October 21st

164 – that’s the actual # of fish in your pond –now you can complete the calculations and questions. I’ll collect the the lab tomorrow

We’ll be reviewing today using the multiple choice questions that are attached in renweb and classjump

1

Why is identifying and protecting keystone species a key goal of many conservation biologists? Keystone species are economically beneficial Keystone species are critical to human survival Keystone species play critical ecological roles in

the community Keystone species are endangered species Keystone species are charismatic

2

What kind of diversity allows organisms on earth to adapt to and survive many changing environmental conditions? Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Functional diversity Community biodiversity

3

All are true of endemic species EXCEPT Highly susceptible to extinction Often generalists Often lie on islands Can be outcompeted by non-native invasive

species which share niche Are often indicator species

4

A species ecological niche is Where it lives Its pattern and role in the ecosystem Its place on the trophic pyramid Its genetic resistance A measure of evenness

5

Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are changed or damaged Foundation species Indicator species Keystone species Non-native species Endemic species

6

Which habitat has the highest number of species? Tropical rainforest Temperate forest Short-grass prairie Savannah Boreal forest

7

Trout require clean water with high levels of dissolved oxygen, so their presence tells researchers that these conditions are present in a stream. For this reason, trout are referred to as: Native species Invasive species Foundation species Keystone species Indicator species

8

A species such as zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on the bottom of boats. Upon arriving, their generalist adaptations allow them to take over niches from local species and modify ecosystems. Native species Invasive species Foundation species Keystone species Indicator species

9

The American alligator digs depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season in the Everglades. Native species Invasive species Foundation species Keystone species Indicator species

10

A hawk which uses the crown of an oak tree as a site to build a nest Predation Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific competition

11

The relationship between a pollinating honey bee and the almond tree Predation Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific competition

12

A dolphin uses echo-location to capture fish outside the reef Predation Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific competition

13

Mahogany and la Ceiba trees both reaching for limited light in the rainforest canopy. Predation Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific competition

14

The capacity for growth of a population under ideal conditions Environmental resistance Intrinsic rate of increase Minimum viable population Biotic potential Logistical growth

15

All the factors that act to limit the growth of a population are summarized as the Environmental resistance Intrinsic rate of increase Minimum viable population Biotic potential Logistical growth

16

Used by scientists concerned about species decline to estimate the numbers needed for long-term survival Environmental resistance Intrinsic rate of increase Minimum viable population Biotic potential Logistical growth

17

Species with a(n) ____ reproductive pattern are prone to extinction due to the long generation times and low reproductive rates. R-selected K-selected Irruptive Cyclical Irregular

18

In an area which has just had a forest fire, one would expect pioneer species to opportunistically spring up in the area first. These species demonstrate which reproductive pattern R-selected K-selected Irruptive Cyclical Irregular

19

A rainy spring increased the growth of grasses allowing for a bottom up regulation of deer population causing a boom year. However, 2 years later the population inevitably crashed. The deer exhibit a(n) ___ population pattern. R-selected K-selected Irruptive Cyclical Irregular

20

Chemical warfare in prey species includes all of the following EXCEPT Poisonous Foul smelling Temperature changing Bad tasting Irritating

21

Some species of Acacia trees have a trait of hollow thorns which excrete nectar. This adaptation attracts a species of ant which set up nests in these hollows. Whenever a potential browser tries to eat the leaves of the Acacia the ant emerge and defend the tree with acidic bites. This relationship is an example of: Interspecific competition Commensalisms Parasitism Coevolution succession

22

All of the following are true of climax communities EXCEPT They are the end point of a series of competitive

exclusion patterns They are composed of a majority of K-selected

species Dominated by a few long-lived plant communities Are considered mid-successional Remain in a relative balance unless there is a

disturbance

23

Competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot occupy the exact same niche. If one species dominates, the other must:

I Migrate to a new area II Modify its niche III Suffer population declines and possible extinction

II only III only I and II only I and III only I, II, and III

24

A prey species which is not poisonous but borrows a display which signifies that it is dangerous is using the strategy of Chemical warfare Stalking mimicry Cross coloration All of the above

25

When lions and leopards live in the same area, lions take mostly larger animals as prey and leopards take smaller ones to avoid direct competition. This is referred to as Resource partitioning Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Predator-prey competition

26

How does a predator play a beneficial role in the evolution of its prey?

I Predators teach prey to flee II Predators remove the sick, weak, and least fit

individuals III Predators remove the dominant competitors

I only I and II only I and III only I, II, and III

27

Which of these is NOT a method that predators use to increase their chances of capturing prey? Pursuit Warning coloration Chemical warfare Ambush Camouflage

28

Which population distribution type would provide the most protection from predators? Uniform Exponential Random Logistic Clumped

29

How do parasites differ from conventional predators?

I Parasites are usually much smaller than their hosts II Parasites often live on or in their host for long periods

of time IIII Parasites rarely kill their hosts

I only II only I and II only I and III only I, II, and III

30

The gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas (such as a parking lot) where there is no soil is Degradative succession Primary succession Secondary succession Random succession Cyclical succession

31

A tropical rainforest which has been cut down to make way for a farm is abandoned 10 years later because the soil has lost its productivity. However, the area does not experience the re-growth of trees. Which of the following explain the lack of secondary succession in the area? Rainforests are not resilient Lack of transpiring plants has reduced the rainfall to

below range of tolerance The ecosystem has reached a tipping point The limiting factor of nutrients is too low All of the above

32

Population change can be determined by which of the following equations? Population change = (births + deaths) –

(immigration + emigration) Population change = (births + immigration) –

(deaths + emigration) Population change = (births + deaths) +

(immigration + emigration) Population change = (births – immigration) +

(deaths – emigration)

33

The resilience of a community is defined as The ability of the community to repair damage

after a moderate disturbance The ability of a community to resist being

disturbed The ability of a community to keep its population

size limited by its resources The ability of a community to tolerate exponential

population growth The ability of a community to alter its

successional processes

34

In temperate climates insect populations grow rapidly during the spring and summer and then crash during winter. This pattern in population size is referred to as Stable Cyclic Uniform Irregular irruptive

35

Some species have evolved a reproductive strategy in which the population increases at an intrinsic rate. Which of the following are characteristics of these r-strategists?

Have many reproductive events per life cycle Reproduce at a later age Have many offspring each time they reproduce

I onlyII onlyI and II onlyI and III onlyI, II, and III

36

A population exhibiting ____ yield a J-shaped curve when plotting number of individuals against time. Logistic Exponential Biotic Intrinsic None of these

37

How have humans increased the Earth’s carrying capacity for our species? We have utilized emigration We have developed adaptive traits that reduce

environmental resistance We have increased food production We have quickly degraded our natural capital None of the above

38

Abiotic factors such as soil pH will affect a population regardless of its overall size. These factors are referred to as: Density dependent Density independent Reproductive dependent Uniformly distributed Randomly distributed

39

A population that is dominated by pre-reproductive individuals is likely to Decrease in population size Remain stable in population size Decrease in post-reproductive ages Increase in population size Decrease in reproductive ages

40

Density-dependent population control occurs when Factors that limit population growth have a greater

effect as a population’s numbers increase Higher population densities help sexually

reproducing individuals find mates Population density is independent of population

growth Excess individuals switch to a new resource and

avoid a population crash Environmental resistance does not occur at any

population density

41

The whooping crane population, which once numbered only 14 individuals has rebounded through intense captive breeding programs. However, genetic variability is greatly limited because of The Founder effect Mass extinctions Ecological succession Demographic bottleneck Reproductive isolation

42

The study of how and why populations change in their distribution, numbers, age structure, and density in response to their environment is Community ecology Species ecology Population dynamics Ecosystem dynamics Dispersion dynamics