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HOMER'S ODYSSEY

BOOKS XXI.-XXIV.

LGr

HOMEE'S ODYSSEY

BOOKS XXI.-XXIV.

THE TEIUMPH OF ODYSSEUS

EDITED

WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

BY

SIDNEY G. HAMILTON, M.A.

FELLOW OF HERTFORD COLLEGE, OXFORD

3Liinti0n

MACMILLAN AND CO.

1883

=7/^

INTRODUCTORY PREFACE.

The action of the Odyssey may be divided into two

parts : the first, which ends with the landing of

Odysseus on the coast of Ithaca, is concerned with

the triumph of the hero by the aid of Athena over

the obstacles raised by Poseidon against his return;

the second with his final triumph over his enemies at

home. But the first of these triumphs is subsidiary

to the second : our interest in the ultimate rout of

the Suitors is awakened at the very beginning of the

poem by the picture presented of their overbearing

pride, and the real strength of their position ; while

we are encouraged to hope, from the story of

Odysseus' adventures by sea and land, that the hero

who survives all the dangers of that wonderful

voyage is not brought back to die, like Agamemnon,

an inglorious death at home. The Triumph of

Odysseus over the Suitors is the real end of the

Odyssey; but the bulk of the poem is occupied

partly in bringing the hero in safety to the scene of

the principal action, partly in preparing for the

overthrow of the Suitors by filling up the measure of

their misdeeds. Thus it happens that the actual

vi PREFACE.

struggle and final victory of Odysseus is comprised

within the compass of the four books which are the

subject of this selection.

The opening of the Odyssey shows us Odysseus

detained by Calypso on the island of Ogygia, the

Suitors for the hand of Penelope masters of Ithaca,

and wasting the substance of the absent king,

—

Telemachus a helpless spectator of their violence.

In various ways all these personages are set in

motion through a decision in the council of the gods

in favour of Odysseus. Hermes is sent to bid

Calypso release Odysseus ; Telemachus goes off

under the protection of Athena to the courts of

Nestor and Menelaus in search of news of his father

;

while the Suitors devise an ambush with the

intention of murdering him on his return. The

account of the ambush and of Telemachus^ reception

at Pylos and Sparta takes us to the end of Book iv.

The poet leaves him enjoying the hospitality of

Menelaus, and returns to Odysseus. The hero

embarks^ on a raft constructed with the help of

Calypso : the raft is presently shattered in a storm

raised by Poseidon, but Odysseus lands safely on the

island of Scheria. There he meets with Nausicaa, the

daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians ; and

the account follows of the hospitable reception given

by the king to the wanderer. Four books (ix.-xii.)

are taken up with the celebrated ?, the

narrative in which Odysseus recounts to the Phaeacian

king the tale of his adventures from the sack of Troy

PREFACE. vii

onwards ; the blinding of the Cyclops, which first

provoked the wrath of Poseidon against the hero

;

the adventures with the Laestrygonians ; Aeohis,

Circe, the descent into Hades, the Wandering Rocks,

the Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, and the rest, down to

his landing without a single follower remaining on

the island of Calypso. Thus the story of Odysseus'

wanderings is brought down to the time of the main

action of the poem, and it comes to an end in Book

XIII., where the hero is put ashore on the coast of

Ithaca from a Phaeacian ship, and, disguising him-

self with the aid of Athena, finds shelter in the hut

of the swineherd Eumaeus.

It is now necessary to bring Telemachus home.

Accordingly Athena goes to Sparta to hasten his

return, ivarning him of the ambush laid by the

Suitors ; he passes it safely, and is put ashore near

Eumaeus' dwelling, sending his ship round to the

harbour. To him Odysseus presently discovers

himself; and it is agreed between father and son

that the former shall be taken into the palace as a

beggar by the swineherd, who is still ignorant whomhis guest is. The scene then changes to the city,

where the news is brought of Telemachus' arrival

;

the Suitors are at first confounded, but still hope to

find means to rid themselves of their enemy.

Telemachus now goes to the city, and meets his

comrades who had gone round with the ship ; he

had brought with him from Pylos one Theoclymenus

of the family of Melampus, fleeing from the avenger

viii PREFACE.

of blood, whom he now introduces into the palace as

a guest. Theoclymenus is a seer, and declares to

Penelope from an omen that her husband is even

now in the land. Meanwhile the swineherd leads

Odysseus townwards ; on the way they meet Melan-

thius the goatherd, who had cast in his lot with the

Suitors, and now insults his old master. In front of

the palace occurs the pathetic incident of the dog

Argus, who lives just long enough to see the return

of Odysseus and die. Eumaeus leads the seeming

beggar into the hall ; Telemachus sends him a

portion from the feast, and bids him beg from the

Suitors. Soon after follows the boxing match with

Irus, who is ousted from his position of privileged

beggar, while Odysseus is thenceforward allowed to

remain in the hall

\€$ 6€3 T€r\r)6rL,until the hour of retribution. The principal incidents

which succeed are the recognition of Odysseus by the

nurse Eurycleia, whom he bids to conceal what she

has discovered ; his conversation with Penelope, who

tells him of the trial by which she has resolved to

choose a husband from the Suitors ; and finally the

solemn warning of Theoclymenus, which the Suitors

of course laugh to scorn. The 20th book closes

with the Suitors' preparations for the mid-day meal,

and a foreboding of that evil supper which was in

store for them.

Thus, at the opening of our four books, the

PREFACE. ix

Suitors are at the height of their prosperity.

Odysseus will return no more; Penelope has at

last yielded to their importunity, and has promised

to be the prize of a trial of strength and skill. In

two books has come about a complete reverse ; the

bow, which was to have decided for the Suitors

the crowning good fortune of one of them, has

become the instrument of the destruction of all ; at

the close of the 2 2d book, Odysseus stands *like

a lion ' in the midst of a heap of slain, and the scene

of the Suitors' lawless revelry swims with their

blood.

The idea of * supping full -of horrors ^ was at all

times repugnant to that feeling of restraint which is

the most peculiar characteristic of Greek taste. The

shout of joy which rises to the lips of the old nurse

on beholding the spectacle of slaughter is checked by

Odysseus ; and the poet relieves the horror of the

massacre by the comic picture of the innocent

minstrel and herald creeping out from their hiding

places and begging for mercy. The punishment of

Melanthius and of the women which follows is a

mere act of justice ; the barbarity of the manner of it

is an accident of the times. But the bloodshed of

the 22d book is easily forgotten in the beautiful

idyll which comes after. Penelope had long hoped

against hope; but that Odysseus has really

come back, she cannot believe her good fortune.

She is unmoved by the assurances of the nurse, the

reproaches of Telemachus, the sight and speech of

PREFACE.

Odysseus himself. At length Odysseus feigns to

give up the attempt ; he bids Eurycleia prepare his

bed for the night. Then Penelope orders the

nurse to bring forth her husband's own bed from the

chamber which he himself had fashioned. This bed

had been carved by Odysseus out of the stump of an

olive tree which remained rooted in the ground;

accordingly Penelope's order calls forth from him a

burst of indignation at the idea of his work having

been destroyed, which leaves no further room for

Penelope to doubt that he is indeed her husband.

With the recognition of Odysseus by Penelope

ends the real action of the poem : Aristarchus and

Aristophanes concluded, we are told, the Odyssey with

the line j/^ 296—ot '4€iraXaLOv '

and, from a dramatic point of view, most readers

will probably allow them to be in the right. The

interest of what follows may be easily separated from

the rest of the poem. Yet one would not wish to have

lost such an incident as the recognition of Odysseus

by Laertes ; nor is it easy to imagine that it is not

an original part of the Odyssey.

In the present edition I have generally followed the

text of Laroche, whose principle has been to diverge

from the text of the best MSS. only in cases where

we are assured of the authority of Aristarchus or

some other of the great Alexandrian critics. In the

PEEFACE. xi

few places where I have departed from Laroche's

readings, my reasons for doing so will be found in

the Notes. Against two passages, indeed (. 31, \p»

157), I have ventured to set an obelisk, although

Laroche, following his MS. guides, allows them to

stand part of the text. Still we have the authority

of the ancient commentators for rejecting the first

passage altogether ; while the second, as it stands,

is a flagrant obstruction to the sense of the poem.

Besides, although it would be a vain effort to try to

restore, with our present data, a Homeric text earlier

than that which was current in the time of the

Alexandrian critics, it by no means follows that the

text of that period is to be considered inviolable. It

is merely the first with which we are acquainted of

a long series of editions of the Homeric poems.

As for the alterations in the text which I have

suggested in my notes on these two passages, it will,

I hope, be understood that I do not put them

forward as attempts at emendation ; as I have said,

it seems best, with our present data, to abstain

altogether from trying to correct the text of Homer.

Indeed my suggestion of - for 6€, the commonfor the obscure word, would probably, in any circum-

stances, be untenable.

Again, on . 245 I have suggested that the word

Fe has been, first by elision, then by loss of the

digamma, expunged from the text ; but it would be

inconsistent to restore F' here or elsewhere without

attempting the restoration of the digamma through-

PREFACE.

out : other words, without attempting to restore

a text, which, as a written text, probably never

existed.

I have in some places (as . 194, 472) spoken of

possible interpolations in the text. I assume of

course, in doing so, that the main body of the

Odyssey was composed as a complete poem very

much in the same form in which w^e now have it.

But we must not put out of sight the effects of the

long process of editing which the Homeric poems

have undergone.

The first editors, so to speak, of Homer were the

Rhapsodists, or, perhaps we should rather say, their

audiences. It is, we may imagine, the popular taste

of Greece which is responsible to a great extent for

the present arrangement of the poems. For example,

some editors enclose in brackets the celebrated Lay

of the Net {. 20>^-?>%^), How came this poem to be

incorporated with our text? Simply, I suppose,

because the audience of some popular Rhapsodist

interrupted the recital of the doings at Alcinous^

court by clamouring for Demodocus' song ; and the

Rhapsodist, who was no Aristarchus, gratified them

with a lay which he knew was sure to command

their applause. Again, our whole twenty-fourth

book, together with a large part of the twenty-third,

has offended critics from the days of Aristarchus

:

the scene among the dead has certainly nothing to

do with the main action of the poem, and the pro-

minence assigned in it to Achilles might lead us to

PKEFACE. xiii

imagine that it was originally composed as part of

an Achilleid rather than of an Odyssey. Here, too,

we may suppose, the popular voice demanded to

know what happened to the suitors after their death,

and the Rhapsodist had to draw from his Homeric

repertory something to satisfy the demand. The

process of interpolation thus begun by the Rhap-

sodists would be to some extent continued by their

successors, the scribes of the written editions; but

such interpolations, wanting the popular sanction, and

differing in different copies, would naturally be de-

tected and expunged by the first editor who aimed

at a critical recension of the t^xt.

So far I have spoken only of interpolations which

may be considered to be of Homeric authorship:'^

these no one will desire to exclude from our text.

Eustathius' remark on Aristarchus' rejection of the

last 724 lines of the Odyssey goes to the root of the

matter :' Ee leaves out some of the lest farts of the

poem.^ But there are also passages which have not

the Homeric stamp, which seem in fact to be forgeries

^ That is, of the general character of the rest of the poems.

Most readers will readily distinguish a passage out of the Iliad

or Odyssey from one out of Apollonius Rhodius, or even one of

the Homeric Hymns. As for Homer, whoever and howevermany he may have been, he is nothing to us apart from his

poems. I believe the Odyssey to be, in the main, the composi-

tion of a single poet : I am willing to believe that the samepoet composed the which, as they have been longedited, form the Iliad ; and this, I believe, is the person whommost people have in their minds when they speak of Homer.

xiv PEEFACE.

of a much later date, though they may still be earlier

than the first critical editions. Such I believe to be

the passages which I have specially noted as inter-

polations. However, I am well aware that the task

of deciding what in the Homeric poems is or is

not worthy of Homer, on purely internal grounds, is

one which, in the present state of our knowledge,

every reader is at liberty to take upon himself

S. G. HAMILTON.

Hertford College,

Octoher 1882.

OATttElAt .

Argument.—Penelope, at the bidding of Athena, brings from the

treasury the bow of Odysseus, and bids the suitors try their

skill with it, promising herself to be the prize of the victor.

But they, failing to bend it, put off the trial until the morrow.

Meanwhile Odysseus discovers himself in the courtyard to

Eumaeus and Philoetius, his faithful servants ; and conspires

with them that Eumaeus shall put the bow into his hands, as

though he wished to try his strength upon it, and that the

doors of the hall and the courtyard shall be made fast. So they

go back into the hall, and Eumaeus gives the bow to Odysseus

in spite of the suitors ; and the doors are shut. Then

Odysseus bends the bow with ease, and performs the trial

;

and Telemachus and the two servants gather round him upon

the threshold of the hall.

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BOOK XXI.] . 3

Penelope takes it from the treasury and goes doAvn to the suitors.,

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BOOK XXI.] . '

5

Telemachus claims to take part as his mother's champion.

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BOOK XXI.] . 7

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BOOK XXI.] . 9

Their plot.

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BOOK XXI.] . 11

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12 [book xxr.

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BOOK XXI.] . 13

and Telemaclius bids Penelope retire.

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BOOK XXI.] . 15

and the doors are made fast. Odysseus bends the bow,

crty^ ' e^ olkolo9 ^' ' Ovpas evepKeos avXrjs*

' aWov^rj €<€(( 390

pvpALVoVy €7€(€ uvpas^ es € avros'

6€ eTTCtr €7rt ^ evuev Trep^^^ (, €wavTj]^7€€< €^

K€pa tVes eSoiev^^, 395

<€ Tts €7€8 is

Tt? €'^] ( ^Yj y -^ ? ivl X^pcrl'€ ^. 400

etTrecTKe € '

yap 8 TocroOVTov ,^8(€-,' ^^

kya^ , 405

opLyyo( 88 ^^^ ,< 8 ya ^--,8 S' ' 410- 8,

' yvo ya, '* 8yX 'yv 88,

OTTL yvo, 415

8' /,

16 [book.and shoots, with success.

yi;/xvo?• Tol ' <'.'/cetWo, ^^ A^atot ireip^creaeau

^ Trrjx^eL ^ vevprjv^^ €€<, € ' 420

(6€<-, '^(^^ ' €€<los \aoap7^js' Se *-)^^ 6^ ivl iXkyyei

', ovSe tl ' ovSe tl to^ov 425

Srjv€ ert ,§ .' 86-

€V €^ ?^^ ' yap ?. 430

rj €7 ^a^^0Sy vlos^^

0€ ^ ^7^ ^ ^^ .

BOOK XXII.] . . 17

^^^ .^.Argument.—Odysseus from the threshold shoots a second arrow

and kills Antinous as he sits at the hanquet. Then the rest

of the suitors start up in anger, but they find no arms to

defend themselves, because Odysseus had taken all the arms

out of the hall. Then Eurymachus sues for mercy, but

Odysseus will not hear him. So they draw their swords and

try to cut their way out from the .hall. But Odysseus keeps

them back, shooting them down man by man with his arrows ;

and when his arrows are spent, Telemachus fetches arms from

the treasury for his father and the two servants. Then the

traitor Melanthius fetches arms for the suitors also ; but

Eumaeus and Philoetius seize him in the treasury and leave

him there bound. And Athena turns aside the weapons of

the suitors and smites them with terror, and they are all

slaughtered ; but Odysseus spares Phemius the minstrel and

Medon the herald. Then the women of the house who were

faithless to Odysseus, and the traitor Melanthius, are put to

death, and the house is purified from slaughter.^^?,€7rt )(^ joiov€^ ra^^eas '€?. /,^ ((§€ 3 aeOXos daaTOS' 5€ , rt? dvrjp^

€tcro/xat, ^ '^^ €^$'.rj €7) WvveTo ,

C

18 . [book.Odysseus shoots Antimachus as he is raising the cup to his lips.

701

)(^pvcr€ov^ 8€ )(^ ,^ 10

o'ivoio' ovos Se ot ivl

€€' TLS € avSpacn86€€VL TrAeoFeacrt, ei Kaprepos eiTy,

? Tei'^etF ^aFaroF € /xeAatvav

;

'8€ ..'^ , 15

ot^ ,€6€^? oe ot \€^ '? pivas ^^?' ^ ' eto

ttoSl ^^^?, ' €8 ^ei^ev epa^e* 20

(TITOS € Kpea . tol 888\? i8ov av8pa,8 opLvOevTes /,. TraiTTaivovTes €8^ Toiyovs"

ov8e TTTj ' '^^. 25€ '8 eTreecrai'

/ii^etre,^ ^'€<' ? alirvs*yap 8 /care/crave?, 09 /xey

€' €8€ yvTres €8. 30

f€ eKao'TOS^8€' 8e ^? 87] ^ .TOVS ^ ^oAvLS Uov^o'evs'

IZ Kvves^ ov er ^ 358 ^ €€€€^- 81 yvvac^i /^?

BOOK XXII.] . 19

Burymachus proposes a composition with Odysseus, who rejects it.

avTOv T€'ovre Oeovs SetVavre?, ovpavov evpvv k)(^ovaLV^

ovT€ TLV €( ' 40.<^? ' ^ -^ Seos' ,

8 €?, oirYj ^^^ 8 olos *Et 88^-Los^ 45

-^ etVas, 'A^atot,^, ' .* ^ os ,^'KvTiVoos' yap 8

6(-^8^ 50' ^ -,^8^ ^^?.' )^ 88

<ro}V* 8^ 55^^ ^^LavOfj' ' .

688 8.)^^ ' et ^, 61'^8 ? \ ^^^/,.-^ 65^ '

20 [book.Eurymachus rushing upon Odysseus is slain, and so is Amphinomus.

TLV ov^^^ ,?^ S' ,

'-^^^ Sevrepov avTiS*

^2^ yap (^^ 68e ^etpas^^ 70' €7€6€€^^ rj8e^^ovSov ^ecrrov ^(€^ els ?

KaTaKrecvy ]^.€

' €^ €)(€ 75^ €6 € ^ rj8e^€€ ^ yevocTO'

_^ ovTOS ^^.? £ yavov€^ ^^^ €7 80^ -^ olos .'aTTOTrpotet, 81 /xa^oF,

/ 06 ^' € ' )(^eLpuS

yavov -^^8< 8^8^^ 88 85? 8^ 8' ;('9.[3 ' O8vcrrjos 8

avTiOS^ 8 ayavov ^, 90

€6? 06 , ' p,6V

^^^ ^8''^ 8 8 '

87( 8^ 8 .)(^09 ' 8oXl)(^6(tklov yos 95

BOOK XXII.] . 21

Telemachus goes to fetch arms, Avhile his father keeps the suitors in check,

iv' yap , rt? A)/atcoi/

^Vx^^^/ 8)(^6 rj eAaaete

dt^as rj€^ 7;^5.

81 Oeeiv^ ' Trarep^^^ ' ewea Trrepoevra 7rpocr7]v8a'

'2 7€^ ? £€-^ <^auTOS ^ ]' €€)(^ yap^,/ '€6€ ^ 'OSvcrcrevs

'

€^ €toj? ^ ^ 106.?,'^^ Se €7€€6^€0^

lei/at ', ^6 ot revyi €K€lto,

'^ \€ ^^, ' 110

TTLCTvpas Kvveas"^^^ '

Se^ ^ Trarep €(€^avTos ^ Svcrero,? ^ 8€ rev^ea,

^'^ , 115

y, €( tot,

eVa y atet evt6€* ' dyxLCTTtvoL.€7€6/ ,^ /€ TTpos €< €ypoiO 120

€6 ?avTos / - ,

€7 ^^ Secvov Be evevev*

22 [book xxri.

On Telemachus's return, Melanthius goes to fetch arms for the suitors,

ecXero ' Sovpe8€€^. 125

8e tls, ivl )(^^ovSov-^ ^eyapoio

rjv oSos es Xavprjv^ craviSes '^ ev.7] OSvcrevs^ dvcoyeL

€€ ayx }?* ^6^ ^ ycyver, 130

rots ? €€€7€ eiros€((^ Srj TLS OLV ava/3ati^

Kac etTTot Aaotcrt, ' yevotro ;

€ OVTOS ro^a^cratro.

/ '€ 7(€€ MeAav^tos, atVoAos atyiov' 135

?€ 8€€^' o^y^i yap atvcos

]^ Ovperpa dpyaXeov ^'\ els? ipvKOL^ os ^ €,ayetf , /6/ reu^^e €^€6' ev8ov yap-,^ tttj^ 140

Tev^ea€( OSvcrevs '^ •,ojs elirow MeAav^tos,^ atytoi/,

es^ 'OSvcrrjos § eypoL•0,

€vtf€V€^€ egeAe, oe

Tocrcras Kvveas 7^^€< 78€€ '145

' levaiy/ /ca per .6 '^? Kat ^?€< re^^^^ea re8' kya ^ 'ipyov.

atxpa TTTepoevTa' 150

, 9^ 8 rts irt €ypoii yvvatKajv

€7€ 7^^?.]/ '

BOOK XXII.] . 23

but is seized on his last journey to tlie treasury;

^i2 7€/), avTos 68 ' ' ov8e tls aXXos' OS ^ 155<' 8e oos rjev€.8V /€, ^-aLy tls -^ pe^iet,

rj vlbs^-^ »ayopevov 160

* MeAai/^tos, ^'^^. € 8e8^alipa }»^ eyyvs*

Atoyeves ,-^, ^),€ 8] 8^ '^ 165

^, Is^/ 8e eVtCTTTf,^ € ye ykva^tJc (Tot evuao ay, tv ]TToAAas, ivl»€6€- 8((€ '

06 ey -^- ayavov^ 171^ eypv ire ,.8 7"/)€^€ 7os

es ^8 '8^8k^ €^ 175

Ktov -- epvo'ai €,5 K€v ^^ {^05 oiAyea,€\ ' \ ]8\^' Is^ /Atv .

^ TOt /€ l/oewa, 180.€' ^ atycov,

24 [book.and left there bound. Athena appears in the form of Mentor,

TYj ^T€prj €,Tjj ' ^repTj( €vpv yepov^€€^ €€€* 185

TOTC y K€lto^ ^€€ re €,^ iv SaTTeSio Se '^ ^^( 8e? -^^ € Seov vaye/CV awoarpkxpavre 6/€^€5, ?€€ 190

\ylos,?5 ^^?] •

TrXeKTiqv e^ 7€^ re8.' ^^€ •' Syj ^^ ^€9 195

evvjj €VL}^^^ ? ( eoLKev

ovSe € y rjptyeveLa^!-^^ tjvlk dyiveLS

acyas 8 3.0)5 ivl/* 200

€? T€V)(^ea 8€eh88.^^ ^

(<^ ' / ,y^^oXov 0vyaT7]p? 205/ 50/ \ <^/ 3\ \30/

oe/xa§ ,08^ y7]'v/ '^ ^ /xi/Tjcrat ' ^

OS ( ayaOa 8 .? ^ ^, 210

ypo*

BOOK XXII.] . 25

and encourages Odysseus. The last iiglit begins ;' y iveviwe^ AyeXaos'

M.€VTop^ ( ?€('^ Se ot,

€ yap ye <^€(* 215

077€ Kev TOVTOVS^^ rjSe vtov^

ev Se eVetTa^ ^'epSeiv €V €yapOL<' , rtcret?,

ye^^^' ^ €8 ^ 220

TOiCFiV 08(^^ ' ovSe <€ eypoL•^LV^^ ov8e OvyaTpas

ovS )(^ KeSvrjv^1< TroXeveLV,

?, ^ ^€€€ ' 'OSvcrrja iireeacrtv' 225

VK€TL• y KJovaev /xei/os€€ ovoe Tt9^^ ^YiXivrj evTraTepecji

€€€' ^ atet,

TToXXovs ^ avSpas €7€€< iv ^^ttOXls evpvayvia, 230? 8^ € € 86 ' tKotvet?,£ eTvac

;

oevpo ireirov € toe epyov^

eiSffs.) oto9 88€M.€VT(i)p8< €vepyeLa<€. 235

7y^v 8[8 ^€ €

3 \ 3/- r\ 3r\3e/-« /€ ,8 aWaXoevTOS eypoo

e^er '^ -^€86 . 240

26 [book.in which Odysseus and his friends are victorious

S orpvve //)7^5 AyeXaos6< re ^^ ^^//? €€86 €3^ 166< re8'yap'7] OLperrj€ €^)(^

4V irepi re xpvy^MV * 245? ^"! €/€ /5tos Kat raptpees tot.

rots '? /xereetTrei/ €75 /€6',^ )(7^]( ^^'

8rj Mei/\ € evyaa^otot ^, 250/ Trdvres tere8ayet/ ot €^ ^ at /c€/ €;§

/ ^^ kvSos.' ^?, €7')/ )§ TrearjcrLV,

? €\ 0L ^ ^?^ )§^, 255^' /et€,§ /xev(^ €ypoLO^5' ^€^,

') ,^ 260

rot? ' ^^ Scos?*^ 7j3r]€ € ,Is ^ ot /x/xtv^^ .

^i2s €\ ' ? ^ 265

' \'?,^ ' ^/^^?," ^^^ ' ' €76<.Ot. /?^ .

BOOK XXII.] . 27

by the aid of Athena, who strikes the suitors with a panic.

' €)(^ * 270

rot /)^ €( € eyxe €.avTLS € ('€' d^ea Sovpa' 8e €(ca€.?€ evcTTaOeos^^ ^ 275

' er ^] 7£€ -^.^ ^ ')(^ ^^, ptvov^?.7^6770? '/ ^Tre/)? eyxei,*

iireypaifev '^ '. 280

06 ' /'^8(7] is ^.' ^8<^^8 8^^ 8'^^ ' ^' ^ 285

irpos^^^ 878'18^ ^8]^ ^-^ rj €tat.

6 7ro8os^^ 8 290^ 86 ,rj pa ^' 8^\8 '.* '

8^8Sovpl ^ 8 8/ 295

8^ ' 7]€ .] ^

KOiqvaiii] aiyi8'^ ^ ' 8 '

28 [book.Leiodes begs for mercy ; but Odysseus will not hear him.

06 ' los*ras atoAo? ^- 300

cupjj ^ ,? * ? alyvTTioi^ ;}(€6^ 6( 6('-,06 8 €?6(^^8 3058' 8 ayprj*

ios /78 8 ^^88 8 /^. .8 ''08 "^ 31078 •

1

yap yvvaiK^v yaoL•v8 * \^ y. 315

'^ )(^.,y 8 iopyibs^ '^ pyv,ap '

Et 8 '^ etVat, 321

701' yapoyXpoo yva^

6 '/ 'y 8Xya 7rpoyoa. 325^' X^tyot^ KyXao

BOOK XXII.] . 29

He spares Terpiades on the intercession of Telemachus,

€6€' ye ;)(€^ €€•' ye Kovtrjo-iv€^ doiSos€ ^^ 330

:^/609, OS €8€€€ avayKT],

'icTTrj ^etpecrcrtv^ opLyya Xiyeiav

ay\L• Trap ^ € €€^rj /? eypoiO? eyXov€€ evykvov^ 'ivO' 335< 'OSvaevs re ' €^y yovvwv ^8.

06 KepSiov eivai

yovvoyv/ OSvo-rjos»

TOL 6pLyya yavpv€ )(/^€ 340

e(yv'^ 181 apyvpofjXov^

avTos ' OSvcrrjo.^^ yovvv^^ TTTepoevTa 7-8'- oe atoeo eAeiqdov'^'', et Kev 345

^'^ OS re^ .< et/xt, C7eos 0€ /xot ey '6 Trapaei^eiv

§ € ^€• /7^ /€ 8€',K€V'^^€ ' etTTot, ?^ ?, 350

§ €> 6/ ? 86 ov8e-^€7^ ^€?,^ ^ rjyov dvayKy,

s (, leprj is^€^alipa 3 € ^^^ kyyvs' 355

*;)(€, ^. ^'

30 [book.: •

and Medon, who emerges from his hiding place.

^LeSovra^ os re at€6

kv€€^ ^? eovTos-)

el 8 eVe^ve^ (^^rj€ ) /. 360

? (paroy .^ euows'

''€75 yap €€0 ^ 8e€ oos veoSapTov ,^ ' ^ oos ' €8€'^ ' , Trpocrat^as , 365^ -'<ptA, € €t/xt, 6;;(€0• etTre oe8^ -^.)8(7] )(^^^

<^^ 8 ^, 370

'-' 7<'^ 8 ^ ^? ^ ' ,?< ,'^' 375^?,8.^ *?^ ' ^

' Atos 78. 380

Uovvs ^ tls/ t .

TOVS 8 8 ? KOVijjCn^? ? ^ ovs ^es ' '^ 385

BOOK XXII.] . 31

Eurycleia is called to the scene of the massacre.8 e^epvcrav* 8e re Travres^ TToOeovres €7 ^'/xev r^eXio^^ k^eiXero

€7 €^,8€-^ ^€<' 390

)^^ el ' aye ^erros^ . ,

?,- 7(Aevpo 3 TraXaiyeves^ re 395?

epyeo' e/>to9, ehriq,

< ^ ttj ^ hrXcTO^iuL^ev 8e< ev^

' Lfxev '^'. 400

eijpev hreiT^ ^? ^

? /5§ aypavXoio

'

' ( '^ '' 405^,] ) (' /,-̂ ,* 410

"^ ^'^^ .'^

32 :: [.The maids, who were faithless to Odysseus, are bidden to clear the hall.

ov ovSe ^ re ^* 415

Koi aeiKka .' aye yvvacKas evl^^rk vr^XetTLSes elcrt,

TovS* avT€ 7(€€€ 'Tocyap6 rot ^^. 420

etati^ €Vl€ yvvacKe^

8[^ ? /xev kpya 83€ ipy€^ai€ € 8.('^^€€ . 425

1€)(^^ oe veov ae^ero, ovoe e

^^ yvvai^lv.

ay €.( aiyaXoevra) crrj -^^ rrj ns 6eos ,'^ 798'

MtJ T7]V y yLp* '8 yvvai^lv 431^ -^.? ^ ypy]VS ol yapoto^

yyXova yvvac^l ,^ 8( 435

cts € ^*"* <$ '^ yvvaiKas'

88 6yyoL .^-^ 440

ayay6v ypoor|ys ^ 6

BOOK XXII.] . 33

Their punishment,

' '^(( €)(, € XaOprj. 445

? €\ Se yvvaiKes aoAAees€^ OaXepov ,^ ^-,aiuovcrrj TLueaav evepKeos ?^?

aXXrjXoLGriV' "€ ' 'OSvacrevs 450

auTos€€ • rat €€ dvayKy,

eVetra TrepiKaXXka^ tj^I.'Kat^-,^^ ^

to 455

' ^^ ,€7€. /xeyapov((^

e^ayayovTes evcTTaOeos €ypoLO€<yvs € ^ €€^<€lX€OV €€6, oOev ? rjev^. 460

€^€€^ ayopeveiv

, at € 6€€ 'i^evav

' € pcrtv,5 €^ €( veos 465

KLOVOS e^axpa^ eyXs€€vxj/o^ 67€•5, tls ,{US (€ \ TreAetat

€pK€i^-^ '^- kvl^€6€/€, vyepos '^^ 470

? y ^^^^ €^€6^6 -^? Lev,

D

34 [book.and that of Melanthius : the purification of the house.

rjCTTraipov Se irep ov .8e^ rjyov re

' /xev pivds re viqXki 475^ e^epvcrav Kvcrlv ^)(^€ipas TToSas ,^ €? €cts-^ ^ *

ye TTpoo'eenre , • 480

Oicre Oeeiov yp^v^ ?,^ ^^ eyapov' ( Ive6eLavIXOeiv' ^^6( yvvat^t'*? ' /? veeaOaL

' Trpo^eenre * 485

Nat ^ ye€^ ?.' '^ ea eve^' paKe^iv 7e7rva^evos evpeas

^' evl eypoLo^^ veeov Kev eLTj,

' a7aei6evos^ ^?*ev\ eypocri yeve. 491

? ',' 7L^e ,|]/6/</ ' Kat ^Ovevsev eeev peyapov ,

ypr]v^ oca Uovcrrjos 495

yvvac^l opvveov(a*at ' Lcrav eypoLO9^ )(^ep(rlv',at/ eeovo ^

Kvveov ayaaoevai eaXv Kat^-X^eipas /• ? epos ypet 500

ovajs^ yyv^e ' pe(l 7rao"a9.

BOOK XXIII.] . 35

OATtfEIAt .

8€ '/05.Aegument.—Eurycleia the nurse goes to tell Penelope that the

suitors are dead and Odysseus is returned, and that the beggar

who sat in rags in the hall is he. But Penelope will not

"believe, even when she sees Odysseus ; but she makes trial of

him, bidding them bring forth his bed from the chamber

which he had built. Then Odysseus is wroth, thinking

that the bed has been moved ; for he had fashioned it upon

the stump of an olive tree rooted in the ground, so that no

one could move it unless he sawed through the trunk of the

tree. So Penelope knows that he is indeed Odysseus ; and

they go together to the chamber, and Odysseus tells of all his

wanderings on his journey home. Then at the dawn of day

he puts on his armour, and takes Telemachus and Eumaeus

and Philoetius, and goes out of the town to see his father

Laertes.^ ' els €€0^SeaTTOLvrj epeovcra ttoctlv €v8ov'yovvara *,? '.

eetTrei/

Eypeo^ €<^ 8 5(, ' .rjXff? \ 6x//e irep.

' eKTetvev-^ re^ e8ov re.' €.7(€€67€^' 10

36 [book,Penelope hears from Eurycleia of the slaughter of the suitors,

^ ere Oeol ^€, re SvvavTac

irep!^€ ^

0L crk ( Se^ ,67€ € €€^ 77€€ €^( 15

epeovcra e^ aveyeLpet^

^?, OS €7€€ ^ -^as ;

yap roLOvSe8^ €^ 08v^crevs^ €7\6€- .* aye aif/^ yapov . 20

€L yap T6^s ye, eacrt,' yy€€ e^ dveyecpe^

crrvyepoys eyiov^-^o.vTiS € kyapov^ \ Sk ye yyjpas.

'€ 7r/oo(reet7re* 25

Tt € €^ €6^^ t/caveTat, ^,^etvos, TravTes eyapoL(,

rjoeev evoov eovTa,^ eKCvOev^ 30

/'/ .?/ 5^0€

ypl^^ ' ^'errea •

Et ' aye ^ / ^^ , 35

C6 eTeov 8 ^ ? ayopevei^^^ 8 €€^, ot atev aoAAees evoov,'€ (€€7€ '

BOOK XXIII.] ", 37

but she will not believe that Odysseus has returned.

OvK, ov^ otov 40€€' ^^ Se'^^ aavtSe^ '€)(^ ev^y ore ^ cro? vlos^^' yap pa ',

€vpov €7€8 €( 45

€€^'• ? e^ovre^

Keiar aXXr^Xoicriv' iSovcra €. ,[ ? €].0L Travrcs €7'^ 8 OeeiovTai TrepcKaXXes 50

kya^' ere /€ ,' €7€;, ^ ,'^ 8'^ Se 55

€V .yapoio^' '^ ertcraro .'. irpo^eeiTre '^ €y' ayaX6(a.yap, eypoLL• 60

7ra(7t, ' re \ i;tet, €6€'3\ 5 3 V /3 / /) 3 / «3 /€ ooe €^ ayopeei^

ya€Vo aXyka epya.

Ttva yap ^ 65^ ',' "€?

^?, ' ?.

38 [book.She goes down to the hall, but still does not recognise Odysseus.

S' €]?'^ ere eVos , 70

y €v8ov ' eayaprj '^^^€A€vo'€(ruaL•' oe atev^»€ ^ €7,

^, T7yv 70€ {)§- 686vtl,^ WeXov ] 75

€€* /' e/cetvo? eTrt

ea ^ voolo.' €7€;* ]?,/<£!/ ^, /' ,

' hreiTa ' 80

Mata^^ ^8]/€ eovcrav* €^ to ' e/, ^avSpas ^ 3' os,? ' 8e 85,̂

€7€6 Aaivov^^^^ ^.

' ? 90

(0 8^^^') 8,^ <? oe

6// '€ ^^ (8^* '. 95

rp\/ '''' " 3W/SV 33/ .

evertTrev, ۤ^ /)8 ^

BOOK XXIII.] , 39

Odysseus Avishes to conceal from the people what had been done.

' Trarpos^ ovSe

avetpeat ovSe €aas

;

y € yvvr]€6 100

dvSpos^ 6s oyas€ erec is yaiav*

' 8€€€ ecrrl,'€ TrpoaeeiTre ^^'^^ vs evl^-^ 105€ 8 eos ov8'

et§ ^, et €€€ O8v(Tevs ^yvo€^^ ' yap\ 8 €€/ €/ ', 110

?^ €8- 8e ovas Slos?,at^a Se^/^ eVea TTTepoevra')^^ TOi^ kvl eypo <^ ^ apetov.

OTTfc^ Se €?/xat, 115

TovvcK € eTvau

€s Se^\ 6s 6^ yev?yTat.

yap ris ^ 'iva tuas ivl^<^ €( o^p€S^€vy€ ovs £ yaiav 120

'es € oos^ 6€ * € avya.' ^!a^^os €vvevos 8•

A.VTOS ye €-€ • "^ yap

€ vpovs e/x/xevat, ov8e € tis toc 125?/ ipio-eie .

40 [book.He deceives them by an artifice.

€ €//€/€? €€ ,€^ 8€(€^ //xts ye.]' 'OSvcraevs'

Tocyap eycov, ? 8€ eTvaL» 130

\ )(/9,3 ' iv €ypoiLV avwyere €''^ ololSos '€)(^^ 6pLyya XiyeLav

riyei^eiu Lo7a[yovos^? TLS yov ^ 135

oSov^ ^'fcAeos evpv yev]aL/^ y^

dypov Is TroXvSevSpeov € ' €€6(6.\ € K€p8os^ iyyvaXt^y. 140

?€ , ot / »^?,

Sk yvvaiKes' ' ?6pyya yXavp|V^ ev Se &€' € yXvKeprjs '^, 145

€ eya8^^ re yvvaiKiuV,

«€ Tts €7€(€ 86^ Srj Tt9 ey^^e *^'^? KovpiStoco 150' €ya/^ ,? Tts etTrea/ce, ' fcrav ?.

OSvcr^rja €yaopa €Vt

,^ "^^, apos rjSe -^* 155

BOOK XXIII.] , 41

Penelope bids the nurse bring Odysseus* bed from his chamber.

X€vev ^'\ elo-tSeeiV ' 8 8e

ovXas€ o/xotas.

? ' ore rts

iSpiSj ? SeSaev ?^ 160

€-^ epya reXeUi'

$\ € /?.€ ' '^ aiJTts ^ ^

TjS^ * 165^KYjp ^8 '<*

)8 yvvrj )av8pbs^ 6s ^(^ Is8 yaiav, 170* aye / ^•, ?' ^ yap ry ye8' (.

8'^ ',^

aya/xat, ' 8\? 175

^' 8,' € ot ^ '^'^^ . 180

' 8^^? 8 18''2, '

8; 8

42 [book xxiil

He tells how he had made it ; whereby she knows that he is Odysseus :

€7•/6, ore ] €^?€€ 185^

]8^ aXXy evl (>]'tl<s?< ovoe ^

peTa ^(€€^ CTret /xeya

€1/ ^^' ' eyo) ovSe rts 5.'^ avvvos epKeos ei/ros 190

vos ^? ' €.' /, ,^^ ev epe^a,^ ' ^ apapvias.

tireiT ^- ^^ 195

' € pts ^€ ') Wvva€^ .€ 8 ' Xkyos e^^ov, ,

Xpvcri^ re '' 200

ev ' irdvvcrcr oos .-' ovSe ,] € yvvai Ae^os, tis

€Aat?y5.

?,' ' '^^ /'?* 206

CTretT tC7i;s^/ oe ^etpas

SeipTJ 8^ ' €/; ^' *

^ /,;€ ^;,^' Oeol '^ ^, 210^yrjpao^/.

^. €/€,

BOOK XXIII.] ". 43

and exciises her unbelief.

ovveKa ov ^ irrel '^ '^.alel yap eyt]€ 215

epLjei rts €kXOiuV yap KepSea^.€€^^ Aios eKyeyavia8 ty €vvfj^

el^ 6 avrts vtes 'A^attoi/ 220

age/xevat oe' €S e/xeAAoy.

^ ' -^ rot pe^ac ^€09 epyov aeiKes'

* ^/ lyKaTdeTO

Xvypriv^ e^ -^^ ^€^.8\ (€^^ 225

evvrjs '€€^^ ^?,' (TV € /cat9 ^^^ € Sevpo Kcov^rj^

etpvTO Ovpos ,^^ . ^€ . 230

?, ert € yooco'€ ' €;)(/-^ KeSva.u)S ' OV yrj^^^/ €€/ evepyka kvl

paicrrj eeyoevv y' 235

' k^evyov 5^^ Xpot^^' yaL•s vyoves'

? ^-? e?^v Troo^ts^^^ * €0€. 240

Kat '^ ^ '>/9,

6 /?) '' €(€ ^?^.

44 [book.Atlieiia keeps the day from dawning

;

Iv Trepdrrj 8oXi)(i]v cr^e^ev, ^ '€€7^^^ ' ea^

^^" (x)Kvwo8as9 ?, 245€\ ayovon.

i]v' ^ 'OSvcr^evs

'

yvvat^ yap €7, €^^ ttovos ecrrat,75 6 ;)(€7095 €€ -^ ^. 250

? ydcyo /iot', € 8 86 'AtSos€( 8€< ^' l/xot.

€/)^€', ' yvvai^

yXvKcpa . 255

'€ '\ Brj ye ,

< iOeXiijSy €7r€t € Oeol €(, ' Is yaiav' ^eos ^ 260

€t7r aye jiiot aec/Aov, e^ret /cat, ^,,^ ') ^/. Tt^.'^ ^^'^ 6(^; '. 265

/€ TOt ' ya^?^ , ^^€LS ^ (?, ^ iyvov8 'iSovo-iV 27C' Tot y tcracrt?^^^

BOOK XXIII.] ", 45

while Odysseus tells Penelope of tlie fate that awaits him;

' emjpe^ € .Si roS' eecTrev ppaSs^ ovSe '

K€V 8tyov^ 8^ 27

ycLtj]^^' 8^̂ ^ 280' aAos^ ^8' 8 ,

' ' 285

Et 8 ^Tot ^^.* 8

88, 290^^8^

'

88 •' ayay . 295

10 1 10 ,-^ 8'] ?, 8 yvaa^

' yapa,' ^ 300

46 [book.and recounts the history of his wanderings.

€€^ Trpos^^^\ 0(7 kv tcnv av€cr)(€ro Sea

(( ^Wev e'iveKa,^ ^^ '^' 305

otoyevii]^ Uov^ev^ € eurjKev^ avros^^eAey '

, ovoe ^7€ Trapos^.^ ' ? Kt^Koi/as8\ 310^ ?7]' ^ ^'/^^^? '^^^ ^5€, ?€ eAeaip^v5 5 C \ '^ /)5 fr / ; < ''

7^0 ? AtoAoi/ t/<ec7 ,

7€\ ov8e atVa is* 315

^'^, avTiS^€.)(^'

^ ^ Kai^rpvyoviriv^^? ^ kraipovs

\7ravTas' ^Ovevs ^ ocos '^ 320

\--^/^ re,

^ ? €ts6€^vxfj^̂ •?

\ ' 325

' ? ^? ' ? ^/ \ \ /)5 5 / 5 5/ " " \ /*

^< ^/•

' ' '

BOOK XXIII.] ", 47

Then the dawn appears,

^' 0)5 e/JaAe xJ/oXoevTc 330

Ze^s \(^€69^ * € kraipoi?^ 8e Krjpas aXv^ev

? ^ '€'^ € '^,^ etVat

€V7€-, /cat €€€ €(€ 335

^'/^cretv 'Trore (^ eTret^ev

^^ § €§^€0 ^^^ jU-ti/ Trept KTypi ^€ ?7€/^/ VTyt €5 yaiav 340^ € ;)( re 6? re ?.^ etVev eVos, ore ot??

v(TtejS .] ' '' €€ '

7€ 07^ ^ €67€ 345

exJV^S ']5 ',»^ rjpcyeveLav, ?' ^ '^?evvJ^S € /^?, ^^ cTrt ereAAev

', ywat, '^ /xev €€' 350€^ '' Zei'S :^ ? ^?*

' €7€6 ' ^,/xev, p-ot €, ^ 355

', ^/xev? Jyo)-.^ '^,, ets €?^ ?;?.

48 [book.and Odysseus sets out to see his father,

/' ^ TOL € 7roXv8ev8peov dypbv eVet/xt

6xp6ix€VOS irarep^ 6 ^- ' 360

8e yvvaL' Trep ]'yap €^ ovs^ eypoLL•V'

€1$^^ //? yvvai^iv

^^ ' kpeeive. 365

rj pa >(, r^v^ea,€ € ^? ' evre vy€v )(^epalv^.OL ^ ^,^ OvpaSy € * ' ^/€ '^. 370^€ €7^ rovs '^^ ^^^y^ ^?.

BOOK XXIV.] . 49

.Argument.—Meanwhile Hermes conducts the souls of the slain

suitors to the shades ; and there they find the souls of those

who had fallen before Troy, and Achilles and Agamemnontalking together, and they tell Agamemnon of their fate.

But Odysseus finds his father Laertes in a sorry plight,

digging in his garden, and he learns from him his condition

and discovers himself. Meanwhile the news of the suitors'

death spreads through the town, and the townsfolk assemble

in debate. And those who took the part of the suitors arm

themselves, and go forth to take vengeance on Odysseus ; and

Odysseus and his friends go to meet them. Then Laertes

slays Eupeithes, and Odysseus makes a great slaughter of his

enemies, until Athena stays his hand and makes peace

between them.

Ep/x'iJ? ^.< e^eKaXeiro() ' €^€ 8 ^^ / // OkXyei^

eOeXet^ tovs '€ ? kyeipei*

€ ^?, rat ', 5

$ ore vvKrepiSe^s} €(7€'[, tls^^€ ^?, aXXijXjj(rLV e^ovrat,

< ? T€TpLyvLaL• -^ 'Ep/x€tas .

* urav re poas Trkrpnv^

50 [book.The suitors find Agamemnon talking with Achilles in Hades.

i)8e Trap rjeXtoLO? €alxj/a ' 8€/,€ € xpv^ai^ €.',

€Vpov SI xj^vyr^v^^ ^A])^tA^os 15-^? Kat^^iavTOS , ? apicrros € etoos € oe/xas €

€ II•s \€ ^ ''' €76 ^^]/? 20^ ' Trepl ' ayrfykpaO^ ^ /, >

L0 .^ ^] ^'?•^ Trepl€ ere /xev 6€7€e/x/xevat , 25€ € € avaacres

'ivL, ^-^ aXyi 'A\aiOu//'^ tls, 6s .o)S' ^ rjs Trep €5, 308 'ivL *

K€v TOL \ ^^ € /xeya kXgos '

' .'€ (€€€ *€'/' * 35

"€^? vle^ ^OS €$ ev' €Kas"Apy€OS'

KTetvovTO vies^Trepl creio' ' ovs

eyas/ XeXaevos. 40

i

BOOK XXIV.] . 51

Agamemnon describes Achilles' funeral,

" Be ' * €/'^ el Zevs iravdev.

€7€ eirl vrjas €^^€€ ev €9vSart € • 458 ^ re ;)(atTas.

* 1^§ ^^€ a0avaT'rjS aXiycTLV

ayyeXirjS diovcra' ']^ Se /?^ *

ava'i^avTes iXas vrjas^ 50

€t . € € €?,^kcTTiup^ '6 kv ( /xereetTrei/ •* 'A/oyetofc,

^?3(^ 55?',?\ '^ '

3 dXioio^ ' et/,' 60

ye v6as^ yap ,/^ '

'3^ 65^,S*

jneAtrt.' * ps^

52 [book xxiv.

and laments his own unhonoured end.

* re* *68 6€, 70^ H^atVroto,

8 ^ XevK dcrre'^otvo) €1/ ^* 8 6e\€' 818

€€^ epyov Se^. 75

€V TOt Ketrai XevK dcrrea8 -^^8e MevotrtaSao ^avovros,

* 'AvrtAd^^oto, e^oya Ties

ye,' ' 80

Upos?^aKTYj ^ ^(^? avSpacnv 'TOts, yeyctacrt ot ,

'(( 85

ay ^^.

^'

8 ^ 90

oV ^,^' yap .

? ?, atet< )(^'' rj8os., ; 95

yap Xvypov

A.yov ^ .? yopvov,

BOOK XXIV.] . 53

He asks Amphimedon about the death of the suitors;

'^^ ^ rjXOe^€6^^^'s '^^ 100

' ' Wvs^ ?^,€ 6 ^v)(Yj

MeAaviJos, *

^ecvos yap ^ eVt ,^ 7•€€€ •105^ 6€^

iravTes 6€$ ; ovSe k€V?Ae^atro tttoXlv avSpas^,

' €]/ €/opcas apyaX^ovs^^ ; 110

avSpes^ )(^ ^ ,€?^^ ^. ;

ctTre ^* ^eivos tol^ elvau^ 115^ MeveAao)

€ €€ €7rt ;

ev 7€(€\€(^ 77€7^€5'^,€^ €8< '120

[£6'^ 8€^^ ^Ay€vov^^?, ? ayope^ets*

€y et €<,€€ ?, .^•< ^' 125

' yov€7;/Atv piXatvav,

54 [book.and hears from him the story of the courtship

86' ivl /Decrt^'evl ^

' ' €€€7€' 130•

KovpoL p€S^ iirel Stos (€5§,. els €^€€€", ^,AaepTTj ^ els ore Kev^-^^ 135-

Is 8^^^Kev arep €/$.

s ,eTreTreiUeTO vos,

evOa \ ^vvKTas ', SaiSas. 140•

(OS TpieTes 'K^aiovs'

eTos 5yoat,[^ 'rJ/ ^

rts eetTre^ ( ^'?^,

y- / 1(6. 145

§ ^ vys.evu ? eoet^ev^-^

3 '8?aypov €7'-^ /; ^vs. 15^ L•os vlos O8v(ra7]os

'a6vos ( *8' ^ Svvs

vpos^ TaQS 6('. 155

o^vs

BOOK XXIV.] . 55

and its tragical end.

XevyaXeo} rjSe yepovTL[^ € Xvypa et/'Tts Swaro/^'7\' TrpoyevecrrepoL (^ 160* hrecTLV € ivLcroOfjicv rjSe^,€5 /xev€/ evL pieyapoL&LV eotcrc-'*' € -^ /xtv eyecpe Atos9 atyto^^oi-o,

/€^ revyi detpas 165

ks , €(€ ^?,7€^€(€^(€( , €(^

^.Tts Kparepoto 170, ' 7,€€€5,€ -veTpas LKavev- /xeya ^,

€V^' (^ ^ 3^ ' yopvoiju,tv9 , 175

8^^ 8-€?,8(^ ' -^/ce^] €7 6,? €:£?€^ ' 'AvTtvoov-.

180-* ' .^, Tts( '

yap 8^^ 8(70/€588 ' , 185

56 [book xxiv.

Odysseus goes to the house of Laertes in the country;

(OS '€< , en( aKrjSea€ € /xeyapots 'OSv^yjos'

yap < 8',aTTOvixJ/avTes /xeAava reLXkv

yodoiev yap yepas . 190

' ^^ '€ •€ ,7)(," €yj aperfj(.§^ ^^Kovpy o)S ev ^?, 195

dvSpbs KovpLSiov /cAeos

's ap€T7Js^^ ' 8̂^ §'8 epya8 ^, 8 ) 200

€•€ €7'^^^ re ^]^}(^ empyos €7^.9. ^

Atoao yaLTjS'

ot ' €7€6 eK^^^ ' dypov 205: ^̂ .evua 0L OLKOS^ oe c/ee/,€V rjSe

8€^ . 210

iv , yepovTa€8€(€ ' .€' 8'£8 eetTrei/'

86 €,

BOOK XXIV.] . 57

and finds him digging alone in the garden.

8€ ' atjj^a Upevcrare ? rts' 215

/?7€( T^/Acrepoto,

^ € //} ^K€v dyvoLyat^ \p6vov ls,&s €6770)1/8€ revye 8€.

€7€6 36 Se ^ 'OSv^crevs 220

ucrcrov lev ^.' €Vp€V ^ovoe ye^ Xe^ovres^€€ €pKOS

('^ 68 €€€, 225

* €vp€V ;. 8e^ ;(.^ irepi 8\^€v8as SeSeTO ypavsy^^etpiSas €7^ € ' vwepOev 230^' . TrevOos de^wv.

? evoTjcre? olos

€6€^^ .^? SaKpvov c?/?e.€€ ' 235< /)', rj^e<(€7€^ § kXOoi is^ yatav,

rj e^epeoiTO€( €,ot^ KepSiov eTvac, 240

Wvs kUv ?05?.^ \€\ ^'7$ at8Los vl6s'

58 [book,Odysseus speaks deceitfully to his father,

'i2 yepov^ OVK^ e)/et^^' e;)(€t, ovSe rt 245( /? /xev

avev8<€ 6/)€, -^ evOeo '/ ( G)(€t,'/ yrjpas

€^$ )(^€^ re^ aetKea eVo^at. 2fiO

ju,ei/ aepyti^? ye /^ eVe/c' €^ovSe 6 06€6 7€7£€l8os /^eye^os* yap dvSpl eoiKas.

Se eocKas^ €7€6^ yoL €,

€^. aas' yap8 €/30/. 255

aye €67€ Kat /)€€5^,€ /§ €ts ;

' .^ ;

fcat/' ay6pev(jov^^ €,66 €€ , ?/ eetTrei/§ 8^^ 8^ 26Q^€€ 8' € eVos, ^ epeeivov^^ re \ eVrtv,

) ^ eiv Atoao.€ yap /€, 8\ olkovctov •

265

avSpa ^ €vi8 ya'^ $ ?€87 8'^ ' 1^ yevos e/x/xerat,€-8 e/x/xtrat >. 270

lyo) Trpos8 ayv €^€6.€8^ ^

BOOK XXIV.] 2. 59

pretending to be a friend of his son ;

ol ^^ €(^K€i.

Xpvcrov ol8 evepy^os ^3e ol ^^ 27&

'^ >(AatVa?,^ ,, ' rourt ^/?,pls ' ;/?/<:? epya ISvias?/?, ?^ avTos^.

^€€ ' 280

/?/, 7^ Tot /^ 665, -^ ip€€LV€LS^

' av8p€S€^'^ ,'*

€i yap (6 ye Ki^eis<^ ivl ^/),( 8( /^/? 285

^' ayaOfj • r) €^ 6s tls virap^rj,' ay p-ot /' Kat ^,-))§ ^, ^eLVtacras€€

^eivov^ ', ' ^ ,8 ; 6 ? ^? 290^

rj€ ' yov l^Oves^ '^-yever '/ \ ol /^*' >(5?,€^," €v^ ^ ? 76, 295' ?6,^ ^*

TfcS TToOev els ; ^ 6?^ roKrjes ;

^?^ ^^, ^ <^^' Sevpo

avTieiovs * krapovs ; rj,?^^? 300

Vi^os aXXorpiySy ol ' €y^av€S€- ;

60 [book.but his feelings compel him to discover himself.

'€6.< 7ovts OSva(T€VS'

liOiyap drpeKecos,€ /^?, 8^vlos?8 '

305

y ^?*^' ,^8 *^ 8 rjS' *'OSvcrcrTJi8 8 ^^^ ^^ 310

ov'opos' ol ^ tovrt,

^e^tot, ols ^^^^^ ^^virj rj8* 88,?^ 8'< ^/* 315

8ajs^ a8iva.'^ pcvas ol8 ,

(( 8 pivs^^ 8(8' 320, 68' avTos ^ ^^(^ Is8 yaiav,

'*- yooLO 86^*yap ' 8 8 ''^ to-8 325

vaya 'ipya,

' ^ '\)(^ y^ Trats ^-,

8^^ .'^ ^?'

BOOK XXIV.] . 61

Laertes fears the temper of the people,

OvXyjv /xev rrjvSe ^ 331

kv1( 'iXacrev crvs^ oSovtl

(TV € Trpoteis

is€ ^ ^/), Sevpo ^ Karivevcrev, 335

el S' aye 8ev8pe

€^ ?, eyo) ' rjTeov ere? €76(7/€]/09 * '

€€(^ ' eetTres.;)(? ?^^^ ^ 340

crvKeas TecrcrapaKOVT ' ^^ ' /^?Sokretv7€^ SuaTpvyios ?€ ' ;/ eacriv

)?^ vTrepOev,

?^ ''?, ot/^'^?. 346/ ^ -^^^*

etXev ???.kirei € is ^/? ayipOTjy

i^avTLS €6€vos/ • 35, tJ pa /^ ^€t vrjp€S ,

'?/ , ^) )(?^'^^^,?TravTTj€7^ ttoXU(T(TL•. 355

' 'ae6evos- '7] iS'?•, /^ Tot / ^.^ ? iyyvOi'-^ 8

62 [book xxiv.

but Odysseus bids him take comfort.

^€\/\ ? SetTTVov-. 360

? irpos .ore o^ p ^ €v vaieraovraSy

€vpov^^ rjSe

avovovs Kpea KepiovTas ,Be€ 365

Xovcrev ^' ^ *^ ,' . irapos 18,

' * ^av/ia^e /xtv vlos^ 370

§ ffiev ^(^ '

^^ tls ( -86s ^^ (.

' '' ' 375

At /, ^ /cat',§^^ ,̂TOiosetov rot^

380

avSpas ' yovvaT^ ^ ^.§ ot Trpos dXXrjXovs,

ot ' €7ret ,^ - p6vovs * 385

0L ^^-AoAto?, viL•S roto^

/xoyeovres, eTret ,

BOOK XXIV.] 12. 63

Meanwhile the friends of the suitors bury their dead,

^?^ €as^ yepovTa

iv8v€s €€(€^ €€ yrjpas e^apxj/ev. 390

Ot ' 0)5 88 €^€< €vl€( €76€^' 'OSvcrcrevs^ iweecriTL TrpoaeeiTrev

'^ yepov^ €76 //,^^. ^^'Srjpov yap crtro) k7ri\€iprj(T(iiv€€< 395

ev €ypOLS €< ^oLy€VOi aUL

? ap €^ AoAto? luvs kl€ €6/0€ 7€(€^ 'OSv^evs Se Kvcre €' €7,^ eVea Trrepoevra7(8 •\ €7€66(^ 400

€^ ueoi oe •€ ijyayov,€ € yalpe^ rot oA^ta.Kat /xot^ ayope^croi^€^ kv,^ otSe7€^

ere S€vp\ rj ayyeXov. 405

' €6€^'^ 'OBv^crevs'

^ ykpov^ oTSe' -^ ;

? <pac7 5 avTiS e(eT ,? ' ? /* 'OSvcrrja8€6- . ev ^ 410

e^eiris ' e^ovTO ^ irarepa,? Sclttvov €ypoL(TL'

6( ' ^' ayyXos tttoXlv (>)(^ Travrrj

vypov .' 6< aXXos 415^ 86^^^' ^

64 [book xxiv..

and take counsel against Odysseus.

? olkov oe eKacrrov^

7€/7 ay€LV€( Oorj^ eiTL( TiOevres'

avTol 8* els . 420»

' riyepOev 6€€<; € yevovro^

'^ ' /xereetTre•

TraiSos yap - evl irevOos eKeiro

'AvTivooVy 8ios 'OSvaaevs'

6 ye8 \ewv ayoprjcraTO €€7€' 425^ jxeya epyov ode -^^'Tovs ^ev vrjeo-^iv iroXeas re ^ioXecre\ vy]as yavpsy ' coXeo-e Xaovs'

TOVS ' eKTeive},€ 6)^ -Tovs.' €€, is &^ 430

ri es , o^t '^7eo(^

oev^ eireiTa aees eaaopeO' atet*

yap€ y ( ^el Syj ^ € a^yvv € ovjase\ ye ea€ rj8v yevoiTO 435

eev^ ^ eev.' oev^ TrepaiwdevTes eKeivoi,

SiS 8 €, oTktos 8' eXe??.^yxi^P^oXov 8e > riXOe \ Oeios?e/c eypv 8vr|os^ eTrei eas vvos dvrJKev^ 440€ ' ev €(0' os 8' eXev .TowTi € eee7e 7evveva el8os'

8 ev(' yap O8vcrcrevs

OeCdv epya •? ei8ov ^eov^ 6s '8 445

eyyvev e^TriKei M.evTopi ,

BOOK XXIV.] 2. 65

The assembly of the people is divided :' Se Oeos ^ ;^05^\ $€ '^,§^ rovs ' < ^/ 8ios ^'/oet. 450

TOtCTi € €€7€ ^^^M.a(ropL•8s' yap otbs 6(()'( €v ^- /xereetTre*€€ 8rj ^^ €'€€ € epya yei/ovro* 455

yap€ €€\ Mevropt,^ /,€€?^^^. €ya kpyov €€ ^

€€' €<8' ' veea^at. 460

yivoLTO' ^^^ ^ ayopevin'^ tls^ ^.?€ 5 ot ^^ €yaA.-€^' ' ,yap( €vl ^^ EiVet^ct 465

7€(7 ' at^a €€ eiTL revyjia €.€,€7ret ' 'ioraavro Trepl ^,yep.ovo aareos €vpv\6poio.

TOicTLV 8' 7€6^7^$ '^yrjcTaTO'8 ye€^?^ ov8' e/xeAAev 470

aif/'-€^' ^^^,^^'8''2€ €€€8^€^

€€ ^^ v6os €8 €€ ;^ € 475

F

66 [book xxiv.

more than half go out towards Laertes' house.

T€v^€is^ rj €(( ;

'.^'(€ veeyep€a ?•^ /xe SielpeaL ry8e €aas ;

yap Srj \' ^ws TOL KCLVovs;€5 ; 480

€/5^/,-75 e^eAets* €/)€ € 6, $,€7€6 ^ 9?,- atet',^ ' €^ tc

' ^^? 485

§ Trapos-) € aAts,? OTpvve irapos />ie/xai»tav^' di^acra,

ot €€. € epov evTO^

TOLS * 9 '•"€5* 490

^^/ T6S , jot?) >]^ 6€<,? ' € VLOS lXoAlov Ktei/, ? e/ceAeue•

•7^ €7 ^^,? €"^ eto^toe ^?*^ ' 'OSv^crrja eVea 'Srj iyyvs ' ' . 495

? €<(7 5 Ot ev .\€(> ^'^ ' ot /^oXlolo"

€1/

avayKaioi,̂500

/ e /) / 3 Ci3 >f " \3 3/^ /^/ ^ ^ VPX^ ^ &.' yLoXov vyp ,18 *

BOOK XXIV.] . 67

They are met by Odysseus and his friends : the fight,

atxpa 8e^ 7(€€^ ov 505

)^^ 3 ToSe €tcreat avTos ^^^€ ^

TL€ yevos, ?€dXKjj € €€(€ .

' ' €7€£ 8' 510

O^eat, at ]^ Trdrcp, 3'Teov yevo?, § /3€€69.

§^$ eecwe'

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at^a ev^o?,

KopvOos ,^ ota ^^ . 525

^ is vlos,^ .^ ^^, Atos atyto^^oto,

)^ ^ . 530^,cus ,

cos ^

68 2. [book.and the reconciliation.

' €^ ^,' )(^9ovl^ Oeas ' 535

TTpos ttoXlv ^.(€8€ 6€^ Slos?,( 8e aAets ? aleTos ^^?.6€ ^ K.povL8s xj/oXoevTa KepavvoVy

' CTrecre TrpocrOe yXavK(u7rtSos6<. 540

^ TOT ^;•(7] ^ '

Aioyeves€8^^ ;•€,;)(€, TraCie Fei/co5 ^? .^€)(€ Zci;s.

? ^ ^^ Xottpe . 545

' € €€?^ Atos atyto;)(060,

Mei/TO/ot€ /? ^ ^.

NOTES.

K^B.

—

In thefollowing Notes the hoolcs of the Iliad are referred

to by the capital letters, and those of the Odyssey hy the

small letters, of the Greek alphabet.

BOOK , XXI.

1., grave or solemn-eyed. It is not easy to see

why this word has not been derived from yXao^ rather thanyXavKOs ; but, assuming the ordinary etymology, the rendering

bright-eyed is unsatisfactory, since, though yXavKOs was originally

an epithet of light, not of colour, it seems, to judge from the

objects to which it is applied, to have signified staring rather

ihsLTi sparkling : v. also Appendix I.

3., sc. the axe heads through wdiich the competitorswere to shoot. From the way in which the affair is described

in , 166-176, it seems that the expression

was well understood to mean this particular exercise ; and here

the mention of ' the bow and the iron ' together is enough to

suggest it. In . 850, axes are the prizes of archery : 6

To^evTrpcL . . . ^ ireXeKeas '-\€. As to what the exercise actually was, see Appendix III.

4., ' contests'

; the bow and axes being the apparatusof the contest, v. on 1. 62.

6.*. The primitive key was little more thana hook or bent piece of metal fitted with a handle ; v. on 11.

46 sqq.

•7€, 'firm' or 'compact.*

8., 8€. Laroche has restored the ancient method ofvriting , , etc., for the modern ,

70 . [book

5e. The force of 5e is purely demonstrative, though it

serves to help out the sense of direction expressed by the case.

9. ^, utmost^ and therefore inmost.

10. 7|05—(, not the axes, but iron, which wastreasured for its workmanship.

11., hack-springing. It seems best not to restrict

this epithet to any particular kind of bow ; it is most naturalthat Homer should use some epithet to express the quality of abow which makes it serviceable ; for the shape of the bow hehas another epithet, ^^,

13. €$., used for the whole territory of Lacedaemon,in which Messene was included ; the kingdoms of Pylos andSparta probably divided between them the country afterwards

called Messenia.

16.. In 7. 488, and again 0. 186. Telemachusvisits Diodes, the son of this Ortilochus, who is called the sonof Alpheus. His house was at Pherae in Messenia.$$ (), 'experienced,' whether in the arts of peace

or war ; but since the experience of the personages of the Iliad

was generally confined to war, it was formerly supposed, thoughwithout suificient reason, that the word, when used in that

poem, was to be connected rather with Saii's (pugna).

19.-. The \€3 {. 419, etc.) are the roAving

benches, called from t\iQ\v fastening together the two sides of the

boat : cf. Lat. iuga, in the same sense. The epithet of course

denotes the size of the ships.

20. k^^(rii(\v{, explained by Schol. as a puhlic mission.

The word occurs also . 235.

21. TraiSvos . Such commissions seem to have been a

principal part of the training of a prince in state affairs. It

was Telemachus' misfortune that he grew up in his father's

absence, and consequently had no such training ; and Athena'sobject in sending him on what she knew to be a fruitless errand

to the courts of Nestor and Menelaus (Bks. 7. .) was apparently

to fit him for the important part he was to play on his father's

return.

25. Iird 8. So . 13, . 452, . 482 ; and Mropos,

XXI.] NOTES. 71

, 423. Some, as Athenaeus (xiv. 8), imagined these lines to

begin with an iambus, and called them,. In

reality there is nothing more remarkable in a lengthened e thanin a lengthened (as in^ . 113, etc.), until the

difference between long and short e was stereotyped by the

invention of the sign . Aristotle (Poet. 22) tells us of a

dictum of Euclides, intended as a satire on Homer, 'that it

would be easy to be a poet, if you might lengthen all the short

syllables,' and gives an illustration in the mock verse :'^eWov .

28. (from -, root of, originally = sight ; andhence, since to see a crime (with the gods) is to punish it,

vengeance.

29. ^€, sc. after setting the table before him.

35.^, not 'unfortunate,' but, as Schol. explains it,

•^53^ '€ irpbs \\$.40. ^^'^^ ' took with him. ' Obs. that is not used

in Homer Avith its more recent signification, ' to choose.*

42. , demonstrative.

Sia. It is best to avoid translating ? as = BeLos.5 is properly bright, splendid: hence consjncuous for anyremarkable qualities ; , yvvacKQu = a queen amonggoddesses or women. 2^, the adj. of Zeus, used by later

writers (as Aesch. Prom. 637), must be considered as a different

word.

46. The doors are double, and fastened together on the inside

by a bolt ; this bolt is kept in place by the thong {j,^as) Avhich

passes through the keyhole, and is made fast to the handle() outside. Penelope's first action is therefore to undothe thong, next she pushes up the bolt by means of the key.

In ordinary doors this was a simple matter, but in the presentcase the fastenings seem to be of a more elaborate kind thanusual ; not unnaturally in the case of a treasury. The expres-

sions, Tr\7}y€VTa, point to some contrivance,

such as we are familiar with, where pressure on a button on theoutside of the door pushes up the latch within ; in this case thebutton could be reached only by means of the key.

51., a boarded platform, intended to preserve thechests from damp.

53. ivQiv, sc. from the platform.

72 . [book

55. {). In this passage rhythm and sense bothcompel us to join these words, since manifestly refers to

^^, not to. Cf. . 273 : ' ',^$. The collocation of , /car'

occurs about half a dozen times in Homer, but in most cases

the preposition may be considered to be in tmesis. There is

fair MSS. authority for writing,^ as some edd.

have done.

58. aYavovs, 'lusty.' This word, connected with Lat. ^awc^ea

conveys the idea of exulting, overflowing, strength.

61. 6, ^a hag^^ apparently of wicker work or matting,such as workmen use to carry tools in at the present day. Solulius Pollux (x. 165) calls it aKedos els

- . The name arises from the shape (, tyKos,

a curve or hollow).

62.. Besides the axes there were other things in

the bag, as is implied by the words /cos. But all these

were of the nature of certaifninum instrumenta,,69.€ €(rOie|j.€v, *set yourselves to eat,* or *upon eating.'

The verb has two constructions—(1) with a dative, * to set one-

self upon* = *to attack' a person; and (2) with the infin.,

itself in origin a dative case.

70. dvSpbs, the ma?i or master of the house. So 1. S6, yvvaiKi

= * your lady.

'

71. —'•€-, 'a word-pretext,' 'a story in excuse.*

The ancient authorities, however, assert that here =5, qiioting Anacreon (p. 16) :' ivl MeyiaT-rj- 'lepbv . But in this passage the metre

seems to require, i.e. Aeol. for, from 3.Some light is thrown on the confusion by Batrach. 135 : -

' $ ^ t'ls 69, where mighteasily be supposed to have a similar meaning to$. See,

however, Appendix II.

73. , this, which I am going to describe.

77. 8[, ' the house of my wedlock. ' Buttmann,s.v», gives to the word 'the idea of regular, legitimate,

or perhaps of p^ire, chaste (compare Kopeiv), or even the precise

idea of the marriage ceremony.

'

80. Slov -. The epithet STos {v. above on i. 42)

indicates the nohle birth of the swineherd. Eumaeus, as we

XXI.] NOTES. V3

learn, o. 389-429, was the son of Ctesias, king of * the island of

Syria beyond Ortygia,' but he had been kidnapped as a boy byPhoenicians and sold to Laertes.

85, €€9, 'whose thoughts are only of the

moment. ' The herds are too impulsive ; they do not stop to

consider Penelope's feelings.

89. €, here used adverbially ; but the forms,are also found. V. also on 1. 239.

90. . . on 1. 55.

91.. We have here to choose whether we should give

an active or passive meaning to this participial adjective. From(= [F]) we get an adj. *5, which appears with an

act. meaning in fem. — { wapras, and with a

pass, signification in the compound aaaros, * inviolable '{/?^ . 271, etc.) 'Aaaros here may have the samemeaning, in which case we should explain the ' inviolable con-

test' either as (1) a contest whose rules are inviolable, andtherefore difficult, or (2) a contest which is likely to remain acontest, because, it is implied, all will fail equally. But the

word will be easier to explain if we take it in an active sense as

'not hurtful,' ^harmless.'' The contest will prejudice no one,

because no one is likely to bend the bow at all. The quantityof the third a, compared with, seems also to be a point in

favour of this rendering. The length of the middle is dueto the digamma ; cf., a form of found in Pindar(Pyth. 2, 52).

92. €VTavv€(r0ai, future, like, 1. 152 ;, 1. 174.

101. € £s€|. This title would be applicable to

any * Zeus-nurtured king,' as in . 2, Alcinous is called Upbv3 'AXklvoolo, but it seems specially applicable to Telemachus,whose power in Ithaca began and ended with his ' divine right

'

as the son of his father.

102-117. Telemachus sees the suitors taking the first step onthe path that is to lead them to their doom, and can scarcely

repress his exultation ; he is obliged to say something, in orderto hide it.

108. "Ap-ycos. The Achaean Argos in Thessaly. Telemachusnames the three principal kingdoms of the mainland, those of

Nestor, Achilles, and Agamemnon ; consequently the following

74 . [book

line, with its feeble repetition, , is betteromitted, as it is in the best MSS.

111. .»|-, 'excuses.' Alcaeus (fr. 89) uses in

the sense of ' making excuse'

;* is the simple verb from

which the common, with the copulative (or intensive) a,

is formed.

112.5. Verbal substantives of this formation are

peculiarly Ionic ; the suffix -tu is the same which appears in theLatin -supines and verbal nouns, such as ac-tu-s, duc-tu-s, andthe like. Other examples are ^,$, €3, ;?,oapLarvs, ($.

115. ,, the emphatic word with which must beclosely joined :

' It would not be to my sorrow that my mothershould leave,' etc.

117. olos . . . €€-. 'Already able to handle thecontests of my father.' The are the certaminis instru-

Tnenta of 1. 62. apeXeadaL is explained by Schol. as -. :

118. 06<•, a quadrisyllable.

122. , sc. about the handles of the axes. Obs. that thefloor of the hall was the bare earth ; cf. 1. 51.

131. ^ireiTa, 'hereafter.* The alternatives are, either (1)

Telemachus has come to his full strength, and will ahvays beweak, or (2) he is young, not yet a match for a grown-up man(&vdpa).

132. oiJ X€p(rl, ' I do not yet trust in my hands

'

= ' I am not yet able.

'

137.-, 'the door': this is probably always the

meaning of the word in the plural. The epithet

refers to the close joining of the panels of the door, not to the

fitting of the doors together when shut, which would be ex-

pressed by the epithet ed,138. ], the tip of the bow, which received the loose end

of the string, when the bow was strung. The bow consisted of

a pair of horns fastened together at the roots ; v. . 110,^ () aaKrjaas Kepab^oos ijpape, ' ed,141. €|6§ liriSelia, 'in succession towards the right,' i.c.

XXI.] NOTES. 75

from left to right in the order in which they were sitting,

beginning from the great { re ), whichitself usually stood on the right hand of the entrance. Thesuperstition of all nations, at least north of the tropics, pre-

scribes that circuits should be made from left to right, following

the apparent course of the sun.

145. •5. Eustathius explains ijroL. But the existence of a verb Koelv is doubtful ; wemight assume with Curtius a word =, or connect

'KooSi as Nitzsch does, with.146.. Leiodes sat half hidden behind the great

jar. The superlative is formed from the sichstantive

; cf. -^, -$^ from \€$ ; 662, fromKovpos. The suffix seems to be added directly to the locative

case, said to be used in the dialect of Cyprus as an adv.

There is also an Attic form, 3, found in Aristotle

(Mund. 3, 10), and in late poetry (as Ap. Rh. 1, 17) ve haveon the analogy of, <$.

(from3 — prob. --\3, and hence)the conduct of a victim of. Here .€ does not mean*the folly of strife,' but simply, 'hateful,' or * detestable folly.'

Leiodes' folly was not his quarrel with the suitors, but ratherhis infatuation in not foreseeing his fate, which as a seer hemight have done.

147. €|€-, had a quarrel luith.

152.,\) future, as in 1. 174 certainly is.

153. €€, tvill deprive. The forms,,, are from the same root as, the original meaningof which seems to be to cut or rend (Lat. caedo).

Leiodes' speech is evidently a prophetic utterance, thoughthe prophet is not conscious of the full meaning of his ownwords.

161. , of course the other lady, not Penelope.

171. <rv, emphatic and contemptuous.

175 , cf. €6\$, 1. 199.

178. <€$5 dissyllable : the word is prob. connected with. ., a ball of grease, as . 173, ^.

76 . [book

179. V60t. Possibly a contemptuous contrast with Leiodes.

186. eusLXC, held hack.

188. -, liad gone out, sc. in obedience to Antinous'orders, 11. 85-90.

VT€S , hoth with one accord.^ (or6€) is strictly to synchronize^ and is consequently used notonly of united action as here, but even of encounters in battle,

€tC.

193. The broken form of Odysseus' speech expresses thehesitation natural on so critical an occasion. *May I say a

word to you—or stay, shall I rather keep it to myself ? nay, mysoul bids me speak.'

202. *Then wouldst thou know what my strength is, andhow my hands obey my will.' This line, with the two follow-

ing = u. 237-239, where Odysseus had assured the neatherdthat he should see the slaughter of the suitors, and the twoherds express similar wishes.

206., afresh ; always used of the resumption of inter-

rupted sj)eech or action.

207. ^vSov . . .. Of. Yerg. Aen. 1, 595, Coram quern

quacritis adsum Troius Aeneas, Libycis ere2)tiYs ah undis. Fasi

puts a colon at ey, but we may translate, * Here in the houseyou see my very self, who did come after many toils,' etc. Cf.

. 321, Ke?iOs tol 65' avrbs iyCi),, 6v ^.^,"

.,.

208. ^€ Is. Ernesti remarks that this lengthening of the t

is justified by the caesura, the caesura being itself emphasisedby the hiatus. It would be better explained by the tendencyof t to double itself between two vowels, this tendency beingdue to its semi-consonantal character, ^ret es being pronounced^T€L-y-€S.

214. —<55. *I will get you wives in marriage.*

So . 10 : ^'? ^yero. Hdt. 1, 34,

of Croesus, dyerac ^ ) yvvacKa. But yvvaiKa dyeadaL

generally = to marry a wife oneself.

215. 6, 'near myself,' and consequently under myspecial protection, an important privilege in those days of

piracy.

XXL] NOTES. 77

216.€ € €. Eumaeus hadformerly stood in the same relation to Ctimene, Odysseus' sister,

V, 0. 363 sqq. From that passage it would appear that the

privilege here granted to the herds would not release them fromdependence on Odysseus, though they would be placed in a

position of exceptional favour.

217. €l 8' 1€. el in this phrase is best taken as a simple

interjection ; the word is prob. a form of the imperative fromel.,

219. The story of the boar-hunt on Parnassus is given at

length, T. 392-466. Autolycus was Odysseus' mother's father,

OS ' re.

224. 75€, emhracing, Cf. . 499.

230.}<, one after the other, one at a time : a wordto which no satisfactory origin has been assigned.

231. 8€ oTJfAa 6. 'Let this be your signal,'

i.e. the refusal of the suitors to give Odysseus the bow ; this

was to be the signal for Eumaeus to put the bow into his

master's hand, and to see to the shutting of the doors.

233. <, a trisyllable.

236. .€, either their hall ; the great chamber of the^ being meant, as in . 497 ; or else the doorsof the great hall leading to the women's apartments are in-

tended. The latter seems the most likely explanation, since

the object of Odysseus was to prevent the escape of the suitors;

if the women had merely shut themselves up in their own^, the suitors would still have had access to the corridor

running between the men's and women's apartments.

237. Tis, sc.^. depends on ^,238. ,€€" cv ?€(, 'within our walls,' not the men's

part of the house in particular ; ^ means the whole enclosure

of the house with its courts, surrounded by the outer wall, its

fecial meaning being the courts as distinguished from thebuildings, v. . 57, . 341.

239., in silence ; an adverbial accus. like. Wehave to suppose a subst. = silence, and a verb ^, taceo,

whence, Buttmann's derivation- is improbable.

241., here a holt or har^ which Philoetius was to bindfast in its place.

78 . [book

245. , * by this time'

; taking up the narrative of whatwas going on inside the hall, from 1. 187.

246. -€ irvpos, ' in the ray of the fire'

; a true locative,

both in form and meaning.

248. ^K ovojia^ev, * and spake it out :

' Eurymachus' speech

is not a soliloquy. For the redundant, 'eiros r'^ cf.

. 330. €€3 ' elireiff ^ttos € e/c ^/.249. =.. Cf. . 26, pijas re ( =

'$ $). So . 339, . 38.

255. €€ 81 . . ••6<, * why ! that were a disgrace

even for posterity to hear of. ' Observe the ' in the apodosis.'

258. Toto ^, sc. of Apollo{^^, as Eust. remarks). V. , 156 and 276 sqq.

260. . . (|6. *As for the axes [what harm] if welet them stand ?' as we might say, ' suppose we let them stand.'

263.- Seiraecro-iv, i.e. begin by pouring a smallquantity of wine into the cups for a libation{ aireiaavTes

K.T.X.) The dat. is governed by the preposition in

the verb.

264. The libation \vas the regular beginning of a feast, but in

this case it would have a special meaning, as if to atone for the

profanation of Apollo's festival. On the morrow the trial wasto be inaugurated by a sacrifice to the god of the bow.

271. €•7€-€, simply 'filled up'; cf . 431,

o'lvolo. Curtius connects the word with Lat. stipare ; certainly

the idea of encircling or crowning does not strictly belong to it

;

comes to mean a crown only through its original sense

of * that which completes ' (a person's honour or adornment).Vergil's vina coronant (Aen. 1, 723) is perhaps an intentional

variation of Homer's meaning, though suggested by these words.

278. Iirel. here applies to the whole sentence, not to

only. ' I address myself particularly to Eurymachusand Antinous, as being your chiefs ; also, on account of whatAntinous said.'

^iros, sc. ^ .,.

284.,. Cf. . 374, €'$ ; . 251, aepyt^s,

285. •€$, excessively =^ here in sense as well

as in etymology.

XXI.] NOTES. 79

289. 'Are you not content, that you feast at ease in our

lordly company ?

'

294. {\ with open mouth, greedily.

298. ^peje. According to the story, the Centaur tried to

carry off Hippodamia, the bride of Pirithous, from the marriage

feast.

302. €( seems to stand, as Buttmann asserts, for, so that the word would carry on the sense of aaadeis—(.

306., Jcindness, a ^. The formation

seems anomalous {v. on 1. 112), and Aristarchus* reading

(from adj. €7$) is perhaps to be preferred ;' you will meet

with no kind friend,'

308. *€. This mysterious personage w^as by one accountking of Epirus, by another a ruler of the Sikels, who was in thehabit of putting to death with tortures all strangers whom helaid hands on ; and he had carried the art of torture to suchperfection, that criminals were sent him for punishment fromgreat distances. There may be in this story a reminiscence of

some early practice of abandoning the victims of justice or

jealousy on a barbarian coast, in which case circumstantial tales

about their fate would be sure to arise. The name might betranslated ' King Grip ' ("Exeros from ').

310.. It is doubtful wdiether this word, com-parative in form (v. on 1. 146), has a comparative meaning.

312. €.6, to deprive (of their just rights).

322. |€(, ivill wed; the full phrase is given 1. 316:a^eadaL. V. on 1. 214.

323. (.€. The participle introduces the reason for

their conduct ; the anacoluthon is natural enough.

333. tC 8* €€€ TC0€<r0€. The sense is ' vhy beashamed of such a small matter, when your whole life here is adisgrace to you ?

' After all, she adds, it would be no disgraceto be beaten by so sturdy a beggar.

335. Trarpbs

—

. In ^. 199 sqq. Odysseus had called

himself the son of Castor, a Cretan prince.

343. TTcirvvp.evos. One would be tempted to give this epithetthe meaning of spirited rather than priodent in some cases.

80 . [book

especially where it is applied to Telemachus ; see below, 1. 355,

Avliere his rather violent speech is called €7€3. The ety-

mology, too, of the word (conn, with) would justify this

interpretation.

344. 'As for the bow, none of the Achieans has better right

than I to give or refuse it to whomsoever I will.'

348. a't „ . €€-. ' If I should choose evento give the bow to the stranger once for all to carry away,' i.e.

make him a present of it.

350-353 = a. 356-359, where we have$ for ^. Inthat place the lines are probably an interpolation : 354-358 =a, 360-364.

350., sc. the^(3.359. The swineherd acts upon Odysseus' orders in 1. 234 sqq.

363. -TrXa^KTc, madman; but Ameis and Mr. Merry translate,

without metaphor, truant^ loiterer.

364. oi5s, sc. KOvas.

369..^ irpos ^,Apoll. s. V.

376. The spectacle of Telemachus' passion, seeming to thesuitors so aimless and exaggerated, restores their good humour.

381. Eumaeus does not know that Euryclea is in the secret

of Odysseus' return, and therefore gives the order in the nameof Telemachus.

390. . ., a cable of hyhlus, such as those used in

the construction of Xerxes' bridge over the Hellespont (Hdt.

7, 36).

.€-<5, curving, curved on both sides, a constant Homericepithet of a ship. For the form cf., fem. of KtXt^.

395. €, V. on 1. 138, There was an old reading KepaiweSj* horn-worms.

'

397., an admirer. The sense is not improved byreading, with Bekker and some MSS. ; and, as Larochepoints out,, as the commoner word, is less likely to b^right.

kiriKkoTTOS, a judge of hoivs. 'EtlkXottos means simply

XXI.] NOTES. 81

* cunning,' as in . 364, v. 291, or, with a gen., cunning or skilled

in a particular thing, as here and in ^. 281, e7ri/cXo7ros.399. ios . . ,, 'from the way he handles it ' ; cf. . 217.

400. ^^.Tratos, in v. 379,'.402. ' I would indeed the rogue might meet with such luck

(only) as he shall have pow^r to bend the bow.' The speakerdoes not believe that Odysseus can bend the bow, but fears hemay somehow impose upon the suitors to his advantage. Theposition of ovtos is remarkable. Cf. . 169.

407. €-(€, tightens : the peg () of the lyre is the

analogue of the of the bow.

408., at hoth ends.

411., clear, true, showing the soundness of the string.

412. xp<»s, their colour.

419. Iirl , ' taking (and placing) it upon the middleof the bow.' The irrjxvs is now commonly explained to meanthe place where the two horns are joined together (u on 1. 138) ;

but the ancient authorities are doubtful whether it means this

or the string of the bow. It might w^ell mean the centre of the

string, where an * elbow ' is formed when the bow is drawn. In. 375, N. 583, an archer is said in shooting^, which might mean either to draw or to hend the bow,according to our explanation of, though the expression\€ seems decidedly to be more applicable to the string., the notches of the arrow, i.e. the notch whichreceived the string with those in which the feathers were fitted.

421. '€€€ . . <6€$. 'And he did not fail to graze

the handle-top of all the axes ; ' for €\€ (the handle,-Xeiop), V. Appendix. With 79, cf. eiri, . 250, and avrvy , . 275, 'the edge of

the rim.'

422. €, Lat. foras, * to the outside,' i.e. clear of the axes

;

cf. . 408, where a man pulls up a fish ^€.427. diis, i.e. 3 dadei^es ?. For the ellipse, cf. .

199.

428.. Cf. V. 390 sqq :^ yap ye y€\ovcsG

82 . [book

€'. re /xewet/c^s, evret ''' ^s yevoLTo ^ ^

Kaprepbs .429. €, SC. earlier than usual. V. v. 31 sqq., ? ' or''

. . ' . ^}6., from , explained by Hesychius as ='. But the word seems rather to be connectedwith \ (cf.) with the idea of 'wearing' or 'passing'(time), vhence will = to pass the time. AVe have also" —, and^ =.

431. Join 676—vevaev.

434. €.€5, here simply equipped, as frequently ; Tele-

machus had no defensive armour, a want which is supplied later,

V. . 101 sqq.

BOOK X., XXII.

1. Plato, Ion. 535 B., expresses some enthusiasm on the

fine picture presented in these opening lines : Socrates says,

addressing Ion, ^^, ' tovs tovs oiaTovs

. . . 6€ ' el ^ ' yiyveL$ '' € elvai ] ots Xe^ets

;

3. Ta\eas, an epitJieton ornans.

5., harmless {v. on . 91). The 'harmless contest' is

here forcibly contrasted with the slaughter that follows.

7. €'0[, ' € €, ' see if I hit (the mark).'

Some take here from , as in 1. 89 ; but theexpression would hardly be applicable to shooting at a mark.

9. €(. From this incident is said to have arisen the

proverb, 03 ?."(, ?) is an embossed cup.

12. JJLCJApXeTO = {€)€{€)€.TLS . . ;

' Who would think in a company of ban-

queters that one man among many, even though he were very

strong, \vould devise death for him ?'

XXII.] NOTES. 83

15. €'(|€8, aiming at Mm. The act would be more

usual, as in Find. OL 2, 160, , cf. below 1. 75

of a charge iravres'.17. €•€, apparently — the opposite Avay to the cup ; he

fell backwards, as is shown by 1. 20.

SeVas, the more general word used for the of 1. 9.

18. avXbs, a spout : cf. Soph. Ajax. 1411, "Ert yap

pLyy€s €$.

19. Tpairc^av, v. on 1. 74.

25. The arms had been removed from the walls by the pro-

vidence of Odysseus. See r. 1-34.

27. 9, to thy hurt, as explained by the folloAving sentence.

28. . . oXeGpos. ^Now is utter ruin certain for thee.'

So V. 773, e. 305. )? OXedpos is not praeceps ruina (cf.

Hesiod's expression, boKov, 0^. 38), but rather toiocring,

overwhelming destruction ; the metaphor is not of a man falling

from a cliff, but of the cliff falling on the man.

31. <€ ^KacTTOS. Eust. tells us that 'the ancients'

repudiated this vhole passage (27-43) on two grounds—(1)

because it would be '' ridiculous for all to speak at once like atragic chorus;' and (2) on account of the expression€ e/c.

instead of the usual de tls. The Alexandrinesin this passage, and in r. 203, made IWe = etire, the sense in

which they used the word in their own poetry (Ap. Rh. 1, 834,

«tc. ) But in T. 203, € may Avell have its usual meaning ' to

make like,' and here it can hardly mean 'said,' since there is nosense in saying, ' They used this (threatening) language, since

they thought Odysseus' act was unintentional. ' On the otherhand, taking as = ', we must translate made his con-

jectures, wondered, and there is no other instance of this absoluteuse of the word. If w^e might venture on a correction,

(intrans. ) would give us exactly the meaning ve seem to want.First the suitors threaten Odysseus with instant death ; then*each man paused,' in order to give him the opportunity to

explain himself.

Iirel . . IGcXovra, ' since they said, surely he did not mean,'etc.

33. ircCpaTa, * the ends of destruction = utter destruc-tion, as in 1. 323, $, 'complete or safe return.' Mr.

84 . [book

Merry in liis note on .. 51 shows the connection between thetwo meanings of, end and 2^6.

36. 6, in that. Odysseus concludes that the suitors did notexpect him to come back, from their conduct in his absence.

42, 43 = H. 506, 507, but the second line here seems to beinterpolated from that passage.

47., v. on . 146.

54. cv ^, Svithin his portion,' i.e. 'justly'; his bloodcalls for no vengeance ; cf. a. 35, where Aegisthus' conduct,being virep, involved subsequent punishment.. Eurymachus humbles himself and his fellows

before Odysseus ; the suitors were not, but, Odys-seus' * peers ' ; both words are emphatic, ' spare the people, thypeople.

'

55. ap6(r(rap.€vci . . -- kKTriirorai, ' making good all that

has been consumed ' ; cf. . 362, ' ^ d.}., as it were, * by public subscription.

'

57., apart. Each suitor was to pay his tAventy beeves'

Avorth.

€5, hringing (in payment).

59., so K. 359, '.. . €-. ' Before that (i.e. before you get satis-

faction) there is nothing in your wrath to provoke our anger.'

63. xetpas }, so N. 424, oev€s ' Xrjye $-. The transitive use of the word is very rare.

67. . . €0. * But I think certain of you will notescape overwhelming ruin. ' , ironical, as in 7. 226,

TLS ye yoLo.

70. aairrovs (for which Aristarchus wrote aewTovs) is prob.

connected with ' (= ), used, in compounds as,

etc., in the sense of to be about or loith. Hence xeTpes

are hands * that one cannot join issue with,' irresistible. Thederivation from will hardly stand, since the compoundshould be avairTos.

74. -. The suitors were not absolutely Avithout arms

;

XXII.] NOTES. 85

for in those times, as Tliucydides (1, 6) says, 'EXXas

. , €' .(€(€ rpairejas = simply rpawe^as.

Ill composition bears the sense of dvra as well as its own,though never \vhen used as a preposition. The tables (cf 1. 19)

were merely boards supported on trestles ; each guest had his

own assigned him.

75. Itt TravT€S ^€, the Eng. phrase ' have at him,

'

cf. 1. 15.

76. ( copul. Opoos) 'all together,' lit. *with one voice.', the writing preferred by Aristarchus, appears to be anAtticism.

81. ], at the moment. F". on 0. 189.

84. •7€5 (from , ) ; Lat. circumfusus (as in

Lucr. 1, 39).

^h. €£5, hent double, like a withy, , with which theword seems to be etymologically connected.

87. ,, ' in agony for his life ': cf. . 300,-, 'to be in trouble for one's possessions.' The

present phrase is used . 270 of Achilles in his struggle withthe river.

89. 'OSvcrfjos, gen. governed by &vtlos. Cf. 0. 415," 'dvT AuavTos.

90. €', pluperfect.

97. •6€ . . ?. The alternatives are a thrust{ ai^as) and a cut{ [sc. ayv\ ^).Laroche and others read , i.e. ' strike him whilehe was stooping over the body

'; but the reading is ill - sup-

'

ported, and the antithesis seems to require something more thanalone.

101. SoOpc. The regular equipment for a single warrior,

cf. 1. 110.

104. , graphic, as though Telemachus pointed to him;

' yonder neatherd.

'

106. 'Haste and fetch them, while I still have arrows to

defend me.' , a onixed aor. form, like in . 5,

and5, 1. 113.

86 . [book

115.. V. on 0. 16.

118.^- {dyxLaros) 'in heaps.'

121. are the faces of the walls forming the sides of the

doorway ; the epithet implies that they were of

polished stone, or at least coated with smooth plaster. So the

upper rooms are called aLyaXbevTa (1. 418)., is a nasalized form for-, formedby reduplication from - {). A verb also

occurs.

126 sqq.- Be ris -^ ... This passage is vaguelyimitated by Vergil, Aen. 2, 453 sqq. : Lwien erat caecaeque fores

etpervius usus . . .postesque rcUdi A tergo. The appears

to have been a side door leading from the ^eyapov into a passage{) which passed along the outside of the wall of the yaov[ irap ovdov) and opened into the 763, throughwdiich the court might be reached. Thus much we learn directly

from the ancient commentators, but we do not know how far

i!Ac/r account may be conjectural, and our data do not allow us

to draw up a plan of the house with any certainty. That the

communicated eventually with the court is evident

from 1. 334, and it appears from the expression ^/^; that the

door was not on a level with the floor of the yapov.- was connected by the ancients with, as either

(1) a door which had to be reached by a leap, or (2) a dooropening with a spring ; it is now considered as =, i.e.

Si'back-door.

127.§ means not only the threshold, but the foundationall round the hall, upon which the walls were built, and whichwas exposed only at the doorway.

128. ^, ' closed it,' sc. the way into the.129. ^€-0, 'to watch.' Eumaeus was posted, we may

suppose, on the side of the hall in which the was.

130. . '. . ^, 'there was but one way to reach it,'

this way being presumably a flight of steps, since the door was

some distance from the ground.

132. dv TLS . . ; a wheedling form of re-

quest ; cf. ^. 57, where ISTausicaa says, ',€'\€3.

137.?, i.e. the doors of the eyaov opening into

.] NOTES. 87

the court, about which Odysseus and his friends stood. Theirposition gave them command of the narrow entrance {) of

the, Avhere it opened into the poos.

143. •9. The pujyes seem to have been openings in the

wall of the yaov to give light to the stairs running up behindthe Avail to the upper rooms. Melanthius climbs up to the

lowest of these, and so gains access to the \3, the door of

which (1. 155) Telemachus had left open.

144, 145. Aristarchus repudiated these lines on account of

the load Melanthius is made to carry ; the simple explanation,

that he fetched them by instalments, is perhaps justified by the

imperf., Avhile the aorists e^eXe . , , . sum-marise the results of his successive ascents.

149. €• ' €, 'and the thing troubled

him,' lit. 'seemed serious' : /Lte7as is frequently used of what is

great not merely beyond one's expectation, but beyond one's

desire.

156. o-Koirbs ijev .€, 'but their Avatchman Avas

better (than I)'

; i.e. their watchman attended better to his

business than I to mine, , sc. the suitors.

165., prob. connected with, 'the Devourer,'

and hence ' pernicious.

'

169. For the position odros cf. . 403.

173., retorqicentes,

174.( ' . The full expression wouldbe . ; v. on . 46. The hereappears very violent, but probably IL 175-177 are to be con-

sidered as an afterthought. Odysseus at first merely tells theherds to bind Melanthius hand and foot, 'cast him into thechamber and make fast the door upon him ' : then he adds somefurther directions to ensure the security of so important a

prisoner. Duentzer rejects 11. 175-6 as an interpolation from1. 192 sq.

175. '7€€. As ireipap has the two meanings of rope

and end, so means either to tie or to cor}%plete ; the twomeanings may be reconciled, because to tie the two ends of

a rope together is, in a sense, to complete it. Here the rope wasto be tied round Melanthius' body, the loose end passed over

the beam, and made fast as soon as Melanthius was dragged to

a suiFicient height from the ground.

88 . [book

176. * *. The pillar would support Melanthius i

as lie was being dragged up to tlie roof, and prevent his bodyfrom swinging.

181. The two herds post themselves one on each side the door,

so as to seize Melanthius directly he passes the threshold.

188., tvith a will A^^, which Crates andthe ancients generally interpreted as = peavLKoos, while Aris-

tarchus and others connected it with, making it = 'bythe hair.' Crates is prob. right, since the word seems to be

formed from the stem of the verb {, supra, 1. 185) ; cf.

(), {').

190. 8.€^5, ' the whole way,' i.e. as far as they could.

192 sq. = mutatis mutandis, 175, 176.

195. , ' you will watch the night through '

:

appears to be not an ace. of duration, but the object of

the verb (as though Melanthius were to keep watch tipon the

night), since can hardly be used intransitively as =' to be awake.' Cf. e. 465, .

196.] . . $ -€ t'oiKsv. In the episode of Melanthius'

meeting with Odysseus, p. 212-260, we hear how Melanthiusneglected his charge, while he feasted with the suitors, anddisplayed his finery {yaas) about the town. It may beobserved that in 1. 195 Eumaeus gives him back his own words

;

Melanthius' contemptuous speech in p. 217 begins, 'Nvv ]KaKos ]^€.

197. €€ (sc. ) 'the morning -born,' generally anepithet of '?, but used alone here and in . 347.

198. •€5 alyas, *at the (usual) time of your driving

the goats.'

a7iv€is = d^eis. A similar formation is found in Lat., as

prodmiont (Enn.) = prodeunt.

201. Is €€. They had been armed in 1. 114 ; butit was needless, it seems, to mention that they took off their

armour when they were securing Melanthius.

206. Mentor [. 225) had been left by Odysseus, when hesailed for Troy, as his steward.

XXII.] NOTES. 89

208. , harm, prob. =, conn, with$, and to be

distinguished from, a prayer or curse,

209. more commonly = b^TJKLKes collectively, but is

sometimes used of a single person, like yavosj yevea.

217. €v 8€. An instance of the use of in the apodosis :

cf. . 255.

jxcvoivas, 'for the nature of the deeds you are minded to

do.' Cf. . 399.

219 sqq. ' But when we have despoiled you of your mightwith the sword, then all that thou hast in the house and in

the field we will mingle with Odysseus' possessions,' i.e. for

confiscation.

226 sqq. Athena reproves Odysseus, who was so forward in

another man's quarrel, for his slackness in the defence of his

own house.

231. irtos . .6 £.9 € ; Eustathius is worthquoting on this passage : beivCus, he says, $ *

ttols es. Theidea conveyed by here is that of tnaking a fuss aboutsomething that has to be done : cf. Achilles' speech to Poly-dorus, . 106, ', \$, ' $ ;.€ \$, irep ,

233. 7€7 is prob. neutral in meaning, = Att. cD.In the pi., however, Trewoues (B. 235, N. 120) distinctly implies

a reproach.

236. €€6 = inclining to one side (to the exclusion of

the other), decisive. But the writer s.v. in Ebeling's lexicon

makes it mean ' inclining to the other side,' i.e. the side whichone would not expect to win, the weaker. This sense is cer-

tainly applicable to most of the cases where the word is used,

including Hdt. 8, 11 ; 9, 103, of victories of Greeks overPersians.

239. 065, smoTce-hlackenecl ; or perhaps gleaming, in

the light of the fire ; v. on . 316.

240., outwardly : an adverbial accusative. In Lat. weha^e the subst. anta, in the sense of a projection, or outstandingpart of a building.

248. aaiTTOvs, v. on 1. 70.

90 . [book

250. Im-, ' hard by the door ' : for the ex-

pression cf. 0. 36, ^, ' directly you reach

the shore,' and -^ areLXeLrjs, in . 412. The point of the

phrase here is that it could be used only of a very small party.

253.-—€•. Observe the change of mood. Wemay explain by joining closely-, 'the-being-

hit- of-Odysseus,' and Kvdos-dpeadaL, Hhe-winning-of-glory,' andregarding the two compound expressions as objects to the verb.

256. €, sc., to be supplied out of the

verb.

261. hi in apodosi^ as in 1. 217.

264. IttI, 'upon,' ^.c. *in addition to.'

269. oSaf, a verbal adv. like Lat. mordicus : v. on 1. 188.

ao-ireTov oSSas. The earthen floor of Odysseus' hall seems to

claim by this epithet to be a part of the surface of the earth;

unless we are to suppose that the words mean that the dyingtook between their teeth * an intolerable deal ' of soil.

273. . . *. The goddess wishes to keepup appearances by allowing Telemachus and Eumaeus to beslightly wounded : irayxv .

279. Ctesippus is described, v. 287 sqq.^ as a wealthy prince

of Same (Cephallenia).

290. TOL iroSbs |€. These words passed into

a proverb, as Eustathius tells us, = You are done by as you did.

The allusion is to v. 299, where Ctesippus throws a neat's foot

at Odysseus.

292.. Of the many interpretations given to this w^ord,

the old one, Svith crumpled horns,' seems after all the best;although in .. 348, 355, the same oxen are described as-Kpaipat and eXcKes. But it must be observed that in the Hymnto Hermes Apollo's cattle' are described in 1. 192 as, an expression about which there can be no doubt, andthen in 1. 220, as ; so that one would rather beinclined to question the meaning of the latter epithet. Possibly

the ancients, who connected it with rather than Kepas^

were in the right.

293.. A 2d aorist form ; the theoretic present is.

xxir.] NOTES. 91

299. Of the two similes whicli follow the first is a lively

image of the crowding and terror of the suitors ; the second,

though applicable to both parties, is introduced principally to

represent the onslaught made by Odysseus and his friends.

302., eagles or kites ; not vultures, which do not attack

living creatures. Madame Dacier, on the strength of 1. 306,r' avepes dypy, sup2)osed the aiyvirioi to be trained

haiuTcs ; but we should expect from Homer a fuller account of

the practice of hawking, which is not elsewhere mentioned in

the poems.

304. The interpretation of this line has been confused by theancients, who wished to give to vk^ea the sense of \$ in

later Greek, i.e. nets, traps. The ordinary rendering explains

as ' cowering away from the clouds ' ; but this

seems a very forced and at the same time feeble expression for* avoiding the open sky ; ' to say nothing of being anintransitive verb. The passage might well be translated, ' Theyare scattered in clouds over the plain, cowering in fear. ' Ne^ea(in apposition to rai) would be a most appropriate description

of the flocks of small birds.

308. ۥ7-. In effect the expression = *at their

ease.'

310. For Leiodes, v. . 145 sqq.

313.. The indignation of Odysseus at the Avanton-

ness of the women of the house is related, v. 6 sqq.

317. Leiodes thinks that he at least is free from;,

but in . 146 it is said of him, oi'^ '.322. |6, present tense, but with a frequentative sense

;

' often, belike, thou prayest,' now and heretofore.

325.- (), ' inconsiderate,' ^^^7es,?. The wordis variously derived from oKyos or 'key {i.e. as =),but there is no need to suppose that it differs in origin from^-K€ys (I. 309). It might, however, mean * ill-considerate

'

rather than 'inconsiderate,' i.e. too careful in looking after his

victims.

329. 0£77€. Yerg. Aen. 10, 554 : Turn ca^mt orantisnequiquam et 7)iulta jgarantis Dicerc deturbat terrae.

. 330. TepTTidS^s . . }$. Both the name and patronymicof the minstrel are of a professional character. A locus classicus

92 . [book

for this kind of nomenclature is to be found, . 111-116, wherethe list of naval worthies reaches a ludicrous climax in thename of^.

334. Ik8i»s6, sc. by the ; v. on 1. 126.

335. 6. Zeus of the Homestead, whose altar stood in

the outer court, distinguished by Eust. from Zeus of the Hearth('E^eVrios).

347."5 appears to mean one who sings his owncompositions— is poet as well as singer : cf. the expression^ of the poet furnishing the words to the per-

formers who were to sing them.

348. ^ . . €. *I am fit to sing to thee, as to a god.'

Tlie divine bard has found a divine subject for his song ; heseems to imply that his powers have been wasted in singing to

the unappreciative suitors.

352. .€ Sairas, 'after supper.' Cf. . 428 : Nw ', (^ireLra $?) 6pLyyL.

364. poos . . 6. Laroche adopts the common reading

uoQs, but /3oos has the best MSS. authority, and the redundantexpression is quite in the Homeric manner. It occurs also P. 389,

. 582, /5oos', Cf. .368. -irepKrOsygW, as it were, 'in the overflow of his strength.'

376. '.$. This epithet is applied in . 150 to the

ayopa, and by Pindar (Isth. 8, 58) to a dprjuos sung by manyvoices. In its application here to Phemius there seems to be a

touch of good-natured sarcasm on his account of his own accom-plishments in 11. 347-8.

379. The two are not fully reassured, and take up the

position of suppliants at the altar in the court.

383. iravras . .. They were all dead; and 'all of

them ' came to a large number.

388. . The particle emphasizes that part of the simile

which is not applicable. It was not the sun that killed the

suitors.

391. €l * &7€, V. on . 217.

XXII.] NOTES. 93

394, •9. Telemaclius rattles the door, which wasfastened on the other side, to attract the nurse's attention.

408. in eo erat ut.. 6\o\v^€Lv is properly used of the commendatoryshout of praise to the god raised by the women at the conclusion

of a prayer or sacrifice, as e.g. in 7. 450, . 767.

.ۥ, V. on L 149.

411 sqq, A most characteristic speech. is the lawregulating man's dealings with the gods, of which Odysseus is,

throughout Greek legend, a typically careful observer.

418. €€3, guiltless{, aXetTT/s). The word occurs

only in this formula (so in . 317, . 498), and is variously

written €3, \€3,^, vrfKiTL^es. ^^ is justi-

fied by^ {v. 121) ; the fern, form is analogous to

(masc. vis).423.-. The commoji reading is ^, but

the construction of with the gen. is unexampled at

least in Homer, and in places where it is found in Plato, thegen. may be considered as a genitive absolute, since the subst. is

always in conjunction with a participle : v. Stallbaum on Rep.

2, p. 367 D.

427. <.€, abs. *to act as a ruler.' . eirl yvvaL^l is

commonly taken as = yvvaL^i, imperitare mulierihus;

but, seeing that orders are given to the women as a matter of

course in the Telemachus in . 381, it seems likely that the

ruler's function here intended is that oipunishment.

428. . The more strictly correct expression

is that of a. 362, . 364, eis^ ai^a/Sacra. .means properly * to go up through the upper chambers, ' but it

is used much as we speak of 'going up the country.' In cr.

206, . 85, we have vwepwca used in the samemanner = e^^€,

442., explained by Schol. as 'a round building in

which vessels for daily use were put aside.' The women Avere

to be crowded into the space between this pantry and the wallof the courtyard, and there put to the sword.

[.§, 'fair,' ite. evenly built.

444. €€. So Laroche, following Hermann, against

94 . [book

the of the MSS. An optative after els /ce wouldbe contrary to usage, but might be justified here on the groundthat the clause is an afterthought, with a change of subject.

450. €€-, * piling them one upon another.'

So they are described in . 47, '. The other

reading oXXrjXrjaLu would give the meaning ' supporting them-

selves (of the women in their fright) one upon another.'

-[€, Ordered their task,' cf. 1. 427 above.

451. '••7€, 'pressing them to the work.'

456. €€, sc. .462., honourable. Kadapos ^ 6 $

Oavaros,^ youLalos, Eust. Telemachus improves

on Odysseus' orders in 1. 443.

466 sqq. Telemachus first makes the rope fast to one of the

pillars of the dokos, and passes it in a series of slip-knots roundthe necks of the women ; so that when it is brought round the

building and made taut at a sufficient height from the ground{^ eirevTavvaas), the women are lifted off their feet and left

hanging.

469. The' must be a kind of choice-trap contrived withcords.

473. is for ?, as may be seen from the quantity of

474 sqq. There is no parallel in Homer to the barbarity of thepunishment inflicted on Melanthius. It may be observed that

it is in the punishment of treason (in the feudal sense) that thespirit of barbarity seems to be carried furthest and to survive

longest.

481. 06€Lov . . 9. Sulphur was considered specially

valuable in religion for purification. Cf. . 228, vhere Achilles

before a libation? . . .482. jAs-yapov, v. below on 1. 494.

484. , €€-. Fasi translates *in den Mannersaalkommen.' But (1) this would require rather irpos or ,and (2) there is really very slender proof to show that is

ever used in the restricted sense of the 'men's apartments.'

According to the ordinary meaning of ^ we should

^

XXIII.] NOTES. 95

translate, ' Bid all the women-servants tlirougliout the house to

come,' as in . 103,^ oi yvvouKeSy

. 349, at oi '.494.€ | . Eustathins supposed

to mean here the hall of the women : in this he has

been followed by some modern edd. who then take to be

the hall of the men. But, as Fasi remarks, there was no needto purify the women's hall, which was not the scene of

slaughter ; besides, €yapov, unless used in connection withwomen, seems always to mean the hall of the men. ,again {v. above), seems too vague a word to restrict to anyparticular part of the building. The phrase may well mean'the hall, the house, and the court,' the hall being specially

mentioned, because it was the part of the house which neededpurifying most : and so it alone is mentioned in 1. 482. In the

same way in Z. 316, where the house of Paris is described,, the3 is especially mentioned,as being to Paris, or, at least, in that passage, the most importantpart of the house.

497. pcYapoio. Here clearly the hall of the women is meant.

499. * They kissed him, embracing his head and shoulders,

and grasping his hands :' cf. . 224.

BOOK ^, XXIII.

1.-, laughingfor joy ; Lat. cachinnans,

3.€. This doubtful word Aristarchus explainedas ^',']3 € avrrjs €3,^ €. We have to choose between-, i.e.

beyond their wont, and-, i.e..beneath her. might be connected with ^, andwe should translate 'struggled beneath her,' adopting theexplanation of Aristarchus. would be connectedwith , or perhaps, and would = 'spedvery swiftly.'

7. . . €. A parallel to Aeschylus'famous tautology {v. Aristoph. Barp. 1126), in Choeph. 3,

yap is . '^HXde expresses Odysseus'previous arrival in the island ; . his actual presence inthe house ;^ here, as often, has a perf. sense.

96 . [book

. 9. €<, made havoc of, v. on . 153.

13. * And set the foolish in the way of prudence.'is the causative 1st aor. In . 424, .^, andbelow, 1. 52, we have the intrans. 2d aor. in a similar con-nection.

14.. The word seems to keep up the metaphor ofthe last line, 'checked thee,' sc. in the path of prudence inwhich Eurycleia had hitherto walked.

16., * outside ' (truth and reason) : cf. the fuller ex-

pression in . 347, ^"^ .19., cf. below, 1. 97, -, ; . 39,

; . 72, '^Ipos aipos. The line = . 260.

24. 7€, 'thus far,' i.e. as Schol. puts it, ""€$.

26. ' In very truth Odysseus did return, and is come to his

home, as I tell thee ;— the stranger (was he), whom all menreviled in the house.'

35. €l 8* d7€, V. on . 217.

38. ot 8'. . ^, an example of jparataxis, ' though they

remained in their numbers.*

42. ^, withheld us (from going to see).

46. KpaTaiTrcSov o{>8as ^€5, ' having the hard ground for

their portion.' ^, the earth inside the hall beingbeaten and pressed into a firm, hard floor, ' — ' occupy-ing.'

48 = . 402, but is manifestly out of place here, and is

omitted in the best MSS. The object to is of course the

sight described in the foregoing lines.

52. 6 . . .. * That you twain may enter upon the

path of joy, both of you in your heart.' The MSS. here all

have, and so Laroche, who also reads with less

authority. But unless we can think with Schol. that

is syncopated for (causal), the nominative seemsabsolutely required by the order of the sentence, thoughcan just be explained as a dativus commodi after 9jTop. Themistake of writing for would have been a very

natural one to a transcriber who was troubled bv the hiatus.

.] NOTES. 97

53.- =. The stages of the contraction are€€, €7€, (cf. for ; finally

the r changes into its aspirate through the influence of the

preceding , as in the case of9,.55. €€<$, here 'to his hearth,' e^') whereas Tiet's

€€$ is e0'.56.8 *

. . '. ' But for them that did him wrong,

the suitors, he took vengeance on them all in his house.' $,demonstrative pronoun.

64. "-|6$, *in indignation at.' The \vord is used of

Avonder, combined either with admiration or, as here, dislike.

65, QQ = . 414 sq.

6S. Join 89, 'his return to Achaia'; cf. e.

344, TatT^s, vhere Mr. Merry quotesEurip. I. T. 1066, ^ yijs €,

74., in apposition to .'75. . . -. ' It I marked in washing him.

'

The recognition is described, r. 392, w^e ' dp' ,^ ebv ' ' 'yv, ...

78. €€€«- 8, will stake my life,' cf. .485, devpb ^ rjk \3. In later Greek,

with the preposition repeated, irepl ttjs ,Aristoph.. 788.

81. € . .€ €-, *to keep watch upon the devices

of the gods.' Penelope returns to her idea of 1. 63, tls'$ ayavovs. The scar she supposes somegod had assumed to personate Odysseus. € is for{).

85.€. ' She began to go downstairs ': v. on

. 428.

89. ' Then she sat down before Odysseus in the light of thefire by the opposite wall, '—opposite, that is, to that near Avhich

Odysseus vas. , gen. with locative meaning ; we havethe same phrase, I. 218, Autos ' (Achilles) osdeioLO .

90. irpos, 'against a pillar,* t.c. with his back againstit ; the seats{) being without backs, the seat of the king

98 . [book

Avas placed against a pillar : cf. the description given byNausicaa of her father Alcinous and his queen sitting with

their thrones against the pillar in ^. 305 sqq.

93. &v€u), 'in silence,' adv. from — ^m(f)os, prob. from. The adj. occurs in Homer always in nom. pi. ^whence Aristarchus concluded that it was in all cases, as here,

an adverb. Suidas quotes an instance of nom. sing, from anunknown poet.

94. 'Her gaze would now rest anxiously on his face, and thenwould fail to discern him, for the sorry garments he had onhim.' must be taken with both clauses.

95. 7-•€, contracted from aypoifjaaaKe.

97. 6, unfeeling, prob. connected Avith Sansk. anas,* face

'; as it were, * turning away one's face ; ' while =

* inclining one's face,' kind.

101. €, perf. opt. There is another reading,.102. '^€ Is, cf. . 208.

108. , emphatic, ' of ourselves.

'

116. , demonstrative pronoun, 'she does not yet affirm

that I am he.

'

117. * But let us (you—Telemachus—and I) take counsel howthings may be best ordered.' A man, he proceeds, who is

guilty of 07ie man's blood generally has to flee the countr}''

:

what must I do, who have slain so many ? It may be observedthat these lines go far to justify the existence of the 24thbook. Odysseus' troubles are by no means over with the deathof the suitors, and it was to be expected from the plan of the

poem that ' the much-enduring man ' should be left with areasonable prospect of peace and quietness before him. V.

below on 1. 296.

119. (€$, folloivers. The word is oyp = Lat.

sccutor, Avith the copulative .

120.. The use of this word here shows that it meansrelations in the most general sense ; but in its restricted use it

is applied only to marriage connections. Cf. . 581, ^ ns. . . ) Trevdepbs.

121.^ iroXfjOs€€. Politically, Odysseus' slaughter

XXIII.] NOTES. 99

of tlie suitors was the destruction of all the nobles of the

country.

125. , * among men'; cf. . 201. The use

seems to be an extension of the distributive use of , in such

phrases as^ ^, . 385.

127 5^'. = . 785 sq., and are omitted here in the best MSS.The expression, €€€$ /' is quite out of place in

this connection.

134.,7€ . ., 'let him lead for us the dance.'- must be taken rather as an etJiic dative than as governedby ; but the construction is not an uncommon one Avith

TiyeTaOaL, though not elsewhere found in Homer. Cf. Find.

Pyth. 4, 248, ttoWoTo-l '^ oas erepoLS.

136. irepivaiCTaovo-t = ) tls dt .

137. €, a regular epithet of /cX^os, here rather sijreading

than already widespread.

139. . . €€, sc. the royal demesne, called properly, as in ^. 293 and elsewhere.

143. 6€, 'were decked for the dance,' sc.',L 132.

145. afji-ijiovos. This epithet, as applied to the dance, implies

symmetry and perfection of time.

146. * And the great house responsive sounded with the feet

of men, ' etc. tolclv^ sc. roh3^ ethic dative.

150. €, hardy, shameless, a meaning which is easily

derived from the original one of ' hard, '' enduring ' : cf. the

two senses of, the word used in this passage, * to endure,'' to dare.

'

151. €', * to guard': cf. 1. 82, where the word is usedin a slightly different sense.

157-162 = . 230-235 ; but here it is impossible to connect1. 157 with what goes before ; so that we must either regard thelines as an interpolation, or suppose a line to have dropped outafter 1. 156. Or again, "the original may have been, which would easily be corrupted first into *, and afterwards assimilated to the passage in book ^.

100,

, [book

158. oiJXas, thick; the Avord is etymologically connected withour 'io'ool, Lat. vellics, and innst be distinguished from two other

words— (1) 3 = oXos, 'whole,' Lat. salvus ; (2) — okoos,

with the meaning * destructive, ' or * abominable.'•€ ojjLoias, 'like the flower of the hyacinth,' i.e.

in its glossy appearance.

166. TTcpl, to be joined with^, 'beyond all women.'

167.-, 'inflexible,' from3 (a participial formlike Lat. vertuDinus), said to mean ' seethable.

'

171. 5, alone, as is seen from the following line.

173. It is not pride, Penelope says, nor indiff'erence, nor yetbewilderment, that make her seem cold to her husband ; it is

that she cannot recognise in the man before her the Odysseuswho left her tAventy years back. The language is that of onewhose perceptions are deadened by long endurance ; but there

is a touch of hopefulness in the use of the second person '.180. The evvTj is described by its three parts : €, the fleeces

serving as a inaitress ;5, the blankets ; €, Wi^ coverlet

of bright colours (aiy(x\6evTa). Cf. v. 1 sqq, ev

evva^ero 5?os Odvaaevs ' \' >, rovs ' * ' ', where Odysseus, being still thedespised beggar, has no coverlet.

186.$', ' easily, at his will ' : pela \\ ueosj

as it is expressed in . 380.

188. \i.iya, ' a mighty monument. ' Odysseus does notappear to be thinking so much of the bed as something bywhich he might prove his identity ; he rather calls it a ya

as a reason why it should be so hard to move.

190. '^K€os IvTos, 'within the enclosure,' i.e. inside the outer

wall enclosing the whole premises (cf. . 238) ; Odysseus subse-

quently brought the spot within the actual house, by building

his\$ over it. >

191. |5 (, ), in its prime; to be distin-

guished from, fasting, a word which occurs only in the

sixth book of the Iliad. Aristarchus established the distinction

in accent.

iraxcTos. This word is variously explained— (1) as a shortened

XXIII.] NOTES. 101

form of the comp. iraxurepos ; (2) as a neut. siibst. =?;

(3) as an adj. = iraxvs. Of tliese (1) seems monstrous ; either

(2) or (3) would suit this passage, but (3) seems preferable, since

it would also suit—however awkwardly—the only other passage

in Homer where the word occurs, . 187.

194. 5,'$ apapvias, v. on . 137.

195., the whole bushy head of the tree, upper branchesand leaves together.

196., Lat. j9riigaiZc?i5, ' trimming, ' by cutting awaythe rough outside of the trunk.

198.€ € €6, ' I bored it all about withthe gimlet,' sc. for the insertion of the ornamental nails andstuds of gold, etc., mentioned below in 1. 200. This practice

is most probably Avhat is meant by the epithet 6$, so often

applied to beds.

Ii99. Ik . . ^€, 'And smarting thence I shaped outmy bedstead.' = . It is not necessary to sup-

pose that any more supports were needed for the bedstead thanthe single olive trunk ; considering the thickness which the

trunk of the olive tree often attains (here emphasised

—

€3d' 9jv fjvre ), and the way in which the branches are com-monly thrown out near to the ground, it is quite possible that

Odysseus may have cut out for himself a sort of cradle, con-

sisting of the bole of the tree surrounded on all sides by the

stumps of the branches, for only the upper boughs need be

included in the word 6. It is probable that this is what hedid, because it Avould be strange if Homer, generally so minutein his descriptions, should have omitted such important details

as two or three bedposts [^), and all the framework neces-

sary to connect these with the olive stump. The bedding itself

was of course laid, not upon the surface of this cradle, but uponthe strapping{ $) stretched from side to side.

201. Iv '. . €, 'And over it I stretched

strapping of ox-hide bright with purple dye. ' is either

put for the whole series of straps necessary to support thebedding ; or it may mean a single broad piece of hide stretched

over the whole surface. Either interpretation is justified bythe original sense of the word, Molding (Sansk. si, 'to bind').

For 63 as the hide of the ox, cf. M. 105, ^.205. TTJs € . .-, cf. . 187, ? - virvos

102 . [book. Or, withthe opposite arrangement, t. 256, ' €.

209. (€, * be wroth ': =^, as is seen in

the form, and is thus connected with aKvdpos, andprob. [), supercilium ; hence its meaning, to

frown.

210.. The sentence -' . . is the object of

the verb, vQlu a dativus incommodi ; the gods * envied us ourenjoying youth together, and reaching together the threshold

of old age.

'

213. v€p.€or(ra adds the idea of righteous indignation, which is

not contained in.214. €, sc. as I do now.

218-24. These lines were rejected by the Alexandrines, ?^€$ . The connection in thought intendedseems to be : Helen would never have gone off with Paris if shehad known that her doing so would involve the whole Achseannation in a war to bring her back ; so you may suppose that I{) should never have accepted anotherhusband for fear of like consequences. But this rather implies

that she would have done so without this fear before her eyes.

223. € . . 769, * But she did not first lay to heart thedoom of her guilt,—that grievous doom, whence first came sorrowto us also.' The is the whole train of evil consequences,

the siege and capture of Troy, resulting from Helen's original

crime, and which she ought to have anticipated.

•jrpoo-0€v, sc. before her flight with Paris.

228. 'AKTopCs, the patronymic of Eurynome mentioned below,

11. 289, 293., 'when I was still about coming hither,' i.e.

still with my father, but on the point of setting out.

230. 6, v. on 1. 97. Penelope, half in jest, recalls the

epithet her son had attached to her.

235.-{, a firm, full, or unbroken wave. In the

following two lines the poet is carried by his simile beyond the

point where it ceases to be applicable.

J

.] NOTES. 103

237. €€, thickens; cf. . 246, ^, of the Cyclopscurdling the milk.

243. 7€|{ ; ? Lat. porta), passage or gate ; here the

gate by which the night and day pass in turn to the under world.

The word is used both for the westj as here, and also for the east^

by later poets.

is, of course, proleptic. ,

246. Phaethon here appears as one of the horses of Eos ; Hesiodraises him to the dignity of her son ; and in the later legend heis the son of the Sun himself.

248. , • ... For the form of the sentence, cf

K. 174, , yap . . eis . .* 'ayere. But here there is an anacoluthon ; for the natural

conclusion would be, ' come, let us consider what we shall do ;

'

but Odysseus is weary, and ends' epxev, .251. )(- Teipe^ido ... Odysseus' descent

to Hades is the subject of Book . The prophecy of Teiresias,

given below, 11. 267-284=:^ almost word for word . 121-137.

260. ' cirel . . ,. 'But since you have thought of

it, and heaven has put it into your heart.' For the use of

cf., 1. 75.

267 sqq. The wrath of Poseidon, invoked upon Odysseus byPolyphemus {l. 526-535), is still unappeased, and an appro-priate penance is enjoined on the hero for his offence ; he is to

be the apostle of Poseidon's divinity to the inland people, whoknow nothing of the sea.

273. ,, a sign by which Odysseus might be sure of thepeople's ignorance of the sea. He would meet a man whowould mistake the oar which he carried for a winnowing-fan[p\oLyv).

278. apveibv,,. So . 131. There is no othermention in Homer of this form of sacrifice, which is the later

Greek, the Koman suovetaurilia,

281. The prophecy of *a death from the sea' was fulfilled,

according to the legend, by the hand of Telegonus, Odysseus'own son by Circe : in search of his father he landed on thecoast of Ithaca, and killed him unawares with the prickle of afish (pyv), vhich he had used for lack of metal to point his

104 . [book

spear. There was an old reading e^aXos =^far from the sea

'

(adj.)

282. tolos, cf. . 247, rotov; 7. 321,

Eyoi TOLov ; and our use of 50 and such to emphasize an epithet.

283. -. This word seems best considered as =^^, and connected with $, 'grown heavy.' Cf.

^. 2, .290. "•>'|.'•05€. The preposition adds to the verb the

notion of suhorcUnation : the torches seem to give their light to

assist the action.

291. €7Kov6ov<rai. Benfey is probably right in connectingthis word with Lat. an-cus, anc-illa, ex-anc-lare ; for the ter-

mination cf. biaK-ovos. (Buttm. Lexil. s. v..)296.€ Beo-p-bv This expression is translated

by A. Sabinus, Ulyss. to Penelope, 130 sqq., 'precor ut properet

ille venire dies, Antiqui renovet qui laetus foedera lecti, Ettandem incipias coniuge, care, frui.'

Aristarchus and Aristophanes, as Eustathius tells us, madethe Odyssey end Avith this line, ' considering the remainder as

spurious. But,' he continues with some indignation, 'great

critics as they are, they reject some of the most natural inci-

dents, . . such as the recapitulation (11. 310-341) . . and the

recognition of Odysseus by Laertes,' etc. Cf. on 1. 117.

303., v. on . 165.

305. ((€ olvos. Eor the change of voice, cf l. 45, ",he TToWov , de\ "^, where thewine, as here, is the subject, the skeej) the object, of the verb.

306. ocra K'rjSe' ^0€07$. Cf. Odysseus' description

of himself in l. 19 as os ^\.310-333 recapitulate the narrative told by Odysseus to

Alcinous, Books L.-. The story of his arrival and reception in

the country of the Phceacians is the subject of Books e. -.

318.. The word is commonly explained to meanthat the gates of the city were far apart ; but it is simpler to in-

terpret it as ' the city of the far-off gate, '—the gate, that is, bywhich the sun enters the under world ; for it was there {ev}), that the city seems, according to the description inK. 82-86, to have been placed.

XXIII.] NOTES. 105

319. . The antecedent to the relative must be supplied

from the adj. AaLarpvyovi^v. ' Telepylus of tlie Laestrygonians,

who,' etc.

320. This line, omitted by most MSS., is inconsistent withthe narrative, . 118-132 ; for the crew of Odysseus' ship escaped

with him.

326. , * the restless ' or ^ husy Sirens ;

'

restless, that is, in singing. The ordinary meaning of the wordis thronging, abundant (??') : the connection between the twoideas is well shown by the Eng. swarm, as compared withGerm, schwdrmen, scJiwdrmcrei {enthusiasm). There were buttwo Sirens {. 52), so that the epithet cannot here apply to their

number.

339. TTcpl . irepi must be taken as an adverb in this

phrase ( — greatly), though it is accentuated as if it were a pre-

position. The accent is no doubt due to the juxtaposition beingmistaken for grammatical connection.

342. 65, last : superl. of deorepos, used in the piu'ely

temporal sense, ' later ;' . 247, Kev Aevrepoi ev^ ; and . 206, be deurepos ', 'too late.'

347. 7€€. Cf. . 197.

357. --. Thuc. 1, 8 . . Ot yap^'^iW'qves . .^ irOKeaLv^ ^,ifKeiarov evTeddev, €$7] ^pyov, €^3 do^ys'.

And so Achilles speaks of plunder as the natural method of

acquiring cattle in I. 46, € yap re ^oes /cat ,...

359. TToXvSevSpcov ayphv. See above, 1. 139.

360. ,, ethic dative.

365. . . irpoTLOo-oreo, sc. lest her countenance shouldbetray her knowledge of what had happened.

372. -, as in Yerg. ^En. i. 411, 'Yenusobscuro gradientes aere saepsit.'

106 2. [book

BOOK ..1.9, from the mountain Cyllene, in Arcadia, where

Hermes was born.

€€€. The unquiet ghosts were no doubt hovering overthe bodies of the slain. But elsewhere in Homer souls need noconductor to guide them to the under world ; and the fact thatthis office is here attributed to Hermes is one reason assigned for

supposing this N^/cuia to be an interpolation.

2. papSov, described in the same words e. 48.

6. "3ۥ, eerie, * Haec loca capripedes Satyros Nym-phasque tenere Finitimi fingunt.' The word is best derivedfrom BeOS, '; v. on ctctTrros, . 70.

7. Ittcl k€ . . ^. * Whenever one of them falls fromthe chain (hanging) from the rock, where they cling to one an-

other.' The clause r' ' explains the for-

mation of the 03. It also adds something to the picture of

confusion, reminding us that one bat detaching himself fromthe chain involves the fall of all those below him.

10., tJie Healer, or henignant, an Aeolic nom. like'. This epithet of Hermes (cf . 185) and of Prometheus(in Hes. Theog. 614) is commonly derived from priv., /ca/cos.

But 'not harming' is a feeble negative epithet for either godor man : it is best, therefore, referred to d/cos. This will agree

well with the power ascribed above to his wand, ttj

deXyec.

11. " '-€ . . poas. So in Odysseus' narrative

of his descent to Hades, . 21, pbov".- 7€. This is not the famous rock of Leucas,

celebrated as the ' Lovers' Leap ;' but the name may have been

transferred thence to the under world, as in the case of the

rivers Styx and Acheron. The Infernal Rock may perhaps be

identified with that described in . 515, re re.12.€ irvXas, the gates through which the setting sun

passes, the of . 243.

6€, 'the land of dreams,' whence the dreams are

said to pass through the two gates of ivory and horn, r. 562 sqq.

XXIV.] NOTES. 107

Their habitation is here placed near the gates of the sun, i.e. in

the border land between the dead and the living.

13. -8€, adj.=/'^. The asphodel,

growing in waste and.swampy plains, is transplanted by the poet

into Hades, to picture the dreariness which reigns there.

15-18 =. 467-470, edpov ok being substituted for^' ^'TTL,

19. €, sc. Achilles. Cf. . 483 sqq. Achilles is a kingeven among the dead.

20-22 =:. 387-389.

24 sqq. It seems unnatural that this conversation betweenAchilles and Agamemnon should have taken place just at this

time, seeing that they had been long together in Hades. Theintention of the poet may possibly be to heighten the picture of

the misery of the dead, by representing them as perpetually

discussing their own deaths and .funerals, always ' talking ofgraves, of worms, and epitaphs.' •

24. Join irepL—avdp', * above all heroes.'

28. (Tol, 'to thee, great as thou wast.', early, irpo deovros, as Schol. explains it.

30. TLjj.fjs . . ircp dvatrcTSS, ' such honour as thou hadst whenthou wast king.' Some word like^ must be supplied

with^ to complete the sense.

37. "Ap7€os. The 'Pelasgic Argos' (B. 681) in Thessaly.

Achilles' home is meant : but Agamemnon could hardly use thename without a thought of that other Argos where he met his.

death on his return.

39. . .-= (with change of person) . 775sq., applied to Cebriones, Hector's charioteer.

46. Cf. the words of Pisistratus in . 197, ToOro vv yipasOLOv ^. ' re r'.

47. ^, SC. Thetis, -, used for the Nereids, as in

. 432. Cf. yepovros, below, 1. 58.

55.^ . . ^€. * It is his mother, she that cometh outof the sea with the immortal sea-nymphs.

'

108 . [book

56. ol• TraiSos rSv.-, * doing honour to her dead son.'

The expression seems to be an extension of the phrases,, etc. Elsewhere avnav with gen. of a person ==

* to meet in battle.'

58. €5, here Nereiis. In . 384 the same ex-

pression is used of Proteus.

60. Movcran, . . Ivvc'a, Hhe muses, nine in all :' cf. . 424,€. The number of the muses is not elsewheregiven in Homer ; and here the poet passes easily in 1. 62 to the

single muse. "With the latter we may compare the vague use of

^eos ('Providence,' or ' divine power').

62. Toiov . . XCyeia. 'In such sort did the muses' piercing

song stir their heart. ' , as in the phrase^yooLo. The preposition seems to confine the action of the verbto the feelings of the persons aifected ; so that is best

taken at once in a transitive sense ; if it be intransitive, it mustmean ' pealed in their ears.

'

65. . . . Cf. . 166-169. The funeral of Patro-

clus was further graced by the sacrifice of horses, dogs, andTrojan captives.

66. aiKas, V. on . 292.

67. , sc. the € of 1. 59.

69. €£- ... ' ran in armour round the pyre.*

For cf. . 3. This ceremony Avas performed at thefuneral of Patroclus by Achilles' own followers, the Myrmidons,'I^. 13, ol hk rpls irepi veKpov evrpixas TJXaaap I'ttttoi's. Here therepresentatives of the entire host() honour the

obsequies of Achilles by taking part in it. The Romans prac-

tised a similar rite at great military funerals {decursio).

71. i'|vucr€v, Lat. confecit,

73. '. In . 250 wine is used to quench the fire on the

pile.

77. The bones of Patroclus had been only provisionally

buried, Avaiting for the burial of his friends : v. . 244.

80. ,[[, cf. %. 442 ; / 144. Applied to the mound, the

meaning WOuld be 'symmetrical,' 'fair.'

81. % a remarkable epithet. Eust. explains it, ? virhp

XXIV.] NOTES. 109

dperrjs deKaerij , i.e. the extra-

ordinary endurance of the Greek host had gained for it a kindof reverence beyond what is commonly paid to mortals : cf. the

humorous aj^plication of the word in Plato (Rep. 3, ]). 398) to

the poet, el els ttoKlv avros re ra, civ ws iepbv.82. eirl . . 7€-, sc. where the Hellespont

widens towards the -^gean, whether the actual opening is

meant or the (comparatively) broad reach just within the pro-

montory of Sigeum. This explanation, which is that of Eust.

on H. 86, seems the most natural ; it is just as we speak of the

broad Severn, etc., meaning the river at its mouth,

83., strictly ablative.

85. -- 0€oi»s, 'having begged them {i.e. the prizes)

from the gods.'

87. . . ۥ9, so ?v. 416,6 . The sense

would be well given by our phrase ' to come in for ' a funeral,

etc. The genitive in this expression is more common : cf. B.

547, ; . 306, ',88. 5€ K€V . . €. Some, as Fasi, take, as

subj., and read. It is, however, possible to ex-

plain the indicative, comparing . 410 sqq., "Os ' "* 'irbpLe'i 7€ jSoOs ayeXaias ^^ es,, , where, as Fasi re-

marks, is absolved from its connection with 6 bythe intervening parenthesis eirriv . .. So here the

parenthesis \£, = ] aLes, mayjustify the indicatives',

95. . . 5. ' But what part have I in this pleasure ?

'

The pleasure, that is, of an honourable death and burial, ,the

remembrance of which, according to Greek ideas, was perhapsthe greatest pleasure which the dead Avere held capable of

feeling.

Iirel uoX€[i.ov 7€<. Agamemnon contrasts his miserableend with the strong claims he had to a better fate : he haddone so much, and gained nothing.

97. ,$, accursed. This intransitive rendering, givenas an alternative by Apollonius and Hesych. s. v., suits theusage as well as the form of the word better than the ordinary

110 2. [book

transitive interpretation. The Avriter in Ebeling's Lexiconsays, '6€3 proprie is est de quo dictum est.' Cf. the

use of€3, a. 33.

99., ^the runner,' connected, according to Butt-•mann, with — ; but in later times interpreted as

from, / rovs veKpovs or ras ayyeXLas.€5 (an Aeolismfor /-^'•);?) 'shining.' Alcman'suse of the word (p. 35, rvpbv //./ ')seems to make necessary the abandonment of the traditional

translation, ' slayer of Argus. ' The structure of the word points

the same w^ay, since ' Argus-slayer ' should be -^, notpyeLvs. At the same time the myth of Hermes slaying

Argus is of undoubted antiquity : v. Max MuUer, Science ofLang. . xi. p. 518 sqc[.

103.•€, v. . 277.

107. iravTes . . 5, ' All chosen men and companionsin age ; nor would one have made other choice in picking outthe best men throughout the city.

'

113. .€€. So . 403, ; and in p. 471 wehave a€L6epos. These forms appear to be simply a later

manner of writing^ and €€3, since in the old

alphabet et and were both expressed by the simple vowels€ and 0.

Comparing the passage . 399-403, we should probably take

here as a nominatiims pendens, referring to the

suitors :' Or w^as it in fighting for a city and its women (that

you fell)?'

118. 8* Iv ... The first words are emxphatic;

the sense is, * It took us a whole month to get across the sea,

'

the time occupied in persuading Odysseus to embark accounting

for part of the month.

oiiXo) = 6\. V. on \p. 158.

119., 'with trouble' = scarcely. The w^ord is com-monly used in Homer in this sense, as} in Attic. Cf.

7- 297, ?} ' ijKv^av ; v. 279, airovdrj ' es,irapireirieovTCS. Homer knows nothing of the story of Odys-

seus' feigned madness, and the discovery of his imposture byPalamedes.

XXIV.] XOTES. Ill

124. ,6€, rikos, *the evil accomplish-

ment, 'i. e. ' the evil manner of our death.

'

128-146 = . 93-110, and in r. 139 sqq. Peneloi^e tells the

story of the web in almost the same words.

129., here the warp, the threads of which were said, the loom being, like all ancient looms, upright. Cf.

Ovid. Met. 4, 275, 'radio stantis percurrens stamina telae.^ Theepithet Xeirrov shows that some part of the fabric, not the loomitself, is meant.

135. €7€05. This word is most probably to be classed

A\dth ^, v\€yjs, as a derivative of^ (v. onv€ys, . 325). We should then translate, ' with far ex-

tended cares,' 'far-reaching' : whether the epithet means that

Death's care for his destined victims dates from far back in

point of time, or (as seems more likely) that his cares reach to

the ends of the earth.

140. kiriiv . .76. It seems impossible to correct withBekker to, against the overwhelming testimony of the MSS.For with opt. cf. . 222, "Os rb,Ly€L, ye ; and .208 ; . 227. It seems indeed to be the rule with Homer to

use tir-qv, not eTret, with the opt. after historic tenses in cases

where would have been used with the subj. after a primarytense.

147. €*, cf. . 182.

159. , demonstrative ;- , Ho know that it

was he ': cf. . 116, eXvai.

167. . . &•€. This is of course only a very natural con-jecture ; cf. 0. 1.

175. , (sc. Odysseus), object of, 'encouraginghim': €€€-6, sc. .

178 sq. Cf. . 1-16. Amphimedon in these few words recallsvividly his impressions of the fatal scene ; the commandingattitude of Odysseus ; his preparations, so meaningless to thesuitors, until they were explained by the shot Avhich struckdown their chief.€€ oio-TOvs, sc. , . 4.

179. Setvbv. Cf. . 608, of the ghost of Heracles.

1112 . [book

182. -^, our enemies.

193. . .. ^KpeTTj, €,, Eust.

We may then either take ] as a phrase like ,}, ^ By the aid of great good fortune didst thou gain thywife, ' or (better) we may translate * With great advantage (to

thyself),' etc. For the sense of cf. T. 242, Zei^s

re re ; and the use of, , 329,apeTq. epya.

194. |. There is such good MSS. authority for read-

ing here as in 1. 198, and 11. 197, 198 are so awkwardand un-Homeric, that we might reasonably suspect the wholefoUomng passage, 11. 195-198, as an interpolation. The general

sense Avould certainly run better if we could read withoutbreak :

—

^ apa €y\]} &koltlv'

? ayadal 9} ],^pya ,..

The interpolated passage seems to have been constructed on aprinciple of antithesis quite foreign to the Homeric style. Thus, 1. 200, is balanced by ed . .£, the ye by the of1. 198.

198. Join €-• . . €€| '(a song) to delight

Penelope,' i.e. in her praise.

199. . Cf. . 427, ^tl '^ ?€ 7]€$^.

201. , . on . 125.

202 = . 434 ; . 422.

204. €-€, dual, with a plural subst., as frequently.

205. ot , Odysseus and his party ; the narrative is hereresumed from the last book.

207. KT€aTio-o-€v appears to mean here ^ made a possession,'* settled, ' since 6yev can hardly refer to

anything but the labour bestowed on the cultivation of theland. The rocky soil of Ithaca would require much labourbefore it could be called ' a possession ' at all.

208. kXCo-iov, a word of uncertain meaning, most probably =

XXIV.] NOTES. 113

* a lean-to ' (conn, with), running round the actual house.

is a €^ for the Attic word (Dem. Cor. 40,

etc.) is^ taberna,

210. ,€$, bondmen. These would probably be

captives taken in war, and reduced to slavery, as opposed to

native serfs, drjres, the amount of whose services would be

limited by custom.

215.- . . 6s ns -TOS, in apposition to helirvov,

224. .$ XcJovtcs. Cf. . 359,$ XeycLv. The/ are the stones used to

make the = 'a dry wall.'

225., sc. Dolius.

229. ^paiTTvs, scratches; a verbal subst. from ^, like

ravvaTvSf , 112.

231, €5 €|. In p. 489 the phrase irevOos ^ is

evidently used of 'fostering,' or 'cherishing one's grief,' and so

we must take it here. Laertes is supposed to cherish his sorrowby wearing an appropriately wretched dress.

235. €.€. . <•. . . . k^epioiro, a combination of the

two constructions of^ ; with inf. , to hesitate aboutdoing a thing ; and with -^ . . -^ . . , to hesitate between twoalternatives.

238.^^ . .•€' corresponds exactly to' eineiv

above.

240. €.^. Eust. on . 647 gives an interpretation of

this word which exactly suits the present passage ; '/cepro/xeti/,'

he says, * implies, not an insolent or abusive roughness of speech,

but a severity deterrent of falsehood.

'

242.€ = '. The word is not elsewhere usedin this simple sense.

245. € Toi ^€. It seems most natural to understand6 after, since this sentence corresponds to avrbv ae . .€ below. It is possible that the original text here was ed tol€ ( = f^, e, sc. the garden), as in . 154, 6s d^ei

for 6s F' &^€L, where the loss of the digamma has caused the loss

of a word in the text."

248. | . . ^v0€O. Cf. . 410, irarepas ^;I

114 . [book

Meo )^ and in Att. Greek, Ar. /. 870, , Zei;,

TTJs3. This exceptional construction is, however,very rare, and it must be observed that the aor. form 6 is theonly middle imperative of used in Homer.

251. €$, like^ . 284. Homer has only aepyoSy

?;, never the contracted forms apyosj apyia,

255. €€€ follows, *such an one as to sleep.'

259." €l €€ 7* . TTjvS' Uo^cGa, * If it is truly Ithaca, this

land we are come to'

; cf. 1. 55, akbs^ . . '.260., a graphic touch, giving an air of truth to

Odysseus' story.

261. <).<€, ' he had not the patience.*

262. cIttciv * -. There is no irporepov

here ; the man is supposed to have told Odysseus the bare fact

that the island was Ithaca, and to have gone off withoutwaiting for further questions ; €p€€ivov is ' I was going on to

ask.'

267. €€, sc., as frequently in Homer ; so . 55,

els/,272. €€)$. Curtius' etymology, connecting this w^ord

with Lat. dec-eOf dec-enter, gives the most appropriate sense,

'beseemingly,' 'fittingly.' In this case €'5 would be anAeolism for^ ().

276. airXdlSas, single, ix, too small to be folded double for

use.

286. . ., * for that is the right of him who hasmade the beginning,' i.e. in bestowing hospitality,

does not occur elsewhere in Homer ; the later usage of the wordoften suggests the idea of 'standing creditor,' which wouldexactly suit this passage.

289. € ^ •€, 'if indeed he ever was' (my son); i.e.

as we might say, if all that was not a dream. This * formuladesiderii exprimendi,' as Ernesti calls it, is tolerably frequent

in Homer : cf. . 180, where Helen says of Agamemnon,€$'$, ^.

299. . The common reading is, but Aristarchus insisted

XXIV.] NOTES. 115

on the restoration of here and in two other places—K. 408,

TTcDs ; and . 225. rts Sats, ris

o^CKos. In Attic Greek it is a colloquialism.

304.'—€9 ... These names, cleverly

improvised by Odysseus, though not intended to con^ey anydefinite meaning to Laertes, all are descriptive. Odysseus is

the Man of Strife {^pis) ; his father is the Munificent Son of

Sorrows, and he comes from the city of AVanderiiig (-;), or

perhaps of the Dead (€3),814. (€, a future, formed on the reduplicated stem

(like the pres., used also p. 358.

315. a)S —€5 = . 22 sqq.

316. €(- must here mean simply dark or foicly

though the blackness of soot is not very appropriately applied

to dust. It would suit better all the uses of aWaXoeLs if wemight take it to mean blazing or gleaming; then.

(. 239) would be the ' glfeaming roof-tree, ' lighted upby the flame of the fire, and aidaXbeLs kovls the * red ' or ' fire-

coloured dust,' with the additional idea perhaps of *liot,'

^ burning.

'

318. pivas . . ••'€, * And now through his nostrils

shot a sharp thrill of feeling. ' €3 is, generally speaking, thepassionate motive element in men, the absence of which Homernotes as the characteristic of the souls of the dead, a a.

321. K€tvos . .. Cf. on . 201.

324. <'€6€, sc. on account of the approaching con-

flict which Odysseus expected.

333., ' away from home.

'

334. 6 dv ,. Cf. M. 25, de ' dpa Zei>s ^vvexis,6 6 .336. €1 ' Hyi, . on 0. 217.

341. opxovs . . ••€, *Thus, too, didst thou appointme fifty vine-rows for a gift.' €, * in this way,' as 1 havementioned, i.e. airovvTos ^^.$ (€. is used of any kind of declara-

116 2. [book

tion (narrative, promise, etc.), in which particular names or

numbers are involved ; so her^ the meaning is ' you promisedme fifty specified vine-rows.'

342.9, * yielding successive vintages.' Cf. the de-

scription of Alcinous' vineyard, . 122 sqq.^ hda oi^^, Tijs 'irepov\ ei^l, erapas ' re rpvyouaLVf "AWas '' €"3, erepai '^,343. -^ . . '^-, * and there are found clusters of all kinds,*

i.e. from hard to ripe, , about, among the vines : cf. .562, iu ' yae^a ,^-

' \63 ' ^.344. oTTirOTe . . OVcpOev, * whenever the seasons of Zeus should

come mightily down from on high. ' lirtppicrciav, opt. in spite of

the preceding present ', on account of the generally historic

character of the whole speech.

351. pa ^T €<€, 0€oC, 'Ye do then still live, ye Gods.'

Cf. Stat. Silv. 1, 4, 1, Estis, to, Superi, neque inexorabile Clotho

Volvit opus.

371., V. on . 240.

377.. Nericus afterwards received the name of

Leucas, together with a colony from Corinth, prob. during the

tyranny of Periander, B.C. 625-585.

378. 7€, * a promontory of the mainland' ; Leu-

cadia was not originally an island, but was later separated fromthe mainland by a canal cut in the time of the Peloponnesian

war.

380. 6•[6 ajivvciv. The infinitive after at yapoccurs also, -. 313 ; the construction is perhaps best accounted

for by regarding al yap as = $ 6€\,

386. lircxeCpcov, an equivalent of the common phrase^

eTT* oveiad^ xeTpas.393. KaOaiTTOixevos. The sense of is well given

by our ' entreat ' in the older sense of the word (tractare) ; the

character of the address is indicated by the epithet of^) \$,, etc.

398. 8-€)$, a form of the genitive, not elseAvhere found;

XXIV.] NOTES. 117

the uncontracted form (with double ), ^?, occurs once,

. 491.

402. oiXc, hail, most prob. imperative of a verb,, whichstands in the same relation to \^, 6\os (v. on . 158), as

salveo to salvus,

410.€, * greeted'; the word is used by Homeronly in the two phrases 5et/c. and. The latter

seems to be the original use, meaning to * point at ' a man withthe cup, i.e. as a preliminary to drinking his health,

is used in the same way for ' to welcome,' as in I. 196.

413. ocrtra (FoKya^ Lat. -zjoc-are, etc.), the Homeric equivalent

of the later, a deov,

417. v4kvs = y^Kvas. € . ., * from the buildings * ; theuse of the pi. oTkol for the palace of Odysseus is remarkable, yet

this seems the natural meaning. There are traces of a readingoTkou, whence Laroche suggests oTkou , which wouldcertainly improve the sense.

419. 6-, here simply * seamen.

'

426. .6 ^, *a monstrous deed' ; cf. on . 149.

431. , , on . 42. The epithet here may mean 'glorious,'

or possibly, as applied to the plain of Elis, it may have the

more primitive meaning of * sunny, '' open to the sky.

'

432. ^€, hereafter as heretofore.

439, Medon and Phemius, the minstrel, were left, at . 379,

sitting at the altar in the court, having been spared from the

slaughter.

447. TOT€ .€, i.e. . 205 ; ^ , . 297, where Athenabrandishes her aegis before the suitors.

452. 8 otos . . -, ' for he, beyond other men, sawthe future as the past.' For this use of oTos cf. the other passage

about Alitherses, . 158, 6 yap oXos

"Opvidas yviuvaL . He was alone, not in

knowing augury at all, but in knowing so much.-- -, forwards a7id backwards, i.e. one as

much as the other.

456. . •€€€, sc. in the council, in Book .

118 . [book

458. €^, as above, 1. 426.

464. * €, a parenthesis explaining/ nXeiovs. In the next sentence !/ refers to themajority.

472. There is something unsatisfactory in the introduction of

this conversation between Zeus and Athena. It seems at first

sight to be the beginning of the end ; and the return to thedoings of Odysseus and his friends is wearisome and unneces-sary. The whole passage, 11. 489-545, with its feeble incidents,

its reminiscences of the Iliad, and its many strange phrases,

may well be an interpolation.

483. - ,€5, a regular Homeric phrase for

concluding a solemn agreement ; op/cta are strictly the victimsslain on the occasion ; as Eust. explains them, iu opKots, dpve hvo olvov. Cf. the Lat. phrase ferire foedus^

which in like manner implies a sacrifice.

489. oi €, sc. Odysseus and his friends.

497. T€cro"ap€S *<, *four on Odysseus' side,* i.e.

the original party that had been engaged in the massacre of the

suitors—Odysseus, Telemachus, and the two herdsmen.

499. , * fighters in time of need'

; as wesay, ' at a pinch.'

506. €* . . 7€vos, ' Telemachus, this wilt thou already

know, now that thou hast come thyself into the battle wherethe bravest are approved, not to dishonour thy forefathers' race.'

is to be taken with : it is Telemachus' iii^tjpersonal

experience of a battlefield.

511. * lirl, ' in my present mood'

; the same phraseoccurs 7. 99.

514. Tis € €. Edd. quote Cic. apud Quintilian,

9, 4 ; Pro clii immortales^ quis hie illuxit dies.

527.-- is explained as 'having two points,' a point

at each end ; i.e. the actual point, and the, the spike

at the butt end, used for sticking the spear into the ground.

It may, however, be doubted whether the would bebracketed in this way with the real point of the spear ; the

epithet might well apply to the blade of the spear-point, pro-

jecting on both sides, and so said to have two * limbs ' {yma).

.] NOTES. 119

535. 0€ds 6ira-. is evidently intended to bea cognate accusative with, but the phrase seems to

be an inaccurate reminiscence of the expression in the Iliad,

eeds6, . 182, . 512, etc.

546. It would be well if we could continue with this line

directly from 1. 488. The last three lines seem to have a moregenuine ring about them than those immediately preceding.

It is natural that Athena in human shape should close theaction of the Odyssey, as she opens it in a. 95, with the visit to

Telemachus.

APPENDIX OF ADDITIONAL NOTES.

I.

On YXavKcoiris, . 1.

I have translated this word grave or 5oZ^m7i-eyed : some fur-

ther explanation seems to be required.

That the epithet signifies colour in Homer, no one, I suppose,

now believes, though it seems to have been the common viewamong the ancients at a comparatively late period that it did.

(Lucian. Deor. dial. 8, p. 226 ; 20, p. 262, etc.)

Yet this view can hardly ever have been entertained by the

learned : Hesychius does not even mention it ; his interpreta-

tion of the word is s.v.•^—

yXavKQiTLS. ev ^'6\3, €6\$.The Etymologicon MagnuTti will illustrate Hesychius ; the

following interpretations are given :

—

(1. ) yXav,.(2.) '\$ 5 Coiras {8 ro^s-).(3.) ykaiaceLV tols6$, 6 awaideiv.

(4. ) yXavKa.^ 6 ,(5. ) 6povs,^.(6. ) , ^^^^ * e^ ;^, 6pveov,

From these instances it would appear that the word^had the meaning of * glaring' or 'staring'; and this is quiteborne out by the later meaning of yXavKb^ as an epithet ofcolour : a word originally signifying * glittering ' or ' sparkling

'

could hardly ever have come to mean *grey.' It is interestingin this connection to note Apollonius Rhodius' use of^•-ceLv of the grey light of the dawn—Arg. 2, 1280,

^^ctos ' ovpavbdev '$€ ^ '.

11.

On.-ۥ, 0. 71.

It is difficult entirely to set aside the positive assertion of theancient commentators that3 here = ^racris. That at least

must have been the traditional interpretation. It is, perhaps,worth while to suggest that$ may be in this passage adialectic variation for3 = 6$.

For oWos we have an exact parallel in \j/oWos = ados, sl

word found in the lexica, as i.q, yj/6Xos.

122 APPENDIX.

III.

On the meaning of 8io'i<rT€v€iv '€€€,(.My note on irpJjT'qs GTeCkeLrjs, . 422, implies the adoption in

substance of A. Goebel's explanation of this difficult matter^which has been also accepted by Mr. Merry in his small edition

of Od. xiii. -xxiv. It may still be doubted whether Goebel hasfinally settled the question, though his solution seems certainly

more satisfactory than any other yet suggested.

The old explanation,—according to which the axe-heads wereranged in a row, with their blades in the ground, so that thearcher might shoot through the holes into which the hafts werefitted,—survives only by sheer force of tradition in the face ofsuch objections as it is open to. For

—

(1.) The archer would have to lie flat on the ground in orderto bring his aim to the level of the holes : whereas Odysseusshoots avrbdev tK ^.

(2. ) gt€l\€L7) is in this case supposed to mean the hole throughwhich the arrow was to pass. What, then, is the meaning of€€ in . 421 ? If we translate, as we naturally

should, ' he did not miss the first hole of all the axes,' this is

obviously not what the poet intends : we have then to take theAvords to mean ' from the first hole onwards, '

' a genitive, ' as

Fasi calls it, ' of the point of starting,' which is very question-

able Greek.

(3.) The hafts of the axes must have been strangely un-wieldy, if the holes into which they were fitted were large

enough to allow an arrow to pass through twelve of them in

succession.

(4.) Homer speaks not of axe-heads, but of axes, as may beseen from the description of the way in which they were placed.

To proceed then to Goebel's explanation :^

It is first necessary to consider the lines r. 572 sqq,, wherePenelope describes the exercise with additional detail

:

vvv yap aeOXov

TreXe/ceay, Kelvos evl eoiuLV

e^eirjs dpvoxovs ? iravras

'

aTOLs ' oye avevde6.It is on the suggestion contained in the words63

that Goebel bases his explanation.

1 Lexilogus zu Homer und den HomerideTif vol. i. pp. 448 sqq. s. v.

ireXeKvs.

APPENDIX. 123

The are the props used to form a cradle for a ship onshore ; a shnilar cradle would be formed by a row of axes of

the shape represented in Fig. 1, standing one behind the other.

The feat then to be performed by the archer is to shoot fromend to end of this cradle, through the series of bays formed bythe blades of the axe projecting on each side beyond the top

of the handle.

Further, Goebel asserts that, according to the analogy of, , dpeiravov, and the like, the

meaning of areCkeLT] cannot be different from that of',but that both words equally mean the handle of the axe : then

will b6 * the end of the handle ' (like ,the edge of the rim, etc.), and Odysseus' skill was shown in

just grazing without touching each handle-end in the wholerow.

In confirmation of his view of the meaning of-, Goebelquotes Ap. Rh. iv. 957, opObs 3tpeiaas "H^at^ros, where there is no doubt about themeaning of. of course =, just as

appears to be the late form of CTeCkeLbv.^

The objection to this explanation is that the form of axeimagined by Goebel is of too recent a date : so far as we know,

—

e.g. from Dr. Schliemann's discoveries at Mycenae,—the axe ofthe heroic age was of the shape represented in Fig. 2. Suchaxes might indeed be ranged in a row, so as to have the appear-ance of, but they present no opening through which anarcher could be said to shoot.

Mr. A. Lang ^ suggests that the axes may have been of theform represented in Fig. 3. Such an axe figures on one of themetopes of Selinus (Benndorf, Metopen von Selinunt, etc., pi.

vii.)

An axe of this kind would certainly be easy to shoot through

;

but then, what is to be made of the words aTeCKeLTJs ?

Here, at least, in taking- as =, Goebel seemsto have made a real discovery ; and axes of the shape whichhe suggests will serve us provisionally to form our picture of

the scene described in Book xxi.

1 In Anthol. vi. 205, in an epigram of Leonidas of Tarentum, is mentioned

€'6€.€$ ou/ros, /as 69, \$.2 In Appendix on this passage to the Translation of the Odyssey by

Messrs. Butcher and Lang.

124 APPENDIX.

Fig».

(a^

Fig.2. Fig.3.

IV.

On . 304.

' €V ircSio) €€ €.It may perhaps be considered somewhat harsh and un-Homeric

to take^ by itself, as I have taken it, in my note on this

passage, to bear the whole weight of a simile. I would nowsuggest that the words ev should be joined closely

together ;* They then are scattered abroad, cowering in fear

—

clouds in the plain.^ As for the use of, the word is

no doubt used transitively in some passages, as T. 426, ' hv

€TL W\ovs ^^. But it maybe doubted whether any one would use in the sense of

cowering in fear from any object that was not likely to pursue;

and the birds here were certainly in no danger of pursuit either

from snares or the clouds of heaven. Nor can we well take

to mean the clouds of pursuing birds of prey; for (1) if

this were the meaning it would surely be explained more fully bya poet who delights in detail, and (2) the description would notbe true to nature—a fatal objection when Homer is in question.

The truth is that the ancient commentators, when they offered

as alternatives for explaining either ?, Trayidas, or

rbv , , supposed the word to follow,

not, but 'ievrai. For (not) was their

reading, which they took to be from, a middle form of

/, so that they interpreted either * cowering in fear theywent into the snares,' or 'in terror they made for the open sky.*

But the existence of this word i'e/^at is not now admitted.

INDEX TO THE NOTES.

^. . 91^ . 5.

&aos. . 70.

ya'eaL. . 224.^^'. . 64.

ayavbs. . 58.

dyeadaL {yvvoLKo). , 214, 322.

ayiveLv. . 198.

ayvoaaaK€. . 95.

ayxLarlvoL. . 118.

abivos. . 326.

^(9. 0. 4, 64, 117.

ac^eLv {^). . 231.

aepyly], . 251.. . 302.

adpbos. . 76.?. . 302.

\$. . 165.. . 239, . 316., . 224.

aiVi/s. . 28.. . 40.. . 10.

a/cew;'. 0. 89.

a/c^i/. 0. 239.

6$. . 191.. , 284.. . 9.. . 189.^. . 81.. . 442, . 145, . 80.

yvos. . 527.

avayKOLOL ^. . 210 ; -. . 499.. . 117.. . 423.

/. ;/'. 93.

avia^eLv. . 87.^. . 74.. . 240.

aPTLCLu. . 56.. . 87.. . 119.

}^. . 97.

aTrXotSes /at. . 276.'. . 99.€€$. . 55.€. . 193.

^. . 208.. . 283.

dairerov oddas. . 269.

€\$. . 13.. . 146.. . 312.$. . 167.. 0. 369.

/05. . 18.

>09, of 1st pers. in oblique

cases, 0. 249., . 347•

7€. ^.14./3oos€. . 364.

rXa-uKCu-ms. 0. 1, Appendix i.

y\v€s. 0. 419.

ypawTUs. . 229.

. . 299.'. . 16.

, demonstrative. 0. 8.

126 INDEX.. . 410.^. . 342.3, . 12.$. . 99.^^. . 342.. . 314«

os. . 42, 80 ; . 431.. . 428.

\€$. . 325.. . 494.

*^yKoviov<raii. . 291.

d ' dye. . 217.€{). , 81, 151,€, . 7.

atAcej (/30es). . 292.. . 272.. . 121.

^^€0-/77• 0• 20.

€^^€. . 250.{). . 263.. 0. 25.. . 186, . 75.. . 15.

67?7/, with opt. . 140.

€3. . 306., distributive, . 125, . 201.. . 141.

eirLKKoiros. . 397.. . 271.. . 308.

e>os. 0. 238, . 469, /'. 190.. . 69.', . 9.

erei e'j. 0. 208.

erepaKKrjs. . 236.

ei5 {€$). . 157.

ew77. /^. 180.

eLos. . 55.. . 85.. . 130.

"Exeros. 0. 308.. . 429.

Zevs '€$. . 335.

-. //. 134.^. . 197.

0€^(xds(). . 296., . 6.. . 397.

(90X09. . 442.6$. . 145.

^i^pa^e. 0. 422.

€8. . 85.

iepos. . 81 ; iep^ i's. 0. 101.

iyuas. . 46, V'.201.

iV/cei/. . 31.

laros. . 129.-. . 1.. . 393.

davaros. . 462.

Ka/cotXto;'. /^. 19.

/car ai5^t, /car, . 55.. . 242.€€3. . 434.

^/ (=:^'). 0. 395.. . 240.

/c^Sos, /CT^Seii/. 0. 153 ; //. 9, 306.

3. . 6, 42, 241.. . 208.63. . 137, \^. 194.

/cO/xt;. . 195.. . 46, 138.$. . 77.

/coupt'^. . 188.

Kovporepos. . 310.3. . 46.

^/?. . 1.

€£|. 0. 13.. . 126.

Aeu/cas. . 11.

65 (65). ^. 199.

X-QyeiVj trans, . 63.

fc, obliterated by elision, . 245. 6(€. . 113.

INDEX. 127

yaov. . 494, 497.

yas. . 149, 408 ; . 458.. . 12.

3. . 318.6, *3. Appendix .. . 54.. . 60,. . 71, Appen-dix .. . 111.3. . 146.

N€(A€cr(rav. . 147, /'. 213.

yeXemSes. . 418.. . 304, Appendix iv.

^$. . 377.

z'o^Tos5. ^'. 68.

". 0. 61.

^^. . 269.?, gen. . 398.

clos. . 452.. . 106.

oXoXiif-eti/. . 408.. . 231.. . 209.. . 341.

^. . 535.

oTTts. 0. 28.

opKLa. . 482.. . 126.

/)5. 0. 16.. . 413.

o6s. . 127.. . 402.

\6€/. . 97.

oSXos. . 158, . 118.

IlaXivTOVos. . 11.. . 121.. . 16.?. ^^. 191.

ireipaiveLv, . 175.

Treipap. . 33.

7reXe/ci;s, Appendix iii.7€. . 343.

. . 233.. , 53.. . 243.

Trept /c^pi. ^. 339., . 78.. . 84., . 368.

TTTf/os, . 235.

77;?. //. 120.

^?. 0. 419.

7rXaTi)s 'EXXTyaTTot'Tos. . 82.

ifkayKTos. . 363.

7\\$. . 19.\$. . 376.. . 230.

7'$. . 97.$. 0. 35., . 196.

TrpcDros. 0. 412, . 250.. . 304, Appendix iv.

€9. . 143.

. 0. 51.

'?. 0. 137, . 174,

Setp^i^es. /'. 326.. . 188.. . 427, 450., . 3, 10.. . 209.

'^. . 119.. . 178.

€\€. . 4:21 i Appendix iii.

€\03. . 150.

€5. . 135.. . 112.

tAos. . 124.

?;?. . 330.. . 287.

TT^XeTTuXos. \^. 318.

Tis, ironical, . 67.

ToTos. . 282.. , 198.

TpLTTUa. , 278.

128 INDEX.

*•€. . 286.. . 3.

v^€pLa\s. . 285.,,. 428, . 85.. . 290.. . 62.

€. . 246.^. . 330.

^. . 121 ; /'. 75, 260,, , 195.. . 294.€. . 132., \poWos. Appendix .

'2€. . 11.

THE END.

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