1

No Stone

Unturned

KEN TIM

Above: Robbie, finding sapphires

Read his report inside.

Camping styles 1

OCTOBER 2019

Mediterranean Sea

TAPPING INTO THE COLLECTIVE WISDOM:

As a club we are fortunate to have very talented members.

Some specialise in “art of lapidary”, (rock working) of our hobby viz. faceting,

cabbing and fabricating jewellery and some have taken on the role of instructors

while most others have a working knowledge of some or all of these aspects of the

hobby.

We also have a group of members who have extensive knowledge in identification

of Gemstones (Our Gemologists)

Then there are those who specialise in the identification of minerals and, as our

club name suggests, this should assume the same importance as the lapidary aspect. We are fortunate.

Some of our members are geologists while other are members who have devoted most of their lapidary life to

learning the properties of minerals, how they form and how they differ from each other.

As a club member, you are entitled to share in this valuable pool of knowledge while it is available. Nothing

lasts forever! A working knowledge of minerals and their properties will assist “artists” in plying their skills

and will also make your fossicking trips so much more interesting. (There is a plethora of different minerals to

find in the field but a much more limited number of gemstones).

Guessing what a mineral is and (worse still) mispronouncing the name is NOT an option for anyone who

prides themselves on being a Lapidary! If you don’t know ….ask someone who does!

Knowing what rocks and minerals comprise our wonderful planet and how

these form is a fascinating study and, with this in mind, there is a very brief

introduction in this edition which will hopefully pique your curiosity.

Please also keep in mind that our Club Library, has a fairly comprehensive

collection of books with accurate information

Accuracy is not always guaranteed from the many articles available on the

internet! Anyone, regardless of their qualifications, can submit articles to the

web.

2 CONTACT INFORMATION:

Phone: 0450 185 250

Email: cairnsmlc@gmail.com

Postal Address: PO Box 389, Westcourt. 4870. NQ 129 Mulgrave Road (in the Youth Centre Grounds)

MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

President: Michael Hardcastle

Vice-president: Mike Rashleigh

Secretary: Jan Hannam

Treasurer: Joe Venables

Assistant Secretary: Allan Rose

Assistant Treasurer: Richie Williams

Extra Members MC: Tammi Saal

OTHER PERSONNEL:

Purchasing Officer: Jan Saal

Specimen Curator: David Croft

Specimen Testers: David Croft, Vic Lahtinen, Trevor Hannam

Cabochon Advisors: Jodi Sawyer

Faceting Instructors: Jim Lidstone, Joe Ferk, Trevor Hannam

Silver Instructors: Sylvia Rose, Jan Saal

Machinery Curators: volunteers needed

Gem Testing: Vic Lahtinen, Trevor Hannam

Librarian: David Croft

Facebook Admin: Tammi Saal, Peggy Walker

Webpage Admin: Richie Williams

QLACCA Delegate: Bill Reece

Youth Centre Rep: Bill Reece

Field Trip Advisors: Allan Gale, Craig Walker, John Heenan, Leigh Twine

Gem Festival: Trevor Hannam, Michael Hardcastle, Allan Gale, Tammi Saal, Mike Rashleigh

Auditor: Carey Accountancy

Safety Officers positions vacant

Club Banking details for anyone wishing to pay membership fees electronically:

Bendigo Bank BSB: 633 000

Gem Festival and Membership

WE WISH TO THANK THE FEDERAL

MEMBER FOR LEICHHARDT, HON.

WARREN ENSTCH, FOR FACILITATING THE

PRINTINGING OF THIS MAGAZINE.

CLUB HOURS:

Monday 4:00pm to 9:30 pm

Wednesday *8:30am to 12:30

*1:00pm to 4:00pm

Saturday *9:00am to 1:00

*12:00pm to 4:00pm

Workroom fees are $4 per session or part

thereof and must be paid before session begins.

The Club provides tuition in cabbing, faceting,

silver-smithing and lost wax casting

Note: The Club is closed for gazetted holidays

only and open on other club days

GENERAL MEETINGS:

General meetings are held on the 1st Saturday of

each month. When this is a public holiday, the

meeting is deferred until the following Saturday.

Note: Your Attendance at General Meetings

ensures that your voice will be heard when it

comes to making decisions concerning the

running of the club.

CLUB PURCHASING POLICY:

If you wish to purchase something on behalf of the

club, please notify the purchasing officer, Jan

PLEASE CONSIDER CONTRIBUTING MATERIAL

for “No Stone Unturned”.

Magazine Editor and Publisher: Jeanne Mora

The Editor reserves the right to choose and edit all

material featured in this magazine.

Although all care is taken to ensure the

accuracy of the material herein, the Editor

does not accept responsibility for any

inaccuracies which may inadvertently occur.

3

DATES TO REMEMBER

OCTOBER

5 QLACCA Management Committee Meeting,

Beenleigh Show

6 Beenleigh Gem Festival, Beenleigh

Showgrounds

7 Queen’s Birthday (Club closed… field trip

to Chudleigh Park seeking peridot)

12 Club General Meeting 12:00 noon

19-20 Toowoomba Gemfest, Centenary Heights

High School, Ramsay St, Toowoomba

NOVEMBER

2 Club General Meeting 12:00 noon

7 QLACCA Christmas Dinner

2 & 3 Bundaberg Gemfair

10 Sunday Slog

16 Suncoast Gem Show, Mooloolaba State

School Douglas St, Mooloolaba

23 Trevor’s Demonstration of Electroforming

30 Redcliffe Gem Show, Venue T B A

Some of these dates may change throughout the

year. Check for any alterations in the QLACCA

newsletter.

DECEMBER

7 Club general meeting starting at 11:00am

& followed by the

CLUB CHRISTMAS PARTY

8 Sunday Slog

21 Club closes for the Christmas break and

reopens on Wednesday, January 15th

2020

PRESIDENT’S REPORT

Hello everyone,

It’s good to see the club a hive

of activity with our new mem-

bers learning to cut and polish

cabochons, faceting or making

silver jewellery.

Last month’s Annual General Meeting appointed

the following members for positions on the

Management Committee: Vice-president..

Mike Rashleigh, Secretary.. Jan Hannam,

Treasurer.. Joe Venables, Assistant Secretary..

Allan Rose, Assistant Treasurer.. Ritchie Williams

and Social Media Administrator.. Tammi Saal.

Congratulations to you all on your appointment. I

thank you all. You bring with you a mixture of

expertise for the committee that will assist in

making a great management team.

On the Queen’s birthday long weekend, on the

Field trip to Chudleigh Park, a beautiful location to

stay, everybody found some peridot. (see Allan’s

report in this magazine)

I was greatly saddened to hear about the passing

of Clyde Eggert. Clyde’s contribution to the

lapidary trade has been enormous. Clyde was a

very talented tradesman, well known for

fabricating good quality slabbing saws and

lapidary machines for sale. On behalf of the club, I

send condolences to Pam and Scott.

Trevor Hannam will hold a demonstration of

electroforming on Saturday 23rd November at the

club. Cost for participants will be $4 per person.

This year’s Christmas Party will be on Saturday,

7th December. Please note that the general

meeting will commence at 11:00 am

Michael Hardcastle

4

AROUND

THE

CLUB

VALE CLYDE EGGERT

Our members extend our heartfelt condolences to

Pam & Scott Eggert on the passing of her husband

and his father, Clyde, recently. You will remember

Clyde as a loyal stall holder at our Gem festivals since

its inauguration. (his stall always alongside Bill & Betty

Reece’s).

Clyde also ran a workshop for members on how to

make a cabochon for a competition, several years

ago. His happy smile and cheerful persona will be

sadly missed.

Our thoughts are with all members or

family members who are unwell.

Many happy Returns to all members

celebrating a birthday in October

Ginger Connolly, Debbie Davis, Jeanne

Mora, Sayumi Amori, Vic Cummings,

Ytai de Latatea Dent, John Eenhuisen,

Darylle Sorensen.

(If I missed your birthday greeting, please let me know

c/- the Secretary - Editor)

A Warm Welcome to all our new club members

including:

Jennifer Kimberly, Carson Howcroft, Leanne Barrett,

Dianne Evans, Kris Tamburin, Ytai de Larratea,

Louisa Stammer, Robyn Heerma, Marlene Miller,

Stevie Lovett, Amy Loughhead, Marianne Pinchbeck,

Nina Williams, Wayne Cox & family,

Steven Stevenson, Amanda Roland, John Eenhuizen,

Darylle Sorensen.

Please keep in mind that our club sells most lapidary

requirements a very competitive prices. Ask at the

counter.

Pictured at left, a

magnificent specimen of

amethyst , recently un-

earthed by Allan & Wayne

near Cloncurry.

DATE CLAIMER

Club Christmas Party

DATE: 7th December, 12:00 noon (after the Gen-

eral Meeting which starts at 11;00)

BRING: A plate of your favourite Christmas Treat

to share.

Your best party mood and smile

A Christmas drink if you wish (no bottles

please as the Youth Centre has a “no glass

policy”)

The club will provide ham and chicken

CHRISTMAS RECESS

The club will close after the Saturday, 21st

December session, 2019 and reopen for the

Wednesday 15th January session, 2020

5

The chief of a tribe wanted to get a new status symbol as befitting

his important position. He consulted all his people and it was

decided that he needed a throne and so a magnificent throne was

constructed and because it was so big, the roof of his grass hut

was removed so it could be lowered into the hut. But it was so big

there was no room left for the chief’s bed. Much discussion later, it

was decided that the throne would be fitted with ropes and pulleys

and pulled up to the roof each night. Over time the ropes frayed

and so it was that, one night, the throne dropped onto the chief

and killed him.

This gave rise to an important tenet for the tribe: “People in grass

huts shouldn’t stow thrones.”

6

G’day Readers,

A long drive and hot weather didn’t deter our intrepid fossickers from enjoying

the field trip to Chudleigh Park over the Queen’s birthday long weekend. Rob

and Leigh (and family and Friends) and Peggy and Craig arrived earlier in the

week with Kylie and Lance (and Children) arriving Friday arvo. Jan, Trevor,

Brenda and myself got as far as the Oasis Roadhouse Friday night and

travelled onto Chudleigh at sparrow’s the next morning, keeping a very careful

eye out for any suicidal Roos. The Skippies out that way only come in large

and extra large sizes. There is a lot of road work in progress between the

Lynd and Chudleigh, at least 20 kms, which would only leave 30 kms of grav-

el till fully sealed.

A quick set-up of camp including tents for showers and the mandatory porta

loo, had me looking around to work out who was in attendance. A couple of vehicles had proceeded up to the

diggings while we were setting up, but Kylie were able to assure me, that Craig had the Amelia’s permission

for our fossickers to take vehicles across the creek. Trevor was a bit disappointed as he had spent a couple

of days before making a cart to take his tools up. Oh well, there’s still Lava Plains Trev. Richie and John had

now joined us, so my party the first day was Trev, John, Ritchie, Kyle, Lance, Brenda and myself to head to

the eastern side of the diggings. Craig and Peggy and Rob and Leigh fossicked the northern side of the ridge.

The digging for peridot at Chudleigh is pretty easy as the ground is shallow, dry and dusty. The finding is not

so easy, at least until you get your eye in. The majority of the peridot here is very well camouflaged with a

brown coating (of iron oxide, I think) that makes it look just like every other bit of volcanic rock. Hmm, I should

probably clarify that last comment as you can find not just peridot here, but also Moonstone, Black Spinel,

Hematite and Sapphire, all of which stand out in the sieve so much better than Peridot. Peridot is generally

identified in the sieve by its angular shape, wetting the stone may allow you to see a bit of green if held to the

sun, however using a pair of side cutters to snip an edge will reveal a glassy green sheen (peridot) or not

(rock). Another tip is to half fill a wide mouthed plastic bottle with sand and water. An empty iced tea bottle

works well. Drop your potential treasure into the bottle and shake. By the end of the day’s digging a lot of the

camouflage will have worn off your stones and you will have a much better idea of what you may have found

after a quick rinse back at camp.

I took our crew to an area where Brenda and I had been digging a few weeks before and a bucket of dirt from

our re-dug hole produced a number of peridot so that everyone was able to see what they were looking for.

That hole (read shallow scrape) produced a 32ct stone 3 weeks ago and another 30ct stone that afternoon

along with numerous other pieces. Brenda reckons I’m tinny finding peridot because its my birthstone, she

may be right, she usually is……..yes dear, the correct term is always. It was great to see young kids enjoying

looking and learning about fossicking. Kylie and Lance’s daughter Emily was a gem and followed Brenda

around while she was specking, discussing fossicking and camping.

As it was very dry and windy, Trevor’s home made pig became the evening gathering point but not for very

long after a big day and long drive it was early to bed for most of us.

(continued next page)

7

The next morning was another early start with most of us heading back to our previous days diggings, with

Bronny and Doug arriving during the morning and getting a quick peridot fossicking lesson. In the afternoon,

Trevor took a group to an area he referred to as the flat, where he says everybody used to dig when the ar-

ea was first fossicked. Apparently you can (or used to be able to) find fully terminated spinel crystals in this

area. Nobody found one this time however they were very happy with the amount/quality of the peridot,

sometimes 13 to a sieve. The evening’s gathering around Trev’s pig was well attended with everyone

having found some peridot.

Monday saw most of us packing up and heading for home, bidding a fond farewell to Chudleigh Park. This

area really is great fossicking and camping, with arguably the best peridot available for fossicking in OZ.

Please follow the station rules, ring or email before visiting have a porta loo (or similar), take all your

rubbish with you, stick to and go slow on the station roads and fill in your holes to make safe for the

cattle. I know, myself and the crew that attended this field trip, really appreciated the landowners

allowing fossicking and camping on their station again. If we all follow the rules we will hopefully be

able to enjoy this unique opportunity for many years to come.

I would like to pass on my appreciation to my fellow field trip officers, Craig , Leigh and John (who had to

leave early) and to Trevor for his cheerful willingness to share his wealth of knowledge. A number of

participants have expressed their appreciation of your efforts , thank you. I have already had a couple of

inquiries re next field trip and have to say that we haven’t anything planned as yet, however we will be

getting together soon to rough out a proposed calendar for next year’s trips and get them promulgated as

soon as possible.

We hope to see you all again in a dirty hole on a fossicking field soon.

PS. Craig and Peggy were heading further afield after Chudleigh to try some gold prospecting. Looking

forward to hear from them when they get back.

Allan Gale “Windy”

(Thanks to Allan for the report and to Jan for the photos on page 8)

A couple of interesting rocks to look out for:

Left: Aventurine (note, there is no “d” in this word.)

Var. quartz having a spangled appearance due to sparkling internal reflections from

uniformly oriented minute inclusions of other minerals eg. Green aventurine is

coloured by green fuchsite mica; brown aventurine is coloured by iron pyrite; reddish-

brown aventurine is coloured by hematite; Other inclusions can colour the mineral orange*, bluish-white,

yellow or bluish-green.

*not to be confused with Sunstone (below)

Right: Sunstone var. Oligoclase or labradorite.

Tiny inclusions of hematite or goethite are responsible for the red to

orange sun-like colour and sparkle which occurs when these pate-like

crystals are orientated parallel to one another. (thanks David)

8

Have chair.. Will fossick Is this one? This is what you’re looking for!

Creating a dust storm!The shaking bottle.

Air conditioning Teaching them young! Here’s a beauty!

Found a likely specimen

Down and Dirty at Chudleigh Park

9

Those who know Trevor will appreciate his

skills in making working models of just about

anything. His latest creation is a gold mine with

a working battery (pictured at left)

What you may not know is that his imagination

extends to creating a good yarn. This is his

story about the model mine.

Enjoy! This IS a work of fiction!

“MY STORY by Trevor Hannam

It all started many years ago in the year 1891

At the age of 29, I was easily impressed and purchased a gold map for two shillings from an old prospector

who said it came from an unknown area way out in the desolate sands of South Australia’s Ayer Peninsular.

Back in those days I had very little money and had to use most of my savings to purchase a mule, flintlock gun

and powder, mining supplies and food to last for a couple for weeks. I would also kill any game along the way

to support this fool venture.

My Journey started from a small town called ‘Yurunga Ford’ on the west side of Spencers Gulf where I picked

up an Aboriginal tracker by the name of Mr Black. The map showed only two major water holes on the top

west side of Spencers Gulf but was advised by Mr Black that there were a few soaks along the track that

would have water in them this time of the year.

After two gruelling weeks of following the trail we arrived at the top of Spencers Gulf where we ate a

ceremonial meal of Kangaroo Meat and Emu eggs with a roaming tribe of aboriginals which happened to be

Mr Black’s relations. By this time Mr Black and I had become very good friends and had taught me a lot about

surviving in the outback of Australia.

It took us a little under two weeks to reach the first water hole marked on the map and it proved to be quite a

large lake with lots of vegetation. The water was slightly brackish but quite drinkable and as we settled down

for the evening we were set upon by a couple of bush rangers.

Weren’t they in for a shock, as Mr Black spun around and sent a spear directly into the heart of the first

attacker thus giving me time to bring up the flintlock and firing a shot at close quarters into the stomach of the

other attacker. Questioning the wounded man we learned

that at some time on our journey they found out we were

looking for gold and doubled tracked ahead of us and await-

ed at the water hole to rob us. We tried to help him as best

we could but he later died of his injury. Both were buried

in a shallow grave of sand with no cross to mark their pass-

ing.

My map so far had been unquestionable and accurate and I

was full of hope and expectations until, what should have

been a mountain pass ---- was nothing but desert.”

10

THE SUBSTANCE OF EARTH

If you take a rock and look at it through a hand lens or a microscope, you will see that it is made up of a

mosaic of interlocking particles. Some may be seen with the naked eye. These are the minerals, naturally

occurring homogeneous solids, which have a definite chemical composition and atomic structure.

Every rock is made up of a mixture of different minerals– but usually no more than half a dozen or so. The most

common rock forming minerals are silicates (silica is the most common chemical component of Earth). Silica,

Si* can combine with many other atoms to take part in many complex chemical reactions, so there are many

different types of silicate minerals. The simplest silicate mineral is quartz, which is pure silicate but more

commonly there are metallic elements that combine with silica eg. Magnesium or iron to form olivine

(MgFe)2SiO2**. The many other silicates will not be explored just yet

The surface of the Earth is continually being created and destroyed– not usually in any way that can be noticed

by us, but over a period millions or tens of millions years, mainly by tectonic movement*** .We recognise three

types of rock according to how they are formed.

*One silica atom (Si) combines with two oxygen atoms (O2) to form quartz (SiO2)

** One magnesium atom (Mg) or one iron atom (Fe) combines with silica to form (MgFe)2SiO2

***Tectonic movement : (see diagram below) the lithosphere (crust) of the earth is divided into a small number of

plates which float on and travel independently over the mantle and much of the earth's seismic activity occurs

at the boundaries of these plates. The diagram below shows the tectonic plates The continents are embedded

in the plates and are constantly being shuffled around . We will not be exploring here the various ways in

which the tectonic plates move.

For more

detail about

tectonic

movement,

you will

need to

consult

reference

books in

our library

or log on to

a reputable

geology

web site.

The letters printed in

red are the symbols

that scientists use to

identify elements.

11

OUR CLUB IS A MINERAL AND LAPIDARY CLUB.

Of the minerals comprising the Earth, a very small percentage are classified as “gemstones” but there is a plethora of very

interesting rocks to be found (or collected). Perhaps it’s time to give the mineral aspect of our club more emphasis so

here is a quick look at how rocks are formed:-

The three types of rocks It’s the first thing you learn in a geology class — very briefly the three types of rocks are:

• Igneous — they form from the cooling of magma deep inside the earth. They often have large crystals (you can see

them with the naked eye).

• Metamorphic — they are formed through the change (metamorphosis) of igneous and sedimentary rocks. They can

form both underground and at the surface.

• Sedimentary — they are formed through the solidification of sediment. They can be formed from organic remains

(such as limestone), or from the cementing of other rocks.

Now, the long story, which is much more interesting, is this:

Igneous Rocks

Magma is the heart of any

igneous rock. Magma is

composed of a mixture of molten

or semi-molten rock, along with

gases and other volatile

elements. As you go deeper

underground, the temperature

rises; go further and you’ll

eventually reach the Earth’s

mantle– a huge layer of magma

surrounding the Earth’s core.

You probably know, when magma

cools, it turns into rock; if it cools

while still underground at high

temperatures (but at temperatures still lower than that of the magma), the cooling process will be slow, giving crystals

time to develop. That’s why you see rocks such as granite with

big crystals — the magma had time to cool off. The crystals are

also differentiated, as you can see at right.

However, if the magma erupts or is cooled rapidly, you instead

get a volcanic rock –– not really igneous, but also originating

from lava. The classical example here is basalt, which can

have many small crystals or very few large ones. Volcanic

rocks are also called extrusive igneous rocks, as opposed

to intrusive igneous rocks. Some volcanic rocks (like obsidian)

don’t have any crystals at all. (see next page)

12

At left

Basalt — note the almost complete lack of visible

crystals. Now compare it to the granite. Image via

Georgia State University.

Not all magma is made equally: different magmas

can have different chemical compositions, differ-

ent quantities of gases and different

temperature — and different types of magma

make different types of rocks. That’s why you get

incredible variety. There are over 700 hundred

types of igneous rocks, and they are generally the

hardest and heaviest of all rocks. However,

volcanic rocks can be incredibly lightweight –– pumice, for example, can even float, and was called by ancient sailors

“the foam of the sea”. Pumice is created when a volcano violently erupts, creating pockets of air in the rock. The most

common types of igneous rocks are:

• andesite

• basalt

• dacite

• dolerite (also called diabase)

• gabbro

• diorite

Above: Pumice is the lightest volcanic rock

which can form a “mat” on the surface of the

ocean

Right: Obsidian

is a dark-

coloured volcanic

glass that forms

from the very

rapid cooling of

molten rock ma-

terial. It cools so

rapidly that

crystals do not

form

• peridotite

• nepheline

• obsidian

• scoria

• tuff

• volcanic bomb

13

Metamorphic Rocks

Here, the name says it all. These are rocks that underwent a metamorphosis; they changed. They were either sedimen-

tary or igneous (or even metamorphic), and they changed so much, that they are fundamentally different from the initial

rock.

There are two types of metamorphism (change) that can cause this:

• contact metamorphism (or thermal metamorphism) — rocks are so close to magma that they start to partially

melt and change their properties. You can have recrystallization, fusing between crystals and a lot of other chemical re-

actions. Temperature is the main driver here.

• regional metamorphism (or dynamic metamorphism) — this typically happens when rocks are deep under-

ground and they are subjected to massive pressure — so much so that they often become elongated, destroying the

original features. Pressure (often times with temperature) is the main driver here.

Left: Folded foliation in a metamorphic rock from near Geirangerfjord, Norway. Image via Wiki Commons.

Metamorphic rocks can have crystals and minerals

from the initial rocks as well as new minerals result-

ing from the metamorphosis process. However,

some minerals are clear indicators of a metamor-

phic process. Among these, the most usual ones

are garnet, chlorite, and kyanite.

Equally as significant are changes in the chemical

environment that result in two metamorphic pro-

cesses: mechanical dislocation (the rock or some

minerals are physically altered) and chemical re-

crystallization (when the temperature and pressure

changes, some crystals aren’t stable, causing them

to change into other crystals).

14

They can be divided into many categories, but they are typically split into:

• Foliated metamorphic rocks — pressure squeezes or

elongates the crystals, resulting in a clear preferential alignment.

• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks — the crystals have no

preferential alignment. Some rocks, such as limestone, are made of

minerals that simply don’t elongate, no matter how much stress you

apply.

Metamorphic rocks can form in different conditions, in different

temperatures (up to 200 °C) and pressures (up to 1500 bars). By

being buried deep enough for a long enough time, a rock will

become metamorphic. They can form from tectonic processes such

as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction

and distortion; they can also form when the rock is heated up by the

intrusion of magma from the Earth’s interior.

The most common metamorphic rocks are:

• amphibolite

• schist (blueschist, greenschist, micaschist, etc)

• eclogite

• Gneiss (pronounced “niece”)

• hornfels

• marble

• migmatite

• phyllite

Above: Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock

Above: A micaschist. The dark brown rounded minerals are garnet, and

everything you see with a whiteish tint is the mica. The reddish areas are

rusty mica. Image modified from Willowleaf Minerals.

• quartzite

• serpentinite

• Slate

Above: Anthracite is the highest rank of coal.

It has been exposed to enough heat and pres-

sure that most of the oxygen and hydrogen

have been driven off, leaving a high-carbon

material behind. It has a bright, lustrous ap-

pearance and breaks with a semi-conchoidal

fracture. It is often referred to as "hard coal";

however, this is a layman's term and has little

to do with the hardness of the rock.

Below Gneiss: It is easy to see the "salt and

pepper" banding of this rock.

Next month we will look at sedimentary rocks, the most common type of rock an the earth’s surface

15

Sandstone is ideally made at an AR 4:1 Example here is 16swg with 1/4" id. This weave is aspect ratio sensitive

Then weave a ring through the eye that is made by the #1 and #3 rings.

Weave a ring through the #2 and #4

rings so it lays the same as the #1 and #3 Continue with the pattern, adding a ring to

the #3 and #5 rings so it lays the same as #2

Now things change. #7 ring still goes

through 2 rings, but not where it

would go on Half Persian 4 in 1. Turn

the weave 90 degrees (or 1/4 of a full

turn) and weave the #7 ring as

above . The #7 ring should match the

orientation and placement of the #1

ring

Turn the weave 90 degrees and weave

the #11 ring so it matches the #5 ring's

orientation

Slide the #1 ring over the #3 ring.

Turn the weave 90 degrees and weave

the #10 ring so it matches the #4 ring's

orientation

Turn the weave 90 degrees and weave the #12 ring so it

matches the #6 ring's orientation. This finishes another 3

ring stack, so the next ring will follow the same as #7 ring -

starting a new 3 ring stack and repeating from there.

Continue repeating the pattern until you get the required

length

1 2

7

3

4 5 6

8 9

7

10

16