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October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 1
Instrumentation for High Energy Physics Experiments
B.Satyanarayana
Department of High Energy Physics,
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 2
Plan of the talk
• Introduction• Examples of High Energy Physics Experiments• Detectors used in HEP experiments• What do we measure and how?• Building blocks of HEP instrumentation• Modular instrumentation standards• A couple of case studies• New trends and tools for instrumentation design• Summary
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 3
Energy scales
• Mass, energy, distance, temperature and time are related quantities.• Unit of energy is the electron Volt. Energy gained by an electron in
passing through a voltage difference of one volt.• Some examples:
– Mass of atom : 0.01MeV– Mass of Nucleus : 10MeV – Mass of electron : 0.5MeV– Mass of proton : 1GeV– Mass of Top quark: 175GeV– Accelerators : 2-14TeV– Astrophysics : PeV
• Wavelength of the probe radiation should be smaller than the object to be resolved.
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 4
Aims of HEP experiments
• What are the elementary constituents of matter?• What are the forces that control their behaviour at the
most basic level?
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 5
A Neutrino Experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 6
A Gamma Ray Observatory
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 7
A Cosmic Ray experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 8
Proton Decay Experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 9
An accelerator
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 10
An accelerator experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 11
HEP instrumentation: The concept
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 12
High Energy Physics Detectors
• Glass mirrors• Scintillators• Optical fibers• Crystals• Photo Multiplier Tubes• Photo Diodes• Gas proportional chambers• Drift chambers• Calorimeters• Glass Spark Chambers• Silicon strip detectors• Hybrid detectors
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 13
Optical mirrors
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 14
Scintillator and optical fiber assemblies
CMS Collaboration meeting, June 99
Test Beam ModulesTest Beam Modules
PPP tile with 4 grooves visible
Pigtial with connector
Finished Tray
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 15
Crystals
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 16
Photo multipliers and diodes
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 17
Gas proportional chambers
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 18
Calorimeters
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 19
Silicon strip detector
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 20
Hybrid detectors
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 21
Physics processes
• Energy loss by the particle• Cherenkov radiation• Bremsstrahlung• Photoelectric effect• Compton scattering• Pair production
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 22
The magic pulse
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 23
Measurements
• Some primary and some derived• Light• Energy• Charge/Current• Pulse height/Voltage• Relative timing• Position/Particle track
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 24
Measuring tools
• Amplifiers and Comparators• Analog to Digital Converters• Charge to Digital Converters• Time to Digital Converters• Latches and Registers• Memories• Logic systems• Hybrids
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 25
Amplifiers
Proton Decay Experiment
D0 Experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 26
Comparators and Converters
Input
Output
Classic comparator
QIE hybrid
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 27
Analog/Charge to Digital Converters
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 28
Time to Digital Converters
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 29
Logic/Trigger systems
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 30
Modular Instrumentation
• Need for standardisation
• Popular standards:– NIM
– CAMAC
– VME
– Fastbus
– GPIB
– PCI
• Barrowed standards from computer and PC domains.
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 31
CAMAC standard modules
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 32
Simplified concept of HEP instrumentation
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 33
Instrumentation of the Neutrino experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 34
DAQ system for the Proton Decay experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 35
Trigger and DAQ system of an accelerator experiment
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 36
Electronics and DAQ system for a CMS detector
14 June 2001 Tullio Grassi 2
HCAL FE/DAQ Overview
ShieldWall
HRC
LEVEL 1TRIGGER
DAQRUI
HPDCONTROL MODULE
FE READOUTMODULE
VR
1.6 Gb/s(800 Mb/s)
L2-DAQ DATASLINK64 [1 Gbit/s]
18 HTRs perReadout Crate
RBXReadout Box (On detector)
DAQ Crate(in UXA)
Trigger Primitives
2 fibers(3 fibers on old scheme)Total = 6 QIE channelsper FE READOUT moduleQIE
QIE
QIE
QIE
QIE
QIE
CC
AC
CA
CC
A
GOL
GOL
HTR
DCC
HTR
HTR
HTR
TTC
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 37
Trends in hardware design
• FPGAs, ASICs and other PLDs• High performance design and simulation tools• Radiation hard devices• Beam tests, bench marking and calibrations• Burn-in and vertical splice tests
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 38
Trends in data communication
October 26, 2002 OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai 39
Summary
• “On Zenith Or Nowhere Else”• Innovation in design and perfection are the keys• Highest levels of reliability under hostile environments• (Huge)Team effort is need of the hour• Makes perfect challenging careers for young minds
