.

15 The extent and effectiveness of opposition.

Nature of the intelligentsia, reasons for their importance and the development of revolutionaries (Bakunin, Herzen, Chernyshesky, Chaikovsky circle).

Methods and aims of political opponents and revolutionaries:

o Krepostniki and reactionarieso anarchism and socialismo Narodniks and ‘Land and Liberty’o factions (Black Partition and

People’s Will)o role of Plekhanov, Mikhailov,

Zheliabov, Vera Zasulicho assassinations, bombings, exile

and publications. Reasons for greater government control

and repression by the late 1860s or 1878

14


(e.g. Polish revolt, attempted assassination, influence of reactionaries).

Government methods of control and the role of Trepov, Mezentsev, Shuvalov.

Events leading to Alexander’s assassination and whether he did ‘too little, too late’.

16 The extent and impact of domestic reform.

Extent of economic and social change.

The results of the Emancipation Decree:o extent to which Alexander’s

intentions were achievedo positive and negative effects on

the peasants, nobility and government

o reactions of the peasantso impact on other domestic

reforms. Extent to which the limitations of the

Decree should be condemned or the benefits should be praised.

Alexander as ‘Tsar Liberator’. The relative success of Alexander’s

domestic reforms in terms of:o tackling Russia’s problemso achieving his aims/intentionso different types of policieso acceptance by the populationo improving the lives of the

peasants and workerso support from the nobilityo maintenance of ‘autocracy,

orthodoxy and nationality’o modernising Russia.

15


The Provisional Government

17 The nature of the government.

Circumstances, methods and stages in the formation of the Provisional Government:

o effect of strikes in Feb.1917 (Putilov factory, Vyborg)

o abdication of Nicholas IIo role of the Executive Committee

of the Petrograd Sovieto role of the Provisional Committee

of the Dumao Bolshevik propaganda (Izvestia)o roles of Guchkov, Milyukov,

Kerensky, Grand Duke Mikhail and Prince Lvov in Feb. 1917

o Soviet control of the railways, post, telegraphs and army

o resignations and replacement of ministers.

Structure and organisation of the Provisional Government:

o the Cabineto revolutionary partieso influence of the Petrograd Soviet

and Dual Authorityo previous experience and political

alignment of ministers such as Milyukov, Guchkov, Prince Lvov, Konavolov and Tereschenko.

Role and significance of Kerensky. Extent of political representation and

involvement of groups such as the Kadets, Octobrists and Progressive Bloc.

Abraham, R. Alexander Kerensky: First Love of the Revolution (1987)

Acton, E. Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990)

Darby, G. The Russian Revolution: Tsarism to Bolshevism (1998) Longman

Figes, O. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 (2014)

Kowalski, R. The Russian Revolution 1917-1921 (1997) Routledge, London

Lieven, D. Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (2015) Penguin

Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave Master Series


Pipes, R. Three Whys of the Russian Revolution (1998)

Pipes, R. The Russian revolution 1899-1919 (1990)

Read, C. War and Revolution in Russia 1914-1922 (2013) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke

18 Main domestic policies of Nature of Russia’s problems and ways in

16


the Provisional Government.

The extent and impact of reform.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.Extent of economic and social changes.

which government tried to address these:o abolition of police departmentso removal of governors and

deputieso release of political exileso independent judges, trial by jury

and abolition of capital punishment.

Reasons for inflation, its impact and government response:

o wages and cost of livingo issue of working hourso taxes and printing of moneyo creation of conciliation chambers

and factory committeeso state monopoly on grain and fixed

prices.

Reed, J. Ten Days that shook the World (Penguin ed. 1977)

Rogger, H. Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1801-81 (1983) Longman

Service, R. The Russian Revolution 1900-1927 (4th ed. 2009) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke

Service, R. Lenin (2000) Pan Macmillan, London

Smith, S.A. The Russian Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (2002) Oxford University Press, Oxford

Wood, A. The Russian Revolution (2013) Routledge, Abingdon19 Limitations on personal,

political and religious freedom.Methods of repression and enforcement.

Nature and role of local militia and elected officers.

Extent to which wartime Russia under the Provisional Government was freer:

o release of political prisonerso political meetings and pamphletso travel and movemento right to free speech, press, union,

assembly and strikeso local self-government.

Government and ministerial reactions to opposition such as the July Days and Kornilov coup:

o arrest and imprisonment (e.g. Trotsky)

17


o publications discrediting the Bolsheviks

o use of loyal troopso use of the Petrograd Soviet and

arming the workerso reintroduction of the death

penalty and court martialso banning of Bolshevik propagandao removal of the Romanovs away

from Petrograd. Reactions to government repression and

control:o going into hiding (e.g. Lenin in

July 1917)o closure of political presso political incitement of workers

and soldierso mutiny and strikes (e.g. Kronstadt)o spread of Bolshevik slogans and

propaganda.19 The impact of the

continuing war. Economic and social impact: food

shortages, lack of fuel, inflation, disillusionment, mistrust, strikes.

Division in government and differences in opinion regarding the war.

Nature of the Kerensky offensive, role of Brusilov and impact on events.

Circumstances and effect of the July Days. Reasons for, the nature and significance of

the Kornilov coup. Decline of army discipline and desertion.

18


20-21 The extent and effectiveness of opposition.

Reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional Government.

Reasons why the government lost support:

o lack of authority and suspiciono land questiono urban discontento continuation of waro delays in the creation of a

Constituent Assembly. Impact of the varied political aims or style

of political groups and tension within government (SRs, Kadets, Octobrists, Progressives and Mensheviks).

Nature and extent of the threat of the Petrograd Soviet:

o meetings in the Tauride palaceo Executive Committee (Chkheidze.

Skobelev, Kerensky)o Soviet Order Number Oneo support from workers and soldierso representation of other sovietso role in the coalition government

of May 1917 and position of Tsereteli

o demonstrations and the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in June 1917.

Extent of the demands of the nationalities for self-government.

Reasons for and circumstances of the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917:

o failure of socialist parties to seize

19


the initiativeo role of Lenin, his return to Russia

and the April Theseso relationship between Bolshevik,

Menshevik and Left SRso role of Trotsky and the Military

Revolutionary Committeeo Bolshevik appeals to the workers

and peasantso elections to the Petrograd Dumao effect of the Kornilov coupo actions of the Petrograd garrison

and Red Guardso ‘storming’ of the Winter Palaceo nature of the Second All-Russian

Congress of Soviets (25th Oct)o role of Petrogrado the Kronstadt sailors.

Extent to which the Bolsheviks exploited the situation rather than playing a decisive role.

Role of the Bolshevik Central Committee and significance of the contributions of Lenin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin to the events of October 1917.

Khrushchev in power 1956–1964

21-22 The aims of Khrushchev.

The nature of his government.

The extent and impact of

Effect of Stalinism and the struggle for power (1953-56) on Khrushchev’s government and leadership style:

o membership of the Praesidiumo reactions to Malenkov, Beria and

their henchmen

Filzer, D. The Khrushchev Era: Destalinization and the Limits of Reform in the USSR 1954-1964 (1993)

Keep, J. Last of the Empires (1995) Oxford University Press

20


reform. o Khrushchev’s role as Secretary of the Central Committee

o role of Bulganino the 20th Party Congress and

‘Secret Speech’o appointments to Party positionso reasons for De-Stalinisationo development of bureaucracy.

Nature and extent of ‘Reform Communism’ , De-Stalinisation and ‘The Thaw’ (politics, economy, society, culture):

o aims of De-Stalinisation and Russia’s problems by 1956

o government restructureo agricultural reform (pricing, costs

of equipment and transport, peasant taxation, modernisation, incentives such as the Virgin Lands)

o aims and methods of economic reforms (Seven Year Plan, light and heavy industry, technology and the Space race)

o bureaucratic changes and government institutions (e.g. Praesidium, committees, Supreme Economic Council, sovnarkhozi, KGB, local party administrators, apparatchiks and nomenklatura)

o cultural initiatives (Intourist, sporting exchanges, theatre)

Kenez, P. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (1999) Cambridge University Press

Khrushchev, N. Khrushchev Remembers (1971)


Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave Master Series

Medvedev, M. & R. Khrushchev: The Years in Power (1978) Norton Library, Columbia University Press

McCauley, M. The Khrushchev Era 1953-1964 (2014) Routledge, Abingdon

Taubman, W. Khrushchev: The Man and his Era (2005) Free Press, London

Taubman, W & Khrushchev, S. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (2001)

Volkogonov, D. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (2010)

21


o attaining ‘socialism’ and plans for ‘transition to communism’ (21st and 22nd Party Congresses).

23 Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme.

Effect of government policies on urban and rural communities within the USSR and its satellites in terms of:

o extent of influence and control from Moscow

o cost and standard of livingo transport facilitieso education and trainingo housingo opportunities (employment,

travel, property, relocation)o women, family and childreno religious belief and practiceo public facilities, leisure and

cultureo communicationo modernisation (agricultural

methods, domestic facilities, industrialisation)

o Party membership and government expectation.

Extent to which economic and social reforms were successful:

o positive and negative effects of the Virgin Lands Scheme

o effect of pricingo peasant incentiveo closure of MTS

22


o campaign for maizeo positive and negative effects of

the Seven Year Plano impact of bureaucratic measures.

23-4 Opposition, methods and enforcement of repression in Russia and its satellites.

The impact of the Cold War.

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Types of opposition and the nature of the threat to Khrushchev personally or to the USSR:

o Communist Party opposition (e.g. reactions to the Secret Speech, ideological stance, ambition, resignations)

o national groups and desire for self-government

o revolts, strikes and demonstrations

o dissidents, spies and foreignerso the West and Cold War mentality

(tension, MAD, issue of Germany and Cuba, quest for détente, SALT).

Nature and extent of opposition from within the Communist Party in the USSR and its satellites:

o reactions of individuals such as Malenkov, Molotov, Rakosi, Gomulka, Nagy, Bulganin, Kaganovitch, Voroshilov, Suslov and Brezhnev

o ideological beliefso personal ambition and nepotism.

Impact of the Cold War and foreign policy on domestic policies, Party disagreement,

23


security and state control. Methods of control, security, enforcement

and repression:o removal from influence within the

Communist Partyo police and secret services in

Russia and its satellites (e.g. KGB, Stasi, spies)

o executions and arresto use of troops (e.g. Hungarian

Rising 1956)o re-settlement of Russianso the arms raceo U2 incident and the Berlin Wall.

Extent to which there was a relaxation of state control (Thaw) or continued repression in post-Stalinist Russia and its satellites:

o release of prisoners from labour camps

o writers, literature, art and filmso religious freedom and practiceo situations in Yugoslavia, Poland,

Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany

o situations in the Central and East Asian states

o reactions to protests such as at Novcherkassk.

25 Khrushchev’s fall. Reasons for and the circumstances surrounding Khrushchev’s fall from power:

o impact of Cold War events,

24


diplomacy and foreign policy (e.g. Cuban Missile Crisis)

o nature of Communist opposition by the early 1960s

o Khrushchev’s personality and temperament

o his attack on Stalinismo limitations of agricultural reformso emphasis of economic policieso holiday on the Black Sea, the

Central Committee and significance of Khrushchev’s resignation.

Documents

OCR A an AS History Unit Y104 Scheme of Work · Web viewExtent to which everyday life for peasants, industrial workers, students, intelligentsia, religious clerics, middle-classes,