Oculesics Study of eye communication. How is eye contact used? What’s it mean? to monitor feedback (What do you think?) secure attention w/ larger groups

OculesicsStudy of eye

communication

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How is eye contact used? What’s it mean?

to monitor feedback (What do you think?)secure attention w/ larger groups (like in speeches)regulate or control a conversation (teacher/student)establish relationship (when you like someone you increase eye contact)visual dominance (like animals)shorten distances (brings us closer together)

Eye Avoidance

How is eye avoidance used? What does it mean?

–to maintain privacy

–block stimuli (bad sound/close eyes, other good sense/close eyes to heighten other senses-music)

–lack of interest

Pupil Dilation

enlarge when interested or emotionally aroused (such as when you like someone or thing)



Belladonna

15-16 Cent. Italian women put drops of belladonna into eyes to enlarge pupils, thought to be more attractive

1975 study: 2 photos, one large pupils, one small pupils, men asked to describe- women w/ small pupils=cold, hard, selfish; women w/ large pupils=feminine, soft

Why do women use so much eyeliner, mascara, etc? To enlarge eyes

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Oculesics Practice

Eye contact around the roomLook at each person for several seconds

Scan from one side to the other

Raise your hand

Staring contestFind a partner & move to see them

1st, you can blink

2nd, you cannot blink

What happens biologically when we speak?

Diagram

Check if you’re breathing correctly

ParalanguageThe way in which you say words; volume, pitch, speaking rate, voice quality

VolumeHow loudly or softly you are speaking

When might you speak loudly?

Softly?



Speaking Rate/PaceHow fast or slow you are speaking

When might you speak fast?

slow?



Pitch

How high or low the sounds of your voice areWhen do you speak with a high pitch?Low?



Chart of FeelingsDo write this down.

Feeling Volume Pace Pitch

Anger Loud Fast High

Joy Loud Fast High

Sadness Soft Slow Low

Voice QualityWhat makes people able to recognize you by your voice aloneEx: on the phoneWho has a distinct voice? Arnold Schwarzenegger? Mr. H? Bush?

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StressVolume & pitch; the amount of emphasis you place on different words in a sentence.



Stress Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?

I like him very much.Meaning: You like him, not the other person.

I like him very much. Meaning: It is that guy you like, not someone else.

I like him very much. Meaning: You have very strong feelings.

More Examples: How does meaning change in the following sentence by stressing different words?

She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: SHE is the one giving the money, nobody else.

She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: She is GIVING, not lending.

She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: MONEY is being exchanged, not anything else.

She’s giving this money to me.Meaning: I am getting the money, nobody else.

10 Volunteers are needed to number off and remember their number.

There will be a series of sentences. The odd numbers will say the sentences

as a praise. The even numbers will say the sentences

as a criticism.Praise (odd #s) vs. Critisism (even #s)

That looks good on you.

#1 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.

Answer: That looks good (high pitch) on you.

#2 say the sentence as a criticism.

Answer: That (low) looks good on you.

That was some meal.

#3 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: That was some meal (high).

#4 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: That was some meal (low) .

Or That (low) was some meal.

You’re an expert.

#5 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: You’re (high) an expert (high).

#6 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: You’re an expert (low).

You’re so sensitive.

#7 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: You’re so sensitive (high).

#8 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: You’re so (low) sensitive.

Are you ready?

#9 say the sentence as a praise. Think about which words you stress for the meaning and if your pitch is high/low.Answer: Are you ready (high)?

#10 say the sentence as a criticism.Answer: Are you (low) ready (high)?

ProxemicsThe study of spatial

communication

Four Distances depending on the type of encounter and the nature of the relationship

Relationship Distance Typical Situation

Intimate Distance: 0-18 inches

Situations: Giving comfort or aid, whispering, conversing w/ close friends and family, kissing

We are easily stimulated in this distance, but often easily uncomfortable.

EX: personal space. Who do we let in it?

Personal Distance: 18 inches-4 feet

Situations: Talking w/ friends or business associates, instructing in a sport, other students in class

We’re mostly in this distance.

If you decrease to intimate in this distance people feel uncomfortable, but if you increase your distance people feel rejected.

Social Distance: 4 ft - 12 ft

Situations: Discussing impersonal or business matters w/ someone in authority, taking part in a small group discussion

Public Distance: 12 ft - 25 ft

Situations: Public speaking, teaching a class, leading a pep rally, fans in the stands at a game, people waiting in a lobby

Mostly with strangers we do not want to interact with

Factors Influencing Distance

Based on research of Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall (1995)

Age

Distance increases with age

People maintain closer distances with peers than with persons much older or younger

Personality

Introverts and highly anxious people maintain greater distances than do extroverts

Relational

Persons more familiar with each other maintain shorter distances

Persons maintain shorter distances with those they like

The greater the status difference, the greater the difference

Context

The more formal the situation, the greater the distanceShorter distances are maintained for cooperative tasks than for competitive tasksThe greater the space, the shorter the distance

Gender

Women sit and stand closer to each other than do men in same-sex dyads

People approach women more closely than they approach men

Conclusions

Based on the four types of distances and their examples, what can you conclude about the correlation between the distance people have with you and what that might mean?The closer the more they like you; the farther away the less personal.

Haptics

The study of touch communication

5 reasons we touch:

1. Positive emotions

support, appreciation, inclusion, sexual interest, and affection

Communicates composure, affection, trust

2. Playfulness

Tells the other person not to take them seriously

EX: tag, slap on the back

3. Control

touch controls another person’s behaviors, attitudes, feelings

EX: “move over,” “hurry,” “stay there”

4. Ritualistic

greetings and departures

EX: shaking hands, kiss, hug, or put arm on shoulder

5. Task-related

Touch for a task

EX: removing of a hair on other’s shirt, checking fore-head for a fever

Customers gave larger tips when lightly touched by waitress (Marsh 1988)

Review 5 reasons for touch

Positive emotions

Playfulness

Control

RitualisticTask-related

Documents

Oculesics Study of eye communication. How is eye contact used? What’s it mean? to monitor feedback (What do you think?) secure attention w/ larger groups