Строительство №11 2019izvuzstr.sibstrin.ru/uploads/publications/7c9bf... · êóìåíòàõ: ÑÏ 16.13330.2017 «ÑÍèÏ ii-23–81* Ñòàëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè»,

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ï.À. Àááàñîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÄÂÔÓ, ÂëàäèâîñòîêÂ.Í. Àçàðîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, ÂîëãîãðàäÀ.À. Àôàíàñüåâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÓ ÌÃÑÓ, ÌîñêâàÌ.È. Áàëüçàííèêîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÃÝÓ, ÑàìàðàÀ.À. Âîëêîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÓ ÌÃÑÓ, ÌîñêâàÂ.À. Âîðîáüåâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÌÀÄÃÒÓ (ÌÀÄÈ), ÌîñêâàÂ.Ã. Ãàãàðèí, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈÈÑÔ, ÌîñêâàÌ.À.î. Ãàäæèåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÀÓÀÑ, Áàêó, ÀçåðáàéäæàíÓ. Ãàéñáàóýð, ä-ð – èíæ., Èíñòèòóò àýðîãàçîäèíàìèêè, Óíèâåðñèòåò Øòóòãàðòà, ÃåðìàíèÿÂ.Â. Äåãòÿðåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ÍîâîñèáèðñêÉ. Äåñïîòîâè÷, PhD, ïðîô., Óíèâåðñèòåò Áåëãðàäà, ÑåðáèÿÂ.Ò. Åðîôååâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÈ ÌîðäÃÓ èì. Í.Ï. Îãàðåâà, ÑàðàíñêÃ.Â. Åñàóëîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð àðõèòåêòóðû, ïðîô., ÌÀÐÕÈ, ÌîñêâàÂ.È. Æàäàíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÎÃÓ, ÎðåíáóðãÌ. Èâåòè÷, PhD, ïðîô., Óíèâåðñèòåò Áåëãðàäà, ÑåðáèÿÂ.À. Èãíàòüåâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, ÂîëãîãðàäÀ.Ì. Êàðàóëîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÃÓÏÑ, ÍîâîñèáèðñêÂ.È. Êîë÷óíîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÞÇÃÓ, ÊóðñêÂ.È. Êîñòèí, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. (çàìåñòèòåëü ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ÍîâîñèáèðñêÃ.Á. Ëåáåäåâ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö. (çàìåñòèòåëü ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ÍîâîñèáèðñêÏ. Ëèáëàíã, ä-ð, ïðîô., Âûñøàÿ òåõíè÷åñêàÿ øêîëà, Óíèâåðñèòåò ïðèêëàäíûõ íàóê, Ê¸ëüí, ÃåðìàíèÿË.Ñ. Ëÿõîâè÷, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÒÃÀÑÓ, ÒîìñêÂ.Ì. Ìèòàñîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ÍîâîñèáèðñêÂ.È. Ìîðîçîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-ÏåòåðáóðãÆ.Ñ. Íóãóæèíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÊàçÌÈÐÐ, Êàðàãàíäà, ÊàçàõñòàíÞ.Ï. Ïàíèáðàòîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð ýêîí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-ÏåòåðáóðãÀ.È. Ïîëèùóê, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÊóáÃÀÓ, ÊðàñíîäàðÃ.È. Ïóñòîâåòîâ, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð àðõèòåêòóðû, ïðîô., ÍÃÓÀÄÈ, ÍîâîñèáèðñêÍ.À. Ñàïðûêèíà, ïî÷. ÷ë. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð àðõèòåêòóðû, ïðîô., ÌÀÐÕÈ, ÌîñêâàÂ.Ã. Ñåáåøåâ, ïî÷. ÷ë. ÐÀÀÑÍ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. (ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð), ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí),ÍîâîñèáèðñêÞ.Ë. Ñêîëóáîâè÷, ÷ë.-êîð. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), ÍîâîñèáèðñêÈ.Ñ. Ñîáîëü, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÍÍÃÀÑÓ, Íèæíèé ÍîâãîðîäÞ.À. Ôåîôàíîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÑÏáÃÀÑÓ, Ñàíêò-ÏåòåðáóðãÉ.Â. Õó, PhD, ïðîô., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò ã. Èí÷õîí, Ðåñïóáëèêà ÊîðåÿÍ.À. Öâåòêîâ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÒÃÀÑÓ, ÒîìñêÅ.Ì. ×åðíûøîâ, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, ÂîðîíåæÂ.Ð. ×óïèí, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô., ÈÍÈÒÓ, ÈðêóòñêÅ.×. Øèí, PhD, ïðîô., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò ã. Èí÷õîí, Ðåñïóáëèêà ÊîðåÿÌ.Â. Øèòèêîâà, ä-ð ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê, ïðîô., ÂÃÒÓ, Âîðîíåæ

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Ó È ç ä à ò å ë ü ÍÃÀÑÓ (Ñèáñòðèí), 2019

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÍÀÓÊÈÈ ÂÛÑØÅÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÔ

ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÀßÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß ÑÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÞ

ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß

ÈÇÂÅÑÒÈß ÂÛÑØÈÕÓ×ÅÁÍÛÕ ÇÀÂÅÄÅÍÈÉ

Íàó÷íî-òåîðåòè÷åñêèé æóðíàëÈçäàåòñÿ ñ ìàðòà 1958 ã.

Âûõîäèò îäèí ðàç â ìåñÿö

¹ 11 (731)Íîÿáðü 2019 ã.

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ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÈ, ÇÄÀÍÈß È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈß.ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß È ÔÓÍÄÀÌÅÍÒÛÊóçíåöîâ Ä.Í., Ñàçûêèí Â.Ã. Íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîå ñîñòîÿíèåñòàëüíîãî äâóòàâðà â ñîñòàâå êîìáèíèðîâàííîé áàëêè. × à ñ ò ü 1 ..................... 5

ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ È ÈÇÄÅËÈßÐàõèìáàåâ Ø.Ì., Òîëûïèíà Í.Ì. Âëèÿíèå ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ÿâëåíèéíà ïðîöåññû òâåðäåíèÿ è êîððîçèè öåìåíòíûõ ñèñòåì ...................................... 17Âëàñîâ Â.À., Ñêðèïíèêîâà Í.Ê., Øåõîâöîâ Â.Â., Ñåìåíîâûõ Ì.À., Âîëîêè-òèí Î.Ã., Âîëîêèòèí Ã.Ã. Îñîáåííîñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðàâ óñëîâèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû ............................................................... 24Àáäðàõèìîâ Â.Ç. Âëèÿíèå ïîëåâîøïàòîâîãî êîíöåíòðàòà íà ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâïëèòêè äëÿ ïîëîâ íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ öâåòíîé ìåòàëëóðãèè ............................... 33

ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÆÈÇÍÅÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈßÍÀÑÅËÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÅÑÒ, ÇÄÀÍÈÉ È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈÉ.ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀÃóëåâñêèé Â.À., Îñèïîâ Å.Í. Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ è ïðîòèâî-òî÷íûõ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé âîçäóõà è èõ âëèÿíèå íà òåïëî-âîé áàëàíñ òðàíñôîðìàòîðíûõ ïîäñòàíöèé ìåòðîïîëèòåíà ............................... 43Êðèâîøåèí À.Ä., Ïàíàñþê Ì.Ä., Öâåòàåâ Ï.Ñ. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäî-âàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåì åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè íà ìîäåëè çäàíèÿ ........ 52Õàëòóðèíà Ò.È., Òðåòüÿêîâ Ñ.Ã., Âîéòîâ Å.Ë., ×óðáàêîâà Î.Â. Ñîâìåñòíîåýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîå îáåçâðåæèâàíèå ìàñëîýìóëüñèîííûõ è õðîìñîäåðæà-ùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî çàâîäà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àñèììåòðè÷íîãîòîêà ............................................................................................................................. 63

ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÌÅÒÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÐÀÇÄÅËÆåëäàêîâ Ä.Þ. Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ êèíåòèêè ïðîöåññà õèìè÷åñêîé êîððî-çèè ìàòåðèàëîâ êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè ......................................................................... 74Èãíàòüåâ À.Â., Áî÷êîâ Ì.È., Êóðî÷êèíà È.Â. Ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç ýôôåê-òèâíîñòè íåêîòîðûõ àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñèñòåì ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìè ñâÿçÿìè 87Îðóçáàåâà Ã.Ò. Ýâîëþöèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ó äðåâíèõ êûðãûçîâ .... 99

ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß×åðíûøîâ Å.Ì. Ðåöåíçèÿ íà ìîíîãðàôèþ «Ïëàçìåííûå òåõíîëîãèè ñîçäàíèÿè îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ» ............................................................... 107

EDITORIAL BOARD

P.A. Abbasov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Vladivostok, RussiaV.N. Azarov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Volgograd, RussiaA.A. Afanas’yev, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow, RussiaM.I. Bal’zannikov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Samara, RussiaA.A. Volkov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow, RussiaV.A. Vorob’yov, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow, RussiaV.G. Gagarin, Corr. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Moscow, RussiaM.A.o. Hajiyev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Baku, AzerbaijanU. Gaisbauer, Dr. – Ing., Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik, Universität Stuttgart, GermanyV.V. Degtyarev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk, RussiaJ. Despotoviæ, PhD, Prof., University of Belgrad, SerbiaV.T. Erofeev, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saransk, RussiaG.V. Esaulov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Architecture), Prof., Moscow, RussiaV.I. Zhadanov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Orenburg, RussiaM. Ivetiæ, PhD, Prof., University of Belgrad, SerbiaV.A. Ignat’ev, DSc (Eng), Prof., Volgograd, RussiaA.M. Karaulov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk, RussiaV.I. Kolchunov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Kursk, RussiaV.I. Kostin, DSc (Eng), Prof. (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk, RussiaG.B. Lebedev, PhD, Ass. Prof. (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk, RussiaP. Lieblang, Dr., Prof., Technische Hochschule, Köln, GermanyL.S. Lyakhovich, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Tomsk, RussiaV.M. Mitasov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk, RussiaV.I. Morozov, Cor. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saint-Petersburg, RussiaZh.S. Nuguzhinov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Karaganda, KazakhstanYu.P. Panibratov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Econ), Prof., Saint-Petersburg, RussiaA.I. Polishchuk, DSc (Eng), Prof., Krasnodar, RussiaG.I. Pustovetov, Cor. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Architecture), Prof., Novosibirsk, RussiaN.A. Saprykina, Hon. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Architecture), Prof., Moscow, RussiaV.G. Sebeshev, Hon. Mem. RAACS, PhD, Prof. (Editor-in-Chief), Novosibirsk, RussiaYu.L. Skolubovich, Cor. Mem. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Novosibirsk, RussiaI.S. Sobol’, DSc (Eng), Prof., Nizhniy Novgorod, RussiaYu.A. Feofanov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Saint-Petersburg, RussiaJong Wan Hu, PhD, Prof., Incheon National University, Republic of KoreaN.A. Tsvetkov, DSc (Eng), Prof., Tomsk, RussiaYe.M. Chernyshov, Acad. RAACS, DSc (Eng), Prof., Voronezh, RussiaV.R. Chupin, DSc (Eng), Prof., Irkutsk, RussiaEun Chul Shin, PhD, Prof., Incheon National University, Republic of KoreaM.V. Shitikova, DSc (Eng), Prof., Voronezh, Russia

Responsible secretary N.V. Bitkina

The editorial office’s address: 113 Leningradskaya St. Novosibirsk 630008 Russia;Phone number +7 (383) 266 28 59; www.izvuzstr.sibstrin.ru; E-mail: [email protected]

No. 11 (731)November 2019

THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHEREDUCATION OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC ORGANIZATION�ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATIONALCIVIL ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS�

NEWS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONS

Scientific-theoretical journalPublished since March 1958

Monthly

C O N T E N T S

BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.BASES AND FOUNDATIONSKuznetsov D.N., Sazykin V.G. Stress-strain state of steel i-beam composed in acombined beam. P a r t 1 ............................................................................................. 5

BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTSRakhimbaev Sh.M., Tolypina N.M. Effect of electro-surface phenomena onprocesses hardening and corrosion of cement systems ............................................. 17Vlasov V.A., Skripnikova N.K., Shekhovtsov V.V., Semenovykh M.A.,Volokitin O.G., Volokitin G.G. Features of formation of cement clinker, inconditions of thermal plasma ..................................................................................... 24Abdrakhimov V.Z. Influence of feldspar concentrate on phase composition of floortiles based on non-ferrous metallurgy wastes ........................................................... 33

LIFE MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING SYSTEMSOF THE INHABITED LOCALITIES, BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF CONSTRUCTIONGulevskiy V.A., Osipov E.N. Comparative evaluation of direct-flow andcounter-flow indirect evaporative air coolers and their effect on thermal the balancetransformer substations underground ......................................................................... 43Krivoshein A.D., Panasyuk M.D., Tsvetaev P.S. Experimental studies of thestability of natural ventilation systems on a building model .................................... 52Khalturina T.I., Tret’yakov S.G., Voytov E.L., Churbakova O.V.Electrocoagulation neutralization of joint oil-emulsion and chromium-containingwastewater of metallurgical plant using asymmetric current ................................... 63

SECTION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGYZheldakov D.Yu. Methods of investigation of kinetics of chemical corrosion processof materials of masonry............................................................................................... 74Ignat’ev A.V., Bochkov M.I., Kurochkina I.V. Comparative analysis of efficiencyof some algorithms of calculation of systems with uniliteral constraints ................ 87Oruzbaeva G.T. Evolution of the building materials in ancient Kyrgyzstan ......... 99

SCIENTIFICALLY TECHNICAL INFORMATIONChernyshov E.M. Review of the monograph «Plasma technologies for creation andprocessing of building materials» .............................................................................. 107

ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÈ,ÇÄÀÍÈß È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈß.ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß È ÔÓÍÄÀÌÅÍÒÛ

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Ä.Í. ÊÓÇÍÅÖÎÂ, Â.Ã. ÑÀÇÛÊÈÍ

ÍÀÏÐßÆÅÍÍÎ-ÄÅÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÅ ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅÑÒÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÄÂÓÒÀÂÐÀÂ ÑÎÑÒÀÂÅ ÊÎÌÁÈÍÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÉ ÁÀËÊÈ

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Ñòàòüÿ âêëþ÷àåò òðè ÷àñòè: ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå, íàòóðíûå èñïûòàíèÿ, êîíå÷íî-ýëåìåíò-íûé àíàëèç, â êîòîðûõ ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ îñîáåííîñòè ñèëîâîé ðàáîòû ñòàëüíîãî äâó-òàâðà â ñîñòàâå êîìáèíèðîâàííîé áàëêè. Â ïåðâîé ÷àñòè ïðèâåäåí ïðèìåð ïðîåêòè-ðîâàíèÿ ñêëàäñêîãî êîðïóñà â äâóõ óðîâíÿõ ñ îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 3000 ì2. Âåðõíèéýòàæ ïîêðûâàåòñÿ ñåðèéíûìè ðàìíûìè êîíñòðóêöèÿìè ïåðåìåííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ òèïà«Âåíòàëë» ïðîëåòîì 30 ì, ñ øàãîì ðàì 9 ì. Ðàñïîð ðàìíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ïåðåäàí íàñòàëüíûå äâóòàâðû â ñîñòàâå êîìáèíèðîâàííûõ áàëîê. Ñòàëüíûå äâóòàâðîâûå áàëêèïåðåêðûòèÿ è æåëåçîáåòîííàÿ ïëèòà ñ âóòàìè îáúåäèíåíû â êîìáèíèðîâàííûå áàëêèñ ïîìîùüþ íàêëîííûõ ãèáêèõ âíóòðåííèõ ñâÿçåé â âèäå ïåòåëü÷àòûõ ýëåìåíòîâ èçàðìàòóðíîé ñòàëè. Â ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå íàãðóçêè ïåðåäàíû÷åðåç ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå êîíñòðóêöèè, â êðàéíèõ îñÿõ ïëèòà ôèêñèðóåòñÿ âåðòè-êàëüíûìè ñâÿçåâûìè ýëåìåíòàìè, óñòàíîâëåííûìè ìåæäó ñòîëá÷àòûìè ôóíäàìåí-òàìè. Ïðè ýòîì ñâÿçåâûå ýëåìåíòû ïî ðÿäîâûì êîîðäèíàöèîííûì îñÿì íå óñòàíîâ-ëåíû. Ïðåäëîæåíà êîíñòðóêöèÿ êàðêàñà «ðàìíî-ïëèòíî-ñâÿçåâîãî» òèïà ñ ïåðåäà÷åéãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ íàãðóçîê ÷åðåç ìàññèâ ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòû. Ìàòåðèàëûäàííîé ðàáîòû ìîãóò áûòü ïîëåçíû èññëåäîâàòåëÿì â îáëàñòè ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûõêîíñòðóêöèé è äåéñòâóþùèì ïðîåêòèðîâùèêàì.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ñòàëüíàÿ áàëêà, êîìáèíèðîâàííàÿ áàëêà, íàïðÿæåíèÿ â äâó-òàâðå, ïåðåäà÷à ðàñïîðà, ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå êîíñòðóêöèè, ñòàëüíîé êàðêàñ, íåñó-ùèå ýëåìåíòû êàðêàñà, ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ñêëàäà, ïîëåçíàÿ íàãðóçêà.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-5-16

Ââåäåíèå. Ìåòàëë è áåòîí ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè êîíñòðóêöèîííûìèìàòåðèàëàìè äëÿ ìàññîâîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé ðàçëè÷íîãîíàçíà÷åíèÿ. Äàííûå ìàòåðèàëû èìåþò èçâåñòíûå ïðåèìóùåñòâà [1–3], íî îá-ëàäàþò è ðÿäîì íåäîñòàòêîâ. Îáúåäèíåíèå â ñîâìåñòíóþ ðàáîòó ñòàëüíûõè æåëåçîáåòîííûõ íåñóùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ïîçâîëÿåò íèâåëèðîâàòü íåäîñòàò-êè è óñèëèòü ïðåèìóùåñòâà ôèçè÷åñêèõ, ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ è ñòðóêòóðíûõñâîéñòâ óêàçàííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ [4, 5]. Îäíàêî äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ñòàëü

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ISSN 0536–1052. Èçâåñòèÿ âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2019. ¹ 11

ã Êóçíåöîâ Ä.Í., Ñàçûêèí Â.Ã., 2019

è æåëåçîáåòîí èìåëè òîëüêî îòäåëüíûå íîðìèðîâàííûå ìåòîäèêè ðàñ÷åòàíåñóùèõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, óêàçàííûå â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ äî-êóìåíòàõ: ÑÏ 16.13330.2017 «ÑÍèÏ II-23–81* Ñòàëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè»,ÑÏ 63.13330.2012 «ÑÍèÏ 52-01–2003 Áåòîííûå è æåëåçîáåòîííûå êîíñòðóê-öèè». Ìîæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî øêîëû èññëåäîâàíèÿ è ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ìåòàëëè-÷åñêèõ è æåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé òàêæå ðàçëè÷íû. Íà ïðîòÿæåíèèïîñëåäíåãî äåñÿòèëåòèÿ áûëè ïîñòðîåíû óíèêàëüíûå, çíàêîâûå îáúåêòû,õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü òåõíè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíîéîòðàñëè â ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè: «Ëàõòà Öåíòð» [6] â ã. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã,êîìïëåêñ âûñîòíûõ çäàíèé «Ôåäåðàöèÿ» â ã. Ìîñêâà, ìîñò ÷åðåç Êåð÷åí-ñêèé ïðîëèâ (Êðûìñêèé ìîñò) è äð. Ïîñòðîåíû îáúåêòû ñïîðòèâíîé èíôðà-ñòðóêòóðû äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ êðóïíåéøèõ ñîðåâíîâàíèé ìèðîâîãî ìàñøòàáà:XXVII Âñåìèðíàÿ ëåòíÿÿ Óíèâåðñèàäà 2013, Çèìíèå Îëèìïèéñêèå èãðû2014, ×åìïèîíàò ìèðà ïî ôóòáîëó 2018. Ïàðàëëåëüíî ðåàëèçóþòñÿ êðóïíûåýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå ïðîåêòû, â êîòîðûõ îäíîìó èç àâòîðîâ ïðåäñòàâèëàñü ÷åñòüó÷àñòâîâàòü: Íîâîâîðîíåæñêàÿ ÀÝÑ-2, Êóðñêàÿ ÀÝÑ. Âåðîÿòíî, îïûò ðåàëè-çàöèè óíèêàëüíûõ ïðîåêòîâ è/èëè ïðåäøåñòâóþùèå íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëü-ñêèå ðàáîòû îò÷àñòè ïîñëóæèëè îñíîâîé è ïðè÷èíîé äëÿ îáíîâëåíèÿ íîð-ìàòèâíîé áàçû â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå [7]. Â 2017 ã. âûøåë â ñâåò ñâîä ïðàâèëÑÏ 266.1325800.2016 «Êîíñòðóêöèè ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå. Ïðàâèëà ïðîåê-òèðîâàíèÿ», à óæå â 2018 ã. óñèëèÿìè êîëëåêòèâà èíñòèòóòà ÀÎ «ÍÈÖ«Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî» ðàçðàáîòàíî ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèþ ñòàëåæåëåçî-áåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ÑÒÎ ÀÐÑÑ 11251254.001-018-4. Óêàçàííûå äîêóìåí-òû ââåäåíû âïåðâûå. Íî â ðåãèîíàõ ÑÏ 266.1325800.2016 íå íàõîäèò øèðî-êîé ïðàêòèêè ïðèìåíåíèÿ. Äëÿ áîëåå ãëóáîêîé ðåàëèçàöèè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãîè êîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà îáúåäèíåíèÿ ðàçíîìîäóëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâíåîáõîäèìî ìàññîâîå ïðèìåíåíèå ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé âñòðîèòåëüñòâå. Ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, øèðîêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñòàëåæåëåçîáå-òîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé íà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ñòðîéêàõ âîçìîæíî äîñòèãíóòü òåõíî-ëîãè÷åñêîé ïðîñòîòîé êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ðåøåíèé è îòñóòñòâèåì äîïîëíèòåëü-íûõ ìàòåðèàëüíûõ âëîæåíèé íà ñòàäèè ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòîâ, ââèäó îãðàíè-÷åííîñòè áþäæåòîâ ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ñòðîåê. Èìåííî òàêèå êîíñòðóêòèâíûåðåøåíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â äàííîé ðàáîòå, ïðè÷åì îíè áûëè ðåàëèçîâàíû äîâûõîäà â ñâåò ÑÏ 266.1325800.2016.

Òåîðèÿ ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ. Â 2008 ã. ïðîåêòíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ÎÎÎ «Ñîçè-äàòåëü» çàêëþ÷èëà äîãîâîð ñ ÎÎÎ «Ñïåêòð-Ïëþñ» íà ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå çäà-íèÿ ñêëàäà õîçÿéñòâåííî-áûòîâûõ òîâàðîâ â ã. Âîðîíåæ, óë. Âîëãîãðàäñêàÿ, 32(â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî äåéñòâóþùèé ñêëàä ¹ 9). Àâòîðû äàííîé ñòàòüè ðà-áîòàëè êîíñòðóêòîðàìè â óêàçàííîé ìàëîé ïðîåêòíîé îðãàíèçàöèè. Çàêàç÷èêçàêóïèë ñòàëüíûå ðàìíûå êîíñòðóêöèè ñèñòåìû «Âåíòàëë» (âîøëè â ñîñòàâRuukki Construction) ïðîëåòîì 30 ì, âûñîòîé 10,8 ì. Øàã ðàìíûõ êîíñòðóê-öèé 9 ì. Äëèíà çäàíèÿ ñêëàäà 50 ì. Ñêëàäñêîé êîðïóñ äîëæåí èìåòü íèæíèéöîêîëüíûé ýòàæ ñ âûñîòîé îò óðîâíÿ ïîëà äî íåñóùèõ áàëîê 3 ì (ðèñ. 1) äëÿõðàíåíèÿ íåãàáàðèòíûõ ãðóçîâ. Íà âåðõíåì ýòàæå (ðèñ. 2) íà ïëèòå ïåðåêðû-òèÿ óñòðîåíû ñòåëëàæè ñ øåñòüþ óðîâíÿìè (âêëþ÷àÿ óðîâåíü ÷èñòîãî ïîëà)äëÿ õðàíåíèÿ òîâàðîâ. Ñõåìà ñòåëëàæíûõ ñèñòåì ïðèêëàäûâàëàñü ê òåõíè÷å-ñêîìó çàäàíèþ. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ íàãðóçêà íà êàæäûé óðîâåíü ñòåëëàæà 2 êÍ, îáùàÿðàñ÷åòíàÿ íàãðóçêà 12 êÍ íà îäèí êâàäðàòíûé ìåòð. Â ïðîëåòàõ ìåæäó ñòåë-

Ä.Í. Êóçíåöîâ, Â.Ã. Ñàçûêèí

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ëàæàìè ïåðåìåùåíèå ãðóçîâ îñóùåñòâëÿþò âûñîòíûå ðè÷òðàêè ñ ãðóçîïîäú-åìíîñòüþ 8,5 êÍ è âûñîòîé ïîäúåìà ãðóçîâ 8 ì. Ìåæäó ýòàæàìè ãðóçû ïåðå-ìåùàþò ñòàöèîíàðíûå ïîäúåìíèêè íîæíè÷íîãî òèïà. Íà íèæíèé ýòàæ ïðå-äóñìîòðåí âúåçäíîé ïàíäóñ äëÿ çàåçäà ðè÷òðàêîâ.

Îãðàæäàþùèìè êîíñòðóêöèÿìè öîêîëüíîãî ýòàæà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ôóíäàìåíò-íûå áëîêè ÔÁÑ 24.4.6-Ò. Îãðàæäàþùèå êîíñòðóêöèè ïåðâîãî ýòàæà –ñýíäâè÷ ïàíåëè «Âåíòàëë». Ñêëàäñêîé êîðïóñ ïðîåêòèðîâàëñÿ êàê íåîòàïëè-âàåìûé, îäíàêî â ìîìåíò íàïèñàíèÿ äàííîé ñòàòüè íà äâóõ óðîâíÿõ ñêëàä-ñêèõ ïëîùàäåé ðàáîòàëè îðãàíèçîâàííûå ñèñòåìû îòîïëåíèÿ.

Ãëàâíîé çàäà÷åé ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè áûëî óñòðîéñòâî ýôôåêòèâíîãîñ êîíñòðóêòèâíîé è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òî÷åê çðåíèÿ íåñóùåãî ïåðåêðûòèÿ, íàêîòîðîå ïðèêëàäûâàåòñÿ ïîëåçíàÿ íàãðóçêà. Ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå ðàçáèòü ïðî-ëåò 30 ì íà òðè ïðîëåòà ïî 10 ì è çàïðîåêòèðîâàòü ðàìíûå êîíñòðóêöèè ñ øà-ãîì 4,5 ì. Êðàéíèå ãëàâíûå áàëêè ðàì èìåþò øàðíèðíîå îïèðàíèå íà ôóíäà-ìåíòû è æåñòêî çàùåìëåíû ñ êîëîííàìè, ñðåäíèå ãëàâíûå áàëêè èìåþò æåñò-êîå çàùåìëåíèå ïî äâóì ñðåäíèì ñòîéêàì. Â ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ðàìûîáúåäèíåíû ñèñòåìîé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ áàëîê, ïðèìûêàþùèõ øàðíèðíî ê

Íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñòàëüíîãî äâóòàâðà...

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Ðèñ. 1. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðàçðåç öîêîëüíîãî ýòàæà ñêëàäà

Ðèñ. 2. Îáùèé âèä êàðêàñà ïåðâîãî ýòàæà ñêëàäà: ïðîëåò 30 ì, øàãðàì 9 ì (ôîòîôèêñàöèÿ ñäåëàíà àâòîðàìè 02.09.2008 ã.)

ãëàâíûì ñ øàãîì 3,3 è 3,4 ì. Ñå÷åíèÿ, íàçíà÷åííûå ïî ðàñ÷åòó â ðåçóëüòàòåñðàâíåíèÿ âàðèàíòîâ ñîâìåñòíîé è ðàçäåëüíîé ðàáîòû æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëè-òû è ñòàëüíûõ áàëîê ïî ÑÒÎ ÀÑ×Ì 20-93*: ãëàâíûå áàëêè – äâóòàâðû 40Ø2(50Ø2), âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå áàëêè – äâóòàâðû 25Á1 (35Á1), êîëîííû – 30Ê1.Â ñêîáêàõ óêàçàíû òðåáóåìûå ïðîôèëè äëÿ âàðèàíòà áåç ó÷åòà ñîâìåñòíîéðàáîòû. Â ïðîåêòå ïðèíÿò âàðèàíò ñ ó÷åòîì ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòû ïëèòû èñòàëüíîãî êàðêàñà. Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé êàðêàñ âûïîëíåí èç ñòàëè Ñ245. Ïî âåðõ-íåé ïîëêå íåñóùèõ ñòàëüíûõ äâóòàâðîâ, ñîãëàñíî ïðîåêòó, óñòðîåíî ìîíî-ëèòíîå æåëåçîáåòîííîå ïåðåêðûòèå: áåòîí Â25, F100, W4, òîëùèíà ïëèòû160 ìì (áåç ó÷åòà âóòîâ), âûñîòà âóòîâ ïëèòû â îïîðíûõ ìåñòàõ 50 ìì. Ïëè-òà ðàçáèòà ïî äëèíå çäàíèÿ íà òðè ó÷àñòêà – êàðòû. Æåëåçîáåòîííàÿ ïëèòàèìååò äâå ïëîñêîñòè àðìèðîâàíèÿ: íèæíÿÿ – Æ14 A400 (À-III), øàã 150 ìì;âåðõíÿÿ – Æ12 A400 (À-III), øàã 200 ìì c çàùèòíûì ñëîåì ïî 20 ìì (ðèñ. 3).Â âåðõíåé ïëîñêîñòè ïëèòû íàä îãîëîâêàìè êîëîíí óñòðîåíî äîïîëíèòåëü-íîå ëîêàëüíîå è ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîå ëîêàëüíîå àðìèðîâàíèå. Âàæíî îòìåòèòü,÷òî âóòû îòäåëüíî íå àðìèðîâàëèñü, äàííîå ðåøåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíñòðóêòèâ-íîé îøèáêîé àâòîðîâ (ðèñ. 3). Âî âòîðîé è òðåòüåé ÷àñòÿõ ðàáîòû áóäåò ïîêà-çàíî, ÷òî ìàññèâ áåòîíà âóòîâ ðàñïîëîæåí â ñëîÿõ ïîíèæåííûõ çíà÷åíèéíîðìàëüíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé â ñå÷åíèè êîìáèíèðîâàííîé áàëêè è âèçóàëüíûéîñìîòð ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 17.10.2019 ã. íàëè÷èÿ òðåùèí íå âûÿâèë.

Äëÿ ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòû ñòàëüíûõ áàëîê è ïëèòû ïåðåêðûòèÿ ê äâóòàâðàìïðèâàðåíû ïåòåëü÷àòûå ñâÿçåâûå ýëåìåíòû èç àðìàòóðíîé ñòàëè A-300 (À-II)äèàìåòðîì 12 ìì, ïîä óãëîì 35° ê ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè, ñ øàãîì 300 ìì(ðèñ. 4, 5). Ïåòåëü÷àòûå ñâÿçè óñòàíîâëåíû íà âåðõíèõ ïîëêàõ ãëàâíûõ èâñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ñòàëüíûõ áàëîê. Íàêëîííûå ïåòåëü÷àòûå ýëåìåíòû èç àð-ìàòóðíîé ñòàëè ðàññ÷èòûâàþò èñõîäÿ èç ðàáîòû óïîðà íà ðàñòÿæåíèå è èçãèáàíêåðíîãî ñòåðæíÿ â áåòîííîì ìàññèâå [8, 9]. Ïåòåëü÷àòûå ýëåìåíòû èç àðìà-òóðíîé ñòàëè ïðîñòû â èçãîòîâëåíèè è óñòðîéñòâå. Áîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå èäîðîãèå ñòåðæíåâûå óïîðû (ñòàä-áîëòû) ïðèâàðèâàþòñÿ ê ïîëêå äâóòàâðàñïåöèàëüíûì ñâàðî÷íûì îáîðóäîâàíèåì, íî ñâàðíîé øîâ êðåïëåíèÿñòàä-áîëòà çíà÷èòåëüíî ïðîèãðûâàåò øâàì êðåïëåíèÿ ïåòåëü÷àòûõ ýëåìåí-


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Ðèñ. 3. Ïîïåðå÷íîå ñå÷åíèå êîìáèíèðîâàííîé áàëêè

òîâ ïî ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì. Íàêëîííûå ãèáêèå ñâÿçåâûå ýëå-ìåíòû, ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðîâ, èìåþò ïðåèìóùåñòâî â ðàáîòå áåòîíà êîìáèíè-ðîâàííîé áàëêè â ðàñòÿíóòîé çîíå ïî íàêëîííûì ñå÷åíèÿì. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îò-ìå÷åííûå äîñòîèíñòâà, ïåòåëü÷àòûå ýëåìåíòû óñòóïàþò ñòàä-áîëòàì ïîîáúåìàì ïðèìåíåíèÿ íà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ.

Ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè â 2008 ã. íîðìàòèâíàÿ ìåòîäèêà ðàñ÷åòà ñòàëåæå-ëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé îòñóòñòâîâàëà. Ðàñ÷åò ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííîãîïåðåêðûòèÿ ñêëàäà âûïîëíÿëñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè ìàòåðèàëîâ: ÑÒÎ 0047–2005«Ïåðåêðûòèÿ ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå ñ ìîíîëèòíîé ïëèòîé ïî ñòàëüíîìó ïðî-


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Ðèñ. 4. Óñòðîéñòâî ãèáêèõ ñâÿçåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïåòåëü÷àòîãî âèäà ïîáàëêàì ïåðåêðûòèÿ (ôîòîôèêñàöèÿ ñäåëàíà àâòîðàìè 13.10. 2008 ã.)

Ðèñ. 5. Óñòðîéñòâî îïàëóáêè (ôîòîôèêñàöèÿ ñäåëàíà àâòîðàìè25.10. 2008 ã.)

ôèëèðîâàííîìó íàñòèëó» (2005 ã.), ÐÑÍ 64–88 «Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ñòàëåæåëå-çîáåòîííûõ ïåðåêðûòèé ïðîìûøëåííûõ çäàíèé» (1988 ã.), «Ðåêîìåíäàöèèïî ïðèìåíåíèþ ìîíîëèòíûõ æåëåçîáåòîííûõ ïåðåêðûòèé ñî ñòàëüíûì ïðî-ôèëèðîâàííûì íàñòèëîì» (1987 ã.) [10–12] è äðóãèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ. Âíóòðåí-íèå ñèëîâûå ôàêòîðû îïðåäåëåíû ïî ðàñ÷åòó êîíå÷íî-ýëåìåíòíîé ìîäåëè,ðåàëèçîâàííîé â âû÷èñëèòåëüíîì êîìïëåêñå SCAD Office. Æåëåçîáåòîííàÿïëèòà ñìîäåëèðîâàíà èç ïðÿìîóãîëüíûõ êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (ÊÝ) îáîëî÷êè,à ñòàëüíûå áàëêè è êîëîííû èç ñòåðæíåâûõ ÊÝ. Â ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõåìå îáîëî÷å÷-íûå ÊÝ (ñ íóëåâîé ãàóññîâîé êðèâèçíîé) è ñòåðæíåâûå ÊÝ èìåëè æåñòêèåâñòàâêè äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ óñëîâèé ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòû. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà íîñè-ëà ìíîæåñòâî óïðîùåíèé è íå ïîëíîñòüþ îòðàæàëà ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ðàáîòóêîìáèíèðîâàííîé áàëêè. Ðàñ÷åòó çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå ñëîæíîé è òî÷íîé êî-íå÷íî-ýëåìåíòíîé ìîäåëè ïîñâÿùåíà òðåòüÿ ÷àñòü äàííîé ðàáîòû, ïîýòîìóïîäðîáíîñòè ðàñ÷åòà â ïåðâîé è âòîðîé ÷àñòÿõ ðàáîòû íå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ.

Ñòàëüíûå íåñóùèå ðàìû ïåðåìåííîãî ïî âûñîòå ñå÷åíèÿ ïåðåäàþò ãîðè-çîíòàëüíóþ ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ îïîðíîé ðåàêöèè, ñîãëàñíî ïðîåêòó «Âåíòàëë»ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ðåàêöèè 215 êH. Ïî ñåðèéíîìó ðåøåíèþ ðàñïîð ïå-ðåäàåòñÿ íà çàêëàäíóþ äåòàëü â ìàññèâå áåòîíà ôóíäàìåíòà. Â äàííîì ïðîåê-òå áûëî ïðèíÿòî êîíñòðóêòèâíîå ðåøåíèå ïåðåäàòü ãîðèçîíòàëüíóþ ñîñòàâ-ëÿþùóþ îïîðíîé ðåàêöèè íà âåðõíèé ïîÿñ ãëàâíûõ áàëîê [13], ÷åðåç ñòàëü-íîé ëèñò – òîëùèíîé 16 ìì, ñòàëü C255 (ðèñ. 6). Óêàçàííîå êîíñòðóêòèâíîåðåøåíèå ðåàëèçîâàíî òîëüêî äëÿ ãëàâíûõ áàëîê, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â îäíèõ êî-îðäèíàöèîííûõ îñÿõ ñ ðàìàìè «Âåíòàëë». Øàã ñòàëüíûõ ðàìíûõ êîíñòðóê-öèé 9 ì, à øàã äâóòàâðîâûõ ãëàâíûõ áàëîê 4,5 ì. Ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ýôôåêò ïå-ðåäà÷è ðàñïîðà íà ñòàëüíûå áàëêè ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòàìè íàòóðíûõèñïûòàíèé, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ âî âòîðîé ÷àñòè äàííîé ðàáîòû.

Ïîëîæèòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå ðàñïîðà íà ñèëîâóþ ðàáîòó ãëàâíîé áàëêè çà-êëþ÷àåòñÿ â íàïðÿæåíèÿõ îáðàòíîãî çíàêà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê èçãèáíûì, ïåðå-äàþùèõñÿ â óðîâíå âåðõíåãî ïîÿñà. Ðàñïîð óìåíüøàåò ïåðåìåùåíèÿ â âåðòè-êàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè. Ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì íàãðóçêè âàæíîñòü ïîëåçíîãî âëèÿíèÿðàñïîðà äëÿ ñèñòåìû áóäåò òîëüêî âîçðàñòàòü. Ìîæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ìàññèâáåòîíà ìîíîëèòíîé æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòû îêàéìëÿåò ñòâîë ñòîéêè ðàìû ïå-ðåìåííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ, òåì ñàìûì çàáèðàÿ ÷àñòü ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåéîïîðíîé ðåàêöèè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà æåëåçîáåòîííóþ ïëèòó è â íåêîòîðîéñòåïåíè ðàçãðóæàåò ëèñòîâîé ýëåìåíò, ñîåäèíÿþùèé âåðõíèé ïîÿñ ñòàëüíîéáàëêè è îïîðíóþ ïëèòó óçëà áàçû ñòîéêè ðàìû ïåðåìåííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ.

Åùå îäíà êîíñòðóêòèâíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî îáúåêòà – îò-ñóòñòâèå âåðòèêàëüíûõ ñâÿçåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ìåæäó êîëîííàìè ïî ðÿäîâûìîñÿì â ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè êàðêàñà. Ñòàëüíûå ñâÿçåâûå ýëåìåíòû ïðå-äóñìîòðåíû òîëüêî â êðàéíèõ êîîðäèíàöèîííûõ îñÿõ «À» è «Å» è óñòàíîâëå-íû ìåæäó æåëåçîáåòîííûìè ñòîëá÷àòûìè ôóíäàìåíòàìè â óðîâíå öîêîëüíî-ãî ýòàæà ñêëàäà, â îäíèõ ïàíåëÿõ ñî ñâÿçåâûìè ýëåìåíòàìè êàðêàñà ðàì ïåðå-ìåííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëó÷åíî ñâîáîäíîå âíóòðåííåå ïðîñòðàíñòâîè ýêîíîìèÿ íà ìàòåðèàëàõ äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ ÷åòûðåõ ñâÿçåé, åñëè èõ ïðåäó-ñìîòðåòü â îäíèõ îñÿõ ñ ðàìàìè «Âåíòàëë» (ðèñ. 7). Ïðèíÿòîå êîíñòðóêòèâ-íîå ðåøåíèå ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì áëàãîäàðÿ ïåðåäà÷è ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé òîðöåâîéíàãðóçêè ñî ñòàëüíîé áàëî÷íîé êëåòêè íà òåëî æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòû ÷åðåçïåòåëü÷àòûå ñâÿçåâûå ýëåìåíòû. Æåëåçîáåòîííàÿ ïëèòà íå ïîëó÷àåò ãîðèçîí-


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òàëüíûõ ïåðåìåùåíèé áëàãîäàðÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé íåèçìåíÿåìîñòè âåðòè-êàëüíûõ ñâÿçåé ìåæäó ñòîëá÷àòûìè ôóíäàìåíòàìè, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûìè ïîêðàéíèì êîîðäèíàöèîííûì îñÿì. Ìàññèâ ïëèòû èç ïëîñêîñòè ðàì ñîçäàåòïðÿìîóãîëüíûé êîíòóð ñ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè áîëüøîãî ïî-ðÿäêà ïî âåëè÷èíå. Òàêîé òèï ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííîãî êàðêàñà ìîæíî íàçâàòü«ðàìíî-ïëèòíî-ñâÿçåâûì». Ðàñïîð, ïåðåäàííûé íà ãëàâíûå áàëêè, òàêæåñäåðæèâàåò âîçìîæíûå äåôîðìàöèè ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííîé êîíñòðóêöèè. Äå-ôîðìàöèè âîçìîæíû òîëüêî çà ñ÷åò íåçíà÷èòåëüíîãî âçàèìíîãî ñäâèãà ñòàëü-íîé è æåëåçîáåòîííîé ÷àñòåé êîíñòðóêöèè èç-çà ãèáêèõ óïîðîâ. Íî ñîâîêóï-íîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãèáêèõ ïåòåëü÷àòûõ óïîðîâ âåëèêî, à âîçìîæíàÿ âåëè÷èíàñèë ñäâèãà ìàëà. Ê òîìó æå, âîçìîæíûé ñäâèã ñêîðåå òåîðåòè÷åñêèé, òàê êàêåãî ìîãóò âûçâàòü òîëüêî ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå ñèëû áîëüøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ (îñîáûåíàãðóçêè), ïðèêëàäûâàåìûå ê òîðöó öîêîëüíîãî ýòàæà. Íî íóæíî îòìåòèòü,


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Ðèñ. 6. Îïîðíûé óçåë êðàéíåé áàëêè (óçåë ïåðåäà÷è ðàñïîðà)

÷òî íàëè÷èå îïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà æåñòêèõ óïîðîâ ïðè ïðåäëàãàåìîìòèïå êàðêàñà íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü.

Âûâîäû. 1. Êîíñòðóêòèâíîå ðåøåíèå ïî îáúåäèíåíèþ â ñîâìåñòíóþ ðà-áîòó ýëåìåíòîâ áàëî÷íîé êëåòêè è ìîíîëèòíîé æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòû ïî-çâîëèëî íà ïðèìåðå ðàññìîòðåííîãî ñêëàäà ïîëó÷èòü ýêîíîìèþ ìåòàëëà [14]áîëåå 12 ò, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ âàðèàíòîì êîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ðåøåíèÿ áåç ñîâìåñò-íîé ðàáîòû ïëèòû è ñòàëüíûõ áàëîê.

2. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì 11 ëåò ýêñïëóàòàöèè ñêëàäñêîãî êîðïóñà íà ïðîåêòíûåè çàïðîåêòíûå íàãðóçêè ïî âèçóàëüíîìó îñìîòðó, âûïîëíåííîìó17.10.2019 ã. (ðèñ. 8), íåñóùèå ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå êîíñòðóêöèè ïåðåêðû-


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Ðèñ. 7. Îáùèé âèä êàðêàñà öîêîëüíîãî ýòàæà (ôîòîôèêñàöèÿñäåëàíà àâòîðàìè 13.10.2008 ã.)

Ðèñ. 8. Îáùèé âèä êàðêàñà öîêîëüíîãî ýòàæà (ôîòîôèêñàöèÿñäåëàíà àâòîðàìè 17.10.2019 ã.)

òèÿ íàõîäÿòñÿ â íîðìàòèâíîì òåõíè÷åñêîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà ïðà-âèëüíîñòü êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ðåøåíèé, ïðèíÿòûõ àâòîðàìè.

3. Îáúåäèíåíèå â ñîâìåñòíóþ ðàáîòó ñòàëüíûõ è æåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñò-ðóêöèé çà ñ÷åò óñòðîéñòâà íàêëîííûõ ïåòåëü÷àòûõ ñâÿçåé èç àðìàòóðíîé ñòà-ëè ïîçâîëÿåò â ïðîäîëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ïåðåäàâàòü ãîðèçîíòàëüíûå íàãðóç-êè. Ïðåäëîæåíà ðåàëèçàöèÿ êàðêàñà «ðàìíî-ïëèòíî-ñâÿçåâîãî» òèïà, óêàçàí-íàÿ êîíñòðóêòèâíàÿ ñõåìà êàðêàñà ýôôåêòèâíî ðàáîòàåò áåç óñòðîéñòâàâåðòèêàëüíûõ ñâÿçåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ñòàëüíîì êàðêàñå ïî âíóòðåííèì êîîð-äèíàöèîííûì îñÿì.

ÎÒ ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÈ. Ïóáëèêàöèÿ ýòîé ñòàòüè (÷àñòü 1 â äàííîì íîìåðå æóð-íàëà è ÷àñòåé 2 è 3 â ïîñëåäóþùèõ íîìåðàõ) ñâÿçàíà ñ ñóùåñòâîâàíèåì ñåðü-åçíîé ïðîáëåìû îöåíêè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ôèçè÷åñêîãî èëè âèðòó-àëüíîãî (ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî è êîìïüþòåðíîãî) ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ðåàëüíîìó ïî-âåäåíèþ ñîîðóæåíèé è êîíñòðóêöèé. Ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü îáóñëîâëåíûíåñîâåðøåíñòâîì ïðèíÿòîé äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ìîäåëè, íàïðèìåð, íåó÷åòîì íåêîòî-ðûõ ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà äåéñòâèòåëüíóþ ðàáîòó êîíñòðóêöèè (â ÷àñòíî-ñòè, âîçìîæíûìè íåñîâåðøåíñòâàìè è îòêëîíåíèÿìè ñòðóêòóðíî-ãåîìåòðè-÷åñêîãî, òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà è äð.), à òàêæå îñîáåííîñòÿìè èçìåðè-òåëüíîé òåõíèêè è îáîðóäîâàíèÿ ïðè íàòóðíûõ èñïûòàíèÿõ.

Â ñòàòüå íà ïðèìåðå ðàñ÷åòà ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííîé êîíñòðóêöèè, â êîòî-ðîé ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ñîâìåñòíàÿ ðàáîòà æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòû è ñòàëüíîãî êàð-êàñà, îáíàðóæèâàþòñÿ è êîíñòàòèðóþòñÿ ðàñõîæäåíèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõè ðàñ÷åòíûõ äàííûõ. Èñ÷åðïûâàþùåãî îáúÿñíåíèÿ ïðè÷èí âûÿâëåííûõíåñîîòâåòñòâèé íå äàíî, ïîýòîìó ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíûì äàëü-íåéøåå íàòóðíîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ñ ó÷åòîì îñíîâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ âîçìîæíûõðàñõîæäåíèé, à òàêæå óòî÷íåíèå ðàñ÷åòíûõ ìîäåëåé, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî ÌÊÝ-àë-ãîðèòìàì.

Â öåëîì ïðîáëåìà ðàçâèòèÿ íàó÷íî-ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîé áàçû ýêñïåðèìåí-òàëüíîãî è ðàñ÷åòíîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ îáúåêòîâ, ïî ìíåíèþðåäàêöèè, îñòàåòñÿ àêòóàëüíîé è çàñëóæèâàþùåé îòðàæåíèÿ â íàó÷íî-òåõíè-÷åñêèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ.

ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÈÑÎÊ

1. Î ä å ñ ñ ê è é Ï.Ä. Ñîâðåìåííûå ñòàëè äëÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ êîíñòðóê-öèé è âîïðîñû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè // Ñòàëü. 2018. ¹ 12. Ñ. 56–60.

2. × å ð í û ø î â Å.Ì., Ì à ê å å â À.È. Î ïðîáëåìå óïðàâëåíèÿ ðåöåïòóðíî-òåõíîëî-ãè÷åñêèìè ôàêòîðàìè ïîëó÷åíèÿ áåòîíîâ â çàäà÷àõ êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ è ñèíòåçà îï-òèìàëüíûõ èõ ñòðóêòóð // Academia. Àðõèòåêòóðà è ñòð-âî. 2018. ¹ 3. Ñ. 135–143.

3. Ê î ð î ò ê è õ Ä.Í., × å ð í û ø î â Å.Ì. Êðèòåðèàëüíàÿ îöåíêà êîíñòðóêöèîííîãîïîòåíöèàëà è òåõíèêî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ öåìåíòíûõáåòîíîâ // Òåõíîëîãèè áåòîíîâ. 2016. ¹ 1–2. Ñ. 49–52.

4. Ì à ð ò è ð î ñ ÿ í À.Ñ., Ò ð à â ó ø Â.È., Ê à ø å â à ð î â à Ã.Ã. Èññëåäîâàíèå âëèÿíèÿãåîìåòðèè æåñòêîé àðìàòóðû íà ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íàãðóçêè â ýëåìåíòàõ ñòàëåæåëåçî-áåòîííîé êîíñòðóêöèè // Âåñòí. Ïåðì. íàö. èññëåä. ïîëèòåõí. óí-òà. Ïðèêëàäíàÿýêîëîãèÿ. Óðáàíèñòèêà. 2017. ¹ 1(25). Ñ. 147–158.

5. Ò ð à â ó ø Â.È., Ê î í è í Ä.Â., Ê ð û ë î â À.Ñ., Ê à ï ð è å ë î â Ñ.Ñ., × è ë è í È.À.Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ðàáîòàþ-ùèõ íà èçãèá // Ñòð-âî è ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ. 2017. ¹ 4(72). Ñ. 63–71.


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6. È ë þ õ è í à Å.À., Ë à õ ì à í Ñ.È., Ì è ë ë å ð À.Á., Ò ð à â ó ø Â.È. Êîíñòðóêòèâ-íûå ðåøåíèÿ âûñîòíîãî çäàíèÿ «Ëàõòà Öåíòð» â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå // Academia.Àðõèòåêòóðà è ñòð-âî. 2019. ¹ 3. Ñ. 110–121.

7. Â å ä ÿ ê î â È.È., Ê î í è í Ä.Â., Å ð å ì å å â Ï.Ã. Ðàçðàáîòêà íîâîãî ñòàíäàðòà(ÃÎÑÒ Ð) äëÿ âûïóñêà äâóòàâðîâ ñ øèðîêèìè ïîëêàìè // Ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèà-ëû, îáîðóäîâàíèå, òåõíîëîãèè XXI âåêà. 2017. ¹ 3–4. Ñ. 40–43.

8. Ç à ì à ë è å â Ô.Ñ. Ê ðàñ÷åòó àíêåðíûõ ñâÿçåé ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûõ êîíñòðóê-öèé // Èçâ. ÊÃÀÑÓ. 2019. ¹ 3(49). Ñ. 87–94.

9. Ê î ç ë î â À.Â. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ êîíñòðóêöèé îáúåäèíåíèÿ æåëåçîáåòîííîé ïëèòûñî ñòàëüíûìè áàëêàìè // Ñòðîèò. ìåõàíèêà è êîíñòðóêöèè. 2019. ¹ 2. Ñ. 50–62.

10. Ø ó ë ë å ð Â. Êîíñòðóêöèè âûñîòíûõ çäàíèé. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1979. 248 ñ.11. Ò ð î è ö ê è é Ï.Í. Ïðîìûøëåííûå ýòàæåðêè. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1965. 171 ñ.12. Ñåðèÿ 3.503.9. Âûï. 2. Ïðîëåòíûå ñòðîåíèÿ ñòàëåæåëåçîáåòîííûå äëÿ àâòîäîðîæ-

íûõ ìîñòîâ ðàçðåçíûå è íåðàçðåçíûå ñ åçäîé ïîâåðõó ïðîëåòàìè â ñâåòó 40, 60è 80 ì ïîä ãàáàðèò Ã-8 â îáû÷íîì è ñåâåðíîì èñïîëíåíèè. Ðàáî÷èå ÷åðòåæè. Ëåí-ãèïðîòðàíñìîñò 01.01.85.

13. Ê ó ç í å ö î â Ä.Í., Ñ à ç û ê è í Â.Ã. Êîíñòðóêòèâíîå ðåøåíèå ïåðåäà÷è ðàñïîðàâ ðàìíûõ ñèñòåìàõ íà ïðèìåðå îáëåã÷åííîãî ìåòàëëè÷åñêîãî êàðêàñà òèïà «Âåí-òàëë» // Àêòóàëüíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé XXI âåêà: òåîðèÿ è ïðàê-òèêà. 2014. ¹ 4(÷. 3). Ñ. 47–51.

14. Ñ ê ë à ä í å â Í.Í. Îïòèìàëüíîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå êîíñòðóêöèé è ýêîíîìèÿ ìàòå-ðèàëüíûõ ðåñóðñîâ // Ñòðîèò. ìåõàíèêà è ðàñ÷åò ñîîðóæåíèé (Ïðèëîæåíèå ê æóð-íàëó). 1982. ¹ 6. Ñ. 17–21.

Êóçíåöîâ Äìèòðèé Íèêîëàåâè÷, ñò. ïðåïîä.; E-mail: [email protected]Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåòÑàçûêèí Âèòàëèé Ãåííàäüåâè÷, ñò. ïðåïîä.; E-mail: [email protected]Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò

Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè 16.10.2019

Kuznetsov Dmitriy Nikolaevich, Senior Lecturer; E-mail: [email protected] State Technical University, RussiaSazykin Vitaliy Gennadievich, Senior Lecturer; E-mail: [email protected] State Technical University, Russia

STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF STEEL I-BEAM COMPOSEDIN A COMBINED BEAM

Part 1

Presented the work of three part: design, full-scale experiments, finite-elemental analysis.This series of reports considers the features of the work power of a steel I-beam in thecomposition of the combined beam. In the first part is considered an example of a designedwarehouse building, at two levels with a total area of 3000 m2. The upper floor is coveredwith serial frame structures of the Venall-type variable section, a span of 30 m, with a framestep of 9 m. The spreader frame structure is transferred to steel I-beam as part of thecombined beams. Steel I-beams of floor beams and slab with haunched, are joined intoa combined beams with the help of inclined flexible internal connections, in the form oflooping elements of reinforcement steel. In the longitudinal direction horizontal loads aretransferred through steel-and-concrete structures, at the edged axis the slab is fixed byvertical binders installed between the piled foundations. At the same time, connectionelements along ordinary coordination axes have not been established. A proposed frame


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design of a «frame-plate-bonded» type, with horizontal loads transmitted through an arrayof steel-reinforced concrete slab. Materials of this work can be useful to researchers in thefield of steel and concrete and existing designers.

K e y w o r d s: steel beam, combined beam, voltage in I-beam, transfer of spreaders,steel-concrete structures, steel frame, bearing elements of the frame, warehouse design,payload.

REFERENCES

1. O d e s s k i y P.D. Sovremennyye stali dlya stroitel’nykh metallicheskikh konstruktsiyi voprosy ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti [Modern steel for building metal structuresand economic efficiency issues]. Stal’ [Steel]. 2018. No. 12. Ðp. 56–60. (in Russian)

2. C h e r n y s h o v E.M., M a k e e v A.I. O probleme upravleniya retsepturno-tekhnologicheskimi faktorami polucheniya betonov v zadachakh konstruirovaniya isinteza optimal’nykh ikh struktur [On the problem of control of prescription-technological factors of concrete production in the course of design and synthesis ofits optimal structure]. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo [Academy. Architectureand construction]. 2018. No. 3. Pp. 135–143. (in Russian)

3. K o r o t k i k h D.N., C h e r n y s h o v E.M. Kriterial’naya otsenka konstruktsionnogopotentsiala i tekhniko-ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti sovremennykh tsementnykhbetonov [Criteria evaluation of structural potential and technical and economicefficiency of modern cement concrete]. Tekhnologii betonov [Technologies of concrete].2016. No. 1–2. Pp. 49–52. (in Russian)

4. M a r t i r o s y a n A.S., T r a v u s h V.I., K a s h e v a r o v a G.G. Issledovaniye vliyaniyageometrii zhestkoy armatury na raspredeleniye nagruzki v elementakh stale-zhelezobetonnoy konstruktsii [Study of influence of the rigid reinforcement geometryon the load distribution in steel-concrete composite construction elements]. VestnikPermskogo natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta.Prikladnaya ekologiya. Urbanistika [News of the PNIPU. Applied ecology. Urbanistics].2017. No. 1(25). Pp. 147–158. (in Russian)

5. T r a v u s h V.I., K o n i n D.V., K r y l o v A.S., K a p r i e l o v S.S., C h i l i n I.A.Eksperimental’nyye issledovaniya stalezhelezobetonnykh konstruktsiy, rabo-tayushchikh na izgib [Experimental study of composite structures for bending elements].Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya [Building and reconstruction]. 2017. No. 4(72). Pp. 63–71.(in Russian)

6. I l y u k h i n a E.A., L a k h m a n S.I., M i l l e r A.B., T r a v u s h V.I. Konstruktivnyyeresheniya vysotnogo zdaniya «Lakhta Centr» v Sankt-Peterburge [Design solution ofthe high-rise building «Lakhta Center» in Saint-Petersburg]. Academia. Arkhitekturai stroitel’stvo [Academy. Architecture and construction]. 2019. No. 3. Pp. 110–121.(in Russian)

7. V e d y a k o v I.I., K o n i n D.V., E r e m e e v P.G. Razrabotka novogo standarta (GOSTR) dlya vypuska dvutavrov s shirokimi polkami [Development of the new standard(GOST P) for release of two-tauris with wide regiments]. Stroitel’nyye materialy,oborudovaniye, tekhnologii XXI veka [Construction materials, equipment, technologiesof the XXI century]. 2017. No. 3–4. Pp. 40–43. (in Russian)

8. Z a m a l i e v F.S. K raschetu ankernykh svyazey stalezhelezobetonnykh konstruktsiy[To the calculation of the anchor connections of steel-concrete structures]. IzvestiyaKGASU [News of the KSUAE]. 2019. No. 3(49) Pp. 87–94. (in Russian)

9. K o z l o v A.V. Klassifikatsiya konstruktsiy ob’’yedineniya zhelezobetonnoy plity sostal’nymi balkami [Classification of structures combining reinforced concrete slab withsteel beams]. Stroitel’naya mekhanika i konstruktsii [Structural mechanics andstructures]. 2019. No. 2. Pp. 50–62. (in Russian)


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10. S h u l l e r V. Konstruktsii vysotnykh zdaniy [High-rise building structures]. Moscow,Stroyizdat, 1979. 248 p. (in Russian)

11. T r o i t s k i y P.N. Promyshlennyye etazherki [Industrial whatnots]. Moscow,Stroyizdat, 1965. 171 p. (in Russian)

12. Seriya 3.503.9. Vypusk 2. Proletnyye stroyeniya stalezhelezobetonnyye dlyaavtodorozhnykh mostov razreznyye i nerazreznyye s ezdoy poverkhu proletami v svetu40, 60 i 80 m pod gabarit G-8 v obychnom i severnom ispolnenii. Rabochiye chertezhi[Span structures of steel-concrete for road bridges are split and non-cut with drivingsurface spans in light 40, 60 and 80 m under the size of G-8 in normal and northerndesign. Working drawings]. Lengiprotransmost 01.01.85. (in Russian)

13. K u z n e t s o v D.N., S a z y k i n V.G. Konstruktivnoye resheniye peredachi rasporav ramnykh sistemakh na primere oblegchennogo metallicheskogo karkasa tipa«Ventall» [Design solution of the thrust transmission in frame systems on the exampleof light metal frame of «Ventall» type]. Aktual’nyye napravleniya nauchnykhissledovaniy XXI veka: teoriya i praktika [Current directions of scientific researchof the XXI century: theory and practice]. 2014. No. 4 (part 3). Pp. 47–51. (in Russian)

14. S k l a d n e v N.N. Optimal’noye proyektirovaniye konstruktsiy i ekonomiyamaterial’nykh resursov [Optimal structural design and material savings]. Stroitel’nayamekhanika i raschet sooruzheniy [Structural mechanics and analysis of constructions].1982. No. 6. Pp. 17–21. (in Russian)


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ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ È ÈÇÄÅËÈß

ÓÄÊ 691.54:53

Ø.Ì. ÐÀÕÈÌÁÀÅÂ, Í.Ì. ÒÎËÛÏÈÍÀ

ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÏÎÂÅÐÕÍÎÑÒÍÛÕ ßÂËÅÍÈÉÍÀ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÛ ÒÂÅÐÄÅÍÈßÈ ÊÎÐÐÎÇÈÈ ÖÅÌÅÍÒÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ

Ðàññìîòðåíî âëèÿíèå ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ ãèäðàòíûõ ôàç öåìåíòíîé ìàò-ðèöû áåòîíîâ íà ïîëçó÷åñòü, àòìîñôåðî- è ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòü, êîððîçèþ âûùåëà÷èâà-íèÿ, ñòîéêîñòü ê ìàãíåçèàëüíîé àãðåññèè è äðóãèå ïðîöåññû òâåðäåíèÿ è êîððîçèèñòðîèòåëüíûõ èçäåëèé è êîíñòðóêöèé. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ýòè ïðîöåññû ìîæíî ðåãóëèðî-âàòü ïóòåì âàðüèðîâàíèÿ ìèíåðàëüíîãî ñîñòàâà öåìåíòà, äîáàâîê, çíàêà çàðÿäà ôóíê-öèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï ìîäèôèêàòîðîâ. Ðàññìîòðåí íîâûé âèä êîððîçèè, íå îïèñàííûéâ ëèòåðàòóðå ïî ñòðîèòåëüíûì ìàòåðèàëàì, íî èçâåñòíûé â íåôòÿíîé è ãàçîâîé ïðî-ìûøëåííîñòè. Îí çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå áîëåå 45–50 °Ñ öåìåíò-íûå ñèñòåìû â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ìåñÿöåâ òåðÿþò ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâàâïëîòü äî ïîëíîãî ðàññûïàíèÿ â ïîðîøîê. Ðàññìîòðåí ìåõàíèçì òåðìè÷åñêîé êîððî-çèè è ìåòîäû åå çàìåäëåíèÿ ïóòåì ââîäà àêòèâíûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê. Ïðåäëî-æåííàÿ àâòîðàìè êîíöåïöèÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ïîâûñèòü êà÷åñòâî è äîëãîâå÷íîñòü áåòîíîâãèäðàòàöèîííîãî òâåðäåíèÿ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: öåìåíòíûé êàìåíü, áåòîí, ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ,ãèäðîñèëèêàòû, êîððîçèÿ.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-17-23

Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ãèäðàòíûå ôàçû öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ è áåòîíà îáëàäàþò ðàç-ëè÷íûìè ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè [1–4]. Íàïðèìåð, ãèäðîñèëè-êàòû êàëüöèÿ îáëàäàþò äçåòà-ïîòåíöèàëîì ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûì çíàêîì, à ãèäðî-àëþìèíàòû êàëüöèÿ, ïîðòëàíäèò, ìîíîñóëüôîàëþìèíàò – ïîëîæèòåëüíûì.Ïðè ýòîì óäåëüíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü ãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ êàëüöèÿ íà 2–3 ïîðÿäêàáîëüøå, ÷åì ïîðòëàíäèòà è çàêðèñòàëëèçîâàííûõ ãèäðîàëþìèíàòíûõ ôàç.Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â öåìåíòíîì êàìíå ðÿäîâîãî ñîñòàâà è äðóãèõ âÿæóùèõ ýëåê-òðîêèíåòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë ñòåíîê êàïèëëÿðíûõ ïîð, à òàêæå ïîâåðõíîñòè÷àñòèö â îñíîâíîì èìååò îòðèöàòåëüíûé çíàê çàðÿäà, ò.å. ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñò-íûå ñâîéñòâà ñèëüíî ñìåùåíû â îòðèöàòåëüíóþ îáëàñòü.

Îäíî èç âàæíåéøèõ ñâîéñòâ áåòîíîâ, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿáîëüøåïðîëåòíûõ ìîñòîâ è ïóòåïðîâîäîâ, êðûòûõ ñòàäèîíîâ è ò.ï., – èõ ïîë-

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ã Ðàõèìáàåâ Ø.Ì., Òîëûïèíà Í.Ì., 2019

çó÷åñòü. Àâòîðû îòíîñÿò åå ê âíóòðåííåé êîððîçèè, îáóñëîâëåííîé ôèçè÷å-ñêèìè ÿâëåíèÿìè. Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ðîëü ïîëçó÷åñòè âîçðîñëà â ñâÿçè ñ øè-ðîêèì ïðèìåíåíèåì âûñîêîïðî÷íûõ áåòîíîâ ñ ïîâûøåííûì ñîäåðæàíèåìâÿæóùåé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé è ñ äîáàâêàìè ñóïåð- (ÑÏ) è ãèïåðïëàñòèôèêàòîðîâ(ÃÏ) àíèîííîãî òèïà. Îäíà èç ïðè÷èí ýòîãî ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî ñîâðåìåííûåâûñîêîïðî÷íûå áåòîíû îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïîâûøåííûì ðàñõîäîì öåìåíòà, ÷òîîáóñëîâëèâàåò èõ âûñîêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü. Îäíàêî çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøóþ ðîëüèãðàþò ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ â öåìåíòíîé ìàòðèöå áåòîíîâ. Ïðèäîáàâëåíèè àíèîííûõ ðàçæèæèòåëåé òèïà Ñ-3, Ìåëüìåíò, Ìåëüôëþêñ è ò.ä.ïðîèñõîäèò àäñîðáöèÿ ìîëåêóë îëèãîìåðíûõ ÏÀÂ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ãèäðî-àëþìèíàòíûõ ôàç è ïîðòëàíäèòà ñ áëîêèðîâêîé èõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ýëåêòðî-ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ çàðÿäîâ. Ýòî óñèëèâàåò äèñáàëàíñ ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõñâîéñòâ öåìåíòíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé áåòîíîâ è ñïîñîáñòâóåò çíà÷èòåëüíîìóóñèëåíèþ ïîëçó÷åñòè, õîòÿ ïîâûøåííàÿ ìàðêà áåòîíîâ ïî ïðî÷íîñòè ïðåïÿò-ñòâóåò ýòîìó. Îñíîâíîé ïóòü ñíèæåíèÿ ïîëçó÷åñòè òàêèõ áåòîíîâ – ïðèìåíå-íèå ìèíåðàëüíûõ äîáàâîê, èìåþùèõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûé äçåòà-ïîòåíöèàë, èñ-ïîëüçîâàíèå öåìåíòîâ ñ ïîâûøåííûì ñîäåðæàíèåì àëþìèíàòîâ è ïîíèæåí-íûì – ãèïñà, îãðàíè÷åíèå äîçèðîâêè ÑÏ, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êàòèîíàêòèâíûõè íåèîíîãåííûõ ïîíèçèòåëåé âÿçêîñòè áåòîííûõ ñìåñåé è ò.ï.

Îäèí èç âèäîâ ôèçè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè öåìåíòíûõ ñèñòåì, êîòîðàÿ íàáëþ-äàåòñÿ ïðè ïîâûøåííûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ â âîäíîé ñðåäå, – òåðìè÷åñêèé [5, 6].Ýòîò âèä êîððîçèè èññëåäîâàí ñïåöèàëèñòàìè ïî òàìïîíàæíûì öåìåíòàì,òàê êàê îí èãðàåò áîëüøóþ ðîëü â ñîõðàííîñòè öåìåíòíîãî êîëüöà ãëóáîêèõíåôòÿíûõ è ãàçîâûõ ñêâàæèí, ïðåäîòâðàùåíèè çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïîòåðü íåôòè èãàçà. Îäíàêî ñïåöèàëèñòû ïî ñòðîèòåëüíîìó ìàòåðèàëîâåäåíèþ íå óäåëÿþòýòîìó âîïðîñó äîëæíîãî âíèìàíèÿ. Çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî âèäà êîððîçèè îáóñëîâëå-íî òåì, ÷òî èçäåëèÿ èç áåòîíà è æåëåçîáåòîíà èíîãäà ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ âîçäåéñò-âèþ ãîðÿ÷åé âîäû ëèáî ïàðà íà êîììóíàëüíûõ îáúåêòàõ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îõëàæ-äåíèåì áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâ ãîðÿ÷åé âîäû, à òàêæå ñèñòåìîé òðàíñïîðòèðîâêèïîñëåäíåé. Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ òåðìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè, à òàêæå îáîñíîâàí-íûõ ìåòîäîâ áîðüáû ñ íåé äàíû â [5]. Äîáàâëåíèå ê âÿæóùåìó 30–40 % ìîëî-òîãî êâàðöåâîãî ïåñêà, êèñëûõ äîìåííûõ ãðàíóëèðîâàííûõ øëàêîâ è äðóãèõìàòåðèàëîâ ñ âûñîêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì êðåìíåêèñëîòû ïîçâîëÿåò çàìåäëèòüñêîðîñòü òåðìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè íà íåñêîëüêî ïîðÿäêîâ, ÷òî øèðîêî èñïîëü-çóåòñÿ â íåôòÿíîé è ãàçîâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Â ðàáîòå [5] ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî òåð-ìè÷åñêàÿ êîððîçèÿ îáóñëîâëåíà ðåàêöèÿìè ðåêðèñòàëëèçàöèè ãèäðàòíûõ íî-âîîáðàçîâàíèé, ò.å. ðàñòâîðåíèåì íàíîðàçìåðíûõ è ðîñòîì êðóïíûõ ÷àñòèöãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ êàëüöèÿ è äðóãèõ ôàç öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ. Ïðè äîáàâëåíèèêâàðöñîäåðæàùèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ âìåñòî õîðîøî ðàñòâîðèìûõ äâóõîñíîâíûõãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ êàëüöèÿ îáðàçóþòñÿ ãèäðîñèëèêàòû òîáåðìîðèòîâîé ãðóï-ïû, ÷òî ðåçêî çàìåäëÿåò ïðîöåññ ðåêðèñòàëëèçàöèè. Ñ íàøåé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ,ïðè ýòîì çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü èãðàþò ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ, òàê êàêïðè ââîäå êðåìíåçåìñîäåðæàùèõ äîáàâîê ïðîèñõîäèò ñâÿçûâàíèå ñâîáîäíî-ãî ãèäðîêñèäà êàëüöèÿ, ñíèæåíèå îñíîâíîñòè ãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ, ÷òî ðåçêîòîðìîçèò äèôôóçèþ èîíîâ êàëüöèÿ ïî êàïèëëÿðàì, êîòîðûå èìåþò îòðèöà-òåëüíûé çàðÿä ïîâåðõíîñòè. Îòñþäà ñëåäóåò âûâîä, ÷òî öåëåñîîáðàçíî äî-áàâëåíèå àíèîííûõ ìîäèôèêàòîðîâ è ê íàïîëíèòåëÿì êèñëîãî ñîñòàâà

Ø.Ì. Ðàõèìáàåâ, Í.Ì. Òîëûïèíà

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öåìåíòà, à òàêæå âÿæóùèì, èñïîëüçóåìûì â èçäåëèÿõ, êîíòàêòèðóþùèõ ñ ãî-ðÿ÷åé âîäîé.

Àâòîðû ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü â ïðîöåññàõ çàìîðàæèâàíèÿ-îòòàèâàíèÿ èãðàþò ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ. Äîâîëüíî âûñîêîå âî-äîïîãëîùåíèå áåòîíîâ ðÿäîâîãî ñîñòàâà îáóñëîâëåíî íå òîëüêî èõ ïîðèñòî-ñòüþ, íî è îòðèöàòåëüíûì çíàêîì çàðÿäà ñòåíîê êàïèëëÿðîâ. Ñîãëàñíî çàêî-íó ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ÿâëåíèé, ìîëåêóëû âîäû, èìåþùèå ýôôåêòèâ-íûé ïîëîæèòåëüíûé çàðÿä, ëåãêî ïðîíèêàþò â ãëóáèííûå ñëîè áåòîííûõèçäåëèé, êàïèëëÿðû êîòîðûõ çàðÿæåíû îòðèöàòåëüíî [7]. Ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿòîò ôàêò, ÷òî ÷èñòî êëèíêåðíûå öåìåíòû îòëè÷àþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøåéàòìîñôåðî- è ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòüþ, ÷åì øëàêîâûå è ïóööîëàíîâûå ïîðòëàíä-öåìåíòû è äðóãèå âÿæóùèå ñ ïîâûøåííûì ñîäåðæàíèåì êèñëûõ ñèëèêà-òîâ, èìåþùèõ îòðèöàòåëüíûé çàðÿä ïîâåðõíîñòè âíóòðåííèõ ïîð è ìèêðî-òðåùèí.

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû âûñêàçûâàåòñÿ ìíåíèå [3], ÷òî ïðè äîáàâëåíèè â áå-òîííûå ñìåñè ñîâðåìåííûõ ýôôåêòèâíûõ ÑÏ è ÃÏ áóäåò äîñòèãíóòà âûñîêàÿñóëüôàòîñòîéêîñòü áåòîííûõ èçäåëèé íåçàâèñèìî îò ìèíåðàëüíûõ ñîñòàâîâèñïîëüçóåìûõ öåìåíòîâ. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåàêòóàëüíîé ïðîáëå-ìà ñóëüôàòîñòîéêèõ öåìåíòîâ ñ ïîíèæåííûì ñîäåðæàíèåì Ñ3À è àëèòà.Îäíàêî ýòà òî÷êà çðåíèÿ ñïðàâåäëèâà òîëüêî â îòíîøåíèè âûñîêîïðî÷íûõáåòîíîâ ñ ïîâûøåííûì ðàñõîäîì öåìåíòà, ñóïåð- è ãèïåðïëàñòèôèêàòîðîâè ñ ïîíèæåííûì ñîäåðæàíèåì çàïîëíèòåëÿ. Â òåõ æå ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà èñïîëü-çóþòñÿ áåòîíû ðÿäîâûõ ìàðîê ñ ðàñõîäîì öåìåíòà 200–300 êã/ì3 (à èõ äîëÿâåñüìà ñóùåñòâåííà â ñîâðåìåííîì ñòðîèòåëüíîì êîìïëåêñå), ñíèæåíèåâîäîïîòðåáíîñòè áåòîííîé ñìåñè äàæå ïðè ìàêñèìàëüíîì ðàñõîäå ñóïåð-è ãèïåðïëàñòèôèêàòîðà íå ïðåâûøàåò 20–25 % è ïðè ýòîì íå óäàåòñÿ ïîë-íîñòüþ ëèêâèäèðîâàòü êàïèëëÿðíûå ïîðû. Ïðè íåäîñòàòî÷íîì ðàñõîäå öå-ìåíòà è íåáëàãîïðèÿòíîì åãî ìèíåðàëüíîì ñîñòàâå, ïîâûøåííîì ñîäåðæà-íèè ùåëî÷åé è ò.ä. ýôôåêòèâíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ ñóïåð- è ãèïåðïëàñòèôèêàòîðîâðåçêî ñíèæàåòñÿ. Ê òîìó æå ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè íåêà÷åñòâåííûõ ìåëêèõ çà-ïîëíèòåëåé ðàçæèæàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñóïåð- è ãèïåðïëàñòèôèêàòîðîâ ðåç-êî ïàäàåò [8]. Â ñâÿçè ñ èçëîæåííûì íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî îòêàçûâàòüñÿ îò ïðîèç-âîäñòâà è ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñóëüôàòîñòîéêèõ öåìåíòîâ.

Ôåíîìåíàëüíûé âèä ôèçè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè, îáóñëîâëåííûé ýëåêòðîïî-âåðõíîñòíûìè ÿâëåíèÿìè, îáíàðóæèë è èññëåäîâàë À.Í. Ïëóãèí [9], êîòîðûéïîêàçàë, ÷òî ïðè íàëîæåíèè íà æåëåçîáåòîííûå êîíñòðóêöèè ïîñòîÿííîãîýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà (ïîëîæèòåëüíî çàðÿæåííûé ïîëþñ) íàáëþäàåòñÿ èíòåí-ñèâíûé âûíîñ èîíîâ Ñà2+ èç ìàòåðèàëà. Òàêîé ïðîöåññ âûçûâàåò äîâîëüíîáûñòðóþ äåñòðóêöèþ öåìåíòíîé ìàòðèöû áåòîíà, èñïîëüçóåìîãî äëÿ îáóñò-ðîéñòâà æåëåçíûõ äîðîã.

Ïðè êîððîçèè âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ðàñòâîðåíèå ãèäðîêñèäà êàëü-öèÿ, íàõîäÿùåãîñÿ â ïîâåðõíîñòíîì ñëîå áåòîííîãî èçäåëèÿ. Íà íà÷àëüíîéñòàäèè âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê ñíèæåíèþ îñíîâíîñòè ãèäðîñèëèêà-òîâ êàëüöèÿ. Íà çàâåðøàþùåé ñòàäèè êîððîçèè âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèòïîëíîå ðàçðóøåíèå ãèäðîñèëèêàòíîé ñâÿçêè ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ãåëÿ êðåìíå-êèñëîòû SiO2 · nH2O, êîòîðûé îòëè÷àåòñÿ î÷åíü ìàëîé ðàñòâîðèìîñòüþ ââîäå (îêîëî 0,01 ã/ë), ò.å. íà äâà ïîðÿäêà íèæå, ÷åì ó ãèäðîêñèäà êàëüöèÿ.Âåñü ãåëü êðåìíåêèñëîòû îñòàåòñÿ â ïîðàõ èçäåëèÿ, âûçûâàÿ èõ ÷àñòè÷íîå

Âëèÿíèå ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ÿâëåíèé íà ïðîöåññû òâåðäåíèÿ è êîððîçèè...

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çàêóïîðèâàíèå (êîëüìàòàöèþ), è â ùåëî÷íîé ñðåäå ïðèîáðåòàåò îòðèöàòåëü-íûé çàðÿä ïîâåðõíîñòè, ïðè ýòîì x-ïîòåíöèàë äîñòèãàåò –20–40 ìÂ. Íåîáõî-äèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî êîëüìàòèðóþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ãåëÿ êðåìíåêèñëîòû îáó-ñëîâëåíà íå òîëüêî ÷èñòî ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè, íî è ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûìèÿâëåíèÿìè. Êîëüìàòàíò èç ãåëÿ êðåìíåêèñëîòû, èìåþùèé îòðèöàòåëüíî çà-ðÿæåííûå êàïèëëÿðû, áëàãîäàðÿ ýëåêòðîñòàòè÷åñêîìó ïðèòÿæåíèþ èîíîâêàëüöèÿ «çàõâàòûâàåò» èõ è òîðìîçèò âûìûâàíèå â îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó. Îò-ñþäà ñëåäóåò âûâîä, ÷òî â óñëîâèÿõ êîððîçèè âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ íåîáõîäèìîïðèìåíÿòü öåìåíòû, ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèè êîòîðûõ ñ ìÿãêèìè áûñòðî òåêóùè-ìè âîäàìè îáðàçóåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî êîëüìàòàíòà – ãåëÿ êðåìíå-êèñëîòû [10]. Ýòîò âûâîä ïîëíîñòüþ ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ïðàêòèêîé óñïåøíîãîïðèìåíåíèÿ ïóööîëàíîâûõ öåìåíòîâ, öåìåíòîâ ñ äîáàâêîé çîëû-óíîñà ÒÝÑ,øëàêîïîðòëàíäöåìåíòîâ ïðè ñòðîèòåëüñòâå ïîäçåìíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé, ïëîòèíè äðóãèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ãèäðîýëåêòðîñòàíöèé, à òàêæå ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ñîîðó-æåíèé.

Ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ ïðè ìàãíåçèàëüíîé êîððîçèè ìîãóòóñèëèâàòü èëè îñëàáëÿòü äèôôóçèþ àãðåññèâíûõ èîíîâ (ñì. ðèñóíîê). Ìàã-íåçèàëüíàÿ êîððîçèÿ îáóñëîâëåíà òåì, ÷òî êîìïîíåíòû öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿâñòóïàþò â îáìåííûå ðåàêöèè ñ èîíàìè Mg2+ ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì äâóõ ìàëî-ðàñòâîðèìûõ ñîåäèíåíèé ãèäðîêñèäà ìàãíèÿ Mg(OH)2 è ãåëÿ êðåìíåêèñëîòûSiO2 · nH2O.

Åñëè ãåëü êðåìíåêèñëîòû, îáëàäàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíûì çíàêîì, ïðèòÿãèâàåòèç îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû èîíû Mg2+ êàê îñíîâíîãî íîñèòåëÿ ìàãíåçèàëüíîéàãðåññèè, òî ãèäðîêñèä ìàãíèÿ, èìåÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíûé çàðÿä ïîâåðõíîñòè, èõîòòàëêèâàåò, ÷òî îêàçûâàåò äîïîëíèòåëüíûé ýôôåêò ñàìîòîðìîæåíèÿ ìàãíå-çèàëüíîé êîððîçèè. Îòñþäà ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ïðè ìàãíåçèàëüíîé àãðåññèè íåîá-õîäèìî ïðèìåíÿòü âûñîêîîñíîâíûå öåìåíòû ñ ìàêñèìàëüíûì ñîäåðæàíèåìàëèòà, òàê êàê áîëüøå îáðàçóåòñÿ Mg(OH)2. Ïðàêòèêà ïîäòâåðæäàåò ýòîòïðîãíîç.

Âûâîäû. Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè âëèÿíèÿ ñîñòàâà öåìåíòà, ìèíåðàëüíûõ èìîäèôèöèðóþùèõ äîáàâîê íà ïîëçó÷åñòü áåòîíîâ, èõ âîäî-, àòìîñôåðî-,ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòü, ñîëåñòîéêîñòü è äðóãèå ñâîéñòâà îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ ñ ïîçèöèéýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ÿâëåíèé. Ïðåäëîæåííàÿ àâòîðàìè êîíöåïöèÿ ïîçâî-


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Âëèÿíèå ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ êîëüìàòàíòîâ íà äèôôóçèþèîíîâ â êàïèëëÿðàõ

ëÿåò ïîâûñèòü êà÷åñòâî è äîëãîâå÷íîñòü áåòîíîâ ãèäðàòàöèîííîãî òâåðäå-íèÿ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, â áåòîííûå ñìåñè íà îñíîâå öåìåíòîâ ñ ñîäåðæàíèåì Ñ3À5–6 % íà îñíîâå ùåáíÿ èç êâàðöèòîïåñ÷àíèêà, ãðàíèòà, ñ çàïîëíèòåëåì èçêâàðöèòîïåñ÷àíèêà ñ íèçêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì ïðèìåñåé ñ äîáàâêîé 1–2 % àíèîí-àêòèâíûõ ÑÏ èëè ÃÏ íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî ââîäèòü 8–15 % ìèêðîêðåìíåçåìà,òàê êàê ïðè ýòîì ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûé çàðÿä ñèñòåìû ñèëüíî ñìåùàåòñÿâ îòðèöàòåëüíóþ îáëàñòü. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âìåñòî àýðîñèëà öåëåñîîáðàçíîïðèìåíÿòü òîíêîìîëîòûé èçâåñòíÿê èëè ìðàìîð, èìåþùèå ïîëîæèòåëüíûéçíàê äçåòà-ïîòåíöèàëà.


1. Ï ë ó ã è í À.Í. Ýëåêòðîãåòåðîãåííûå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïðè òâåðäåíèè öåìåíòíûõâÿæóùèõ: äèñ. … ä-ðà õèì. íàóê. Õàðüêîâ: ÕÈÈÒ, 1989. 282 ñ.

2. Á à á ó ø ê è í Â.È. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû êîððîçèè áåòîíà è æåëåçîáåòî-íà. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1968. 192 ñ.

3. Ð î ç å í ò à ë ü Í.Ê. Êîððîçèîííàÿ ñòîéêîñòü öåìåíòíûõ áåòîíîâ íèçêîé è îñîáîíèçêîé ïðîíèöàåìîñòè. Ì.: ÔÃÓÏ ÖÏÏ, 2006. 520 ñ.

4. O u y a n g X i a o w e i, K o l e v a D.A., Y e G u a n g , v a n B r e u g e l K.Understanding the adhesion mechanism between C–S–H and fillers // Cem. and concr.res. 2017. No. 6. P. 275–283.

5. Ð à õ è ì á à å â Ø.Ì. Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ òàìïîíàæíûõ ðàñòâî-ðîâ. Òàøêåíò: Èçä-âî «Ôàí» ÓçÑÑÐ, 1976. 159 ñ.

6. G e Z h u a n g, Y a o X i a o, W a n g X i a o j i n g, Z h a n g W e i et al. Thermalperformance and microstructure of oil well cement paste containing subsphaeroidalkoniline flour in HTHP conditions // Constr. and build. mater. 2018. 172. P. 787–794.

7. Ð à õ è ì á à å â Ø.Ì., Ò î ë û ï è í à Í.Ì., Ê î ñ è í î â à À.À., Õ à õ à ë å â à Å.Í.Âëèÿíèå ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ñâîéñòâ ìèíåðàëüíîãî íàïîëíèòåëÿ íà ìîðîçî-ñòîéêîñòü ïîðîøêîâûõ áåòîíîâ // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2019. ¹ 10. Ñ. 12–15.

8. Ð à õ è ì á à å â Ø.Ì., Ò î ë û ï è í à Í.Ì., Õ à õ à ë å â à Å.Í. Ïîâûøåíèå ýôôåê-òèâíîñòè ìåëêîçåðíèñòûõ áåòîíîâ íà îñíîâå òåîðèè ýëåêòðîïîâåðõíîñòíûõ ÿâëå-íèé: ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Áåëãîðîä: Èçä-âî ÁÃÒÓ, 2017. 80 ñ.

9. Ï ë ó ã è í À.Í., Ï ë ó ã è í À.À. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ òåîðèÿ ïðî÷íîñòè îáû÷íûõ è íà-ïîëíåííûõ öåìåíòíîãî êàìíÿ è áåòîíà. Ðàçâèòèå íàó÷íîé øêîëû Î.Ï. Ì÷åäëî-âà-Ïåòðîñÿíà â ÓêðÃÀÆÒ (ÕÈÈÒ) // Áåòîí è æåëåçîáåòîí â Óêðàèíå. 2007.¹ 3 (37). Ñ. 15–21.

10. Ð à õ è ì á à å â Ø.Ì., Ò î ë û ï è í à Í.Ì. Ïîâûøåíèå êîððîçèîííîé ñòîéêîñòèáåòîíîâ ïóòåì ðàöèîíàëüíîãî âûáîðà âÿæóùåãî è çàïîëíèòåëåé: ìîíîãðàôèÿ.Áåëãîðîä: Èçä-âî ÁÃÒÓ, 2015. 321 ñ.

Ðàõèìáàåâ Øàðê Ìàòðàñóëîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.Áåëãîðîäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. Â.Ã. ØóõîâàÒîëûïèíà Íàòàëüÿ Ìàêñèìîâíà, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.;E-mail: [email protected]Áåëãîðîäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. Â.Ã. Øóõîâà

Ïîëó÷åíî 21.10.2019

Rakhimbaev Shark Matrasulovich, DSc, ProfessorBelgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia


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Tolypina Nataliya Maksimovna, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia

EFFECT OF ELECTRO-SURFACE PHENOMENAON PROCESSES HARDENING AND CORROSIONOF CEMENT SYSTEMS

The effect of electrosurface properties of the hydratephase phases of the cement matrix ofconcrete on the creep, atmospheric and frost resistance, corrosion of leaching, resistanceto magnesium aggression and other processes of hardening and corrosion of constructionproducts is considered and designs. It is shown that these processes can be regulated byvarying the mineral composition of cement, additives, the sign of charge of functionalgroups of modifiers. A new type of corrosion, not described in the literature on buildingmaterials, but known in the oil and gas industry, is considered. It is that at a temperature ofmore than 45–50 °C cement systems for several months lose the physical-mechanicalproperties up to the complete scattering into powder. The mechanism of thermal corrosionand methods of slowing it down by input active mineral additives are considered. Theconcept proposed by the authors improves the quality and durability of hydrationconcretes.

Ê e y w o r d s: cement stone, concrete, electrosurface phenomena, hydrosycats, corrosion.

REFERENCES

1. P l u g i n A.N. Elektrogeterogennye vzaimodeystviya pri tverdenii tsementnykhvyazhushchikh: dis. …d-ra khim. nauk [Electroheterogeneous interactions with har-dening of cement astringents: diss. ... DSc]. Kharkov, HIIT, 1989. 282 p. (in Ukraina)

2. B a b u s h k i n V.I. Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy corrozii betona i zhelezobetona[Physico-chemical processes of corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete]. Moscow,Stroyizdat, 1968. 192 p. (in Russian)

3. R o z e n t a l’ N.K. Korrozionnaya stoykost’ tsementnykh betonov nizkoy i osobo nizkoypronitsaemosti [Corrosion resistance of cement concrete low and especially lowpermeability]. Moscow, FGYP TsPP, 2006. 520 p. (in Russian)

4. O u y a n g X i a o w e i, Koleva D.A., Y e G u a n g, v a n B r e u g e l K. Understandingthe adhesion mechanism between C–S–H and fillers. cem. and concr. res. 2017. No. 6.Pp. 275–283.

5. R a k h i m b a e v Sh.M. Regulirovaniye tekhnicheskikh svoystv tamponazhnykhrastvorov [Regulation of the technical properties of tampon solutions]. Tashkent,Publishing house of «Fan» UzSSR, 1976. 159 p. (in Russian)

6. G e Z h u a n g, Y a o X i a o, W a n g X i a o j i n g, Z h a n g W e i et al. Thermalperformance and microstructure of oil well cement paste containing subsphaeroidalkoniline flour in HTHP conditions. Constr. and build. mater. 2018. 172. Pp. 787–794.

7. R a k h i m b a e v Sh.M., T o l y p i n a N.M., K o s i n o v a A.A., K h a k h a l e v a E.N.Vliyanie elektropoverkhnostnykh svoystv mineral’nogo napolnitelya na morozo-stoykost’ poroshkovykh betonov [Effect of electrosurface properties of mineral filleron frost resistance of powdered concrete]. Stroitel’nyye materialy [Building materials].2019. No. 10. Pp. 12–15. (in Russian)

8. R a k h i m b a e v Sh.M., T o l y p i n a N.M., Kh a k h a l e v a E.N. Povysheniyeeffektivnosti melkozernistykh betonov na osnove teorii elektropoverkhnostnykhyavleniy: monografiya [Increasing the efficiency of fine-grained concrete based onthe theory of electrosurface phenomena: monograph]. Belgorod, Publishing house ofBSTU, 2017. 80 p. (in Russian)


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9. P l u g i n A.N., P l u g i n A.A. Kolichestvennaya teoriya prochnosti obychnykh inapolnennykh tsementnogo kamnya i betona. Razvitiye nauchnoy shkolyO.P. Mchedlova-Petrosyana v UkrGAZhT (KhIIT) [Quantitative theory of thestrength of ordinary and filled with cement stone and concrete. The development of theO.P. Mchedlov-Petrosyan Science school in UkrGAYT (HIIT)]. Beton i zhelezobetonv Ukraine [Concrete and reinforced concrete in Ukraine]. 2007. No. 3 (37). Pp.15–21.(in Ukraina)

10. R a k h i m b a e v Sh.M., T o l y p i n a N.M. Povysheniye korrozionnoy stoykostibetonov putem ratsional’nogo vybora vyazhushchego i zapolniteley: monografiya[The increased corrosion resistance of concretes by rational choice of binder andfillers: monograph]. Belgorod, Publishing house of BSTU, 2015. 321 p. (in Russian)


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ÓÄÊ 691.542-002.3

Â.À. ÂËÀÑÎÂ, Í.Ê. ÑÊÐÈÏÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Â.Â. ØÅÕÎÂÖÎÂ,Ì.À. ÑÅÌÅÍÎÂÛÕ, Î.Ã. ÂÎËÎÊÈÒÈÍ, Ã.Ã. ÂÎËÎÊÈÒÈÍ

ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÖÅÌÅÍÒÍÎÃÎ ÊËÈÍÊÅÐÀÂ ÓÑËÎÂÈßÕ ÍÈÇÊÎÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÒÓÐÍÎÉ ÏËÀÇÌÛ

Ðàññìîòðåíû îñîáåííîñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêî-òåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû. Ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêèé ñèíòåç öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà ïîçâîëÿåòñîçäàòü ýôôåêò «òåðìè÷åñêîãî óäàðà», êîòîðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåò âûñîêóþ ðåàêöèîí-íóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñìåñè, ïðèâîäèò ê óâåëè÷åíèþ êîëè÷åñòâà æèäêîé ôàçû äî80–100 %, èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ïðîöåññîâ äåêàðáîíèçàöèè, ìãíîâåííîìó ðàñòâîðåíèþêëèíêåðíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ è ÑàÎ â ðàñïëàâå. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèèâûñîêîêîíöåíòðèðîâàííûõ òåïëîâûõ ïîòîêîâ òåðìè÷åñêîé ïëàçìû ïðîèñõîäèòîáðàçîâàíèå ìèêðîñòðóêòóðèðîâàííîé ìàòðè÷íîé ìîäåëè êëèíêåðíûõ ôàç: àëè-òà (0,5–2)´(5–20) ìêì, áåëèòà äî 2´2 ìêì ñ ðàâíîìåðíî-çåðíèñòîé óïàêîâêîé, íåîáðàçóþùèõ ñêîïëåíèé è àãðåãàòîâ. Êðèñòàëëû îñíîâíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ èìåþò ÷åò-êóþ, ïðàâèëüíóþ ôîðìó: àëèò ïëàñòèí÷àòóþ, èãëîîáðàçíóþ; áåëèò – îêðóãëóþ.Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î áîëåå ðàííèõ ðåàêöèÿõ êëèíêåðîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: öåìåíò, êëèíêåð, íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíàÿ ïëàçìà, ñèíòåç, ìðà-ìîð, çîëà, êâàðöèòû, îòõîäû.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-24-32

Ñðåäè ñîâðåìåííûõ âÿæóùèõ âåùåñòâ ïîðòëàíäöåìåíò ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáùå-ïðèçíàííûì, ïðîãðåññèâíûì è óíèâåðñàëüíûì ìàòåðèàëîì, íåîáõîäèìûìäëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà æèëüÿ, ïðîìûøëåííûõ, äîðîæíûõ è äðóãèõ çäàíèé è ñî-îðóæåíèé.

Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ âåäóòñÿ ðàáîòû íàä ñîçäàíèåì ñîâåðøåííî íîâîãîñïîñîáà ïðîèçâîäñòâà öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà, ïîçâîëÿþùåãî èíòåíñèôèöèðî-âàòü îáæèã çà ñ÷åò ïðèìåíåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âûñîêîòåìïåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íè-êîâ ýíåðãèè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ – â âåê ñêîðîñòíûõ òåõíîëîãèé, ïåðñïåêòèâ-íûì íàó÷íûì íàïðàâëåíèåì â öåìåíòíîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñïîëü-çîâàíèå íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû. Â óñëîâèÿõ âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóðîñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ óñêîðåíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé êëèíêåðîîáðàçîâà-íèÿ, êîòîðûå õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ îäíîñòàäèéíîñòüþ, çàâåðøåííîñòüþ – ìàêñè-ìàëüíûì óñâîåíèåì îêñèäà êàëüöèÿ çà ñ÷åò óâåëè÷åíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà æèäêîéôàçû è ïîíèæåíèÿ åå âÿçêîñòè [1–3].

Êðîìå òîãî, óäåëÿåòñÿ áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå ðàçðàáîòêå ñîñòàâîâ öåìåíò-íûõ êëèíêåðîâ íà îñíîâå òåõíîãåííûõ è âòîðè÷íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ [4, 5]. Ê òà-êèì ìàòåðèàëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ äîìåííûé øëàê, öåìåíòíàÿ ïûëü è çîëà-óíîñ,èñïîëüçóåìûå â êà÷åñòâå àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ââåäåíèÿ êàëüöèÿ,êðåìíèÿ, ãëèíîçåìà è îêñèäîâ æåëåçà â èñõîäíûé ñîñòàâ öåìåíòíîãî êëèí-êåðà.

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ã Âëàñîâ Â.À., Ñêðèïíèêîâà Í.Ê., Øåõîâöîâ Â.Â., Ñåìåíîâûõ Ì.À.,Âîëîêèòèí Î.Ã., Âîëîêèòèí Ã.Ã., 2019

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå âûñîêîêîíöåíòðèðîâàííûõ òåïëîâûõ ïîòîêîâ äëÿ ñèíòå-çà öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà ïîçâîëÿåò ñîçäàòü óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïðîòåêàíèÿ èíòåíñèâ-íûõ ðåàêöèé ìèíåðàëîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, ÷òî â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü ñïîñîáñòâóåòïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ôàçîâîãî ñîñòàâà, èçìåíåíèþ ìàòðè÷íîé ìèêðîñòðóêòó-ðèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû êëèíêåðîâ, à çíà÷èò, âëèÿåò íà ñâîéñòâà ìàòåðèàëà[6–8]. Â äàííîé ðàáîòå ïðåäñòàâëåí îïûò ïîëó÷åíèÿ öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðàâ ïîòîêå íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû. Ðàíåå óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè âîçäåéñò-âèè âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóð ïðîèñõîäèò àêòèâíîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó ðàñ-ïëàâîì è êðèñòàëëàìè, ïðèâîäÿùåå ê èõ ðàñòâîðåíèþ â æèäêîé ôàçå è êðè-ñòàëëèçàöèè èç íåå íîâûõ áîëåå òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêè óñòîé÷èâûõ ìèíåðàëîâ[9]. Ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêèé ñèíòåç öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà îáåñïå÷èâàåò ìãíîâåí-íîå îáðàçîâàíèå æèäêîé ôàçû, óìåíüøåíèå åå âÿçêîñòè, ÷òî âûçûâàåò èíòåí-ñèâíûé ðîñò êðèñòàëëîâ ìèíåðàëîâ çà ñ÷åò ñìà÷èâàíèÿ è äîïîëíèòåëüíîãîñáëèæåíèÿ ÷àñòèö ñûðüåâîãî ìàòåðèàëà ñèëàìè ïîâåðõíîñòíîãî íàòÿæåíèÿðàñïëàâà è äèôôóçèè ïèòàòåëüíîãî âåùåñòâà ê ðàñòóùåìó êðèñòàëëó.

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî êîððåëÿöèÿ ìîäóëüíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê øèõòû è òåõíî-ëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà îõëàæäåíèÿ öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà, ñèíòåçèðóåìîãî â óñ-ëîâèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû, ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò âîçìîæíîñòü ðåãóëèðî-âàòü ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ è ïîëó÷àòü ñïåöèàëüíûå âèäû öåìåíòîâ, ÷òîäëÿ òðàäèöèîííûõ ñïîñîáîâ íåðåíòàáåëüíî. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïëàçìîõèìè÷å-ñêîé òåõíîëîãèè ïîçâîëÿåò äîñòèãàòü çíà÷åíèé êîýôôèöèåíòà íàñûùåíèÿñûðüåâûõ ñìåñåé 0,98–1,08 è ñèíòåçèðîâàòü öåìåíòíûé êëèíêåð ñ ñîäåðæà-íèåì C3S äî 72,68 %, ÷òî ïðè òðàäèöèîííîé òåõíîëîãèè íåâîçìîæíî [10].

Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îáðàçîâàâøåãîñÿ ðàñïëàâà, âëèÿþùåãî íà ôè-çèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû ïðè ñèíòåçå öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà â óñëîâèÿõ íèç-êîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì ïðè êîððåêòèðîâàíèè âðå-ìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âîçíèêàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòüâ èññëåäîâàíèè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìîâ ñèíòåçà öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà âóñëîâèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû.

Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåìåíòíûõ êëèíêåðîâ â óñ-ëîâèÿõ ýíåðãèè íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ðàñ÷åòíûå ñî-ñòàâû ñûðüåâûõ ñìåñåé, â îñíîâó êîòîðûõ ïîëîæåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìàòåìàòè-÷åñêîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòà è ðàñ÷åòà êîìïîíåíòîâ (õèìè÷åñêèõñîñòàâîâ) ïî ôîðìóëàì Â.À. Êèíäà [11]. Â òàáëèöå ïðåäñòàâëåí êîìïîíåíò-íûé ñîñòàâ ñûðüåâûõ ñìåñåé, èñïîëüçóåìûõ ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ýêñïåðèìåí-òàëüíûõ ðàáîò.

Îñîáåííîñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà...

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Êîìïîíåíòíûå ñîñòàâû ñûðüåâûõ ñìåñåé

¹

Ñîñòàâû ñûðüåâûõ ñìåñåé, ìàñ. %

Ñìåñè íà îñíîâå êîìïîíåíòîâ ÎÀÎ «Àíãàðñêöåìåíò»

ìðàìîð çîëà ÒÝÖ êâàðöèòû ïèðèòíûåîãàðêè

À-1 83,90 11,70 1,55 2,85

Ñìåñè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òåõíîãåííûõ îòõîäîâ

îòõîäû äðîáëåíèÿ äîëîìè-òèçèðîâàííîãî èçâåñòíÿêà

ôëîòàöèîííûå îòõîäû èçâåñòíÿê

Â-1 83,57 11,90 4,53

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñ÷åòà áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû õèìè÷åñêèé èìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâû ïðîåêòèðóåìîãî öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà, óäîâëå-òâîðÿþùèå íåîáõîäèìûì òðåáîâàíèÿì ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ îñíîâíûõ îêñèäîâ,îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ïîëíîôàçíûå ïðîöåññû êëèíêåðîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.

Äëÿ ãîìîãåíèçàöèè ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ èñïîëüçîâàëàñü òåõíîëîãè÷å-ñêàÿ ñõåìà ïîëó÷åíèÿ àãëîìåðèðîâàííûõ ïîðîøêîâ [12], âêëþ÷àþùàÿ: ïðè-íóäèòåëüíûé ïîìîë è ñìåøèâàíèå ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íà ïëàíåòàðíîé øà-ðîâîé ìåëüíèöå ØËÌ–5 äî ðàçìåðà ÷àñòèö < 0,16 ìì è ãðàíóëÿöèþ â ñìåñè-òåëå-ãðàíóëÿòîðå Ð-009 äî ðàçìåðà ÷àñòèö 5 ìì.

Ïðîâåäåííûå ðàíåå èññëåäîâàíèÿ [13] ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâñûðüåâîé ñìåñè íà îñíîâå òðàäèöèîííûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ (À-1) ïðåäñòàâëåíêàëüöèòîì (CaCO3), êâàðöåì (SiO2) è íåáîëüøèìè âêëþ÷åíèÿìè ãåìàòèòà(Fe2O3 · H2O), àíîðòèòîïîäîáíûìè ìèíåðàëàìè (CaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2). Ôàçî-âûé ñîñòàâ ñìåñè íà îñíîâå òåõíîãåííûõ îòõîäîâ (Â-1) ïðåäñòàâëåí ñëåäóþ-ùèìè ìèíåðàëàìè: êàëüöèòîì, äîëîìèòîì (CaCO3 · MgCO3), êâàðöåì, èëëè-òîì (K<2Al2(Si, Al)4O10·(OH)2 · nH2O) è êàîëèíèòîì (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O).

Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü íà îðèãèíàëüíîéýëåêòðîïëàçìåííîé óñòàíîâêå, îñíàùåííîé ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêèì ðåàêòîðîìîáúåìîì 250 ñì3. Òåïëîôèçè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè âîçäóøíî-ïëàçìåííîéñòðóè ïðè ðàñõîäå ïëàçìîîáðàçóþùåãî ãàçà 1,5 ã/ñ íàõîäèëèñü â ñëåäóþùèõäèàïàçîíàõ: ñèëà òîêà 340¸380 À, íàïðÿæåíèå 120¸140 Â. Ñðåäíåìàññîâàÿòåìïåðàòóðà â ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîì ðåàêòîðå ïðè äàííîé ìîùíîñòè ýëåêòðîäó-ãîâîãî ïëàçìîòðîíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 3000¸3500 K. Ôèêñàöèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû êîíäåí-ñèðîâàííîé ôàçû (ðàñïëàâà) â îáúåìå ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîãî ðåàêòîðà îñóùåñò-âëÿëàñü îïòè÷åñêèì ïèðîìåòðîì ÎÏÏÈÐ–017Ý.

Ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà èãðàåò âðåìÿèçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè. Â ðàáîòå èññëåäîâàëàñü ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà öåìåíò-íîãî êëèíêåðà, ñèíòåçèðóåìîãî â ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîì ðåàêòîðå ïðè âàðüèðî-âàíèè âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè – 75, 90, 120 ñ.

Îöåíêà ìîðôîëîãèè è ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà ïðîâîäè-ëàñü â îòðàæåííîì ñâåòå ïîëèðîâàííûõ øëèôîâ íà ÏÎËÀÌ Ð312 (òðà-âèòåëü – 1%-é ðàñòâîð àçîòíîé êèñëîòû, âðåìÿ òðàâëåíèÿ 2–3 ñ).

Îáùèé ïåòðîãðàôè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ñèíòåçèðóåìûõ öåìåíòíûõ êëèíêå-ðîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåæè-ìîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàê ìîíàäîáëàñòè÷åñêîé (ðàâíîìåðíî-çåðíèñòîé) ñ ïëîòíîéóïàêîâêîé ìèíåðàëîâ, òàê è ãëîìåðîáëàñòè÷åñêîé (íåðàâíîìåðíî-çåðíè-ñòîé), ïðåäñòàâëåííîé íåðàâíîìåðíî ðàñïðåäåëåííûìè ìèíåðàëàìè àëèòàè áåëèòà, îáðàçóþùèìè ñêîïëåíèÿ è àãðåãàòû. Ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà êëèíêåðîâ,ïîëó÷åííûõ â óñëîâèÿõ òåðìè÷åñêîé ïëàçìû íà îñíîâå òåõíîãåííûõ îòõî-äîâ (Â-1), ïðåäñòàâëåíà ìåíåå ïëîòíîé óïàêîâêîé ìèíåðàëîâ è íîñèò èíîéõàðàêòåð, ÷åì â îáðàçöå, ïîëó÷åííîì íà îñíîâå òðàäèöèîííîãî ñûðüÿ (À-1).Íà ðèñ. 1 ïðåäñòàâëåíà ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà ñèíòåçèðóåìûõ öåìåíòíûõ êëèí-êåðîâ.

Ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà, ïîëó÷åííîãî íà îñíîâå ñìåñèÀ-1 ïðè âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè 75 ñ (ðèñ. 1, à), õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿãëîìåðîáëàñòè÷åñêîé ñ ïëîòíîé óïàêîâêîé ìåëêèõ îêðóãëåííûõ, äåíäðèò-íûõ êðèñòàëëîâ C2S (0,5–11 ìêì) è óäëèíåííîé, èãîëü÷àòîé ôîðìîé êðèñòàë-

Â.À. Âëàñîâ, Í.Ê. Ñêðèïíèêîâà, Â.Â. Øåõîâöîâ, Ì.À. Ñåìåíîâûõ è äð.

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ëîâ C3S ðàçìåðîì (1–4)´(4–20) ìêì. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå àëèòà â ìèêðîîáúåìàõîáîñíîâàíî ïðîòåêàíèåì ðåàêöèé, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ âûñîêîòåìïåðàòóðíîãîñïîñîáà (2300 K). Âèçóàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ïîâåðõíîñòè îáðàçöà ïîçâîëèëà óñòàíî-âèòü íàëè÷èå íåçíà÷èòåëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà (£ 3 ìàñ. %) ñêîïëåíèÿ êàëüöèòà,ðàçìåð çåðåí (äî 5 ìêì).

Ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè äî 90 è 120 ñ(ðèñ. 1, á, â) îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ êðèñòàëëèçàöèÿ ìèíåðàëîâ áåëèòà â ôîðìå îê-ðóãëûõ, äåíäðèòíûõ çåðåí, ðàçìåðû êîòîðûõ óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ äî 3–26 ìêì è6–20 ìêì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ïðè ýòîì ìèíåðàëû àëèòà èìåþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåí-íî ïëàñòèí÷àòóþ ôîðìó è ðàçìåðû (4–11)´(26–36) è (10–16)´(26–157) ìêìñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñòðóêòóðà îáðàçöîâ îñòàåòñÿ ãëîìåðîáëàñòè÷åñêîé. Îäíàêîïðè âðåìåíè 120 ñ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ðåêðèñòàëëèçàöèÿ ìèíåðàëîâ è êîëè÷åñò-âî ôàç àëèòà è ìèêðîîáúåìîâ, åãî ñîäåðæàùèõ, íà ïîâåðõíîñòè øëèôà óìåíü-øàåòñÿ.

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ñòðóêòóðà öåìåíòíûõ êëèíêåðîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â óñëî-âèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû ïðè âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè75 ñ íà îñíîâå ñìåñè Â-1, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëîìåðîáëàñòè÷åñêîé è ïðåäñòàâëåíàìèíåðàëàìè äâóõêàëüöèåâîãî ñèëèêàòà ðàçìåðàìè 5–25 ìêì è òðåõêàëüöèå-âîãî ñèëèêàòà – (3–8)´(8–53) ìêì. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìèíåðàëîâ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿàíàëîãè÷íî êëèíêåðàì, ïîëó÷åííûì íà îñíîâå ñìåñè À-1 – ìèêðîîáúåìàìè.Îäíàêî ñòðóêòóðà â áåëèòîâîì ïîëå â îñíîâíîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåíåå óïëîòíåííîé.Êðèñòàëëû ìèíåðàëîâ èìåþò ÷åòêóþ, ïðàâèëüíóþ ôîðìó: àëèò ïëàñòèí÷à-òóþ, èãëîîáðàçíóþ; áåëèò – îêðóãëóþ. Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò óâåëè-÷åíèå ðàçìåðîâ çåðåí êàê àëèòà, òàê è áåëèòà â 2 ðàçà îòíîñèòåëüíî îáðàçöîâ,ïîëó÷åííûõ íà îñíîâå òðàäèöèîííîãî ñûðüÿ â èäåíòè÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Ýòîñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î áîëåå ðàííèõ ðåàêöèÿõ êëèíêåðîîáðàçîâàíèÿ è äîñòàòî÷-íîì âðåìåíè òåðìîîáðàáîòêè äëÿ ðîñòà ìèíåðàëîâ. Ñ äàëüíåéøèì óâåëè÷å-íèåì âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè (90 è 120 ñ) îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïîëíûé


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Ðèñ. 1. Ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà öåìåíòíûõ êëèíêåðîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêî-òåìïåðàòóðíîé ïëàçìû ïðè âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè 75 ñ (à); 90 ñ (á);

120 ñ (â)1 – íà îñíîâå ñìåñè À-1; 2 – íà îñíîâå ñìåñè Â-1

ïðîïëàâ ñûðüåâîé ñìåñè. Âëèÿíèå íåðàâíîâåñíûõ óñëîâèé òåðìè÷åñêîéïëàçìû óñèëèâàåòñÿ äåéñòâèåì âûáðàííîãî òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà îõëà-æäåíèÿ: «áûñòðîãî» – ñî ñêîðîñòüþ 2,5 °Ñ/ñ, êîòîðûé ñïîñîáñòâóåò ÷àñòè÷-íîé àìîðôèçàöèè îáðàçöà. Ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà öå-ìåíòíûõ êëèíêåðîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ ìåëêîé êðèñòàëëèçàöèåé àëèòà ââèäå óäëèíåííûõ, èãëîîáðàçíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ. Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå (ðèñ. 1, á) çåðíààëèòà èìåþò èãëîîáðàçíóþ ôîðìó ðàçìåðàìè (1–2)´(10–26) ìêì, çåðíà áåëè-òà – ìåëêóþ äåíäðèòíóþ ôîðìó ðàçìåðàìè ìåíåå 2 ìêì. Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àåîñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèå ìèíåðàëîâ, ôîðìà êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿáîëüøåé ÷åòêîñòüþ. Àëèò ïðåäñòàâëåí çåðíàìè âûòÿíóòîé ïëàñòèí÷àòîéôîðìû ðàçìåðàìè (0,5–2)´(5–20) ìêì, áåëèò – îêðóãëîé ðàçìåðàìè ìåíåå2 ìêì, ñòðóêòóðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîíàäîáëàñòè÷åñêîé.

Ñ öåëüþ ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè è íàãëÿäíîñòè èçìåíåíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ìåòàñòà-áèëüíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ ôàçàìè àëèòà è áåëèòà, ñèíòåçèðóåìîãîâ ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîì ðåàêòîðå, áûëà ïðîèçâåäåíà ñòàòèñòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêàñðåäíèõ âåëè÷èí çåðåí êëèíêåðíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíèèõ èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè. Â êà÷åñòâå ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà çåðåí îðòîñèëè-êàòà êàëüöèÿ, èìåþùåãî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îêðóãëóþ ôîðìó, ïðèíèìàëàñü èõäëèíà, òðåõêàëüöèåâîãî ñèëèêàòà – èõ òîëùèíà êàê îñíîâíîé ïîêàçàòåëüâàðüèðîâàíèÿ ìîðôîëîãèè ìèíåðàëîâ è èõ ïåðåõîäà èç ïëàñòèí÷àòîé â èãëî-îáðàçíóþ ôîðìû èëè íàîáîðîò. Âàðüèðîâàíèå â öåìåíòíîì êëèíêåðå òîëùè-íû çåðåí àëèòà è áåëèòà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêèïðåäñòàâëåíî íà ðèñ. 2.

Òàê, öåìåíòíûé êëèíêåð, ïîëó÷åííûé ïðè ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîì ñèíòåçå íàîñíîâå ñûðüåâîé ñìåñè À-1, îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïîñòåïåííûì ðàâíîìåðíûì ðîñòîìòîëùèíû ìèíåðàëîâ àëèòà, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþùèì î ïîñòåïåííîé ìîäèôèêà-öèè ìîðôîëîãèè ìèíåðàëîâ èç èãëîîáðàçíîé â ïëàñòèí÷àòóþ ôîðìû. Ïðèýòîì ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè ðàçìåðû åãî óâåëè-÷èâàþòñÿ. Èçìåíåíèÿ ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû â îáðàçöå, ïîëó÷åííîì íà îñíîâå òåõ-íîãåííûõ îòõîäîâ, íîñÿò èíîé õàðàêòåð: âñïëåñê ðîñòà ìèíåðàëîâ ïðèõîäèò-ñÿ íà ðàííèå ýòàïû òåðìîîáðàáîòêè è â ïîñëåäóþùåì îñóùåñòâëÿþòñÿ èõóãàñàíèÿ. Ìîðôîëîãèÿ ïðè ýòîì èçìåíÿåòñÿ â îáðàòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè: ñ ïëà-ñòèí÷àòîé â èãëîîáðàçíóþ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòü òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëî-


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Ðèñ. 2. Âàðüèðîâàíèå â öåìåíòíîì êëèíêåðå òîëùèíû çåðåí àëèòà (à) è áåëèòà (á) âçàâèñèìîñòè îò âðåìåíè èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîé

ïëàçìû1 – ñìåñè À-1; 2 – ñìåñè Â-1

âèé êàê íà ñòàäèè ïîäãîòîâêè ñìåñè, òàê òåðìîîáðàáîòêè è îõëàæäåíèÿ,ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä î ïåðâîñòåïåííîì âëèÿíèè âèäà èñïîëüçóåìîãî ñûðüÿ,ìèíåðàëîâ åãî ñëàãàþùèõ, íà ìîðôîëîãèþ ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû öåìåíòíîãîêëèíêåðà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íà åãî àêòèâíîñòü. Èç ðèñ. 2, á ñëåäóåò, ÷òî â ñìå-ñÿõ íà îñíîâå òåõíîãåííûõ îòõîäîâ èíòåíñèâíûé ðîñò ìèíåðàëîâ Ñ2S íàáëþ-äàåòñÿ ïðè áîëåå ðàííåì âðåìåíè òåðìîîáðàáîòêè. Â ïîñëåäóþùåì îñóùåñò-âëÿåòñÿ óìåíüøåíèå ðàçìåðîâ ìèíåðàëîâ áåëèòà, âûêðèñòàëëèçàöèÿ êîòîðûõïðîèñõîäèò íà ìèêðîóðîâíå. Èíóþ êàðòèíó ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü â öåìåíòíûõêëèíêåðàõ, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà îñíîâå òðàäèöèîííûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ, ãäå ðîñò êðè-ñòàëëîâ íîñèò ñëîæíûé õàðàêòåð. Ïðè âðåìåíè òåðìîîáðàáîòêè äî 75 ñ îñó-ùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ðîñò êðèñòàëëîâ áåëèòà è äîñòèãàåò ñâîåãî ìàêñèìóìà. Â äàëü-íåéøåì ïðîèñõîäèò óìåíüøåíèå èõ ðàçìåðîâ, îäíàêî íà îñíîâå òðàäèöèîí-íîãî âèäà ñûðüÿ îáðàçîâàíèå ìèíåðàëîâ áåëèòà íà ìèêðîóðîâíå íåîñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ [13].

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåäåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òîâðåìåíè 90 è 120 ñ èçîòåðìè÷åñêîé âûäåðæêè äîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ çàâåðøåíèÿ ðå-àêöèé êëèíêåðîîáðàçîâàíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ òåðìè÷åñêîé ïëàçìû, âûïîëíåííûõ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåì òðàäèöèîííûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ è òåõíîãåííûõ îòõîäîâ ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî. Ïðè ýòîì â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âèäà èñïîëüçóåìîãî ñûðüÿ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿîáðàçîâàíèå êëèíêåðíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ ñ ìåëêîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðîé:áåëèò ïðåäñòàâëåí çåðíàìè ðàçìåðàìè 3–26 ìêì è 0–2 ìêì îòíîñèòåëüíî òðà-äèöèîííûõ 30–50 ìêì, àëèò (4–10)´(26–157) è (0,5–2)´(5–20) ìêì – îòíîñè-òåëüíî (10–30)´(20–70) ìêì. Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î ïåðâîñòåïåííîì âëèÿíèèíà ìèêðîñòðóêòóðèðîâàííóþ ñèñòåìó ìèíåðàëîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ â èññëåäîâà-íèÿõ òåìïåðàòóð – 3000–3500 K. Ïðèìåíåíèå ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîãî ñèíòåçàöåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà ïîçâîëÿåò ñîçäàòü ýôôåêò «òåðìè÷åñêîãî óäàðà», êîòî-ðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåò âûñîêóþ ðåàêöèîííóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñìåñè, ñïîñîáñòâóåòóâåëè÷åíèþ êîëè÷åñòâà æèäêîé ôàçû äî 80–100 %, èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ïðîöåñ-ñîâ äåêàðáîíèçàöèè, ìãíîâåííîìó ðàñòâîðåíèþ êëèíêåðíûõ ìèíåðàëîâ è ÑàÎâ ðàñïëàâå; ïîëíîìó óñâîåíèþ ìèíåðàëîîáðàçóþùèõ îêñèäîâ è, êàê ñëåäñò-âèå, âûñîêîìó êà÷åñòâó êëèíêåðà.


1. P a l A. Developing Low-Clinker Ternary Blends for Indian Cement Industry // Journalof The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A. 2018. 99(3). P. 433–447.

2. K h a r e S., B a n n e r m a n M.C., G l a s s e r F.P., H a n e i n T., I m b a b i M.S. Pilotscale production of novel calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinkers and developmentof thermal model // Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification.2017. 122. P. 68–75.

3. L u d w i g H.-M., Z h a n g W. Research review of cement clinker chemistry // Cementand Concrete Research. 2015. 78. P. 24–37.

4. Ä å ë è ö û í Ë.Ì., Ð ÿ á î â Þ.Â., Å æ î â à Í.Í. Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè êîì-ïëåêñíîé ïåðåðàáîòêè øëàêîâ ñòàëåïëàâèëüíîé îòðàñëè â òîâàðíûå ïðîäóêòû //Ýêîëîãèÿ ïðîì. ïðîèçâîäñòâà. 2017. ¹ 1 (97). Ñ. 8–12.

5. T o l e u b a y e v a Sh.B. Êëèíêåðíûå ìèíåðàëû è èõ âëèÿíèå íà ñâîéñòâà ïîðòëàíä-öåìåíòà // Àêòóàëüíûå íàó÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì ìèðå. 2019.¹ 2-1 (46). Ñ. 86–90.


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6. H u a n g Y., Q i a n J., K a n g X., Z h a n g W., W a n g S. Belite-calcium sulfoaluminatecement prepared with phosphogypsum: Influence of P2O5 and F on the clinkerformation and cement performances // Construction and Building Materials. 2019.203. P. 432–442.

7. W e n Y., J u Y.-X., Y u a n L. Research on heat transfer law of cement clinkeraccumulation body in grate cooler based on lattice Boltzmann method // Heat Transfer –Asian Research. 2019. 48(1). P. 270–285.

8. G a r t n e r E., S u i T. Alternative cement clinkers // Cement and Concrete Research.2018. 114. P. 27–39.

9. Á ó ð ë î â È.Þ., Á ó ð ë î â Þ.À., Ê ð è â î á î ð î ä î â Þ.Ð. Ïîëó÷åíèå àëþìèíàò-íûõ è àëþìîôåððèòíûõ êëèíêåðîâ â ïå÷íîì àãðåãàòå ïëàçìåííîãî òèïà // Öåìåíòè åãî ïðèìåíåíèå. 2002. ¹ 11. Ñ. 25–28.

10. Â î ë î ê è ò è í Ã.Ã., Ñ ê ð è ï í è ê î â à Í.Ê., Ñ à ç î í î â à Í.À. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ñî-ñòàâà ñûðüåâîé ñìåñè è òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîãî ñèíòåçàöåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäîâ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿýêñïåðèìåíòà // Âåñòí. ÒÃÀÑÓ. 2011. ¹ 4 (33). Ñ. 146–151.

11. Á ó ò ò Þ.Ì., Ñ û ÷ å â Þ.Ì., Á ó ò ò Ì.Ì. Õèìè÷åñêàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ âÿæóùèõ ìàòå-ðèàëîâ. Ì.: Âûñø. øê., 1980. 472 ñ.

12. S h e k h o v t s o v V.V., V o l o k i t i n G.G., S k r i p n i k o v a N.K. et al. Plasmatreatment of agglomerating aluminosilicate powders based on coal ash // AIPConference Proceedings. 2017. No. 1800. P. 020008.

13. Ñ ê ð è ï í è ê î â à Í.Ê., Ë ó ö å í ê î À.Â., Ñà ç î í î â à Í.À., Ô å ò è ñ î â à À.À.Âëèÿíèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìîâ ïëàâëåíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíîéïëàçìû íà ñòðóêòóðó öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà // Âåñòí. ÒÃÀÑÓ. 2016. ¹ 1 (54).Ñ. 155–162.

Âëàñîâ Âèêòîð Àëåêñååâè÷, ä-ð ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê, ïðîô.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåòÑêðèïíèêîâà Íåëëè Êàðïîâíà, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåòØåõîâöîâ Âàëåíòèí Âàëåðüåâè÷, àñï.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåòÑåìåíîâûõ Ìàðê Àíäðååâè÷, àñï.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåòÂîëîêèòèí Îëåã Ãåííàäüåâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåòÂîëîêèòèí Ãåííàäèé Ãåîðãèåâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.Òîìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò

Ïîëó÷åíî 15.10.2019

Vlasov Viktor Alekseevich, DSc, ProfessorTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, RussiaSkripnikova Nelli Karpovna, DSc, ProfessorTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, RussiaShekhovtsov Valentin Valer’evich, Post-graduate StudentTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, RussiaSemenovykh Mark Andreevich, Post-graduate StudentTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, RussiaVolokitin Oleg Gennad’evich, DSc, ProfessorTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, RussiaVolokitin Gennadiy Georgievich, DSc, ProfessorTomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Russia


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FEATURES OF FORMATION OF CEMENT CLINKER,IN CONDITIONS OF THERMAL PLASMA

The features of the formation of cement clinker in a low-temperature plasma are considered.Plasma-chemical synthesis of cement clinker allows you to create the effect of «thermalshock», which provides a high reactivity of the mixture, leads to an increase in the amountof liquid phase up to 80–100 %, the intensification of decarbonization processes, instantdissolution of clinker minerals and CaO in the melt. It has been established that when usinghighly concentrated heat fluxes of thermal plasma, a microstructured matrix model ofclinker phases is formed: alite (0,5–2)´ (5–20) mm, belite up to 2´2 mm with a uniformlygrained package, not forming accumulations and aggregates. The crystals of the mainminerals have a clear, regular shape: alite is lamellar, needle-shaped; whites – rounded.This indicates earlier clinker formation reactions.

K e y w o r d s: cement, clinker, thermal plasma, synthesis, marble, ashes, quartzites, waste.

REFERENCES

1. P a l A. Developing Low-Clinker Ternary Blends for Indian Cement Industry. Journalof The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A. 2018. 99(3). Pp. 433–447.

2. K h a r e S., B a n n e r m a n M.C., G l a s s e r F.P., H a n e i n T., I m b a b i M.S.Pilot scale production of novel calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinkers anddevelopment of thermal model. Chemical Engineering and Processing: ProcessIntensification. 2017. 122. Pp. 68–75.

3. L u d w i g H.-M., Z h a n g W. Research review of cement clinker chemistry. Cementand Concrete Research. 2015. 78. Pp. 24–37.

4. D e l i t s y n L.M., R y a b o v Yu.V., E z h o v a N.N. Tekhnologicheskiye osobennostikompleksnoy pererabotki shlakov staleplavil’noy otrasli v tovarnyye produkty[Technological features of the integrated processing of slag of the steel industry intomarketable products]. Ekologiya promyshlennogo proizvodstva [Ecology of industrialproduction]. 2017. No. 1 (97). Pp. 8–12. (in Russian)

5. T o l e u b a y e v a Sh.B. Klinkernyye mineraly i ikh vliyaniye na svoystvaportlandtsementa [Clinker minerals and their influence on the properties of Portlandcement]. Aktual’nyye nauchnyye issledovaniya v sovremennom mire [Actual scientificresearch in the modern world]. 2019. No. 2-1 (46). Pp. 86–90. (in Russian)

6. H u a n g Y., Q i a n J., K a n g X., Z h a n g W., W a n g S. Belite-calcium sulfoaluminatecement prepared with phosphogypsum: Influence of P2O5 and F on the clinkerformation and cement performances. Construction and Building Materials. 2019.203. Pp. 432–442.

7. W e n Y., J u Y.-X., Y u a n L. Research on heat transfer law of cement clinkeraccumulation body in grate cooler based on lattice Boltzmann method. Heat Transfer –Asian Research. 2019. 48(1). Pp. 270–285.

8. G a r t n e r E., S u i T. Alternative cement clinkers. Cement and Concrete Research.2018. 114. Pp. 27–39.

9. B u r l o v I.Yu., B u r l o v Yu.A., K r i v o b o r o d o v Yu.R. Polucheniyealyuminatnykh i alyumoferritnykh klinkerov v pechnom agregate plazmennogo tipa[Obtaining aluminate and aluminoferrite clinkers in a plasma type furnace unit].Tsement i ego primeneniye [Cement and its application]. 2002. No. 11. Pp. 25–28.(in Russian)

10. V o l o k i t i n G.G., S k r i p n i k o v a N.K., S a z o n o v a N.A. Optimizatsiya sostavasyr’evoy smesi i tekhnologicheskogo rezhima plazmokhimicheskogo sintezatsementnogo klinkera s ispol’zovaniyem metodov matematicheskogo planirovaniyaeksperimenta [Optimization of the composition of the raw mix and the technologicalregime of plasma-chemical synthesis of cement clinker using the methods ofmathematical planning of the experiment]. Vestnik TGASU [Bulletin of TSUAB].2011. No. 4 (33). Pp. 146–151. (in Russian)


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11. B u t t Yu.M., S y c h e v Yu.M., B u t t M.M. Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya vyazhu-shchikh materialov [Chemical technology of binders]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola,1980. 472 p. (in Russian)

12. S h e k h o v t s o v V.V., V o l o k i t i n G.G., S k r i p n i k o v a N.K. et al. Plasmatreatment of agglomerating aluminosilicate powders based on coal ash. AIP ConferenceProceedings. 2017. No. 1800. P. 020008.

13. S k r i p n i k o v a N.K., L u t s e n k o A.V., S a z o n o v a N.A., F e t i s o v a A.A.Vliyaniye tekhnologicheskikh rezhimov plavleniya v usloviyakh nizkotemperaturnoyplazmy na strukturu tsementnogo klinkera [The effect of technological meltingconditions in low-temperature plasma on the structure of cement clinker]. VestnikTGASU [Bulletin of TSUAB]. 2016. No. 1 (54). Pp. 155–162. (in Russian)


32

ÓÄÊ 691.43-431:666.31

Â.Ç. ÀÁÄÐÀÕÈÌÎÂ

ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÏÎËÅÂÎØÏÀÒÎÂÎÃÎ ÊÎÍÖÅÍÒÐÀÒÀÍÀ ÔÀÇÎÂÛÉ ÑÎÑÒÀÂ ÏËÈÒÊÈ ÄËß ÏÎËÎÂÍÀ ÎÑÍÎÂÅ ÎÒÕÎÄÎÂ ÖÂÅÒÍÎÉ ÌÅÒÀËËÓÐÃÈÈ

Ïîëó÷åíû ïëèòêè äëÿ ïîëîâ íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ öâåòíîé ìåòàëëóðãèè – ãëèíèñòîé÷àñòè «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä (ÃÖÈ) â êà÷åñòâå ãëèíèñòîãîêîìïîíåíòà è ïîïóòíîãî ïðîäóêòà ïðîèçâîäñòâà ðåäêîçåìåëüíûõ ìåòàëëîâ (ÏØÊ)â êà÷åñòâå ïëàâíÿ äëÿ ñíèæåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû îáæèãà. Ââåäåíèå â ñîñòàâû êåðàìè-÷åñêèõ ìàññ ÏØÊ (ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò) ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå îáæèãà 1100 °Ñèñêëþ÷àåò îáðàçîâàíèå êðèñòîáàëèòà, òàê êàê ïåðåâîäèò êâàðö â ðàñïëàâ. ÏØÊ ñïî-ñîáñòâóåò ïîëó÷åíèþ ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ ñ âûñîêèìè ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ïîêàçà-òåëÿìè ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå îáæèãà 1100 °Ñ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò, ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðà-âèòàöèè, ïëèòêà äëÿ ïîëîâ, ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ, ìóëëèò, êâàðö, ñòåêëîôàçà.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-33-42

Ââåäåíèå. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðè îðãàíèçàöèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷å-ñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ìîäåëü âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ìèíåðàëüíî-ñûðüåâîé áàçû, êîòîðàÿ, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, äîëæíà ó÷èòûâàòü ñîêðàùàþùèåñÿçàïàñû ìåñòîðîæäåíèé è ãåîëîãîðàçâåäî÷íûå ðàáîòû äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ íîâûõìåñòîðîæäåíèé (çàïàñîâ) [1, 2].

Àêòóàëüíîñòü. Â ñîâðåìåííûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðè îãðàíè÷åí-íîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì ôèíàíñèðîâàíèè ãåîëîãîðàçâåäî÷íûõ ðàáîò ïî èçûñêà-íèþ ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé âåñüìàâàæíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèíÿòèå îïòèìàëüíûõ óïðàâëåí÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé ïî âûáî-ðó îáúåêòîâ ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîãî îñâîåíèÿ, êîòîðûå äàþò ìàêñèìàëüíûé ñîöè-àëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ýôôåêò [3, 4].

Îäíî èç ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé – èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìíîãîòîííàæíûõîòõîäîâ òîïëèâíî-ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî êîìïëåêñà è öâåòíîé ìåòàëëóðãèè â ïðî-èçâîäñòâå êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñòðîèòåëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ [2, 5].

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòõîäîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâ ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðåøåíèþ îäíîé èç àê-òóàëüíîé ïðîáëåìû ñîâðåìåííîñòè – óòèëèçàöèè ïðîìûøëåííûõ îòõîäîâ,ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ñåðüåçíóþ óãðîçó ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ [6, 7].

Ñîãëàñíî åâðîïåéñêîìó çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâó (Äèðåêòèâà Åâðîïåéñêîãîïàðëàìåíòà è Ñîâåòà Åâðîïåéñêîãî ñîþçà 2008/98/ÅÑ), ñóùåñòâóåò ïðèîðè-òåòíîñòü ìåòîäîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ îòõîäàìè, â êîòîðîì íàèáîëåå ïðèåìëåìûì âà-ðèàíòîì óòèëèçàöèè îòõîäîâ ñ ñîïóòñòâóþùèì ïîâûøåíèåì ýíåðãîýôôåê-òèâíîñòè êîìïîçèòíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ ïåðåðàáîòêà ñ öåëüþ ïî-âòîðíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè ýòîì ïðîäóêòîâ.

Öåëü ðàáîòû: à) ïîëó÷åíèå ïëèòêè äëÿ ïîëîâ íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ öâåòíîéìåòàëëóðãèè áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðèðîäíîãî òðàäèöèîííîãî ñûðüÿ; á) èññëåäî-

33


ã Àáäðàõèìîâ Â.Ç., 2019

âàíèå âëèÿíèÿ ïîëåâîøïàòîâîãî êîíöåíòðàòà íà ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ ïëèòîêäëÿ ïîëîâ.

Ñûðüåâûå ìàòåðèàëû. Â êà÷åñòâå ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ ïðîèçâîä-ñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü îòõîäû öâåòíîé ìåòàë-ëóðãèè: ÃÖÈ (ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõðóä) è ÏØÊ (ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò). Â òàáë. 1 è 2 ïðèâåäåíû õèìè÷å-ñêèå ñîñòàâû: îêñèäíûé è ïîýëåìåíòíûé, à â òàáë. 3 ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèå ñîñòà-âû èññëåäóåìûõ îòõîäîâ.

Ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä

(ÃÖÈ) Êàðàîòêåëüñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòèèñïîëüçîâàëàñü â äàííîé ðàáîòå â êà÷åñòâå ãëèíèñòîãî ñûðüÿ [8].

Êàðàîòêåëüñêîå ìåñòîðîæäåíèå öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä íàõîäèòñÿ âÂîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå â 250 êì îò ã. Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñê. Ïî îöåíêå ãåîëîãîâ,çàïàñû ÃÖÈ ñîñòàâëÿþò 230–240 ìëí ò, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåâûøàåò çàïàñûèñïîëüçóåìûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ Âåñåëîâñêîãî, Àðòåìîâñêîãî (Óêðàèíà),Íèæíå-Óâåëüñêîãî (Ðîññèÿ) è Öåëèíîãðàäñêîãî (Êàçàõñòàí) ìåñòîðîæäåíèéâçÿòûõ âìåñòå [9]. ÃÖÈ ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ïîñëå äåçèíòåãðàöèè è ãðîõî÷åíèÿ ðóäûâ âèäå ñóñïåíçèè âëàæíîñòüþ 37–45 %. Öâåò ÃÖÈ îò ñâåòëî-æåëòîãî äî ðîçî-âîãî, ïëîòíîñòü 2,36–2,42 ã/ñì3.

Â òàáë. 1 è 2 ïðèâåäåíû õèìè÷åñêèå ñîñòàâû: îêñèäíûé è ïîýëåìåíòíûé,â òàáë. 3 ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé, à â òàáë. 4 êà÷åñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÃÖÈ.

Ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ ÷àñòèö ðàçìåðîì ìåíåå 0,005 ìì ÃÖÈ îòíîñèòñÿ ê äèñ-ïåðñíîìó ñûðüþ, ïî ïëàñòè÷íîñòè – ê ñðåäíåïëàñòè÷íîìó, ïî ÷óâñòâèòåëüíî-ñòè ê ñóøêå – ê ñðåäíå÷óâñòâèòåëüíîìó, ïî îãíåóïîðíîñòè – ê òóãîïëàâêîìó

Â.Ç. Àáäðàõèìîâ

34

Ò à á ë è ö à 1. Îêñèäíûé õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ êîìïîíåíòîâ

ÊîìïîíåíòÑîäåðæàíèå îêñèäîâ, ìàñ. %

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 ÑàÎ MgO R2O SO3 Ï.ï.ï.

ÃÖÈ 56,19 24,35 7,10 1,7 1,20 1,74 0,11 7,61

ÏØÊ 71,75 14,15 0,24 0,22 0,23 11,4 – 2,24

Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Ïîýëåìåíòíûé õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ êîìïîíåíòîâ

ÊîìïîíåíòÝëåìåíòû, %

C O Na Mg Al Ti Si Zr K Ca Fe

ÃÖÈ 0,35 54,8 0,28 0,34 14,9 0,43 24,78 0,078 0,19 0,27 3,58

ÏØÊ – 48,8 5,36 0,22 8,5 – 33,8 – 2,8 0,3 0,22

Ò à á ë è ö à 3. Ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ êîìïîíåíòîâ

Êîìïî-íåíò

Ñîäåðæàíèå ìèíåðàëîâ, %

Êàîëè-íèò

Ãèäðî-ñëþäà

Ìîíò-ìîðèë-ëîíèò

Êâàðö Ïîëåâîéøïàò Öèðêîí Èëüìå-

íèòËèìî-

íèò

Îðãàíè-÷åñêèå

ïðèìåñèÄîëîìèò

ÃÖÈ 43–48 4–6 4–6 13–16 18–20 2–3 3–4 3–4 0,8–1,0 2–3

ÏØÊ – – – 30–40 60–70 – – – – –

(îãíåóïîðíîñòü 1500–1550 îÑ), ïî ñïåêàåìîñòè – ñèëüíîñïåêàþùååñÿ ñûðüåñ èíòåðâàëîì ñïåêàíèÿ 120–150 °Ñ.

ÃÖÈ â îòëè÷èå îò ïðèðîäíûõ òóãîïëàâêèõ ãëèí èìååò ïîâûøåííîå ñî-äåðæàíèå îêñèäà æåëåçà (Fe2O3 > 5 %, ñì. òàáë. 1). Êðîìå òîãî, ìèíåðàëîãè-÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ÃÖÈ â îòëè÷èå îò ïðèðîäíûõ òðàäèöèîííûõ òóãîïëàâêèõãëèí áîëåå ñëîæíûé (ñì. òàáë. 3).

Áåëîãîðñêèé ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò (ÏØÊ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïóòíûìïðîäóêòîì ïðîèçâîäñòâà ðåäêîçåìåëüíûõ ìåòàëëîâ è ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ïîñëå ïî-ìîëà èñõîäíîãî ñûðüÿ, èçâëå÷åíèÿ èç íåãî ìåòàëëîâ è ñ ïîñëåäóþùåé ôëîòà-öèåé ñëþäû. Áåëîãîðñêèé êîìáèíàò íàõîäèòñÿ â ï. Àñó-Áóëàê Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè.

Ïîñëå îáîãàùåíèÿ êîíöåíòðàò â âèäå ïóëüïû, ñîäåðæàùåé 60 % âîäû, ïîòðóáîïðîâîäó ïîäàåòñÿ â «õâîñòîõðàíèëèùå». ÏØÊ, êàê è ÃÖÈ, îáëàäàåòáîëåå ðàâíîìåðíûì ñîñòàâîì, òàê êàê ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ìîêðîãðàâèòàöèîííûìñïîñîáîì. Ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò èìååò áåëûé öâåò ñ ïðîáëåñêàìèñëþäû è âíåøíå íàïîìèíàåò ïåñîê. Â òàáë. 1 è 2 ïðèâåäåíû õèìè÷åñêèåñîñòàâû: îêñèäíûé è ïîýëåìåíòíûé, â òàáë. 3 ìèíåðàëîãè÷åñêèé, à â òàáë. 5ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêèé.

Îãíåóïîðíîñòü 1100–1150 îÑ, ïëîòíîñòü 2,68–2,72 ã/ñì3. Ïîëåâîé øïàòâ ÏØÊ ïðåäñòàâëåí àëüáèòîì (50–60 %) è îðòîêëàçîì (40–45 %), ñîäåð-æàíèå ñëþäû 1–2 %.

Àëüáèò – Na2O · Al2O3 · 6SiO2 (íàòðèåâûé ïîëåâîé øïàò). Ðåøåòêà àëü-áèòà ïñåâäîòåòðàãîíàëüíîãî òèïà. Â ïóñòûõ âîñüìåðíûõ êîëüöàõ ðàçìåùà-þòñÿ èîíû Na+. Êàæäûé èîí Na+ îêðóæåí âîñüìüþ èîíàìè Î2– íà ðàññòîÿíèè2,4–3,5 · 10–10 ì [10]. Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìà àëüáèòà Na2[AlSi3O8], íà÷àëî îáðà-çîâàíèÿ æèäêîé ôàçû 850–950 °Ñ [10, 11]. Íåäîñòàòêîì àëüáèòà êàê ïëàâíÿêåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîíèæåííàÿ âÿçêîñòü åãî ðàñïëàâîâ è äåôîðìà-öèÿ èçäåëèé ïðè îáæèãå.

Îðòîêëàç – Ê2O · Al2O3 · 6SiO2 ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì ïîðîäîîá-ðàçóþùèì ìèíåðàëîì êèñëûõ è ùåëî÷íûõ èçâåðæåííûõ ïîðîä, îáðàçóÿ âïåãìàòèòîâûõ æèëàõ ïîëèêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèå ìàññû (ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé Òà ïîëó-÷àþò íà Áåëîãîðñêîì ãîðíî-îáîãàòèòåëüíîì êîìáèíàòå èç ïåãìàòèòîâ).Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ôîðìà îðòîêëàçà Ê2[AlSi3O8]. Ïðè ðàñïëàâëåíèè îðòîêëàçà åãîîáúåì óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ íà 8,65 % [10, 11]. Êèñëîòû íà íåãî íå äåéñòâóþò, çàèñêëþ÷åíèåì ïëàâèêîâîé è ÷àñòè÷íî êîíöåíòðèðîâàííîé ñåðíîé. Â ïåãìàòè-

Âëèÿíèå ïîëåâîøïàòîâîãî êîíöåíòðàòà íà ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ ïëèòêè äëÿ ïîëîâ...

35

Ò à á ë è ö à 4. Êà÷åñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÃÖÈ

×èñëîïëàñòè÷-

íîñòè

×óâñòâè-òåëüíîñòüê ñóøêå, ñ

Ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ, ñîäåðæàíèå ôðàêöèé, %

0,1–0,05 ìì 0,05–0,01 ìì 0,01–0,005 ìì 0,005–0,001 ìì <0,001 ìì

25 90 0,8 12,1 16,1 23,0 48

Ò à á ë è ö à 5. Ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ÏØÊ

Ñîäåðæàíèå ôðàêöèé, %, ðàçìåð ÷àñòèö, ìì

>0,063 0,063–0,01 0,01–0,005 0,005–0,001 <0,001

7,8 18,1 20,4 22,9 30,8

òîâûõ æèëàõ îðòîêëàç íàõîäèòñÿ â ñðàñòàíèè ñ êâàðöåì. Îáðàçîâàíèå æèäêîéôàçû â èíòåðâàëå 1100–1150 °Ñ.

Ïîëó÷åíèå ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïëèòîêèññëåäîâàëèñü ñîñòàâû êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå â òàáë. 6.

Ñûðüåâûå êîìïîíåíòû òùàòåëüíî ïåðåìåøèâàëè è èçìåëü÷àëè (ìîêðîåèçìåëü÷åíèå) äî ïðîõîæäåíèÿ ñêâîçü ñèòî ¹ 0063 (îñòàòîê íà ñèòå íå áîëåå1,2 %), çàòåì ïîäñóøèâàëè äî îñòàòî÷íîé âëàãè íå áîëåå 5–7 %. Èç ïîëó÷åí-íîãî ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà (ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ñì. â òàáë. 7) ïðè óäåëüíîìäàâëåíèè 16,0 ÌÏà ïðåññîâàëè ïëèòêè ðàçìåðîì 100´100´10 ìì. Ïîëó÷åí-íûå îáðàçöû âûñóøèâàëè äî îñòàòî÷íîé âëàæíîñòè íå áîëåå 2–3 %. Òåìïåðà-òóðà îáæèãà 1100 °Ñ. Ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå è õèìè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïðè-âåäåíû â òàáë. 8.

Êàê âèäíî èç òàáë. 8, îïòèìàëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå â êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññàõÏØÊ 30 %, èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïëàâíÿ áîëåå 30 % ïðèâîäèò ê äåôîðìàöèîííûìèñêðèâëåíèÿì ïðè îáæèãå ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ çà ñ÷åò ïîâûøåííîãî ñîäåðæà-íèÿ àëüáèòà (â ÏØÊ) è îêñèäà æåëåçà â ÃÖÈ (ñì. òàáë. 1). Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèèÏØÊ â êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññàõ ìåíåå 30 % (20 %, ñì. òàáë. 6) ïîëó÷åííàÿ êåðà-ìè÷åñêàÿ ïëèòêà íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òðåáîâàíèþ ïî âîäîïîãëîùåíèþ (òàáë. 8).Èç òàáë. 8 âèäíî, ÷òî ââåäåíèå â ñîñòàâû êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ ÏØÊ â êà÷åñòâå


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Ò à á ë è ö à 6. Ñîñòàâû êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàññ

ÊîìïîíåíòÑîäåðæàíèå êîìïîíåíòîâ, ìàñ. %

1 2 3 4

Ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä (ÃÖÈ)

100 80 70 60

Ïîëåâîøïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò (ÏØÊ) – 20 30 40

Ò à á ë è ö à 7. Ãðàíóëîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ïðåññ-ïîðîøêà

Ðàçìåð ÿ÷ååê ñèòà, ìì 0,85 0,5 0,4 0,212 0,1 0,075 <0,075

Ñîäåðæàíèå ÷àñòèö, % 0,9 18,4 18,7 48,3 11,8 1,1 0,8

Ò à á ë è ö à 8. Ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëèòêè äëÿ ïîëîâ

Ïîêàçàòåëè

Ñîñòàâû ÃÎÑÒ 6787–2001Ïëèòêè êåðàìè-

÷åñêèå äëÿ ïîëîâ.Òåõíè÷åñêèå

óñëîâèÿ

1 2 3 4

Âîäîïîãëîùåíèå, %, íå áîëåå 5,3 3,8 2,8 2,2 3,5 íåãëàçóðîâàííûå

Ïðåäåë ïðî÷íîñòè ïðè èçãèáå, ÌÏà,íå ìåíåå

32 48 52 63 28

Ìîðîçîñòîéêîñòü, öèêëû 48 73 94 105 25

Èçíîñîñòîéêîñòü (ïî êâàðöåâîìóïåñêó), ã/ñì2, íå áîëåå

0,17 0,12 0,08 0,05 0,18

Êîñîóãîëüíîñòü è êðèâèçíà ëèöåâîéïîâåðõíîñòè

Íåáîëåå

Íåáîëåå

Íåáîëåå

Áîëåå Íå áîëåå 1,5 ìì

ïëàâíÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî óëó÷øàåò ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëèòîê äëÿïîëîâ.

Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ ÏØÊ íà ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïëè-òîê äëÿ ïîëîâ èñïîëüçîâàëñÿ îïòèìàëüíûé ñîñòàâ (ñîñòàâ 3), ïðåäñòàâëåííûéâ òàáë. 8, ñîñòàâ 1 âçÿò äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ (áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÏØÊ).

Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ôàçîâîãî ñîñòàâà. Ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ îïðåäåëÿë-ñÿ ðåíòãåíîäèôðàêòîìåòðè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì. Ðåíòãåíîäèôðàêòîìåòðè÷å-ñêèé àíàëèç ïðîâåäåí íà àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííîì äèôðàêòîìåòðå ÄÐÎÍ-3 ñCuÊa -èçëó÷åíèåì, b-ôèëüòðîì. Óñëîâèÿ ñúåìêè äèôðàêòîãðàìì: U = 35 êÂ;I = 20 ìÀ; ñúåìêà q–2q (óãîë); äåòåêòîð 2 ãðàä./ìèí. Ðåíòãåíîôàçîâûé àíà-ëèç íà ïîëóêîëè÷åñòâåííîé îñíîâå âûïîëíåí ïî äèôðàêòîãðàììàì ïîðîø-êîâûõ ïðîá ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ìåòîäà ðàâíûõ íàâåñîê è èñêóññòâåííûõ ñìåñåé.Îïðåäåëÿëèñü êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèõ ôàç. Èíòåð-ïðåòàöèÿ äèôðàêòîãðàìì ïðîâîäèëàñü ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äàííûõ êàðòîòå-êè ICDD: áàçà ïîðîøêîâûõ äèôðàêòîìåòðè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ PDF2 (PowderDiffraction File) è äèôðàêòîãðàìì ÷èñòûõ îò ïðèìåñåé ìèíåðàëîâ. Ðàäèêàëûèìåþò ñâîè ñîáñòâåííûå õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèå êîëåáàòåëüíûå ÷àñòîòû, êî-òîðûå ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ è â ñïåêòðàõ êðèñòàëëîâ è ñòåêîë, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýòè ãðóï-ïû. Ýòîò ìåòîä èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòðîåíèÿ ñèëèêàòîâ, à òàêæåäëÿ èõ êà÷åñòâåííîãî ìèíåðàëüíîãî àíàëèçà.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà ýíåðãîäèñïåðñèîííîì ðåíòãåíîâñêîì ôëóîðåñöåíòíîìñïåêòðîìåòðå ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ ýëåìåíòíîãî ñîñòàâà îáðàçöîâ ñ ïîñëåäóþùèìîïðåäåëåíèåì ìèêðîñòðóêòóðû áûëè ïðîâåäåíû íà ñêàíèðóþùåì ýëåêòðîí-íîì ìèêðîñêîïå Jeol JSM 6390A ñ ïðèñòàâêîé ðåíòãåíîñïåêòðàëüíîãî ìèêðî-àíàëèçà Jeol JED-2200 â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ìåòîäèêîé ÑàìÃÒÓ «Ìåòîäèêà îïðå-äåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà òâåðäûõ òåë. Ìåòîäèêà âûïîëíåíèÿ èçìåðåíèéñ ïîìîùüþ ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî ýíåðãîäèñïåðñèîííîãî ñïåêòðîìåòðà â ñîñòàâåðàñòðîâîãî ýëåêòðîííîãî ìèêðîñêîïà».

Ðåíòãåíîãðàììû ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è èññëåäóåìûõ îáðàçöîâ ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû íà ðèñ. 1, ïîýëåìåíòíûé àíàëèç ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â òàáë. 2,ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà (ýëåêòðîííîå ôîòî) îáðàçöîâ íà ðèñ. 2.

Îáñóæäåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå îáæèãà 1100 îÑ íà ðåíòãå-íîãðàììå â îáðàçöàõ èç ÃÖÈ âèäíû ëèíèè ìóëëèòà: 0,152; 0,184; 0,211; 0,220è 0,339 íì (ñì. ðèñ. 1, â), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î åãî êðèñòàëëèçàöèè.

Ìóëëèò (Al6Si2O13) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç âàæíåéøèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ìíîãèõíåîðãàíè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ðÿä ó÷åíûõ â ðàáîòàõ [11–13] ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî îñ-íîâíûå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèì ìàòåðèàëàì ñîîáùàåòìóëëèò, ïîýòîìó íåîáõîäèìî ââîäèòü òàêèå äîáàâêè, êîòîðûå ñïîñîáñòâóþòîáðàçîâàíèþ ìóëëèòà ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíî íåâûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ.

Íàëè÷èå êðèñòîáàëèòà â ñîñòàâå 1 ñíèæàåò ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü èç-äåëèé, à îáðàçîâàíèå åãî èç àìîðôíîãî êðåìíåçåìà, âûäåëèâøåãîñÿ â ðåçóëü-òàòå ìóëëèòèçàöèè, îáóñëîâëèâàåò ïðîíèöàåìîñòü èçäåëèé [14].

Îáúåìíûé ýôôåêò ïðè ïåðåõîäå a-êâàðöà â a-êðèñòîáàëèò ñîñòàâëÿåò15,4 %, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðàçðûõëåíèþ ïîâåðõíîñòè êðèñòàëëè÷åñêîé ðåøåò-êè [11, 13–15]. Ó ðàçðûõëåííûõ è áîãàòûõ äåôåêòàìè, à òàêæå àìîðôíûõâåùåñòâ òâåðäîôàçîâûå ðåàêöèè ïðîòåêàþò áûñòðåå áëàãîäàðÿ óñêîðåííîéñàìîäèôôóçèè è ãåòåðîäèôôóçèè [11, 13–15].


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38

Ýëåêòðîííî-ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïðèòåìïåðàòóðå 1100 °Ñ â îáðàçöàõ ñîñòàâà 1 (ðèñ. 2, à) ñîäåðæàíèå ñòåêëî-ôàçû êîëåáëåòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ 30–40 %. Ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîêàçàëîáðàçîâàíèå ñòåêëîâèäíîé ôàçû â îáðàçöàõ èç ÃÖÈ ñ ïîêàçàòåëåì ïðåëîì-ëåíèÿ 1,54.

Ââåäåíèå â ñîñòàâ êåðàìè÷åñêîé ìàññû ÏØÊ óâåëè÷èâàåò ñîäåðæàíèåìóëëèòà è èñêëþ÷àåò îáðàçîâàíèå êðèñòîáàëèòà ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 1100 °Ñ(ñì. ðèñ. 1, ã).

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåäåííûõ Â.Ô. Ïàâëîâûì [14, 15] èññëåäîâàíèé áûëîóñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äîáàâêà ùåëî÷íûõ îêñèäîâ íå òîëüêî èñêëþ÷àåò îáðàçîâà-íèå êðèñòîáàëèòà, íî è ñíèæàåò òåìïåðàòóðó îáðàçîâàíèÿ ìóëëèòà, ñïîñîáñò-âóåò åãî óâåëè÷åíèþ è ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ êðèñòàëëè÷åñêîé ðåøåòêè ïðèîáæèãå â èíòåðâàëàõ òåìïåðàòóð 1000–1300 °Ñ.

Ýëåêòðîííî-ìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ââåäåíèå âñîñòàâ êåðàìè÷åñêîé ìàññû ÏØÊ (ñîñòàâ 3, ñì. òàáë. 6) ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå1100 °Ñ â îáðàçöàõ óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèå æèäêîé ôàçû (ðèñ. 2, á), ïðè


39

Ðèñ. 1. Ðåíòãåíîãðàììû ñûðüåâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è îáðàçöîâà – ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä (ÃÖÈ); á – ïîëåâîø-

ïàòîâûé êîíöåíòðàò; â – îáðàçöû èç ñîñòàâà 1; ã – îáðàçöû èç ñîñòàâà 2

Ðèñ. 2. Ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà (ýëåêòðîííûå ñíèìêè)à – ñîñòàâ 1; á – ñîñòàâ 2

ýòîì ïîêàçàòåëü ïðåëîìëåíèÿ óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñ 1,54 äî 1,57. Àâòîð ðàáîò[14, 15] ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî óâåëè÷åíèå ïîêàçàòåëÿ ïðåëîìëåíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò÷àñòè÷íîãî ïåðåõîäà â ðàñïëàâ îêñèäà æåëåçà, êîòîðûé òàê æå, êàê è îêñèäûùåëî÷åé, ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïåðåõîäó àìîðôíîãî êðåìíåçåìà â ðàñïëàâ è èñêëþ-÷àåò îáðàçîâàíèå êðèñòîáàëèòà.

Âûâîäû. 1. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå îáæèãà1100 °Ñ â îáîèõ èññëåäóåìûõ ñîñòàâàõ 1 è 3 îáðàçóåòñÿ ìóëëèò. Â ñîñòàâå 1îáðàçóåòñÿ êðèñòîáàëèò, êîòîðûé ñíèæàåò ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëèïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ. Ââåäåíèå â ñîñòàâ êåðàìè÷åñêîé ìàññû ÏØÊ óâåëè÷èâàåòñîäåðæàíèå ìóëëèòà è èñêëþ÷àåò îáðàçîâàíèå êðèñòîáàëèòà ïðè òåìïåðàòó-ðå 1100 °Ñ.

2. Â êà÷åñòâå ñûðüÿ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ ìîæíî èñïîëü-çîâàòü îòõîäû öâåòíîé ìåòàëëóðãèè. Ïðè ýòîì ôàçîâûé ñîñòàâ ïîëó÷à-åòñÿ òàêîé æå, êàê è ïðè ïðèìåíåíèè òðàäèöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ïîýòîìóçàìåíà èõ ïðè èçãîòîâëåíèè ïîëîâîé ïëèòêè íà îòõîäû âïîëíå âîç-ìîæíà.


1. À õ ì å ò Â.Õ. Ðûíîê ãåîëîãèè è íåðûíî÷íàÿ îñíîâà öåíîîáðàçîâàíèÿ íà ïðîäóê-öèþ è ðàáîòû ïî ÃÈÍ è ÂÌÑÁ // Ðàçâåäêà è îõðàíà íåäð. 2011. ¹ 11. Ñ. 49–54.

2. À á ä ð à õ è ì î â à Å.Ñ. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòõîäîâ òîïëèâíî-ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî êîì-ïëåêñà – ãîðåëûõ ïîðîä è îòõîäîâ îáîãàùåíèÿ õðîìèòîâûõ ðóä â ïðîèçâîäñòâåïîðèñòîãî çàïîëíèòåëÿ íà îñíîâå æèäêîñòåêîëüíûõ êîìïîçèöèé // Óãîëü. 2019.¹ 7. Ñ. 67–69.

3. Ä à ä û ê è í Â.Ñ., Ä à ä û ê è í à Î.Â. Ìåòîäèêà ðàñ÷åòà íåîáõîäèìîãî ïðèðîñòàçàïàñîâ â óïðàâëåíèè âîñïðîèçâîäñòâîì ìèíåðàëüíî-ñûðüåâîé áàçû // Âåñòí.Ñàìàð. ãîñ. ýêîíîì. óí-òà. 2019. ¹ 3. Ñ. 54–58.

4. Õ à ñ à å â Ã.Ð., Â ë à ñ î â À.Ã., Â à ñ è ë ü å â à Ä.È., Ë î á à í î â Â.Ï., Ð û á à -ê î â à Í.Â. Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ êàäàñòðîâàÿ îöåíêà çåìåëü â ñòðóêòóðå ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ðåãèîíà. Ñàìàðà: Ñàìàð. ãîñ. ýêîíîì. óí-ò, 2019. 200 ñ.

5. À á ä ð à õ è ì î â à Å.Ñ. Îáðàçîâàíèå çîëû ëåãêîé ôðàêöèè è èñïîëüçîâàíèå ååâ ïðîèçâîäñòâå ïëèòîê äëÿ ïîëîâ // Óãîëü. 2019. ¹ 11. Ñ. 64–66.

6. À á ä ð à õ è ì î â à Å.Ñ. Èññëåäîâàíèå ñóøèëüíûõ ñâîéñòâ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòå-ðèàëîâ íà îñíîâå îòõîäîâ òîïëèâíî-ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî êîìïëåêñà // Óãîëü. 2019.¹ 9. Ñ. 67–69.

7. Ù å ð á è í è í à Í.Ô., Ê î ÷ å ò ê î â à Ò.Â. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòõîäîâ îáîãàùåíèÿæåëåçîðóäíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé â ïðîèçâîäñòâå êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèé // Ñòåêëîè êåðàìèêà. 2016. ¹ 1. Ñ. 24–27.

8. À á ä ð à õ è ì î â Â.Ç., À á ä ð à õ è ì î â à Å.Ñ., À á ä ð à õ è ì î â Ä.Â., À á ä ð à -õ è ì î â À.Â. Ãëèíèñòàÿ ÷àñòü «õâîñòîâ» ãðàâèòàöèè öèðêîí-èëüìåíèòîâûõ ðóä –ñûðüå äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ // Îãíåóïîðû è òåõí. êåðàìèêà.2005. ¹ 5. Ñ. 38–42.

9. Ä î á ó æ è í ñ ê è é Â.È. Íîâàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêèõ ïëèòîê. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò,1977. 232 ñ.

10. Á å ò å õ ò è í À.Ã. Êóðñ ìèíåðàëîãèè. Ì.: Ãîñãåîëòåõèçäàò, 1961. 538 ñ.11. Ê ó ê î ë å â Ã.Â. Õèìèÿ êðåìíèÿ è ôèçè÷åñêàÿ õèìèÿ ñèëèêàòîâ. Ì.: Âûñø. øê.,

1965. 364 ñ.12. Ê ó ò å õ è í Ï.Â. Ñèíòåç ìóëëèòà. Ì.: Íåäðà, 1987. 288 ñ.13. Ï à ù å í ê î À.À. Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ õèìèÿ ñèëèêàòîâ. Êèåâ: Âûñø. øê., 1977. 383 ñ.


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14. Ï à â ë î â Â.Ô. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå îñíîâû îáæèãà èçäåëèé ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðà-ìèêè. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1977. 272 ñ.

15. Ï à â ë î â Â.Ô. Îñîáåííîñòè ïðåâðàùåíèÿ êðåìíåçåìà, ñîäåðæàùåãîñÿ â ãëèíàõ //Òð. ÍÈÈñòðîéêåðàìèêè. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1973. Âûï. 38. Ñ. 3–11.

Àáäðàõèìîâ Âëàäèìèð Çàêèðîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.; E-mail: [email protected]Ñàìàðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò


Abdrakhimov Vladimir Zakirovich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] State University of Economics, Russia

INFLUENCE OF FELDSPAR CONCENTRATEON PHASE COMPOSITION OF FLOOR TILES BASEDON NON-FERROUS METALLURGY WASTES

Tiles for floors on the basis of waste of nonferrous metallurgy of clay part of «tails» ofgravity of zircon-ilmenite ores (GCI) as a clay component, and a by-product of productionof rare earth metals (PSHK) as a melt, for decrease in temperature of firing are received.The introduction of PSHK (feldspar concentrate) into the compositions of ceramic massesat a firing temperature of 1100 °C eliminates the formation of cristobalite, as it transfersquartz into the melt. PSHK contributes to the production of floor tiles with high physicaland mechanical properties at a firing temperature of 1100 °C.

K e y w o r d s: feldspar concentrate, clay part of gravity «tails», floor tiles, phasecomposition, mullite, quartz, glass phase.

REFERENCES

1. A k h m e t V.Kh. Rynok geologii i nerynochnaya osnova tsenoobrazovaniya naproduktsiyu i raboty po GIN i VMSB [Market of Geology and non-market basis ofpricing for products and work on GIN and VMSB]. Razvedka i okhrana nedr[Exploration and protection of subsoil]. 2011. No. 11. Pp. 49–54. (in Russian)

2. A b d r a k h i m o v a E.S. Ispol’zovaniye otkhodov toplivno-energeticheskogokompleksa – gorelykh porod i otkhodov obogashcheniya khromitovykh rud vproizvodstve poristogo zapolnitelya na osnove zhidkostekol’nykh kompozitsiy [The useof fuel and energy complex waste from burnt rocks and waste from chromite oreenrichment in the production of a porous aggregate based on liquid-glass compositions].Ugol’ [Coal]. 2019. No. 7. Pp. 67–69. (in Russian)

3. D a d y k i n V.S., D a d y k i n a O.V. Metodika rascheta neobkhodimogo prirostazapasov v upravlenii vosproizvodstvom mineral’no-syr’yevoy bazy [Îf calculating thenecessary increase in reserves in the management of reproduction of the mineral resourcebase]. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo ekonîmicheskogo universiteta [Bulletinof the Samara State University of Economics]. 2019. No. 3. Pp. 54–58. (in Russian)

4. K h a s a e v G.R., V l a s o v A.G., V a s i l ’ e v a D.I., L o b a n o v V.P., R y b a k o -v a N.V. Gosudarstvennaya kadastrovaya otsenka zemel’ v structure sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya regiona [State cadastral assessment of land in the structureof socio-economic development of the region]. Samara, Samara State University ofEconomics, 2019. 200 p. (in Russian)

5. A b d r a k h i m o v a E.S. Obrazovaniye zoly legkoy fraktsii i ispol’zovaniye eye vproizvodstve plitok dlya polov [Formation of light fraction ash and its use in theproduction of floor tiles]. Ugol’ [Coal]. 2019. No. 11. Pp. 64–66. (in Russian)


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6. A b d r a k h i m o v a E.S. Issledovaniye sushil’nykh svoystv keramicheskikhmaterialov na osnove otkhodov toplivno-energeticheskogo kompleksa [Study of dryingproperties of ceramic materials based on waste of the fuel and energy complex]. Ugol’[Coal]. 2019. No. 9. Pp. 67–69. (in Russian)

7. S h c h e r b i n i n a N.F., K o c h e t k o v a T.V. Ispol’zovaniye otkhodovobogashcheniya zhelezorudnykh mestorozhdeniy v proizvodstve keramicheskikhizdeliy [Use of waste from iron ore deposits enrichment in the production of ceramicproducts]. Steklo i keramika [Glass and ceramics]. 2016. No. 1. Pp. 24–27. (in Russian)

8. A b d r a k h i m o v V.Z., A b d r a k h i m o v a E.S., A b d r a k h i m o v D.V.,A b d r a k h i m o v A.V. Glinistaya chast’ «khvostov» gravitatsii tsirkon-il’menitovykhrud – syr’ye dlya proizvodstva keramicheskikh materialov [Clay part of the «tails»of gravity of zircon-ilmenite ores-raw materials for the production of ceramicmaterials]. Ogneupory i tekhnicheskaya keramika [Refractories and technicalceramics]. 2005. No. 5. Pp. 38–42. (in Russian)

9. D o b u z h i n s k i y V.I. Novaya tekhnologiya keramicheskikh plitok [New technologyof ceramic tiles]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1977. 232 p. (in Russian)

10. B e t e k h t i n A.G. Kurs mineralogii [Lectures on mineralogy]. Moscow,Gosgeoltekhizdat, 1961. 538 p. (in Russian)

11. K u k o l e v G.V. Khimiya kremniya i fizicheskaya khimiya silikatov [Chemistry ofsilicon and physical chemistry of silicates]. Moscow, Higher school, 1965. 364 p.(in Russian)

12. K u t e k h i n P.V. Sintez mullita [Synthesis of mullite]. Moscow, Nedra, 1987. 288 p.(in Russian)

13. P a s h c h e n k o A.A. Fizicheskaya khimiya silikatov [Physical chemistry of silicates].Kiev, Higher school, 1977. 383 p. (in Russian)

14. P a v l o v V.F. Fiziko-khimicheskiye osnovy obzhiga izdeliy stroitel’noy keramiki[Physico-chemical principles of firing building ceramic products]. Moscow, Stroyizdat,1977. 272 p. (in Russian)

15. P a v l o v V.F. Osobennosti prevrashcheniya kremnezema, soderzhashchegosya vglinakh [Features of the transformation of silica contained in clays]. TrudyNIIstroykeramiki [Proceedings of building ceramics research Institute]. Moscow,Stroyizdat, 1973. Iss. 38. Pp. 3–11. (in Russian)


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ÈÍÆÅÍÅÐÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛÆÈÇÍÅÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈßÍÀÑÅËÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÅÑÒ,ÇÄÀÍÈÉ È ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈÉ.ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀßÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÜÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ

ÓÄÊ 697.93

Â.À. ÃÓËÅÂÑÊÈÉ, Å.Í. ÎÑÈÏÎÂ

ÑÐÀÂÍÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ÎÖÅÍÊÀ ÏÐßÌÎÒÎ×ÍÛÕÈ ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÒÎ×ÍÛÕ ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎ-ÈÑÏÀÐÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕÎÕËÀÄÈÒÅËÅÉ ÂÎÇÄÓÕÀ È ÈÕ ÂËÈßÍÈÅÍÀ ÒÅÏËÎÂÎÉ ÁÀËÀÍÑ ÒÐÀÍÑÔÎÐÌÀÒÎÐÍÛÕÏÎÄÑÒÀÍÖÈÉ ÌÅÒÐÎÏÎËÈÒÅÍÀ

Â öåëÿõ îïòèìèçàöèè òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóøíîé ñðåäû òåõíè÷åñêèõ ïîìåùåíèéìåòðîïîëèòåíà íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ îöåíêó ðàáîòû ïðÿìîòî÷íûõè ïðîòèâîòî÷íûõ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé âîçäóõà.Íà îñíîâå ïðåäëîæåííûõ ðàíåå ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ìîäåëåé, îïèñûâàþùèõ òåïëî-ôè-çè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû â êàíàëàõ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé, ïðîâåäåí àíà-ëèç êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ è ðåæèìíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ èõ ðàáîòû. Âûÿâëåíû íàèáîëåå ðàöèî-íàëüíûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ïîòîêîâ ïî «âëàæíûì» è «ñóõèì» êàíàëàì, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèåìàêñèìàëüíóþ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü óñòàíîâîê. Íà ïðèìåðå òðàíñôîðìàòîð-íîé ïîäñòàíöèè ìåòðîïîëèòåíà ïîêàçàíà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ.Â ðåçóëüòàòå èññëåäîâàíèé äîêàçàíî, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ðàöèîíàëüíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîòî-êîâ âîçäóõà ïî âëàæíûì è ñóõèì êàíàëàì äëÿ ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõîõëàäèòåëåé ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,1–2,2, äëÿ ïðîòèâîòî÷íûõ ðåêóïåðàòîðîâ – 3,0. Óñòàíîâëå-íî ïðåèìóùåñòâî ðåêóïåðàòèâíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé ïî òàêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì, êàê õîëîäî-ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü – 53,5 %, ãëóáèíà îõëàæäåíèÿ âîçäóõà – 41 %.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíûå îõëàäèòåëè, ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðî-âàíèå, òåïëîâîé áàëàíñ, ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîå ïîìåùåíèå.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-43-51

Ââåäåíèå. Ñîâðåìåííûå ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè òðàíñôîðìàòîðíûõ ïîä-ñòàíöèé ìåòðîïîëèòåíà, ñïðîåêòèðîâàííûå â 40–50 ãã. ïðîøëîãî âåêà, çà÷àñ-òóþ íå ìîãóò óäîâëåòâîðÿòü òðåáîâàíèÿì ïî íîðìàëèçàöèè òåìïåðàòóðíîãîðåæèìà èõ âîçäóøíîé ñðåäû. Ýòî âûçâàíî ìíîãîêðàòíî âîçðîñøèì ïàññàæè-ðîïîòîêîì è èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ äâèæåíèÿ ïîåçäîâ. Óñòàíîâêà íà ïîäñòàíöèÿõòðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ áîëåå âûñîêîé ìîùíîñòè ïðèâîäèò ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó ðîñòóòåïëîâûäåëåíèé. Òåìïåðàòóðà â òåõíè÷åñêèõ ïîìåùåíèÿõ ìåòðîïîëèòåíàïðè ýòîì äîñòèãàåò 35–40 °Ñ, ÷òî êðàéíå çàòðóäíÿåò ðàáîòó ïåðñîíàëà è óõóä-øàåò óñëîâèÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ.

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ã Ãóëåâñêèé Â.À., Îñèïîâ Å.Í., 2019

Äëÿ íåéòðàëèçàöèè òåïëîâûäåëåíèé, êîòîðûå îáðàçóþòñÿ âñëåäñòâèåðàáîòû ñèëîâûõ àãðåãàòîâ, à òàêæå òîðìîæåíèÿ è ðàçãîíà ïîåçäîâ ìåòðîïî-ëèòåíà íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíî ïðèìåíåíèå îõëàäèòåëåé âîçäóõà âîäîèñïà-ðèòåëüíîãî ïðèíöèïà äåéñòâèÿ [1–3]. ßâëÿÿñü ýêîëîãè÷åñêè áåçîïàñíûìè,òàêèå óñòàíîâêè âûãîäíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòüþ è íèçêîé ìàòåðèàëî-åìêîñòüþ [4–8]. Îñîáåííî âîñòðåáîâàíû óñòàíîâêè, îõëàæäàþùèå îáðàáà-òûâàåìûé ïîòîê âîçäóõà áåç ïîâûøåíèÿ åãî âëàãîñîäåðæàíèÿ. Èçâåñòíî äâàòèïà òàêèõ îõëàäèòåëåé: ïðÿìîòî÷íûå è ïðîòèâîòî÷íûå ðåêóïåðàòèâíûå(ÐÊÂ).

Â áîëåå ðàííèõ ðàáîòàõ [9–11] ðàññìîòðåíû ïðèíöèïèàëüíûå ñõåìû èêîíñòðóêòèâíûå îñîáåííîñòè òàêèõ îõëàäèòåëåé, ïðîâåäåíî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîåìîäåëèðîâàíèå òåïëîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â èõ êàíàëàõ [12–14].

Âìåñòå ñ òåì òðåáóåò áîëåå ãëóáîêîãî èçó÷åíèÿ âîïðîñ ýôôåêòèâíîñòèóêàçàííûõ óñòðîéñòâ è âëèÿíèÿ èõ ðàáîòû íà òåïëîâîé áàëàíñ òðàíñôîðìà-òîðíûõ ïîäñòàíöèé ìåòðîïîëèòåíà. Ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî òåì, ÷òî óñòàíîâêè õà-ðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íîé ãëóáèíîé îõëàæäåíèÿ è ðàñõîäîì âîçäóõà, âçàèì-íîå âëèÿíèå êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëÿåò èõ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü [15–18].Â ýòîé ñâÿçè íåîáõîäèìî íå òîëüêî ïðîâåñòè ñðàâíåíèå óêàçàííûõ îõëàäèòå-ëåé, íî è îïðåäåëèòü íàèáîëåå ðàöèîíàëüíûå ðåæèìû èõ ðàáîòû, îáåñïå÷è-âàþùèå ìàêñèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå èõ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè.

Êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûå óñòàíîâêè îõëàæäåíèÿ âîçäóõà. Çà÷àñòóþïðè îõëàæäåíèè íåêîòîðûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõ ïîìåùåíèé íåîáõîäèìî ñîõðàíÿòüçíà÷åíèÿ âëàãîñîäåðæàíèÿ èõ âîçäóøíîé ñðåäû. Ñ ýòîé öåëüþ èç óêàçàííûõðàíåå âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðèìåíåíèå óñòàíî-âîê êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî ïðèíöèïà äåéñòâèÿ.

Ïðèíöèïèàëüíûå ñõåìû ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ è ïðîòèâîòî÷íûõ óñòàíîâîê ðàñ-ñìîòðåíû â [19, 20]. Äëÿ îöåíêè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èõ ðàáîòû èñïîëüçóåì ìàòå-ìàòè÷åñêèå ìîäåëè, ïðåäëîæåííûå ðàíåå â [10–13]. Îíè îñíîâàíû íà óðàâíå-íèÿõ ïàðàáîëè÷åñêîãî òèïà:

r lV x y CT

x yT

T

yx L y Hp Hp Hò ( ) ( ), ( ) , , , ,

¶¶

=¶¶

¶¶

æ

èç

ö

ø÷ Î Î +0 ( ),

r lV x y Ct

x yt

t

yx L y ht ( ), ( ) , ( , ), ( , ),

¶¶

=¶¶

¶¶

æ

èç

ö

ø÷ Î Î -0 0

ãäå r, Ñ – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ïëîòíîñòü âîçäóõà, êã/ì3, è åãî óäåëüíàÿ òåïëîåì-êîñòü, Äæ/(êã · ãðàä.);Vò – ñêîðîñòü âîçäóøíîãî ïîòîêà â «ñóõèõ» êàíàëàõ;L – äëèíà êàíàëîâ, ì;h – øèðèíà êàíàëîâ, ì.

Ïðîöåññ ìàññîîáìåíà âî «âëàæíîì» êàíàëå îïèñûâàåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèìóðàâíåíèåì:

V x yW

x yD t

W

yx L y ht ( , ) ( ) , ( , ), ( , ),

¶¶

=¶¶

¶¶

æ

èç

ö

ø÷ Î Î -0 0

ãäå Vt – ñêîðîñòü âîçäóøíîãî ïîòîêà âî «âëàæíûõ» êàíàëàõ;W – ïëîòíîñòü ïàðà, êã/ì3.

Â.À. Ãóëåâñêèé, Å.Í. Îñèïîâ

44

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû â ïëàñòèíàõ õàðàêòåðèçóåò óðàâíåíèå Ëàï-ëàñà:

¶

¶+

¶

¶= Î Î

2

2

2

20 0 0

Tp

x

Tp

yx L y Hp, ( , ), ( , ).

Ðàññìîòðèì ïîìåùåíèå òðàíñôîðìàòîðíîé ïîäñòàíöèè ìåòðîïîëèòåíàñ ãàáàðèòíûìè ðàçìåðàìè 6´6´3 ì. Òåïëîâûäåëåíèÿ ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â íåìñèëîâûõ áëîêîâ ñîñòàâëÿþò 16,5 êÂò. Â æàðêîå âðåìÿ ãîäà ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå27 °Ñ âåíòèëÿöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà îáåñïå÷èâàåò îáùèé ðàñõîä âîçäóõà 4100 ì3/÷è òåìïåðàòóðó â ïîìåùåíèè, ðàâíóþ 39,8 °Ñ.

Àíàëèç ðàáîòû êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé âîçäóõà.Ñðàâíèì ðàáîòó äâóõ óñòàíîâîê îäèíàêîâûõ ãàáàðèòîâ 1,8 ì øèðèíîé è 0,8 ìâûñîòîé ñ äëèíîé êàíàëîâ 0,4 ì. Îáùèé ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ðàâåí 7500 ì3/÷. Îäíàèç ýòèõ óñòàíîâîê ðàáîòàåò ïî ïðèíöèïó ïðÿìîãî, à äðóãàÿ ïî ïðèíöèïó ïðî-òèâîòî÷íîãî îõëàæäåíèÿ. Íà÷àëüíûå ïàðàìåòðû âõîäíîãî âîçäóõà: òåìïåðà-òóðà Òâõ = 39,8 °Ñ, îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âëàæíîñòü 30 %. Ïîêàçàòåëåì ýôôåêòèâíî-ñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ ïî ôîðìóëå:

C G T T Qr ñóõ âõ âûõ( )- = ,

ãäå Tâûõ è G ñóõ – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî òåìïåðàòóðà è ðàñõîä «ñóõîãî» âîçäóõà íàâûõîäå èç îõëàäèòåëÿ.

Ðàññìîòðèì ðàáîòó ïðÿìîòî÷íîãî êîñâåííîãî îõëàäèòåëÿ. Îäíèì èçãëàâíûõ óïðàâëÿåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðè ðàáîòå îõëàäèòåëÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ îáùåãî ïîòîêà âîçäóõà ïî «ñóõèì» è «âëàæíûì» êàíà-ëàì. Íà ðèñ. 1 ïðåäñòàâëåí ãðàôèê çàâèñèìîñòè õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòèóñòàíîâêè îò êîýôôèöèåíòà ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ k, ðàâíîãî îòíîøåíèþ «ñó-õîãî» ïîòîêà ê «âëàæíîìó».

Òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå êðèâîé îáóñëîâëåíî òåì, ÷òî ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ïîòîêà âîç-äóõà ïî «ñóõèì» êàíàëàì äî íåêîòîðîãî çíà÷åíèÿ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòüðàñòåò âñëåäñòâèå ðîñòà ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà. Ïðè äàëüíåéøåì óâåëè÷åíèè îáúåìàâîçäóõà, ïðîõîäÿùåãî ÷åðåç «ñóõèå» êàíàëû, çíà÷åíèå õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëü-íîñòè ïàäàåò èç-çà óìåíüøåíèÿ ãëóáèíû îõëàæäåíèÿ âñëåäñòâèå ñíèæåíèÿ èí-òåíñèôèêàöèè òåïëîôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â êàíàëàõ îõëàäèòåëÿ.

Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ è ïðîòèâîòî÷íûõ...

45

Ðèñ. 1. Âëèÿíèå ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âîçäóõà íà õîëîäîïðî-èçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ïðÿìîãî êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëà-

äèòåëÿ

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äëÿ ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ êîñâåííî-èñïàðè-òåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü äîñòèãàåòñÿïðè ñîîòíîøåíèè ïîòîêîâ âîçäóõà ïî «ñóõèì» è «âëàæíûì» êàíàëàì k = 2,15.Äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ïðèìåðà ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåç «ñóõèå» êàíàëû ñîñòà-âèò 5156 ì3/÷, à õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü óñòàíîâêè Q = 17 284 Âò.

Äëÿ óñòàíîâëåííîãî ñîîòíîøåíèÿ êàíàëîâ áûë ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç äèíàìè-êè èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà ïî èõ äëèíå (ðèñ. 2). Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêà-çàëè, ÷òî ïðè ìàêñèìàëüíîé õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ãëóáèíà îõëàæäåíèÿñîñòàâëÿåò 10,3 °Ñ. Êðîìå òîãî, õàðàêòåð êðèâûõ íàãëÿäíî èëëþñòðèðóåò òîòôàêò, ÷òî äëèíó ïëàñòèí ñ öåëüþ ñíèæåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëîåìêîñòè óñòàíîâêèìîæíî ñîêðàòèòü äî 30 ñì, òàê êàê íà ó÷àñòêå îò 30 äî 40 ñì òåìïåðàòóðà ïðàê-òè÷åñêè íå ñíèæàåòñÿ. Ýòî ñíèæåíèå ïðèâåäåò ê óìåíüøåíèþ «òðàíñïîðò-íûõ» àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêèõ ñîïðîòèâëåíèé, ÷òî äàåò äîïîëíèòåëüíûå âîçìîæ-íîñòè äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà.

Ïðîâåäåì àíàëîãè÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ äëÿ ïðîòèâîòî÷íîãî (ðåêóïåðà-òèâíîãî) îõëàäèòåëÿ. Èñïîëüçóÿ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå, óñòàíîâèìîïòèìàëüíîå ïî õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå «ñóõîãî» è«âëàæíîãî» ïîòîêîâ âîçäóõà. Íà ðèñ. 3 ïðåäñòàâëåí ãðàôèê çàâèñèìîñòè õî-


46

Ðèñ. 2. Èçìåíåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà â «ñóõîì» (1) è«âëàæíîì» (2) êàíàëàõ ïî äëèíå ïðÿìîòî÷íîãî êîñâåííî-èñ-

ïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëàäèòåëÿ

Ðèñ. 3. Âëèÿíèå ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âîçäóõà íà õîëîäîïðîèç-âîäèòåëüíîñòü ïðîòèâîòî÷íîãî êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî

îõëàäèòåëÿ

ëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè óñòàíîâêè îò êîýôôèöèåíòà ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ k,ðàâíîãî îòíîøåíèþ «ñóõîãî» ïîòîêà ê «âëàæíîìó». Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ õîëîäî-ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü Q = 26 544 Âò äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðè çíà÷åíèè k = 3, ÷òî ñîîò-âåòñòâóåò ðàñõîäó âîçäóõà G = 5625 ì3/÷.

Íà ðèñ. 4 ïðåäñòàâëåíî èçìåíåíèå òåìïåðàòóð âîçäóõà ïî äëèíå ðåêóïå-ðàòèâíîãî îõëàäèòåëÿ. Êàê âèäíî èç ýòîãî ãðàôèêà, âîçäóõ îõëàæäàåòñÿ ïðèìàêñèìàëüíîé õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè íà 14,5 °Ñ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òîâ êîñâåííîì îõëàäèòåëå «âëàæíûé» ïîòîê âîçäóõà, âûáðàñûâàåìûé çà ïðåäå-ëû ïîìåùåíèÿ, èìååò ïðàêòè÷åñêè òàêóþ æå òåìïåðàòóðó, êàê è ó «ñóõîãî»ïîòîêà, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ïîòåðå õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè óñòàíîâêè.

Ãðàôèê íà ðèñ. 4 ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî â ðåêóïåðàòèâíîì îõëàäèòåëå òåìïåðà-òóðà âûáðàñûâàåìîãî «âëàæíîãî» âîçäóõà çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå, ÷òî ïðèâîäèòê óâåëè÷åíèþ ýêîíîìèè õîëîäà.

Ðåçóëüòàòû óñòàíîâêè óêàçàííûõ îõëàäèòåëåé äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãîïîìåùåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáëèöå.

Ïðè ïðèìåíåíèè ïðÿìîòî÷íîãî êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëàäèòåëÿòåìïåðàòóðà â ïîìåùåíèè ñòàáèëèçèðóåòñÿ íà çíà÷åíèè 32 °Ñ, à ïðè ðàáîòåïðîòèâîòî÷íîãî ðåêóïåðàòîðà – íà çíà÷åíèè 26 °Ñ.

Âûâîäû. 1. Îïðåäåëåíû íàèáîëåå ðàöèîíàëüíûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ðàñõî-äîâ âîçäóõà ÷åðåç «ñóõèå» è «âëàæíûå» êàíàëû. Äëÿ ïðÿìîòî÷íûõ êîñâåí-íî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé – 2,1–2,2, äëÿ ïðîòèâîòî÷íûõ ðåêóïåðàòî-ðîâ – 3,0.

2. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïðè îïòèìàëüíûõ ñîîòíîøåíèÿõ ðàñõîäîâ ãëóáèíàîõëàæäåíèÿ îáðàáàòûâàåìîãî âîçäóõà ðåêóïåðàòèâíûìè óñòàíîâêàìè â ñðàâ-


47

Ðèñ. 4. Èçìåíåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà â «ñóõîì» (1) è«âëàæíîì» (2) êàíàëàõ ïî äëèíå ïðîòèâîòî÷íîãî êîñâåííî-

èñïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëàäèòåëÿ

Ñðàâíåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðàáîòû êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåéâîçäóõà ïðè Tâõ = 39,8 °Ñ

Òèï îõëàäèòåëÿÃëóáèíà îõëàæäåíèÿ

âîçäóõà Dt, °ÑÐàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåçñóõèå êàíàëû G, ì3/÷

Õîëîäîïðîèçâî-äèòåëüíîñòü Q, êÂò

Ïðÿìîòî÷íûé 10,3 5156 17 284

Ðåêóïåðàòèâíûé 14,5 5625 26 544

íåíèè ñ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûìè îõëàäèòåëÿìè ïðÿìîòî÷íîãî òèïà âûøåíà 41 %.

3. Ïðè îïòèìàëüíûõ ñîîòíîøåíèÿõ ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà ÷åðåç «ñóõèå» è«âëàæíûå» êàíàëû âîçäóøíûé ïîòîê «ñóõîãî» âîçäóõà ó ðåêóïåðàòèâíûõîõëàäèòåëåé âûøå íà 9 %.

4. Ñðàâíèâàÿ çíà÷åíèÿ õîëîäîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ óñ-òàíîâîê, ñäåëàí âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî ðåêóïåðàòèâíûé îõëàäèòåëü ýôôåêòèâíåéêîñâåííîãî íà 53,5 %.

5. Äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ ïðèìåíåíèå ðåêóïåðàòèâíûõ îõ-ëàäèòåëåé ïîçâîëèò ñíèçèòü òåìïåðàòóðó âîçäóøíîé ñðåäû ñ 35–40 äî24–26 °Ñ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïðÿìîòî÷íûå êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíûå îõëàäèòåëèâ àíàëîãè÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñíèæàþò åå ëèøü äî 30–32 °Ñ.


1. À í è ñ è ì î â Ñ.Ì., Ï à í ä å ë è ä è ñ Ä., Ï î ë ó ø ê è í Â.È. Âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðîâíàðóæíîãî âîçäóõà íà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ðàáîòû ïåðåêðåñòíî-òî÷íîãî òåïëîîáìåí-íèêà êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî òèïà // Âåñòí. ãðàæä. èíæåíåðîâ. 2012. ¹ 4 (33).Ñ. 179–187.

2. À ð õ è ï ö å â À.Â., È ã í à ò ê è í È.Þ., Ê ó ð ÿ ÷ è é Ì.Ã. Ýôôåêòèâíàÿ ñèñòåìàâåíòèëÿöèè // Âåñòí. ÍÃÈÝÈ. 2013. ¹ 8 (27). Ñ. 10–15.

3. Ã à ð à í î â Ñ.À., Æ à ð î â À.À., Ï à í ò å å â Ä.À., Ñ î ê î ë è ê À.Í. Âîäîèñïàðè-òåëüíîå è êîìáèíèðîâàííîå îõëàæäåíèå âîçäóõà // Èíæ. æóðí.: íàóêà è èííîâà-öèè. 2013. ¹ 1 (13). Ñ. 40.

4. Å ì å ë ü ÿ í î â À.Ë., Ã î ð á à ò î â Ê.Ì., Ã à ð à í î â Ñ.À. Ãèáðèäíàÿ èñïàðèòåëü-íî-êîìïðåññèîííàÿ óñòàíîâêà êîíäèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ âîçäóõà // Âåñòí. Ìåæäóíàð.àêàä. õîëîäà. 2013. ¹ 4. Ñ. 34–37.

5. È ã í à ò ê è í È.Þ., Ê è ð ñ à í î â Â.Â. Óíèâåðñàëüíàÿ óñòàíîâêà îáåñïå÷åíèÿìèêðîêëèìàòà // Âåñòí. ÍÃÈÝÈ. 2016. ¹ 8 (63). Ñ. 110–116.

6. È ã í à ò ê è í È.Þ. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëàæäåíèÿ ñîðîøàåìûìè ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè // Âåñòí. ÍÃÈÝÈ. 2016. ¹ 6 (61). Ñ. 23–30.

7. Á à ð à ê î â À.Â., Ä ó á à í è í Â.Þ., Ï ð ó ò ñ ê è õ Ä.À., Í à ó ì î â À.Ì. Èññëå-äîâàíèå âîçäóõîîõëàäèòåëÿ êîñâåííî-èñïàðèòåëüíîãî òèïà ñ äèñïåðñíîé íàñàä-êîé // Ïðîì. ýíåðãåòèêà. 2010. ¹ 11. Ñ. 37–40.

8. Ê ó ç ü ì è í Ì.Ñ. Ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèå ïðè èíòåíñèôèêàöèè òåïëîîáìåíà â ñèñòå-ìàõ êîíäèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ çäàíèé // Academia. Àðõèòåêòóðà è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2015.¹ 2. Ñ. 120–124.

9. Ã ó ë å â ñ ê è é Â.À., Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ðàáîòû ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ âîäî-èñïàðèòåëüíûõ îõëàäèòåëåé êîñâåííîãî ïðèíöèïà äåéñòâèÿ // Ëåñîòåõí. æóðí.2013. ¹ 4(12). Ñ. 160–166.

10. Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï., Ø à ë è ò ê è í à À.Í., Ô å ä ó ë î â à Ë.È. Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ãåîìåòðè-÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ îõëàäèòåëåé äâóõñòóïåí÷àòîãî ïðèíöèïà äåéñòâèÿ // Èçâ.âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2003. ¹ 4(532). Ñ. 79–82.

11. Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï., Ô å ä ó ë î â à Ë.È., × å ñ í î ê î â À.Ñ., Ñ å ä à å â À.À. Ìîäåëè-ðîâàíèå ôèçè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíûõ êîíäèöèîíå-ðàõ êîñâåííîãî ïðèíöèïà äåéñòâèÿ // Íàó÷. âåñòí. ÂÃÀÑÓ. Ñòð-âî è àðõèòåêòóðà.2012. ¹ 2(26). Ñ. 29–34.

12. Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï., Ô å ä ó ë î â à Ë.È. Ê âîïðîñó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîòîêà âîçäóõà âäâóõñòóïåí÷àòîì âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíîì îõëàäèòåëå // Âåñòí. ÂÃÒÓ. 2002. ¹ 7-2.Ñ. 52–56.


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13. Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï., Ô å ä ó ë î â à Ë.È., Â û ñ î ö ê à ÿ Æ.Â. Î âûáîðå ïàðàìåòðîâäâóõñòóïåí÷àòîãî âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíîãî îõëàäèòåëÿ âîçäóõà // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîè-òåëüñòâî. 2001. ¹ 6(510). Ñ. 60–63.

14. Ø à ö ê è é Â.Ï., Ã ó ë å â ñ ê è é Â.À. Îñîáåííîñòè ðåàëèçàöèè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîéìîäåëè òåïëî- è ìàññîîáìåíà â êîñâåííî-ðåêóïåðàòèâíûõ âîäîèñïàðèòåëüíûõîõëàäèòåëÿõ // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2012. ¹ 4(640). Ñ. 39–46.

15. F a k h r a b a d i F., K o w s a r y F. Optimal design of a regenerative heat and massexchanger for indirect evaporative cooling // Applied thermal engineering. 2016.Vol. 102. P. 1384–1394.

16. H e i d a r i n e i a d G., B o z o r g m e h r M. Heat and mass transfer modeling of twostage indirect/direct evaporative aircoolers // ASHRAE thailand chapter journal.2007–2008. Vol. 1. P. 2–8.

17. H u t t e r G.W. The status of World geothermal power generation // Proceedings ofthe World geothermal congress. Kyushu-Tohoku, 2000. P. 23–37.

18. K a n d l i k a r S.G., G a r i m e l l a S., Li D., K i n g M.R. Heat transfer and fluid flow inminichannels and microchannels. Oxford, Elsevier, 2014. 592 p.

19. S h a c k i y V.P., G u l e v s k y V.A. Cooling of the sealed volumes using waterevaporation coolers // Russian journal of building construction and architecture. 2017.No. 4 (36). P. 70–76.

20. S h a c k i y V.P., G u l e v s k y V.A., C h e s n o k o v A.S. Joint modelling of heat andmass transfer and aerodynamic process in evoparative water coolers // Russian journalof building construction and architecture. 2012. No. 3 (16). P. 26–32.

Ãóëåâñêèé Âÿ÷åñëàâ Àíàòîëüåâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.;E-mail: [email protected]Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåòÎñèïîâ Åâãåíèé Íèêîëàåâè÷, èíæ.Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò


Gulevskiy Vyacheslav Anatol’evich, DSc, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] State Agrarian University, RussiaOsipov Evgeniy Nikolaevich, EngineerVoronezh State Agrarian University, Russia

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIRECT-FLOWAND COUNTER-FLOW INDIRECT EVAPORATIVEAIR COOLERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THERMALTHE BALANCE TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS UNDERGROUND

In order to optimize the air temperature of the technical premises of the subway, it isnecessary to conduct a comparative assessment of the work of direct-flow andcounter-current indirect-evaporative air coolers.On the basis of the previously proposed mathematical models describing the thermalprocesses in the channels of indirect evaporative coolers, the analysis of the design andoperating parameters of their work is carried out. The most rational ratios of flows through«wet» and «dry» channels providing the maximum cooling capacity of installations arerevealed. The efficiency of their application is shown by the example of the transformersubstation of the metro.As a result of research it is proved that the most rational ratio of air flows through wet anddry channels for direct-flow indirect evaporative coolers is 2,1–2,2, for counter-current


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coolers – 3,0. The advantage of recuperative coolers in terms of such indicators as: coolingcapacity – 53,5 %, cooling depth – 41 %.

K e y w o r d s: water-evaporative cooling, mathematical modeling, heat balance,production room.

REFERENCES

1. A n i s i m o v S.M., P a n d e l i d i s D., P o l u s h k i n V.I. Vliyaniye parametrovnaruzhnogo vozdukha na effektivnost’ raboty perekrestno-tochnogo teploobmennikakosvenno-isparitel’nogo tipa [Influence of outdoor air parameters on the efficiency ofthe cross-precision heat exchanger of indirect-evaporative type]. Vestnikgrazhdanskikh inzhenerov [Bulletin of civil engineers]. 2012. No. 4 (33). Pp. 179–187.(in Russian)

2. A r k h i p t s e v A.V., I g n a t k i n I.Yu., K u r y a c h i y M.G. Effektivnaya sistemaventilyatsii [Efficient ventilation system]. Vestnik NGIEI [Bulletin of NGIEI]. 2013.No. 8 (27). Pp. 10–15. (in Russian)

3. G a r a n o v S.A. , Z h a r o v A.A. , P a n t e e v D.A. , S o k o l i k A.N.Vodoisparitel’noye i kombinirovannoye okhlazhdeniye vozdukha [Water-evaporativeand combined air cooling]. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii [Engineeringjournal: science and innovation]. 2013. No. 1 (13). P. 40. (in Russian)

4. E m e l ’ y a n o v A.L., G o r b a t o v K.M., G a r a n o v S.A. Gibridnayaisparitel’no-kompressionnaya ustanovka konditsionirovaniya vozdukha [Hybridevaporative-compression air conditioning unit]. Vestnik Mezhdunarodnoy akademiikholoda [Bulletin of the International Academy of Refrigeration]. 2013. No. 4.Pp. 34–37. (in Russian)

5. I g n a t k i n I.Yu., K i r s a n o v V.V. Universal’naya ustanovka obespecheniyamikroklimata [Universal installation of microclimate provision]. Vestnik NGIEI[Bulletin of NGIEI]. 2016. No. 8 (63). Pp. 110–116. (in Russian)

6. I g n a t k i n I.Yu. Matematicheskaya model’ vodoisparitel’nogo okhlazhdeniya soroshayemymi poverkhnostyami [Mathematical model of water evaporative coolingwith irrigated surfaces]. Vestnik NGIEI [Bulletin of NGIEI]. 2016. No. 6 (61).Pp. 23–30. (in Russian)

7. B a r a k o v A.V., D u b a n i n V.Yu., P r u t s k i k h D.A., N a u m o v A.M.Issledovaniye vozdukhookhladitelya kosvenno-isparitel’nogo tipa s dispersnoynasadkoy [Research of the air cooler of indirect-evaporative type with a dispersednozzle]. Promyshlennaya energetika [Industrial power engineering]. 2010. No. 11.Pp. 37–40. (in Russian)

8. K u z ’ m i n M.S. Energosberezheniye pri intensifikatsii teploobmena v sistemakhkonditsionirovaniya zdaniy [Energy saving in heat transfer intensification in buildingair conditioning systems]. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo [Academy.Architecture and construction]. 2015. No. 2. Pp. 120–124. (in Russian)

9. G u l e v s k i y V.A., S h a t s k i y V.P. Modelirovaniye raboty plastinchatykhvodoisparitel’nykh okhladiteley kosvennogo printsipa deystviya [Modeling ofoperation of plate water evaporative coolers of indirect principle of action].Lesotekhnicheskiy zhurnal [Forest engineering journal]. 2013. No. 4(12). Pp. 160–166.(in Russian)

10. S h a t s k i y V.P., S h a l i t k i n a A.N., F e d u l o v a L.I. Optimizatsiyageometricheskikh parametrov okhladiteley dvukhstupenchatogo printsipa deystviya[Optimization of geometrical parameters of coolers of the two-stage principle ofaction]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions.Construction]. 2003. No. 4(532). Pp. 79–82. (in Russian)


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11. S h a t s k i y V.P., F e d u l o v a L.I., C h e s n o k o v A.S., S e d a e v A.A.Modelirovaniye fizicheskikh protsessov v plastinchatykh vodoisparitel’nykhkonditsionerakh kosvennogo printsipa deystviya [Modeling of physical processes inplate water evaporating conditioners of indirect principle of action]. Nauchnyy vestnikVGASU. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura [Scientific Herald of VSUACE. Construction andarchitecture]. 2012. No. 2(26). Pp. 29–34. (in Russian)

12. S h a t s k i y V.P., F e d u l o v a L.I. K voprosu raspredeleniya potoka vozdukha vdvukhstupenchatom vodoisparitel’nom okhladitele [On the issue of air flowdistribution in a two-stage water-evaporating cooler]. Vestnik VGTU [Bulletin ofVGTU]. 2002. No. 7-2. Pp. 52–56. (in Russian)

13. S h a t s k i y V.P., F e d u l o v a L.I., V y s o t s k a y a Zh.V. O vybore parametrovdvukhstupenchatogo vodoisparitel’nogo okhladitelya vozdukha [About the choice ofparameters of the two-stage water-evaporative air cooler]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroi-tel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction]. 2001. No. 6(510).Pp. 60–63. (in Russian)

14. S h a t s k i y V.P., G u l e v s k i y V.A. Osobennosti realizatsii matematicheskoy modeliteplo- i massoobmena v kosvenno-rekuperativnykh vodoisparitel’nykh okhladitelyakh[Features of realization of mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in indirectlyrecuperative water evaporative coolers]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of HigherEducational Institutions. Construction]. 2012. No. 4(640). Pp. 39–46. (in Russian)

15. F a k h r a b a d i F., K o w s a r y F. Optimal design of a regenerative heat and massexchanger for indirect evaporative cooling. Applied thermal engineering. 2016.Vol. 102. Pp. 1384–1394.

16. H e i d a r i n e i a d G., B o z o r g m e h r M. Heat and mass transfer modeling of twostage indirect/direct evaporative aircoolers. ASHRAE thailand chapter journal.2007-2008. Vol. 1. Pp. 2–8.

17. H u t t e r G.W. The status of World geothermal power generation. Proceedings ofthe World geothermal congress. Kyushu-Tohoku, 2000. Pp. 23–37.

18. K a n d l i k a r S.G., G a r i m e l l a S., Li D., K i n g M.R. Heat transfer and fluid flow inminichannels and microchannels. Oxford, Elsevier, 2014. 592 p.

19. S h a c k i y V.P., G u l e v s k y V.A. Cooling of the sealed volumes using waterevaporation coolers. Russian journal of building construction and architecture. 2017.No. 4 (36). Pp. 70–76.

20. S h a c k i y V.P., G u l e v s k y V.A., C h e s n o k o v A.S. Joint modelling of heat andmass transfer and aerodynamic process in evoparative water coolers. Russian journalof building construction and architecture. 2012. No. 3 (16). Pp. 26–32.


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ÓÄÊ 697.921.2.001.57

À.Ä. ÊÐÈÂÎØÅÈÍ, Ì.Ä. ÏÀÍÀÑÞÊ, Ï.Ñ. ÖÂÅÒÀÅÂ

ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÅ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈßÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ ÅÑÒÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÉ ÂÅÍÒÈËßÖÈÈÍÀ ÌÎÄÅËÈ ÇÄÀÍÈß

Ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìåñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè çäàíèé ñ îðãàíèçîâàííûì ïðèòîêîì è óäàëåíèåì âîçäó-õà, âûïîëíåííûå íà ìîäåëè îäíîýòàæíîãî çäàíèÿ. Ïðèâåäåíû çàâèñèìîñòè èçìå-íåíèÿ ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé è ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëàõ ïðè èçìåíå-íèè ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé. Îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî ðåãóëèðîâàíèå âîçäóõîîáìåíàâ çäàíèÿõ ïóòåì çàêðûòèÿ ïðèòî÷íûõ êëàïàíîâ ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü ê ïîòåðå óñòîé-÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè è «îïðîêèäûâàíèþ» íàïðàâëåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõàâ îäíîì èç âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ. Âûÿâëåí ýôôåêò ãèñòåðåçèñà ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèèïðîåêòíîãî ðåæèìà ðàáîòû «îïðîêèíóòûõ» âåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëîâ. Äëÿ ïîâûøå-íèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ïðèòîêà ïðåä-ëàãàåòñÿ ñîïðîâîæäàòü ðåãóëèðîâàíèåì ïëîùàäè âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êà-íàëîâ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: âåíòèëÿöèÿ, ïðèòî÷íûå óñòðîéñòâà, âûòÿæíûå êàíàëû, ðàñ-õîä âîçäóõà, ïåðåïàä äàâëåíèé, ìîäåëèðîâàíèå, óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñèñòåìû.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-52-62

Ââåäåíèå. Ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè æèëûõ çäàíèé ïðîåêòèðóþòñÿ è ñòðîÿò-ñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñ åñòåñòâåííûì ïîáóæäåíèåì. Äâèæåíèå âîçäóõà â ýòèõ ñèñ-òåìàõ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ çà ñ÷åò òåïëîâûõ (ãðàâèòàöèîííûõ) è âåòðîâûõïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé [1–3].

Îïûò ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïîäîáíûõ ñèñòåì â ðÿäå æèëûõ çäàíèé ïîêàçûâàåòíàëè÷èå îïðåäåëåííûõ ïðîáëåì, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì òðåáóåìîãî âîç-äóõîîáìåíà ïîìåùåíèé, ïîâûøåíèåì îòíîñèòåëüíîé âëàæíîñòè, óõóäøåíè-åì êà÷åñòâà âîçäóõà, ïåðåòåêàíèåì âîçäóõà ìåæäó êâàðòèðàìè ðàçíûõ ýòàæåéè äð. [4–7].

Îäèí èç âàðèàíòîâ ïîäîáíîãî íàðóøåíèÿ ðàáîòû – èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëå-íèÿ äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëàõ. Òàê íàçûâàåìîå«îïðîêèäûâàíèå» ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè.

Â õîëîäíûé ïåðèîä ãîäà «îïðîêèäûâàíèå» ïðèâîäèò ê ïîñòóïëåíèþ íà-ðóæíîãî õîëîäíîãî âîçäóõà â êâàðòèðû, ïîÿâëåíèþ êîíäåíñàòà íà ïîâåðõíî-ñòè âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ, à â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ – è èõ îáìåðçàíèþ [5, 6].

Îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû – ïðèìåíåíèå îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ñ áîëüøèìñîïðîòèâëåíèåì âîçäóõîïðîíèöàíèþ ïðè íåäîñòàòî÷íîì ïðèòîêå âîçäóõà[5–7], îòñóòñòâèå âçàèìíîé óâÿçêè ïðèòî÷íûõ è âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿöèîííûõóñòðîéñòâ.

Òðàäèöèîííûå ìåòîäèêè àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîãî ðàñ÷åòà ñèñòåì âåíòèëÿöèèíå ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþò ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ïîäîáíûõ ñèòóàöèé.

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ã Êðèâîøåèí À.Ä., Ïàíàñþê Ì.Ä., Öâåòàåâ Ï.Ñ., 2019

Áîëåå òîãî, êàê ïîêàçûâàþò ðåçóëüòàòû íàòóðíûõ íàáëþäåíèé, «îïðîêè-äûâàíèå» âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ èçìåíåíèåì ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïå-ðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé â ïîìåùåíèÿõ è âîçâðàùåíèå ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè â ïåðâî-íà÷àëüíûé (ïðîåêòíûé) ðåæèì ðàáîòû ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè èíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ÷åì«îïðîêèäûâàíèå», ÷òî åùå áîëüøå çàòðóäíÿåò ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâà-íèå ðàáîòû ïîäîáíûõ ñèñòåì [6, 8] è âçàèìíóþ óâÿçêó ýëåìåíòîâ ñèñòåìûâåíòèëÿöèè íà ñòàäèè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ.

Öåëü èññëåäîâàíèé – ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ïðîâåðêà óñëîâèé íàðóøåíèÿóñòîé÷èâîé ðàáîòû âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëîâ ñ åñòåñòâåííûì ïî-áóæäåíèåì.

Ïîä óñòîé÷èâîé ðàáîòîé â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïîíèìàåòñÿ ñîõðàíåíèå ïðî-åêòíîãî ðåæèìà ðàáîòû âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ è ïðèòî÷íûõ óñòðîéñòâ ïðè èçìå-íåíèè âíåøíèõ èëè âíóòðåííèõ âîçäåéñòâèé.

Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñòåíäà. Îöåíêà ýôôåê-òèâíîñòè ðàáîòû ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè âûïîëíåíà íà ñòåíäå, ìîäåëèðóþùåìâíóòðåííèé îáúåì îäíîýòàæíîãî çäàíèÿ (êâàðòèðà âåðõíåãî ýòàæà ìíîãî-ýòàæíîãî æèëîãî äîìà) ñ äâóìÿ âûòÿæíûìè âåíòèëÿöèîííûìè êàíàëàìèè äâóìÿ ïðèòî÷íûìè êëàïàíàìè.

Ðàçìåðû ñòåíäà â ïëàíå – 910´660 ìì, âûñîòà 420 ìì.Â êà÷åñòâå âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ èñïîëüçîâàíû âîçäóõîâîäû èç ÏÂÕ

d = 100 ìì. Âûñîòà êàíàëîâ 2 ì (â ïðîöåññå èñïûòàíèé âûñîòà êàíàëîâ ìîãëàèçìåíÿòüñÿ). Äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ ïîòåðü òåïëà îò óäàëÿåìîãî âîçäóõà ñòåíêèâîçäóõîâîäîâ óòåïëåíû ðóêàâîì èç âñïåíåííîãî ïîëèóðåòàíà.

Ïðèòî÷íûå îòâåðñòèÿ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â áîêîâûõ ñòåíêàõ ñòåíäà íà âûñî-òå 200 ìì îò óðîâíÿ ïîëà. Ðàçìåð ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé â ñòåíêàõ ìîäåëèd = 100 ìì. Ïëîùàäü ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé â ïðîöåññå èñïûòàíèé èçìåíÿ-ëàñü ïîñðåäñòâîì óñòàíîâêè âêëàäûøåé (äðîññåëèðóþùèõ äèàôðàãì) ñ îò-âåðñòèÿìè ðàçëè÷íîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèàìåòð îòâåðñòèé â äèàôðàãìàõ ¹ 1 –100 ìì, ¹ 2 – 64, ¹ 3 – 50, ¹ 4 – 37, ¹ 5 – 22, ¹ 6 – 13, ¹ 7 – 0 ìì.

Òåìïåðàòóðíûé ïåðåïàä ìåæäó âíóòðåííèì îáúåìîì ñòåíäà è îêðóæàþ-ùèì âîçäóõîì îáåñïå÷èâàëñÿ çà ñ÷åò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî íàãðåâàòåëüíîãî ýëå-ìåíòà, óñòàíîâëåííîãî â öåíòðå ìîäåëè è ïîäêëþ÷åííîãî ê ñåòè 220 Â ÷åðåçáëîê ïèòàíèÿ è òåðìîðåãóëÿòîð.

Îöåíêà ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëàõ ïðîâîäèëàñü ïîñðåäñòâîìçàìåðîâ ñêîðîñòè ýëåêòðîííûìè êðûëü÷àòûìè àíåìîìåòðàìè Testo 417-2,óñòàíîâëåííûìè â âûòÿæíûõ âîçäóõîâîäàõ.

Ïåðåïàäû äàâëåíèé ôèêñèðîâàëèñü äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûì öèôðîâûì ìà-íîìåòðîì ÄÌÖ-01À.

Çàìåðû òåìïåðàòóð âûïîëíÿëèñü òåðìîïàðàìè, ïîäêëþ÷àåìûìè ê èçìå-ðèòåëþ òåìïåðàòóðû ÈÒÏ-1.

Ñõåìàòè÷íûé ðàçðåç ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñòåíäà è åãî âíåøíèé âèä âïðîöåññå èñïûòàíèé ïðèâåäåí íà ðèñ. 1.

Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìåòîäèêè èññëåäîâàíèé. Ìåòîäèêà èññëå-äîâàíèé âêëþ÷àëà: çàìåðû ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà ÷åðåç âûòÿæíûå âåíòèëÿöèîí-íûå êàíàëû ïðè óñòàíîâèâøåìñÿ òåìïåðàòóðíîì ðåæèìå è çàäàííûõ ðàçìå-ðàõ ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé; çàìåðû ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ìåæäó âíóòðåííèì

Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåì åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè...

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îáúåìîì ñòåíäà è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì; çàìåðû òåìïåðàòóð âíóòðè ñòåíäàè îêðóæàþùåãî âîçäóõà.

Â ïðîöåññå èññëåäîâàíèé âàðüèðîâàëèñü ðàçìåðû ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé(ïîñðåäñòâîì óñòàíîâêè äðîññåëèðóþùèõ äèàôðàãì) è âûñîòà âûòÿæíûõêàíàëîâ.

Íåèçìåííûå ïàðàìåòðû: ïëîùàäü âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ; òåìïåðàòóðà âîç-äóõà âíóòðè ñòåíäà è òåìïåðàòóðà îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû.

Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì çàìåðîâ ñòðîèëèñü çàâèñèìîñòè èçìåíåíèÿ ðàñõîäà âîç-äóõà ÷åðåç âûòÿæíûå êàíàëû è ïåðåïàäà äàâëåíèé ìåæäó âíóòðåííèì îáúå-ìîì è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì – îò ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé.

Îñîáåííîñòü èñïûòàíèé – èçìåíåíèå ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèéïðîâîäèëîñü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî – â ïîðÿäêå óìåíüøåíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ (ðåæèì 1)è â îáðàòíîì ïîðÿäêå – ïî ìåðå óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïëîùàäè îòâåðñòèé äðîññåëè-ðóþùèõ äèàôðàãì (ðåæèì 2).

À.Ä. Êðèâîøåèí, Ì.Ä. Ïàíàñþê, Ï.Ñ. Öâåòàåâ

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Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìàòè÷íûé ðàçðåç (à) è âíåøíèé âèä (á, â)ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ñòåíäà

Èñïûòàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ïðè ðàñïîëîæåíèè âûõîäíûõ îòâåðñòèé âûòÿæ-íûõ êàíàëîâ íà îäíîé îòìåòêå (ñì. ðèñ. 1, á) è ïðè ðàçíîé âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõêàíàëîâ (ñì. ðèñ. 1, â).

Â ïðîöåññå èçìåðåíèé ôèêñèðîâàëèñü íàïðàâëåíèå äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà âêàíàëàõ, óñëîâèÿ, ïðè êîòîðûõ ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòåðÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû(«îïðîêèäûâàíèå» îäíîãî èç êàíàëîâ) è âîçâðàùåíèå ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèèâ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé ðåæèì.

Ðàçíîñòü òåìïåðàòóð âîçäóõà âíóòðè ñòåíäà è îêðóæàþùåãî âîçäóõà32±2 °Ñ.

Çàìåðû ïðîâîäèëèñü ïîñëå óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ñòàöèîíàðíîãî òåìïåðàòóðíî-ãî è âîçäóøíîãî ðåæèìîâ. Âûõîä ñòåíäà â ñòàöèîíàðíûé ðåæèì îïðåäåëÿëñÿïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ñåðèè êîíòðîëüíûõ çàìåðîâ â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïðè ðàâíîé âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 2, à â âèäå çàâèñèìîñòè ðàñõîäà óäàëÿåìîãî âîçäóõà ïî âû-òÿæíûì êàíàëàì îò äèàìåòðà ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé. Ïóíêòèðîì ïîêàçàí äèà-ïàçîí, â êîòîðîì ïðîèñõîäèò èçìåíåíèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà â êà-íàëå (âûòÿæíîé êàíàë íà÷èíàåò ðàáîòàòü íà ïðèòîê).

Ñòðåëêàìè óêàçàíà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü èçìåíåíèÿ ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõóñòðîéñòâ.

Íà ðèñ. 2, á ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû çàìåðîâ ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ìåæäóâíóòðåííèì îáúåìîì è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì.

Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïðè óìåíüøåíèè ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷-íûõ îòâåðñòèé ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåç âûòÿæíûå êàíàëû óìåíüøàåòñÿ, ïåðåïàääàâëåíèé âîçðàñòàåò, ñèñòåìà âåíòèëÿöèè ïîñòåïåííî ïðèõîäèò â íåóñòîé÷è-âîå ñîñòîÿíèå. Ïðè äèàìåòðå äèàôðàãì dïð = 0,037 ì êàíàë ¹ 2 «îïðîêèäûâà-åòñÿ». Ïðè ýòîì ïåðåïàä äàâëåíèé ðåçêî óìåíüøàåòñÿ, ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåçêàíàë ¹ 1 âîçðàñòàåò. Äàëüíåéøåå óìåíüøåíèå ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåð-ñòèé (âïëîòü äî ïîëíîãî èõ çàêðûòèÿ) ïðèâîäèò íå ê îñòàíîâêå ñèñòåìû âåí-òèëÿöèè (êàê ýòî ñëåäîâàëî áû èç êëàññè÷åñêîé òåîðèè àýðîäèíàìè÷åñêîãîðàñ÷åòà ïîäîáíûõ ñèñòåì âåíòèëÿöèè), à ê óâåëè÷åíèþ ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà ÷åðåç«îïðîêèíóòûé» êàíàë, ïðè íåáîëüøîì ðîñòå ïåðåïàäà äàâëåíèé. Ñèñòåìàâåíòèëÿöèè èç îäíîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñ óäàëåíèåì âîçäóõà ÷åðåç âû-òÿæíûå êàíàëû (ïðè ïîëíîñòüþ îòêðûòûõ ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèÿõ) ïåðåõîäèòâ äðóãîå óñòîé÷èâîå ñîñòîÿíèå ñ ïðèòîêîì âîçäóõà ÷åðåç «îïðîêèíóòûé» âû-òÿæíîé êàíàë.

Ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåì îòêðûòèè è ïîñòåïåííîì óâåëè÷åíèè ïëîùàäè ïðè-òî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé (ïîêàçàíî ñòðåëêàìè) ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñòåïåííîå óìåíüøå-íèå ïåðåïàäà äàâëåíèé, óâåëè÷åíèå ðàñõîäà óäàëÿåìîãî âîçäóõà ÷åðåç êà-íàë ¹ 1 è óìåíüøåíèå ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà â «îïðîêèíóòîì» êàíàëå (ñì. ðèñ. 2).Îäíàêî âîçâðàò ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïðîèñõî-äèò óæå ïðè äðóãîì ïåðåïàäå äàâëåíèé, ÷åì «îïðîêèäûâàíèå». Òî åñòü èìå-åò ìåñòî ñâîåãî ðîäà ãèñòåðåçèñ – âîçâðàò â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèèíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ÷åì «îïðîêèäûâàíèå». Ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî îòìå÷åííûéýôôåêò îáóñëîâëåí çàïîëíåíèåì «îïðîêèíóòîãî» êàíàëà õîëîäíûì âîçäó-õîì è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ óñèëèé (áîëüøåãî


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ïåðåïàäà äàâëåíèé) äëÿ åãî óäàëåíèÿ è âûõîäà ñèñòåìû â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîåñîñòîÿíèå.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïðè ðàçíîé âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 3 (âûñîòà êàíàëà ¹ 1 – h = 2 ì, âûñîòà êàíàëà ¹ 2 –h = 1 ì).

Ïðè ïîëíîñòüþ îòêðûòûõ ïðèòî÷íûõ óñòðîéñòâàõ ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåçêàíàë ¹ 2 (íèçêèé êàíàë) îæèäàåìî ìåíüøå, ÷åì ðàñõîä âîçäóõà ÷åðåç êàíàë¹ 1 – âñëåäñòâèå ìåíüøåãî ïåðåïàäà äàâëåíèé. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ðàñõîä âîçäóõà÷åðåç êàíàë ¹ 1 ñîñòàâëÿåò L1 » 29 ì3/÷, ÷åðåç êàíàëà ¹ 2 – L2 » 20 ì3/÷. Ïðè


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Ðèñ. 2. Èçìåíåíèå ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿ-öèîííûõ êàíàëàõ ñòåíäà (à) è ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ìåæäóâíóòðåííèì îáúåìîì è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì (á) ïðèèçìåíåíèè ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé (ïðè ðàâíîé

âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ)

óìåíüøåíèè äèàìåòðà ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé äî d = 0,05 ì êàíàë ¹ 2 «îïðîêè-äûâàåòñÿ».

Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðè ðàçíîé âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ íàðóøåíèåóñòîé÷èâîé ðàáîòû ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè ïðîèñõîäèò áûñòðåå, ÷åì â ñëó÷àåñ ðàâíîé âûñîòîé êàíàëîâ. Îäíàêî è âûõîä ñèñòåìû â ïðîåêòíûé ðåæèìïðîèñõîäèò áûñòðåå. Ãèñòåðåçèñ â èçìåíåíèè ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà èìååò ìåñòîè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå.

Äëÿ âàðèàíòà ñ ðàçíîâûñîòíûìè âûòÿæíûìè êàíàëàìè ïðîâåäåíû äî-ïîëíèòåëüíî èñïûòàíèÿ ñ óñòàíîâêîé äðîññåëèðóþùèõ äèàôðàãì íåïîñðåä-ñòâåííî â âûòÿæíûå êàíàëû. Öåëü – îöåíèòü âîçìîæíîñòü ïîâûøåíèÿ óñòîé-


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Ðèñ. 3. Èçìåíåíèå ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿ-öèîííûõ êàíàëàõ ñòåíäà (à) è ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ìåæäóâíóòðåííèì îáúåìîì è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì (á) ïðèèçìåíåíèè ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé (ïðè ðàçíîé


÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè ïóòåì ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ ïëîùàäåé âûòÿæíûõ èïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé. Äàííîå ðåøåíèå ìîäåëèðóåò óñòàíîâêó â âûòÿæíûõêàíàëàõ ðåãóëèðóåìûõ ðåøåòîê èëè êëàïàíîâ.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èñïûòàíèé ïðè óñòàíîâêå â âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëàõ äðîññåëèðóþ-ùèõ âêëàäûøåé äèàìåòðîì d = 0,037 ì ïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 4.

Óìåíüøåíèå ñå÷åíèÿ âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ îáóñëîâëèâàåò ñîêðàùåíèåðàñõîäà óäàëÿåìîãî âîçäóõà è óìåíüøåíèå ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé. Èçìåíåíèåíàïðàâëåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà â êàíàëå ¹ 2 âñå æå ïðîèñõîäèò, íî ïðèìåíüøåé ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé. Ñèñòåìà âåíòèëÿöèè ïðè ðåãóëè-


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Ðèñ. 4. Èçìåíåíèå ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿ-öèîííûõ êàíàëàõ (à) è ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ìåæäó âíóò-ðåííèì îáúåìîì è îêðóæàþùèì âîçäóõîì (á) ïðè èçìåíå-íèè ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé è óñòàíîâêå â âûòÿæ-íûõ êàíàëàõ äðîññåëèðóþùèõ äèàôðàãì (ïðè ðàçíîé


ðîâàíèè (ñîêðàùåíèè) ïëîùàäè âûòÿæíûõ êàíàëîâ ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîëåå óñòîé-÷èâîé.

Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ñ òåîðåòè÷åñêèìè ðàñ-÷åòàìè âûïîëíåíî ìîäåëèðîâàíèåì âîçäóøíîãî ðåæèìà ñòåíäà ñ åãî ïðè-òî÷íûìè îòâåðñòèÿìè è âûòÿæíûìè êàíàëàìè ïî ìåòîäèêå, ïðåäñòàâëåí-íîé â ðàáîòå [9]. Ðàñ÷åòû âûïîëíåíû äëÿ âàðèàíòà ñ ðàçíîé âûñîòîéâåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëîâ. Îñîáåííîñòü ðàñ÷åòîâ – ââåäåíèå ïåðåïàäà äàâ-ëåíèé äëÿ «îïðîêèíóòîãî» êàíàëà ñîãëàñíî òðàäèöèîííîìó ïîäõîäó (âàðè-àíò 1) è ñ ó÷åòîì çàïîëíåíèÿ âûòÿæíîãî êàíàëà õîëîäíûì âîçäóõîì (âàðè-àíò 2).

Áëîê-ñõåìà è ðàñ÷åòíûé ãðàô ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè ïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 5.Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå çàâèñèìîñòè ðàñõîäîâ âîçäóõà

â âûòÿæíûõ âåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëàõ îò ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ îòâåðñòèé íàðèñ. 6.

Ïðè òðàäèöèîííîì ïîäõîäå ê ðàñ÷åòó âîçäóøíîãî ðåæèìà (ðèñ. 6, à)«îïðîêèäûâàíèå» âåíòèëÿöèîííîãî êàíàëà è åãî âûõîä èç ýòîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿïðîèñõîäÿò áåç êàêîãî-ëèáî ñêà÷êà äàâëåíèé (ãèñòåðåçèñ îòñóòñòâóåò). Ïðèó÷åòå çàïîëíåíèÿ «îïðîêèíóòîãî» êàíàëà õîëîäíûì âîçäóõîì è ñîîòâåòñò-âóþùåãî èçìåíåíèÿ ïåðåïàäîâ äàâëåíèé ðàñ÷åòíûå çàâèñèìîñòè äîñòàòî÷íîáëèçêî ïîâòîðÿþò ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå äàííûå (ðèñ. 6, á).

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå âîçäóõîîáìåíà â ðåàëüíûõ êâàðòèðàõæèëûõ çäàíèé íà ñòàäèè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïóòåì çàêðûòèÿ ïðèòî÷íûõ êëàïà-íîâ ìîæåò ïðèâîäèòü ê ïîòåðå óñòîé÷èâîé ðàáîòû ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèèè «îïðîêèäûâàíèþ» íàïðàâëåíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ âîçäóõà â îäíîì èç âûòÿæíûõêàíàëîâ. Äëÿ âûâîäà ñèñòåìû èç «îïðîêèíóòîãî» ñîñòîÿíèÿ íåîáõîäèìîóâåëè÷åíèå ïëîùàäè ïðèòî÷íûõ óñòðîéñòâ (îòêðûòèå êëàïàíîâ èëè îêîí-íûõ ñòâîðîê).

Îäíàêî âîçâðàò ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïðîèñ-õîäèò ïðè èíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ÷åì «îïðîêèäûâàíèå». Îòìå÷åííûé ýôôåêò îáó-ñëîâëåí çàïîëíåíèåì «îïðîêèíóòîãî» êàíàëà õîëîäíûì âîçäóõîì.

Äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ðåãó-ëèðîâàíèå ïðèòîêà äîëæíî ñîïðîâîæäàòüñÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèåì âûòÿæíûõ âåí-òèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëîâ.


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Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà (à) è ãðàô (á) ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãîñòåíäà


1. Ê î í ñ ò à í ò è í î â à Â.Å. Âîçäóøíî-òåïëîâîé ðåæèì â æèëûõ çäàíèÿõ ïîâûøåí-íîé ýòàæíîñòè. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1969. 135 ñ.

2. Ì à ë ÿ â è í à Å.Ã., Á è ð þ ê î â Ñ.Â., Ä è à í î â Ñ.Í. Âîçäóøíûé ðåæèì æèëûõ çäà-íèé. Ó÷åò âëèÿíèÿ âîçäóøíîãî ðåæèìà íà ðàáîòó ñèñòåìû âåíòèëÿöèè æèëûõ çäà-íèé // ÀÂÎÊ. 2003. ¹ 6. Ñ. 14–21.

3. Ë è â ÷ à ê È.Ô., Í à ó ì î â À.Ë. Âåíòèëÿöèÿ ìíîãîýòàæíûõ æèëûõ çäàíèé. Ì.:ÀÂÎÊ-ÏÐÅÑÑ, 2005. 134 ñ.

4. Ò à á ó í ù è ê î â Þ.À. Ìèêðîêëèìàò è ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèå: ïîðà ïîíÿòü ïðèîðèòå-òû // ÀÂÎÊ. 2008. ¹ 5. Ñ. 4–11.


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Ðèñ. 6. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ðàñõîäà âîçäóõà â âûòÿæíûõâåíòèëÿöèîííûõ êàíàëàõ ïî ìåòîäèêå [9] áåç ó÷åòà (à) è ñó÷åòîì (á) çàïîëíåíèÿ âûòÿæíîãî êàíàëà õîëîäíûì âîçäó-õîì ïðè «îïðîêèäûâàíèè» (ïðè ðàçíîé âûñîòå âûòÿæíûõ

êàíàëîâ)

5. Ê ð è â î ø å è í À.Ä. Íàðóøåíèå ðàáîòû ñèñòåì åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ìíîãî-ýòàæíûõ æèëûõ çäàíèé // Àðõèòåêòóðà è ñòð-âî. 2010. ¹ 3. Ñ. 38–41.

6. Â î ë î â Ã.ß. Óñòîé÷èâîñòü ðàáîòû ñèñòåì åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ìíîãîêâàð-òèðíûõ æèëûõ çäàíèé // ÀÂÎÊ. 2014. ¹ 1. Ñ. 30–37.

7. Ø è ë ê è í Í.Â., Ø î í è í à Í.À., Ì è ë ë å ð Þ.Â., Ã à ë ó ø à À.Í. Ãèáðèäíàÿ âåí-òèëÿöèÿ â ìíîãîýòàæíûõ æèëûõ äîìàõ: âàðèàíòû ðåøåíèÿ // ÀÂÎÊ. 2018. ¹ 5.Ñ. 12–18.

8. Ê ð è â î ø å è í À.Ä. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ðàáîòû ñèñòåì åñòåñòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèèæèëûõ çäàíèé ñ îðãàíèçîâàííûì ïðèòîêîì âîçäóõà // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî.2011. ¹ 4. Ñ. 43–52.

9. Ê ð è â î ø å è í Ì.À. Ê âîïðîñó î ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîì ìîäåëèðîâàíèè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿâîçäóõà â ñèñòåìàõ âåíòèëÿöèè çäàíèé // Îìñê. íàó÷. âåñòí. 2017. ¹ 5(155).Ñ. 98–103.

Êðèâîøåèí Àëåêñàíäð Äìèòðèåâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.;E-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àâòîìîáèëüíî-äîðîæíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. ÎìñêÏàíàñþê Ìèõàèë Äìèòðèåâè÷, èíæ.; E-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àâòîìîáèëüíî-äîðîæíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. ÎìñêÖâåòàåâ Ïàâåë Ñåðãååâè÷, èíæ.; E-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àâòîìîáèëüíî-äîðîæíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. Îìñê

Ïîëó÷åíî 15.10.2019

Krivoshein Alexander Dmitrievich, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] State Automobile and Highway University, Omsk, RussiaPanasyuk Mikhail Dmitrievich, Engineer; E-mail: [email protected] State Automobile and Highway University, Omsk, RussiaTsvetaev Pavel Sergeevich, Engineer; E-mail: [email protected] State Automobile and Highway University, Omsk, Russia

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE STABILITYOF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMSON A BUILDING MODEL

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the stability of natural ventilationsystems of buildings with organized inflow and removal of air, performed on the model ofa single-storey building. The dependences of changes in pressure drops and air flow in theexhaust ducts when changing the area of the supply openings are given. It is noted thatthe regulation of air exchange in buildings by closing the supply valves can lead to a lossof stability of the ventilation system and «overturning» the direction of air movement inone of the exhaust ducts. To increase the stability of the natural ventilation system theregulation of the inflow should be accompanied by the regulation of the area of the exhaustventilation channels.

K e y w o r d s: ventilation, supply devices, exhaust ducts, air flow, pressure drop, modeling,stability of the system.

REFERENCES

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povyshennoy etazhnosti [Air and heat conditions in residential buildings with high

floors]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1969. 135 p. (in Russian)


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2. M a l y a v i n a E.G., B i r y u k o v S.V., D i a n o v S.N. Vozdushnyy rezhim zhilykh

zdaniy. Uchet vliyaniya vozdushnogo rezhima na rabotu sistemy ventilyatsii zhilykh

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[Ventilation of multi-story residential buildings]. Moscow, AVOK-PRESS, 2005.

134 p. (in Russian)

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[Microclimate and energy conservation: time to understand priorities]. AVOK [AVOK].

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6. V o l o v G.Ya. Ustoychivost' raboty sistem estestvennoy ventilyatsii mnogokvartirnykhzhilykh zdaniy [Sustainability of natural ventilation systems of multi-unit residentialbuildings]. AVOK [AVOK]. 2014. No. 1. Pp. 30–37. (in Russian)

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ventilyatsiya v mnogoetazhnykh zhilykh domakh: varianty resheniya [Hybrid venti-

lation in multi-story residential buildings: solution options]. AVOK [AVOK].

2018. No. 5. Pp. 12–18. (in Russian)

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zdaniy s organizovannym pritokom vozdukha [Prediction of operation of natural

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Pp. 43–52. (in Russian)

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vozdukha v sistemakh ventilyatsii zdaniy [To the question of mathematical modeling

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scientific bulletin]. 2017. No. 5(155). Pp. 98–103. (in Russian)


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ÓÄÊ 628.337

Ò.È. ÕÀËÒÓÐÈÍÀ, Ñ.Ã. ÒÐÅÒÜßÊÎÂ, Å.Ë. ÂÎÉÒÎÂ, Î.Â. ×ÓÐÁÀÊÎÂÀ

ÑÎÂÌÅÑÒÍÎÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÊÎÀÃÓËßÖÈÎÍÍÎÅÎÁÅÇÂÐÅÆÈÂÀÍÈÅ ÌÀÑËÎÝÌÓËÜÑÈÎÍÍÛÕÈ ÕÐÎÌÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÙÈÕ ÑÒÎ×ÍÛÕ ÂÎÄÌÅÒÀËËÓÐÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÇÀÂÎÄÀÑ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ ÀÑÈÌÌÅÒÐÈ×ÍÎÃÎ ÒÎÊÀ

Èññëåäîâàí ïðîöåññ ñîâìåñòíîé ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêè àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûìòîêîì ìàñëîýìóëüñèîííûõ è õðîìñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî çàâî-äà. Ïðèìåíåíèå àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà ïîçâîëÿåò ýëèìèíèðîâàòü àäñîðáöèþ ÷àñòèöìàñåë íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ýëåêòðîäà è ñòàáèëèçèðîâàòü ïðîöåññ ðàñòâîðåíèÿ ìåòàëëà.Ìåõàíèçì ïðîöåññà îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûåíåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà ïðè ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêå àñèììåòðè÷-íûì òîêîì ñ ðàñòâîðèìûìè àíîäàìè (Ñòàëü-3), îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïðîöåññàìè, ïðîèñõî-äÿùèìè êàê íà ýëåêòðîäàõ, òàê è çà ñ÷åò îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèèâ îáúåìå îáðàáàòûâàåìîé æèäêîñòè. Öåëüþ ðàáîòû ÿâëÿëîñü èçó÷åíèå ñîâìåñòíîéýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè àñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàí-íûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà, äëÿ ñíèæåíèÿ ýíåðãîçàòðàò ïðèñîõðàíåíèè âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè î÷èñòêè. Èññëåäîâàí ñîñòàâ è ñòðóêòóðà îñàäêà, îáðà-çóþùåãîñÿ â ïðîöåññå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ñòî÷íûõ âîä äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè òåõíîëîãèèåãî óòèëèçàöèè. Ïðîâåäåíû òåðìîãðàâèìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä àíàëèçà îñàäêà íà ïðèáî-ðå STA 449F1 íåìåöêîé ôèðìû NETZSCH è ðåíòãåíîôàçîâûé ìåòîä íà äèôðàêòî-ìåòðå D8 ADVANCE íåìåöêîé ôèðìû Bruker AXS.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà, ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðî-äóêòû, ñòî÷íûå âîäû, ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèÿ, àñèììåòðè÷íûé ïåðåìåííûé òîê, îñàäîê,òåðìîãðàâèìåòðè÷åñêèé àíàëèç, ðåíòãåíîôàçîâûé ìåòîä.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-63-73

Â ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîé è àâèàöèîííîé îáëàñòÿõ ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ïðîâî-äÿò ðàçäåëüíóþ ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêóþ î÷èñòêó ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà. Îäíèìèç ñàìûõ òîêñè÷íûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ãàëüâàíè÷åñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÿâëÿåòñÿCr6+, ÏÄÊ êîòîðîãî íå äîëæíî ïðåâûøàòü 0,1 ìã/äì3 ïî Ñr (III) è 0,05 ìã/äì3

ïî Ñr (VI) [1, 2]. Ïîâûøåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî õðîìà ãóáèòåëüíî äåéñòâóåò íàôëîðó è ôàóíó âîäîåìîâ è òåì ñàìûì òîðìîçèò ïðîöåññû ñàìîî÷èùåíèÿ,â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ðåøåíèå âîïðîñîâ îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ õðîìñòîêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àê-òóàëüíûì.

Äëÿ ëîêàëüíûõ óñòàíîâîê ïðè âûáîðå ìåòîäà îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ õðîìñî-äåðæàùèõ è íåôòåñîäåðæàùèõ ñòîêîâ óäåëÿåòñÿ áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå ýëåê-òðîêîàãóëÿöèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðàñòâîðèìûõ àíîäîâ, êîòîðàÿ ïîçâîëÿåòêîððåêòèðîâàòü ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà îáðàáàòûâàåìîé âîäû. Ïðå-èìóùåñòâî ìåòîäà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî â ïðîöåññå îá-ðàáîòêè íå ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ðåàãåíòû. Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ïîâòîðíî èñïîëüçîâàòü

63


ã Õàëòóðèíà Ò.È., Òðåòüÿêîâ Ñ.Ã., Âîéòîâ Å.Ë., ×óðáàêîâà Î.Â., 2019

î÷èùåííóþ ñòî÷íóþ âîäó â òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîì ïðîöåññå. Óñòàíîâêè ýëåêòðî-îáðàáîòêè êîìïàêòíû è ëåãêî àâòîìàòèçèðîâàíû [3–5]. Â ðàáîòå [6] ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ ìåòàëëîâ ïðè íà-ëîæåíèè ïåðåìåííîãî òîêà. Àâòîðàìè [7] áûëî ïðîâåäåíî èçó÷åíèå âëèÿ-íèÿ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ è ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ íà ïðîöåññ î÷èñòêèñòîêîâ, ñîäåðæàùèõ èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà è îïðåäåëåíû îñíîâíûåïàðàìåòðû ïðîöåññà äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ óñëîâèé ïðîâåäåíèÿ åãî ñ ìèíèìàëüíû-ìè çàòðàòàìè ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïðè âûñîêîì ýôôåêòå î÷èñòêè. Â ñòàòüå [8]ïîêàçàíû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ìîäåëè ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè íåôòåñîäåðæàùèõñòî÷íûõ âîä. Ïðè îáðàáîòêå ïîñòîÿííûì òîêîì íåôòåñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõâîä çàìåäëÿåòñÿ àíîäíûé ïðîöåññ èç-çà ïîâûøåíèÿ ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ êîíòàê-òà àíîäà ñ ðàñòâîðîì è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ðàñõîä ýëåêòðîýíåð-ãèè. Îáåçâðåæèâàíèå íåôòåñîäåðæàùèõ ñòîêîâ ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèåé ñ àñèì-ìåòðè÷íûì òîêîì îáåñïå÷èâàåò ñòàáèëüíîñòü ïðîöåññà. Ïðè îáðàáîòêåàñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì íåôòåñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä ñ ðàçëè÷íîé êîíöåí-òðàöèåé íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ ìîæíî âûáðàòü îïòèìàëüíóþ ôîðìó òîêà, èçìå-íÿÿ äëèòåëüíîñòü ïðÿìîãî òîêà, äëèòåëüíîñòü îáðàòíîãî òîêà è àìïëèòóäûèìïóëüñîâ [8]. Îäíàêî ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêèé ìåòîä î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä íåëèøåí íåäîñòàòêîâ, êîòîðûå çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ïîëÿðèçàöèîí-íûõ ïëåíîê íà ïîâåðõíîñòè àíîäîâ è çàñîðåíèè ýëåêòðîäîâ îñàæäàþùè-ìèñÿ ñêîàãóëèðîâàííûìè âçâåøåííûìè ÷àñòèöàìè, ãèäðîîêèñëàìè è îñ-íîâíûìè ñîëÿìè. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïëåíîê ðåçêî óâåëè÷èâàåò ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèåçàòðàòû è ñíèæàåò ýôôåêòèâíîñòü î÷èñòêè. Ñ öåëüþ óñòðàíåíèÿ íåæåëà-òåëüíûõ ýôôåêòîâ ïðè ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêå è ñíèæåíèÿ çàòðàò ïðè ñîçäàíèèïðîìûøëåííîé óñòàíîâêè áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû òåõíè÷åñêèå ðåøåíèÿ [9, 10].Öåëüþ ðàáîòû ÿâëÿëîñü èçó÷åíèå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè àñèììåòðè÷íûì òî-êîì äëÿ ñíèæåíèÿ ýíåðãîçàòðàò ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè î÷èñòêèñîâìåñòíûõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòûè èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà. Èññëåäîâàíû ñâîéñòâà, ñîñòàâ è ñòðóêòóðàîñàäêà, îáðàçóþùåãîñÿ â ïðîöåññå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, äëÿðàçðàáîòêè òåõíîëîãèè åãî óòèëèçàöèè.

Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîöåññà ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêè àñèì-ìåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûì òîêîì ïðîâîäèëèñü íà íàòóðíûõ ñîâìåñòíûõñòîêàõ, ñîäåðæàùèõ êîíöåíòðàöèè íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ îò 200 äî 1300 ìã/äì3

è èîíîâ øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà îò 30 äî 90 ìã/äì3, â ýëåêòðîëèçåðå îáúå-ìîì 0,5 ë ñ ðàñòâîðèìûìè ýëåêòðîäàìè (Ñòàëü-3), ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó êîòî-ðûìè ñîñòàâëÿëî 8 ìì, à ðàáî÷àÿ ïëîùàäü 6,47 äì2. Êîíöåíòðàöèþ íåôòå-ïðîäóêòîâ îïðåäåëÿëè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êîíöåíòðàòîìåðà ÊÍ-2, êîíöåí-òðàöèþ èîíîâ õðîìà ïðîâåðÿëè íà àòîìíî-àáñîðáöèîííîì ñïåêòðîìåòðå3300 ïðîèçâîäñòâà ôèðìû Perk-Elmer. Áûëè èçó÷åíû ñâîéñòâà, õèìè÷åñêèéñîñòàâ è ñòðóêòóðà îñàäêà òåðìîãðàâèìåòðè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì íà ïðèáîðåNETZSCH STA 449F1 è ðåíòãåíîôàçîâûì àíàëèçîì ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèèäèôðàêòîìåòðà D8 ADVANCE ôèðìû Bruker AXS äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè óòèëèçà-öèè îñàäêà.

Íà êàôåäðå «Èíæåíåðíûå ñèñòåìû çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé» Èíæåíåðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà (ÈÑÈ) ÔÃÀÎÓ ÂÎ ÑÔÓ áûëè ïðîâåäåíû èññëå-äîâàíèÿ ïðîöåññà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ñòî÷íûõ âîä ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî çàâî-äà ïîñòîÿííûì òîêîì è àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûì òîêîì. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ

Ò.È. Õàëòóðèíà, Ñ.Ã. Òðåòüÿêîâ, Å.Ë. Âîéòîâ, Î.Â. ×óðáàêîâà

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àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà àâòîðàìè áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû íîâûå óñòðîéñòâà [9, 10].Óñòðîéñòâî [9] äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà ñîäåðæèò óïðàâëÿåìûéèñòî÷íèê ïèòàíèÿ, ôîðìèðóþùèé ïðÿìîé è îáðàòíûé òîê ýëåêòðîëèçåðà,ñîåäèíåííûå ñ êîììóòàòîðîì òîêà ýëåêòðîëèçåðà, áëîê óïðàâëåíèÿ êîììó-òàòîðîì òîêà, ñîåäèíåííûé ñ ýëåêòðîäàìè ýëåêòðîëèçåðà, ýëåêòðîëèçåðäëÿ î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä è áëîê êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ òîêà. Ñî-ãëàñíî èçîáðåòåíèþ, â óñòðîéñòâå óïðàâëÿåìûé èñòî÷íèê ïèòàíèÿ ïðÿìî-ãî è îáðàòíîãî òîêà âûïîëíåí â âèäå èìïóëüñíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé òîêà,à êîììóòàòîð òîêà ýëåêòðîëèçåðà âûïîëíåí â âèäå êëþ÷åâîãî èíâåðòîðàòîêà íà ïîëóïðîâîäíèêîâûõ ïðèáîðàõ. Êðîìå òîãî, ïðåäëàãàåìîå óñòðîéñò-âî [10] ñíàáæåíî êîíòðîëëåðîì ñ âûâîäîì èíôîðìàöèè íà ïàíåëü îïåðà-òîðà, ñîåäèíåííûì ñ áëîêîì äàò÷èêîâ, êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ ïàðàìåòðû âû-õîäíîãî òîêà äëÿ î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, è áëîêîì óïðàâëåíèÿ êîììóòàòîðîìòîêà ýëåêòðîëèçåðà. Äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ øëàìà â ìåæýëåêòðîäíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâåâ ìîìåíò ïîäà÷è íà àíîä îáðàòíîãî òîêà ñèñòåìà àâòîìàòè÷åñêè íàêëà-äûâàåò âèáðàöèþ ýëåêòðîëèçåðà äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ñêîðîñòè ïðîöåññà îñàæ-äåíèÿ øëàìà â ìåæýëåêòðîäíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå è ñíèæåíèå ýíåðãîïîòðåá-ëåíèÿ. Îñîáåííîñòè êîíñòðóêöèè îáåñïå÷èâàþò òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåçóëüòàò –óâåëè÷åíèå ðåñóðñà ðàáîòû óñòàíîâêè è âîçìîæíîñòü àâòîìàòèçàöèè ïðî-öåññà î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä îò òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ çàãðÿçíåíèé. Ïðåäëàãàå-ìîå óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà ñîäåðæèò ýëåêòðî-ëèçåð äëÿ î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, îäèí óïðàâëÿåìûé èñòî÷íèê ïðÿìîãî èîáðàòíîãî òîêà, ñîåäèíåííûé ñ êîììóòàòîðîì òîêà è ïîäêëþ÷åííûé ê ýëåê-òðîäàì ýëåêòðîëèçåðà. Â óñòðîéñòâî òàêæå âõîäèò áëîê âèáðàöèîííîãîâîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ýëåêòðîäû ýëåêòðîëèçåðà, ïðîãðàììèðóåìûé êîíòðîë-ëåð óïðàâëåíèÿ êîììóòàòîðîì òîêà, áëîê äàò÷èêîâ êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ïàðà-ìåòðîâ âõîäÿùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä, áëîê äàò÷èêîâ êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ïàðàìåò-ðîâ î÷èùåííûõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä. Ñîãëàñíî èçîáðåòåíèþ, óïðàâëÿåìîå âèáðà-öèîííîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ýëåêòðîëèçåð â äèàïàçîíå 40–60 Ãö ïîçâîëÿåòóñêîðèòü ïðîöåññ îñàæäåíèÿ øëàìà ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè ýëåêòðîäîâ. Íà ðèñ. 1ïðåäñòàâëåíà ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ñõåìà óñòðîéñòâà äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íî-ãî òîêà.

Ñîâìåñòíîå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîå îáåçâðåæèâàíèå ìàñëîýìóëüñèîííûõ...

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Ðèñ. 1. Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ñõåìà óñòðîéñòâà äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿàñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà

Óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà ñîäåðæèò îäèí óïðàâ-ëÿåìûé èñòî÷íèê ïðÿìîãî è îáðàòíîãî òîêà 1, êîììóòàòîð òîêà 2, ýëåêòðîëè-çåð 3, áëîê äàò÷èêîâ, êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ ïàðàìåòðû ïîñòóïàþùèõ íà î÷èñòêóñòî÷íûõ âîä 4, áëîê äàò÷èêîâ, êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ ïàðàìåòðû î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõâîä 5, áëîê âèáðàöèîííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ 6, ïðîãðàììèðóåìûé êîíòðîëëåðóïðàâëåíèÿ 7, ïàíåëü îïåðàòîðà ââîäà-âûâîäà èíôîðìàöèè 8. Òåõíè÷åñêèéðåçóëüòàò â ïðåäëàãàåìîì óñòðîéñòâå [10] äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íîãîòîêà íîâûõ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïðîòîòèïó [9] ïðèçíàêîâ îáóñëîâëèâàåò íàëè÷èåâèáðàöèîííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ â äèàïàçîíå 40–60 Ãö, ñíèæåíèå ñòîèìîñòè óñòà-íîâêè, ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ çàòðàò è âîçìîæíîñòü àâòîìàòèçàöèè ïðîöåññàî÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä îò òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ çàãðÿçíåíèé.

Â íàøåé ðàáîòå áûëè ïðîâåäåíû èññëåäîâàíèÿ î÷èñòêè ñîâìåñòíîãîñòîêà ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêîé ïîñòîÿííûì è àñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì ñ ïîìîùüþäàííîãî óñòðîéñòâà [10]. Èçó÷åíèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ýëåêòðîêîàãó-ëÿöèè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíûøåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà, ïðîâîäèëîñü ïðè âåëè÷èíå pH = 2,3, òåìïåðàòóðå20 °C íà ýëåêòðîëèçåðå îáúåìîì 0,5 ë. Ñðàâíèòåëüíûå äàííûå ýêñïåðèìåíòàïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáë. 1.

Ïî äàííûì ýêñïåðèìåíòà ïîñòðîåíû ãèñòîãðàììû, ïîêàçûâàþùèå çàâè-ñèìîñòü ýôôåêòà î÷èñòêè ñòîêîâ îò âèäà ôîðìû òîêà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè(ðèñ. 2); çàâèñèìîñòü ðàñõîäà ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè îò ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðîöåññàî÷èñòêè ñòîêîâ ïðè ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ïîñòîÿííûì è àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðå-ìåííûì òîêîì (ðèñ. 3, à è 3, á).

Êàê âèäíî èç ãèñòîãðàìì (ðèñ. 2, 3), èñïîëüçîâàíèå àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêàïîçâîëÿåò îñóùåñòâèòü íàèáîëåå ãëóáîêóþ î÷èñòêó ïî èîíàì õðîìà è íåôòå-ïðîäóêòàì ïðè íèçêèõ çàòðàòàõ ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ îáðàáîòêîéâîäû ïîñòîÿííûì òîêîì.

Ìåõàíèçì îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ ñîâìåñòíûõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà ïðè ýëåê-òðîîáðàáîòêå àñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì ñ ðàñòâîðèìûìè àíîäàìè, îïðåäåëÿåòñÿïðîöåññàìè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèìè êàê íà ýëåêòðîäàõ, òàê è çà ñ÷åò îêèñëèòåëü-íî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè â îáúåìå îáðàáàòûâàåìîé æèäêîñòè.

Íà àíîäå (ïðÿìîì òîêå) ïðîèñõîäèò ïðîöåññ:

Fe0 – 2e = Fe2+,

Fe2+ + 2OH� = Fe(OH)2;

íà êàòîäå (îáðàòíîì òîêå) ïðîòåêàþò ñëåäóþùèå ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêèåïðîöåññû:

H2O + 2e = H2 +2OH�,

2H+ + 2e = H2;

Cr O2 72- + 14H+ + 6e = 2Ñr3+ + 7H2O;

â êèñëîé ñðåäå

6Fe2++ Cr O2 72- + 14H+ = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O.

Ïîñëå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîé îáðàáîòêè àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûìòîêîì æèäêîñòü äîâîäèëàñü äî çíà÷åíèÿ pH = 7,8 ïðè äîáàâëåíèè ñóñïåíçèè


66


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Ïîñòîÿííûé Àñèììåòðè÷íûéïåðåìåííûé


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Ðèñ. 2. Çàâèñèìîñòü ýôôåêòà î÷èñòêè ñòîêîâ îò âèäà ôîðìû òîêàýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè

Ðèñ. 3. Çàâèñèìîñòü ðàñõîäà ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè îò ýôôåêòèâíîñòèïðîöåññà î÷èñòêè ñòîêîâ ïðè ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè ïîñòîÿííûì

òîêîì (à) è àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûì òîêîì (á)

èçâåñòêîâîãî ìîëîêà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì îñàäêà, ñîñòîÿùåãî èç îêñèãèäðàòíûõñîåäèíåíèé æåëåçà è õðîìà ñ àäñîðáèðîâàííûìè íà èõ ïîâåðõíîñòè ÷àñòèöà-ìè ýìóëüãèðîâàííûõ íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ.

Áûëè îïðåäåëåíû ñâîéñòâà, ñîñòàâ è ñòðóêòóðà îñàäêà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿ-öèîííîé îáðàáîòêè ñìåñè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåô-òåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà. Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ïî èçó÷å-íèþ ñâîéñòâ îñàäêà ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 2.

Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâà îñàäêà ïîñëå ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîé îáðà-áîòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíûøåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà, ïðèìåíåí òåðìîãðàâèìåòðè÷åñêèé ìåòîä àíàëèçà íàïðèáîðå NETZSCH ãåðìàíñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ìàðêè STA 449F1 Jupiter2007 ã. âûïóñêà â ñïåêòðå 30/20,0(ê/ìèí)/1000. Òåðìîãðàììà îñàäêà ïðåä-ñòàâëåíà íà ðèñ. 4. Çäåñü ÄÑÊ – äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ ñêàíèðóþùàÿ êàëîðè-ìåòðèÿ, ìêÂ/ìã; ÒÃ – êðèâàÿ èçìåíåíèÿ ìàññû, %; ÄÒÃ – äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿòåðìîãðàâèìåòðè÷åñêàÿ êðèâàÿ, %/ìèí.

Íà òåðìîãðàììå êðèâîé ÄÑÊ ýíäîýôôåêò ïðè t = 125,3 °C ñâÿçàí ñ äåãèä-ðàòàöèåé, ò.å. óäàëåíèåì ñëàáîñâÿçàííîé âîäû, ïèêè ïðè t = 315,0 è 392,0 °Cñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î ïîëèìîðôíîì ïåðåõîäå îêñèãèäðàòíûõ ôîðì æåëåçà èõðîìà. Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñ. 3, á, ïðè t = 425,0 è 468,0 °C ïèêè óêàçûâàþò íà ñãî-ðàíèå ìàñåë. Òåðìîýôôåêò ïðè t = 751,0 °Ñ îáúÿñíÿåò ïðèñóòñòâèå ìàãíåòèòà,ýíäîýôôåêò ïðè t = 804,5 °Ñ ñâÿçàí ñ ðàçëîæåíèåì êàðáîíàòîâ. Îñòàòî÷íàÿìàññà ñîñòàâëÿåò 51,08 % [11].


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Ò à á ë è ö à 2. Ñâîéñòâà îñàäêà ñîâìåñòíûõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãî õðîìà

Âëàæíîñòü,%

Ïëîòíîñòü,ã/ñì3

Ñóõîéîñòàòîê,

ã/äì3Çîëüíîñòü,

%

Îñòàòîê ïîñëåïðîêàëèâàíèÿ,

ã/äì3Ï.ï.ï.,

Ò = 450 °C, %Ï.ï.ï.,

Ò = 800 °C, %

96,59 0,987 34,1 51,0 17,39 37,24 49,0

Ðèñ. 4. Òåðìîãðàììà îñàäêà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîé îáðàáîòêè àñèììåòðè÷íûìòîêîì ñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû õðîìà (VI)

Èçó÷åíèå ñòðóêòóðû è ñîñòàâà ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîé îáðàáîòêè ñîâìå-ñòíîãî îñàäêà ìàñëîýìóëüñèîííûõ è õðîìñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä ñ ðàñòâî-ðèìûìè æåëåçíûìè àíîäàìè ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà áûëîâûïîëíåíî ñ ïîìîùüþ ðåíòãåíîñòðóêòóðíîãî àíàëèçà íà äèôðàêòîìåòðå D8


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Ðèñ.

5.Ä

èôðà

êòîã

ðàì

ìà

îñàä

êàïî

ñëå

ýëåê

òðîê

îàãó

ëÿöè

îííî

éîá

ðàáî

òêè

àñèì

ìåò

ðè÷í

ûì

òîêî

ìñò

î÷íû

õâî

ä,ñî

äåðæ

àùèõ

íåô

òå-

ïðîä

óêòû

èèî

íûõð

îìà

(VI)

ADVANCE ôèðìû Bruker (Ãåðìàíèÿ) CuKa-èçëó÷åíèÿ ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèèðåíòãåíîâñêîé êàðòîòåêè PDF-2 (2008). Îíî ïîçâîëèëî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòüôàçû êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ â âèäå ïîðîøêîîáðàçíîãî îáðàçöà è â ðå-çóëüòàòå ïîëó÷èòü äèôðàêöèîííóþ êàðòèíó ñ âèäîì ìåæïëîñêîñòíûõ ðàñ-ñòîÿíèé [12].

Íà ðèñ. 5 ïðèâåäåíà äèôðàêòîãðàììà îñàäêà, íà êîòîðîé ïðåäñòàâëåíÑàÎ, íà ÷òî óêàçûâàþò èíòåíñèâíûå ëèíèè ñ d = 2,77; 2,403; 1,699; 1,449;1,387. Äèôðàêöèîííûå ìàêñèìóìû ïðè d = 3,802; 3,686; 2,775; 2,675; 2,61;2,476; 1,941; 1,845; 1,761; 1,590; 1,567; 1,525; 1,493; 1,377 ñîîòâåòñòâóþòCa2Cr0,5Fe1,505 – Calcium Chromium Iron Oxide. Èíòåíñèâíûå ëèíèè ïðè d = 3,501;2,86; 2,332; 2,136; 1,871; 1,590 õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ CaSO4, äèôðàêöèîííûå ìàêñè-ìóìû d = 3,30; 1,978 óêàçûâàþò íà SiO2.

Èññëåäîâàíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî è ôàçîâîãî ñîñòàâà îñàäêà, îáðàçóþùåãîñÿïðè ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèîííîé îáðàáîòêå àñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì ñîâìåñòíî-ãî ñòîêà, ïîçâîëÿåò ðàçðàáîòàòü òåõíîëîãèþ óòèëèçàöèè ïðîìûøëåííûõîòõîäîâ äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì ðåñóðñîñáåðåæåíèÿ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåéñðåäû.

Âûâîäû. 1. Èññëåäîâàí òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ ýëåêòðîîáðàáîòêè ïî-ñòîÿííûì òîêîì è àñèììåòðè÷íûì ïåðåìåííûì òîêîì ñîâìåñòíîãî ñòîêà,ñîäåðæàùåãî ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû è èîíû øåñòèâàëåíòíîãîõðîìà.

2. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî èñïîëüçîâàíèå àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà ïðè îáðàáîòêå ñî-âìåñòíîãî ñòîêà ïîçâîëÿåò â 2,5 ðàçà ñíèçèòü ðàñõîä ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïðè îäè-íàêîâîì ýôôåêòå î÷èñòêè.

3. Îïðåäåëåí õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ îñàäêà ñîâìåñòíîãî ñòîêà òåðìîãðàâè-ìåòðè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì íà ïðèáîðå NETZSCH STA 449F1 è ðåíòãåíîôàçîâûìàíàëèçîì ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè äèôðàêòîìåòðà D8 ADVANCE ôèðìû BrukerAXS.


1. È ç ì å ð î â à Í.Ô. Íàó÷íûå îáçîðû ëèòåðàòóðû ïî òîêñè÷íîñòè è îïàñíîñòè õèìè-÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ. Ïðîãðàììà ÎÎÍ ïî îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå / ïîä ðåä. Í.Ô. Èçìåðî-âîé. Ì., 1989. 225 ñ.

2. Ñ î ê î ë î â Ë.È. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòõîäîâ øëèôîâàëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â ïðîöåñ-ñàõ î÷èñòêè õðîìñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä // Ýêîëîãèÿ è ïðîì-ñòü Ðîññèè. 2011.Àâãóñò. Ñ. 38–44.

3. ß ê î â ë å â Ñ.Â., Ê ð à ñ í î á î ð î ä ü ê î È.Ã., Ð î ã î â Â.Ì. Òåõíîëîãèÿ ýëåêòðîõè-ìè÷åñêîé î÷èñòêè âîäû. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò, 1987. Ñ. 232–237.

4. Ç ó á à ð å â à Ì.Í., Ô è ë è ï ü å â à Ì.È., Ä å ã ò å â Ã.È. Ñïîñîáû î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõâîä îò ñîåäèíåíèé õðîìà (VI) // Ýêîëîãèÿ è ïðîì-ñòü Ðîññèè. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 30–33.

5. Ó ð å ö ê è é Å.À. Ðåñóðñîñáåðåãàþùèå òåõíîëîãèè â âîäíîì õîçÿéñòâå ïðîìûø-ëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé: ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Áðåñò, 2007. 396 ñ.

6. Í è ê è ô î ð î â à Å.Þ., Ê è ë è ì í è ê À.Á. Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêîãîïîâåäåíèÿ ìåòàëëîâ ïðè íàëîæåíèè ïåðåìåííîãî òîêà // Âåñòí. ÒÃÒÓ. 2009.Ò. 15. ¹ 3. Ñ. 604–614.

7. Õ à ë ò ó ð è í à Ò.È., × ó ð á à ê î â à Î.Â., Á î á ð è ê À.Ã. Ê âîïðîñó ýëåêòðîõèìè÷å-ñêîãî îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ õðîìñîäåðæàùèõ ñòî÷íûõ âîä // Âåñòí. ÈðÃÒÓ. 2014.¹ 3(86). C. 103–107.


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8. Õ à ë ò ó ð è í à Ò.È., × ó ð á à ê î â à Î.Â. Ê âîïðîñó ýëåêòðîêîàãóëÿöèè î÷èñòêèñòî÷íûõ âîä, ñîäåðæàùèõ ýìóëüãèðîâàííûå íåôòåïðîäóêòû // Âåñòí. ÊðàñÃÀÓ.2016. ¹ 5. Ñ. 91–99.

9. Ïàò. ÐÔ ¹ 2431231. Óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ àñèììåòðè÷íîãî òîêà / Ò.È. Õàë-òóðèíà, Þ.Â. Ãàâðèëîâà, Î.Â. ×óðáàêîâà, Ò.À. Êóðèëèíà. Îïóáë. 10.10.2011;Áþë. ¹ 28.

10. Ïàò. ÐÔ ¹ 2701938. Óñòðîéñòâî äëÿ î÷èñòêè ñòî÷íûõ âîä àñèììåòðè÷íûì òîêîì /Ñ.Ã. Òðåòüÿêîâ, Ò.È. Õàëòóðèíà, À.Ñ. Áåðñåíåâ, Ì.Ã. Ìîòêîâ. Îïóáë. 02.10.2019;Áþë. ¹ 28.

11. È â à í î â à Â.Ï., Ê à ñ à ò î â Á.Ï., Ê ð à ñ à â è í à Ò.Í., Ð î ç è í î â à Å.Ë. Òåðìè÷å-ñêèé àíàëèç ìèíåðàëîâ è ãîðíûõ ïîðîä. Ì.: Íåäðà, 1974. 399 ñ.

12. Á ð à í ä î í Ä., Ê à ï ë à í Ó. Ìèêðîñòðóêòóðà ìàòåðèàëîâ. Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿè êîíòðîëÿ. Ì.: Òåõíîñôåðà, 2004. 384 ñ.

Õàëòóðèíà Òàìàðà Èâàíîâíà, êàíä. õèì. íàóê, ïðîô.; Å-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ôåäåðàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. ÊðàñíîÿðñêÒðåòüÿêîâ Ñåðãåé Ãåííàäüåâè÷, àñï.; E-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ôåäåðàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. ÊðàñíîÿðñêÂîéòîâ Åâãåíèé Ëåîíèäîâè÷, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; E-mail: [email protected]Íîâîñèáèðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (Ñèáñòðèí)×óðáàêîâà Îëüãà Âèêòîðîâíà, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.; Å-mail: [email protected]Ñèáèðñêèé ôåäåðàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ã. Êðàñíîÿðñê


Khalturina Tamara Ivanovna, PhD, Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, RussiaTret’yakov Sergey Gennad’evich, Post-graduate Student; E-mail: [email protected] Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, RussiaVoytov Evgeny Leonidovich, DSc, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), RussiaChurbakova Ol'ga Viktorovna, PhD, Ass. Professor; E-mail: [email protected] Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

ELECTROCOAGULATION NEUTRALIZATIONOF JOINT OIL-EMULSION AND CHROMIUM-CONTAININGWASTEWATER OF METALLURGICAL PLANTUSING ASYMMETRIC CURRENT

The process of electric treatment with asymmetric alternating current of joint oil-emulsionand chrome-containing wastewater of metallurgical plant is investigated. The use ofasymmetric current allows eliminating adsorption of oil particles on the electrode surfaceand stabilizing the process of metal dissolution. The mechanism of the process ofneutralization of wastewater containing emulsified petroleum products and hexavalentchromium ions, during electrical asymmetric current treatment with soluble anodes(Steel-3), is determined by the processes occurring both at the electrodes and due to theredox reaction in the volume of the treated liquid. The aim of the work was to study theasymmetric current electrocoagulation to reduce energy consumption while maintaining ahigh degree of purification of joint wastewater containing emulsified petroleum productsand hexavalent chromium ions. The composition and structure of the sludge formed in theprocess of electrocoagulation of wastewater for the development of recycling technology isinvestigated. The thermogravimetric method on the device STA 449F1 of the German firmNETZSCH and X-ray phase on the diffractometer D8 ADVANCE, the German firm BrukerAXS are carried out.


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K e y w o r d s: hexavalent chromium ions, emulsified oil products, wastewater,electrocoagulation, asymmetric alternating current, sediment, thermogravimetric analysis,X-ray phase method.

REFERENCES

1. I z m e r o v a N.F. Nauchnyye obzory literatury po toksichnosti i opasnostikhimicheskikh veshchestv. Programma OON po okruzhayushchey srede [Scientificliterature reviews on toxicity and hazard of chemicals. United Nations EnvironmentProgram]. Ed. by N.F. Izmerova. Moscow, 1989. 225 p. (in Russian)

2. S o k o l o v L.I. Ispol’zovaniye otkhodov shlifoval’nogo proizvodstva v protsessakhochistki khromsoderzhashchikh stochnykh vod [Use of grinding production wastein the process of purification of chromium-containing wastewater]. Ekologiya ipromyshlennost’ Rossii [Ecology and industry of Russia]. 2011. August. Pp. 38–44.(in Russian)

3. Y a k o v l e v S.V., K r a s n o b o r o d ’ k o I.G., R o g o v V.M. Tekhnologiyaelektrokhimicheskoy ochistki vody [Technology of electrochemical waterpurification]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1987. Pp. 232–237. (in Russian)

4. Z u b a r e v a M.N., F i l i p ’ y e v a M.I., D e g t e v G.I. Sposoby ochistki stochnykhvod ot soyedineniy khroma (VI) [Methods of wastewater treatment from chromium(VI) compounds]. Ekologiya i promyshlennost' Rossii [Ecology and industry ofRussia]. 2005. No. 2. Pp. 30–33. (in Russian)

5. U r e t s k i y E.A. Resursosberegayushchiye tekhnologii v vodnom khozyaystvepromyshlennykh predpriyatiy: monografiya [Resource-saving technologies in watereconomy of industrial enterprises: monograph]. Brest, 2007. 396 p. (in Russian)

6. N i k i f o r o v a E.Yu., K i l i m n i k A.B. Zakonomernosti elektrokhimicheskogopovedeniya metallov pri nalozhenii peremennogo toka [Patterns of electrochemicalbehavior of metals when applying alternating current]. Vestnik TGTU [Bulletin ofTSTU]. 2009. Vol. 15. No. 3. Pp. 604–614. (in Russian)

7. K h a l t u r i n a T.I . , C h u r b a k o v a O.V., B o b r i k A.G. K voprosuelektrokhimicheskogo obezvrezhivaniya khromsoderzhashchikh stochnykh vod [Onthe electrochemical neutralization of chromium-containing wastewater]. VestnikIrGTU [Bulletin of IrSTU]. 2014. No. 3 (86). Pp. 103–107. (in Russian)

8. K h a l t u r i n a T.I., C h u r b a k o v a O.V. K voprosu elektrokoagulyatsii ochistkistochnykh vod, soderzhashchikh emul'girovannyye nefteprodukty [On the issue ofelectrocoagulation of wastewater treatment containing emulsified oil products].Vestnik KrasGAU [Bulletin of KrasGAU]. 2016. No. 5. Pp. 91–99. (in Russian)

9. Pat. No. 2431231 RF. Ustroystvo dlya polucheniya asimmetrichnogo toka [Devicefor obtaining asymmetric current]. T.I. Khalturina, Yu.V. Gavrilova, O.V. Churbakova,T.A. Kurilina. Publ. 10.10.2011; Bull. No. 28. (in Russian)

10. Pat. No. 2701938 RF. Ustroystvo dlya ochistki stochnykh vod asimmetrichnymtokom [Device for wastewater treatment by asymmetric current]. S.G. Tret’yakov,T.I. Khalturina, A.S. Bersenev, M.G. Motkov. Publ. 02.10.2019; Bull. No. 28. (inRussian)

11. I v a n o v a V.P., K a s a t o v B.P., K r a s a v i n a T.N., R o z i n o v a E.L. Termicheskiyanaliz mineralov i gornykh porod [Thermal analysis of minerals and rocks]. Moscow,Nedra,1974. 399 p. (in Russian)

12. B r a n d o n D., K a p l a n U. Mikrostruktura materialov. Metody issledovaniya ikontrolya [Microstructure of materials. Methods of research and control]. Moscow,Tekhnosfera, 2004. 384 p. (in Russian)


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ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÌÅÒÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉÐÀÇÄÅË

ÓÄÊ 693.2 :620.193

Ä.Þ. ÆÅËÄÀÊÎÂ

ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß ÊÈÍÅÒÈÊÈÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀ ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÊÎÐÐÎÇÈÈ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÎÂÊÈÐÏÈ×ÍÎÉ ÊËÀÄÊÈ

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî íà îñíîâàíèè çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïðîòåêàíèÿ ïðîöåññàõèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè âîçìîæíî îöåíèòü äîëãîâå÷-íîñòü ìàòåðèàëîâ ñòåíîâîé êåðàìèêè ïðè èõ ðàáîòå â îãðàæäàþùåé êîíñòðóêöèè.Äëÿ ýòîãî íåîáõîäèìî îöåíèòü êèíåòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðîòåêàíèÿ ðåàêöèé,ó÷àñòâóþùèõ â ïðîöåññå äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà. Â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå îïèñûâàþò-ñÿ ìåòîäèêè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñêîðîñòè ðåàêöèé â ïðîöåññå îáðàçîâàíèÿ ùåëî÷åé(îïðåäåëåíèå êîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè) è äåéñòâèÿ ùåëî÷åé íà ìàòåðèàëêèðïè÷à (îïðåäåëåíèå õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè). Äàííûå ìåòîäèêè ïîçâîëÿþò ââåñòèíîâûé ïîêàçàòåëü ðàáîòû ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè: êîýôôèöèåíò õèìè÷åñêîé äåñò-ðóêöèè. Ââîäèìûé ïîêàçàòåëü èìååò ðàçìåðíîñòü (%/÷), ÷òî äàåò âîçìîæíîñòüåãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ðàñ÷åòå äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà. Â ñòàòüå îïèñûâàþòñÿ îñ-íîâíûå ïðèíöèïû ðàçðàáîòàííûõ ìåòîäèê. Ïðèâîäèòñÿ ïðèìåð èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿäëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à. Íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ðåçóëüòà-òîâ èçó÷åíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ìåòîäèêè îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷å-ñêîé ñòîéêîñòè äåëàåòñÿ âûâîä î íåçàâèñèìîñòè êîýôôèöèåíòà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñò-ðóêöèè è èñïîëüçóåìûõ äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ïîêàçàòåëåé äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñðîêàäîëãîâå÷íîñòè, íàïðèìåð, ïðî÷íîñòè êèðïè÷à íà ñæàòèå. Ìåòîäèêà îïðåäåëåíèÿêîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëó÷èòü ÷èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ñêîðîñòèîáðàçîâàíèÿ ùåëî÷åé ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèè îêñèäîâ ùåëî÷íûõ è ùåëî÷íîçåìåëü-íûõ ìåòàëëîâ, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèõ â ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷à, ïðè åãî óâëàæíåíèè. Íà îñ-íîâàíèè äàííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äåëàåòñÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î ìåõàíèçìå ïðîöåññàâçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âåùåñòâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â ìíîãîêîìïîíåíòíîé îãðàæäàþùåé êîíñò-ðóêöèè.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: îãðàæäàþùàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ, êèðïè÷íàÿ êëàäêà, äîëãîâå÷-íîñòü, ïðîöåññû äåñòðóêöèè, õèìè÷åñêàÿ êîððîçèÿ, êèíåòèêà ïðîöåññà, êîððîçèîí-íàÿ àêòèâíîñòü.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-74-86

Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé êèíåòèêè ïðîöåññîâ õèìè÷å-ñêîé äåñòðóêöèè. Â [1] áûë ïîäðîáíî ðàññìîòðåí ìåõàíèçì äåñòðóêöèèêèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè, ñêëàäûâàþùèéñÿ èç äâóõ îñíîâíûõ ïðîöåññîâ: ïðîöåñ-ñà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ùåëî÷åé â ìàòåðèàëå êåðàìè÷åñêîãî êèðïè÷à è ïðîöåññà

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ã Æåëäàêîâ Ä.Þ., 2019

âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ùåëî÷åé ñ îêñèäàìè àëþìèíèÿ è êðåìíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà êèð-ïè÷à.

Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííûõ çíà÷åíèé äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëîâ, ðàáî-òàþùèõ â îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ çäàíèé, íåîáõîäèìî èçó÷èòü êèíåòè-êó ïðîöåññîâ, îïðåäåëÿþùèõ äåñòðóêöèþ ìàòåðèàëà.

Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îñíîâû ôèçè÷åñêîé õèìèè ïîçâîëÿþò ñôîðìóëèðîâàòüîñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé êèíåòèêè ïðîöåññîâ õèìè÷åñêîé äåñò-ðóêöèè [2]. Ýòè íàïðàâëåíèÿ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ èñõîäÿ èç îñíîâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ,âëèÿþùèõ íà ñêîðîñòü õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé: êîíöåíòðàöèè âåùåñòâ, âñòó-ïàþùèõ â ðåàêöèþ, òåìïåðàòóðû ïðîòåêàíèÿ ïðîöåññà è òàê êàê â ðåàêöèèó÷àñòâóþò âåùåñòâà, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â ðàçíûõ ôàçàõ, ò.å. æèäêîñòü (ùåëî÷ü)è òâåðäîå âåùåñòâî (àëþìîñèëèêàòû) – ïëîùàäè ïîâåðõíîñòè âñòóïàþùèõâ ðåàêöèþ âåùåñòâ. Êàòàëèòè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà èçó÷àåìûå ïðîöåññûíåêîòîðûõ âåùåñòâ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò íàõîäèòüñÿ â ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷à (íà-ïðèìåð, æåëåçî (Fe) èëè ñåðà (S) [3–6]), â äàííîé ñòàòüå íå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ,òàê êàê âëèÿíèå êàòàëèçàòîðà íà ïðîòåêàíèå ëþáîé õèìè÷åñêîé ðåàêöèèÿâëÿåòñÿ îòäåëüíîé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé ðàáîòîé. Âëèÿíèå äàííûõ âåùåñòâïî êëàññèôèêàöèè, ïðåäëîæåííîé â [7], îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîáî÷íûì ïðîöåññàìïåðâîãî òèïà.

Â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå íå ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïîäðîáíîå îïèñàíèå èññëåäîâàíèéêèíåòèêè ïðîöåññîâ è èõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû êèíåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâà-íèé ïðîöåññà äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè áóäóò îïèñàíû â îò-äåëüíîé ñòàòüå.

Öåëüþ äàííîé ñòàòüè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïèñàíèå íîâûõ ìåòîäèê èññëåäîâàíèÿìàòåðèàëà ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè, à òàêæå îáñóæäåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ðåçóëüòà-òîâ èññëåäîâàíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà îñíîâå ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ, ïðîâåäåííûõ ïîäàííûì ìåòîäèêàì. Ðàçðàáîòàííûå ìåòîäèêè ïîçâîëÿþò èçó÷èòü êèíåòè÷å-ñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðîöåññà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè è ââåñòè íîâûå ïîêà-çàòåëè ïðîöåññà, êîòîðûå äàþò íåîáõîäèìóþ èíôîðìàöèþ äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà äîë-ãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ ùåëî÷åé è êèñëîò íà ñòðîèòåëüíóþ êåðàìèêóïðîâîäèëèñü â ÑÑÑÐ è çà ðóáåæîì åùå â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ïðîøëîãî âåêà [8].Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ðàáîò áûëè îáîáùåíû â äâóõ ñîâåòñêèõ ñòàíäàðòàõÃÎÑÒ 473.1–81 «Èçäåëèÿ õèìè÷åñêè ñòîéêèå è òåðìîñòîéêèå êåðàìè÷åñêèå.Ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ êèñëîòîñòîéêîñòè» è ÃÎÑÒ 473.2–81 «Èçäåëèÿ õèìè÷å-ñêè ñòîéêèå è òåðìîñòîéêèå êåðàìè÷åñêèå. Ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ ùåëî÷åñòîé-êîñòè», ðàçðàáîòàííûõ â 1971 ã. è ïðîäëåííûõ äåñÿòèëåòèå ñïóñòÿ. Äàííûåñòàíäàðòû äåéñòâóþò â íàøåé ñòðàíå è ñåé÷àñ. Ñóùåñòâóåò ðÿä çàðóáåæíûõñòàíäàðòîâ ïî àíàëîãè÷íîé òåìàòèêå, íàïðèìåð, àìåðèêàíñêèå ñòàíäàðòûASTM C 267 – 01(2012) «Standard Test Methods for Chemical Resistance ofMortars, Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacing and Polymer Concretes» è ASTM C904 – 01(2018) «Terminology Relating to Chemical-Resistant NonmetallicMaterials».

Äåéñòâóþùèå ðîññèéñêèå è çàðóáåæíûå ñòàíäàðòû, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèåõèìè÷åñêóþ ñòîéêîñòü ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè, íå ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿäëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ êèíåòèêè ïðîöåññà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè. Ïðåæäå âñåãî,îíè îñíîâàíû íà ðàçîâîì âîçäåéñòâèè îïðåäåëåííîãî ñèëüíîãî ýëåêòðîëèòà

Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ êèíåòèêè ïðîöåññà õèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè ìàòåðèàëîâ...

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íà ìàòåðèàë. Åäèíè÷íîå âîçäåéñòâèå íå ìîæåò õàðàêòåðèçîâàòü ñêîðîñòüïðîòåêàíèÿ ïðîöåññà. Êðîìå òîãî, ñòàíäàðòû îñíîâàíû íà èçó÷åíèè õèìè-÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìàòåðèàëîâ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ ðàáîòàòü â î÷åíü æåñòêèõóñëîâèÿõ ïðîòåêàíèÿ âûñîêîòåìïåðàòóðíûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ. Ñ ýòèìñâÿçàíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå â ñòàíäàðòàõ êîíöåíòðèðîâàííûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ âå-ùåñòâ.

Îïèñàíèå ìåòîäèê èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Èñïîëüçóÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îïûòïðåäûäóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ðàçðàáîòàíû äâå ìåòîäèêè èññëåäîâàíèÿ: îïðå-äåëåíèÿ êîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèèìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à. Îáå ìåòîäèêè ðàçðàáîòàíû äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ äîëãîâå÷íîñòèìàòåðèàëà ñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè è îñíîâàíû íà èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ïðîòåêàíèÿïðîöåññà äåñòðóêöèè, îïèñàííîì â [1]. Îäíîé èç çàäà÷, ïîñòàâëåííûõ ïðèðàçðàáîòêå ìåòîäèê, ÿâëÿëàñü ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ òåõíîëîãè÷íîñòü èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿâ øèðîêîé ïðàêòèêå, îñîáåííî â ïðàêòèêå ïðîèçâîäñòâ. Ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿîäèíàêîâàÿ ìåòîäèêà îòáîðà è ïîäãîòîâêè ïðîá, ïîäáîð èäåíòè÷íîé ñòåêëÿí-íîé ïîñóäû è äðóãèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðèíöèïû ïðîâåäåíèÿ èññëåäîâàíèéäâóìÿ ìåòîäèêàìè.

Äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ èñïûòàíèé îòáèðàþò òðè ïðîáû ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à. Èõñîåäèíÿþò â îáúåäèíåííóþ ïðîáó âåñîì íå ìåíåå 150 ã. Ïðîáó èçìåëü÷àþòè ïðîñåèâàþò ÷åðåç ñèòî ñ ñåòêîé 05Ê äî ïîëíîãî ïðîõîæäåíèÿ, çàòåì ÷åðåçñèòî ñ ñåòêîé 045Ê. Ïðîáà äîëæíà áûòü èçìåëü÷åíà ïîëíîñòüþ, òàê êàê èç-ìåëü÷åíèå ÷àñòè ïðîáû âëèÿåò íà ðåçóëüòàò èññëåäîâàíèé. Îñòàâøèåñÿ íàñèòå 045Ê çåðíà ïðîáû îòìûâàþò îò ïûëè äèñòèëëèðîâàííîé âîäîé. Äëÿýòîãî ïîðîøîê ïåðåíîñÿò â åìêîñòü, äîáàâëÿþò äèñòèëëèðîâàííóþ âîäó,çàêðûâàþò ïðèòåðòîé èëè ðåçèíîâîé ïðîáêîé è èíòåíñèâíî âñòðÿõèâàþò.Çàòåì çåðíàì ïðîáû äàþò îñåñòü, à âçìó÷åííóþ âîäó àêêóðàòíî äåêàíòèðó-þò. Ïðîöåññ ïîâòîðÿþò äî ìîìåíòà, êîãäà äåêàíòèðîâàííàÿ âîäà ñòàíîâèò-ñÿ ïðîçðà÷íîé. Çåðíà, î÷èùåííûå îò ïûëè, ïåðåíîñÿò â ÷èñòóþ ôàðôîðîâóþ÷àøêó è âûñóøèâàþò â ñóøèëüíîì øêàôó ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 105–115 °Ñ äîïîñòîÿííîé ìàññû. Ñðàçó ïîñëå ïðîñóøêè èç ïîäãîòîâëåííîé ïðîáû çåðåíáåðóò ïàðàëëåëüíî òðè íàâåñêè ïî 2 ã, âçâåøåííûå ñ ïîãðåøíîñòüþ íå áîëåå0,001 ã.

Ìåòîäèêà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè óïîìèíàåòñÿâ [1]. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îíà äîðàáîòàíà. Ìåòîäèêà îñíîâàíà íà ïðîöåññåâçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ùåëî÷íûõ è ùåëî÷íîçåìåëüíûõ ìåòàëëîâ, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèõâ ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷à â âèäå îêñèäîâ, ñ âîäîé. Äàííûé ìåòîä ïðåäíàçíà÷åíäëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ êèíåòèêè ïåðâîãî ýòàïà ïðîöåññà äåñòðóêöèè êèðïè÷à.

Èñïûòàíèÿ ïðîâîäÿò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: íàâåñêó ïîìåùàþò â êîíè÷å-ñêóþ êîëáó âìåñòèìîñòüþ 500 ìë è ïðèëèâàþò 250 ìë äèñòèëëèðîâàííîéâîäû. Êîëáó ïîìåùàþò íà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî íàãðåòóþ ýëåêòðîïëèòêó, ñîåäè-íÿþò ñ îáðàòíûì õîëîäèëüíèêîì è êèïÿòÿò â òå÷åíèå îäíîãî ÷àñà. Ïîñëåïðîöåññà êèïÿ÷åíèÿ ñëèâàþò ðàñòâîð â ñòåêëÿííûé ñòàêàí.

Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèè èîíîâ, ïåðåøåäøèõ â âîäíûé ðàñòâîð,èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ìàññ-ñïåêòðàëüíûé ñ èíäóêòèâíî-ñâÿçàííîé ïëàçìîé è àòîì-íî-ýìèññèîííûé ñ èíäóêòèâíî-ñâÿçàííîé ïëàçìîé ìåòîäû [9, 10]. Èññëå-äîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ïî ìåòîäèêàì, ðàçðàáîòàííûì ñ ó÷åòîì ðåêîìåíäà-öèé ôèðì-ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé äàííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Èîíû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå â

Ä.Þ. Æåëäàêîâ

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ðàñòâîðå: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Si4+, Al3+, S4+, Fe3+. Ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè è âîç-ìîæíîñòè îáîðóäîâàíèÿ ìîãóò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ è äðóãèå ýëåìåíòû. Â ïðîöåññåèññëåäîâàíèé èñïîëüçîâàëè ìàññ-ñïåêòðîìåòð ñ èíäóêòèâíî-ñâÿçàííîé ïëàç-ìîé Elan-6100 («Perkin Elmer», ÑØÀ) è àòîìíî-ýìèññèîííûé ñïåêòðîìåòðñ èíäóêòèâíî-ñâÿçàííîé ïëàçìîé Optima 4300 DV («Perkin Elmer», ÑØÀ)ñ îïðåäåëåíèåì 71 ýëåìåíòà.

Ìåòîäèêà îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à îñíîâà-íà íà ïðîöåññå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ùåëî÷è ñ ìàòåðèàëîì êèðïè÷à ïðè ìíîãî-êðàòíîì âîçäåéñòâèè íà ïðîáó êèðïè÷à ùåëî÷üþ è îïðåäåëåíèè èçìåíåíèÿìàññû ïðîáû äî è ïîñëå âîçäåéñòâèÿ è âðåìåíè, çà êîòîðîå ýòî èçìåíåíèåïðîèçîøëî. Äàííàÿ ìåòîäèêà ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ êèíåòèêè âòîðîéñòàäèè ïðîöåññà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè.

Èñïûòàíèÿ ïðîâîäÿò ïîýòàïíî. Íà êàæäîì ýòàïå ïðîâîäÿò ñëåäóþùèåäåéñòâèÿ: íàâåñêó ïîìåùàþò â êîíè÷åñêóþ êîëáó âìåñòèìîñòüþ 500 ìë èïðèëèâàþò 250 ìë 0,5 pÍ ðàñòâîðà ãèäðîîêèñè êàëèÿ. Êîëáó ïîìåùàþò íàïðåäâàðèòåëüíî íàãðåòóþ ýëåêòðîïëèòêó, ñîåäèíÿþò ñ îáðàòíûì õîëîäèëü-íèêîì è êèïÿòÿò. Âðåìÿ êèïÿ÷åíèÿ îäèí ÷àñ. Ïîñëå ïðîöåññà êèïÿ÷åíèÿñëèâàþò ðàñòâîð ãèäðîîêèñè êàëèÿ â ïîñóäó äëÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ îòõîäîâ. Ïðî-áó íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïðîìûâàþò äèñòèëëèðîâàííîé âîäîé. Çàòåì â êîëáó ñ ñî-äåðæèìûì ïðèëèâàþò 250 ìë 0,3 pÍ ðàñòâîðà ñîëÿíîé êèñëîòû. Èñïîëüçî-âàíèå êèñëîòû îáóñëîâëåíî íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ âûâîäà îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ âïðîáå ñîëåé. Êîëáó ñíîâà ïîìåùàþò íà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî íàãðåòóþ ýëåêòðî-ïëèòêó, ñîåäèíÿþò ñ îáðàòíûì õîëîäèëüíèêîì è êèïÿòÿò â òå÷åíèå 0,5 ÷.Âðåìÿ êèïÿ÷åíèÿ ïðîáû ñ ðàñòâîðîì ñîëÿíîé êèñëîòû ïðè îïðåäåëåíèèâðåìåíè äåñòðóêöèè íå ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ. Ïðîáó ïðîìûâàþò äèñòèëëèðîâàí-íîé âîäîé. Çàòåì êîëáó ñ ïðîáîé ïîìåùàþò â ñóøèëüíûé øêàô è âûñóøè-âàþò ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 105–115 °Ñ äî ïîñòîÿííîé ìàññû. Âûñóøåííóþ ïðî-áó ñðàçó ïîñëå ïðîñóøêè âçâåøèâàþò íà âåñàõ ñ ïîãðåøíîñòüþ èçìåðåíèÿíå áîëåå 0,001 ã. Ïðîáà ïîñëå âçâåøèâàíèÿ âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â êîëáó. Èñïûòà-íèÿ ïîâòîðÿþò äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ìàññà ïðîáû â äâóõ ïîñëåäóþùèõ èñïûòà-íèÿõ áóäåò ðàçëè÷àòüñÿ íå áîëåå ÷åì íà 0,01 ã, ò.å. 0,5 % îò íà÷àëüíîé ìàññûïðîáû.

Äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèé ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ïî ïðèâå-äåííûì âûøå ìåòîäèêàì ââîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ïîêàçàòåëè:

Õèìè÷åñêàÿ ñòîéêîñòü (Chemical resistance) – ïîòåðÿ ìàññû ïðîáûîáðàçöà íà êàæäîì ýòàïå âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà íåãî õèìè÷åñêèìè âåùåñòâàìèCr, %.

Õèìè÷åñêóþ ñòîéêîñòü êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà íà êàæäîì ýòàïå èñïû-òàíèÿ â ïðîöåíòàõ âû÷èñëÿþò ïî ôîðìóëå

Crm m

m=

- 1 100,

ãäå m1 – ìàññà ïðîáû êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïîñëå èñïûòàíèÿ, ã;m – íà÷àëüíàÿ ìàññà ïðîáû êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà äî èñïûòàíèÿ, ã.

Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ õèìè÷åñêàÿ ñòîéêîñòü – ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïîòåðÿ ìàññûïðîáû îáðàçöà ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòà Crmax, %. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ õè-ìè÷åñêàÿ ñòîéêîñòü õàðàêòåðèçóåò êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà â ïðîáå ìàòåðèàëà


77

êèðïè÷à, êîòîðîå íå ðàçðóøàåòñÿ èëè ðàçðóøàåòñÿ î÷åíü ìåäëåííî, ïîä äåé-ñòâèåì ùåëî÷åé.

Êîýôôèöèåíò õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè (Chemical destruction coefficient(Ñd)) – äîëÿ ïðîáû õ, îïðåäåëåííàÿ â ïðîöåíòàõ, êîòîðàÿ ðàçðóøàåòñÿ â ïðî-öåññå õèìè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ çà âðåìÿ b, îïðåäåëåííîå â ÷àñàõ. Êîýôôèöè-åíò õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ðàâåí îòíîøåíèþ õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìà-òåðèàëà ê âðåìåíè, çà êîòîðîå äàííîå çíà÷åíèå õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìà-òåðèàëà äîñòèãíóòî.

Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè êåðàìè÷åñêîãî ìà-òåðèàëà â êàæäîì èñïûòàíèè ñòðîèòñÿ ãðàôèê çàâèñèìîñòè õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîé-êîñòè îò âðåìåíè âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ìàòåðèàë. Èç òî÷êè ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ êîîðäèíàòñòðîèòñÿ ëèíèÿ òðåíäà ïîñòðîåííîãî ãðàôèêà. Ïðè ýòîì ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ òî÷êè,ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå ýêñïåðèìåíòà, äî âèäèìîãî ïåðåãèáà ãðàôèêà õèìè÷åñêîéñòîéêîñòè îò âðåìåíè â îáëàñòè âûñîêèõ ïðîöåíòîâ äåñòðóêöèè. Òàíãåíñóãëà íàêëîíà ãðàôèêà ê ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé îñè (âðåìåíè) èëè êîýôôèöèåíò ëè-íåéíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ ëèíèè òðåíäà ðàâåí êîýôôèöèåíòó õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóê-öèè ìàòåðèàëà (Cd), èìååò ðàçìåðíîñòü (%/÷) è õàðàêòåðèçóåò ñêîðîñòü ïðî-öåññà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà îñíîâàíèè îïèñàííîãî âûøå ìåòîäà îïðåäåëåíèÿõèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ðàçðàáîòàí ÃÎÑÒ Ð «Êîíñòðóêöèèîãðàæäàþùèå èç êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè. Ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêî-ñòè». Ñòàíäàðò ïðîøåë ïóáëè÷íîå îáñóæäåíèå è â 2020 ã. áóäåò óòâåðæäåíè îïóáëèêîâàí.

Àâòîðû íåêîòîðûõ ðàáîò [2, 11, 12] ñòàâÿò ïîä ñîìíåíèå ðåçóëüòàòûèññëåäîâàíèé ïî õèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè ìàòåðèàëîâ íà îñíîâàíèè òîãî, ÷òîâ îáúåìå ñòàòüè ïðèâîäèòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîå êîëè÷åñòâî ðåçóëüòàòîâ ýêñïåðè-ìåíòîâ. Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îáúåì æóðíàëüíîé ñòàòüè íå ìîæåò âêëþ-÷èòü âñå ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîëó÷àåìûå â ïðîöåññå ðàáîòû. Íèæå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ íàè-áîëåå ïîêàçàòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ.


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Ðèñ. 1. Îáðàçöû êèðïè÷åé, âçÿòûõ äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿà – îáùèé âèä ðàçðóøåííîé ñòåíû çäàíèÿ; á – ñòåíà çäàíèÿ âáëèçè: õîðîøî

âèäíà ñòåïåíü ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïóñòîòåëûõ êèðïè÷åé

Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ðàçðàáîòàííûõìåòîäèê äëÿ àíàëèçà äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ñòåíîâîé êåðàìèêè. Ïðèìåíåíèåîïèñàííûõ âûøå ìåòîäîâ äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ äîëãîâå÷íîñòè êèðïè÷à ìîæåò áûòüïðîèëëþñòðèðîâàíî ñëåäóþùèì èññëåäîâàíèåì.

Äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ áûëè âçÿòû ïðîáû ïóñòîòåëûõ êèðïè÷åé èç íåðàâíîìåðíîðàçðóøåííîé ñòåíû çäàíèÿ ïîñòðîéêè 1956 ã. â ã. Ìîñêâà (ðèñ. 1). Áûëà çàìå-ðåíà ïðî÷íîñòü íà ñæàòèå õîðîøî ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ êèðïè÷åé â äàííîé ñòåíå,êîòîðàÿ ñîñòàâèëà â ñðåäíåì 23,4 ÌÏà. Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ áûëà âçÿòà ïðîáà õîðî-øî ñîõðàíèâøåãîñÿ êðàñíîãî ãëèíÿíîãî êèðïè÷à èç çäàíèÿ 1835 ã. ïîñòðîé-êè. Ïðî÷íîñòü íà ñæàòèå äàííîãî êèðïè÷à ñîñòàâèëà 19,7 ÌÏà.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 2. Ïî ãðàôèêàì ìîæíî îïðå-äåëèòü çíà÷åíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìàòåðèàëà â ëþáîé ìîìåíò âðåìåíèè ìàêñèìàëüíîé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè îáðàçöîâ êèðïè÷åé. Çíà÷åíèÿ ìàêñè-ìàëüíîé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè (Crmax) äëÿ ïðîá ðàçðóøåííûõ è ñîõðàíèâ-øèõñÿ êèðïè÷åé, âçÿòûõ èç îäíîé ñòåíû, áëèçêè è ñîñòàâëÿþò 83,1 è 82,9 %.Çíà÷åíèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè îáðàçöîâ õàðàêòåðèçóþò èñ-õîäíîå ñûðüå è ïðîöåññ îáæèãà êèðïè÷åé è äëÿ êèðïè÷åé èç îäíîé ïàðòèèäîëæíû èìåòü áëèçêèå çíà÷åíèÿ. Äëÿ êèðïè÷à 1835 ã. çíà÷åíèå ìàêñèìàëü-íîé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè çíà÷èòåëüíî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ïðîá êèðïè÷à èç ðàçðó-øåííîé ñòåíû è ñîñòàâëÿåò Crmax = 92,0 %.

Íà ðèñ. 3 ïîêàçàíà ìåòîäèêà îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà õèìè÷åñêîéäåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à äëÿ èññëåäîâàííûõ ïðîá. Â ñîîòâåòñòâèèñ ìåòîäèêîé îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè, îïèñàííîéâûøå, òî÷êè ðåçóëüòàòîâ îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ïîñëå ïåðåãèáàâ îáëàñòè áîëüøèõ çíà÷åíèé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ïðè ïî-ñòðîåíèè ëèíèè òðåíäà. Ëèíèÿ òðåíäà ãðàôèêà çàâèñèìîñòè õèìè÷åñêîéñòîéêîñòè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à îò âðåìåíè ñòðîèòñÿ èç òî÷êè ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ êî-îðäèíàò. Çíà÷åíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ðàâíî çíà÷åíèþêîýôôèöèåíòà â ëèíåéíîì óðàâíåíèè ëèíèè òðåíäà.

Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ýêñïåðèìåíòà îïðåäåëåíû çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ õèìè-÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ïðîá êèðïè÷à. Äëÿ ðàçðóøåííûõ êèðïè÷åé Cd = 17,00 %/÷,


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Ðèñ. 2. Çíà÷åíèå õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè è ìàêñèìàëüíîé õèìè÷å-ñêîé ñòîéêîñòè ìàòåðèàëîâ êèðïè÷à

äëÿ öåëûõ Cd = 13,71 %/÷, äëÿ ïðîáû, âçÿòîé èç êèðïè÷à 1835 ã., Cd = 6,29 %/÷.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìàòåðèàë êèðïè÷à, âçÿòûé èç ðàçðóøåííîé ñòåíû, èìååò âûñî-êèå çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè. Ïðè ýòîì êîýôôèöèåíòõèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ïðîáû ðàçðóøåííîãî êèðïè÷à (ïðîáà ¹ 1) âûøå, ÷åìïðîáû íåðàçðóøåííîãî (ïðîáà ¹ 3), ò.å. ðàçðóøåííûå êèðïè÷è â ñîîòâåòñòâèèñî çíà÷åíèåì êîýôôèöèåíòà ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè äîëæíû ðàçðóøàòüñÿ áûñò-ðåå, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò èñòèíå.

Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âûâîäû:1. Ìåòîäèêà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êîýôôèöèåíòà ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè äàåò

ïðàâäîïîäîáíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïî ñêîðîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷àïðè âîçäåéñòâèè íà íåãî ùåëî÷è. Áëèçêèå çíà÷åíèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîé õèìè÷å-ñêîé ñòîéêîñòè äëÿ äâóõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, âçÿòûõ èç îäíîé ñòåíû (ïðîáû ¹ 1 è 3),îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ òåì, ÷òî äëÿ êèðïè÷åé îáåèõ ïðîá èñïîëüçîâàëîñü åäèíîå ñûðüåïðè èõ èçãîòîâëåíèè.

2. Êîýôôèöèåíò õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè íå èìååò êîððåëÿöèè ñ ïðî÷íî-ñòüþ íà ñæàòèå ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à. Êèðïè÷ ïðîáû ¹ 3 èìååò ïðî÷íîñòü íàñæàòèå áîëüøóþ, ÷åì êèðïè÷ 1835 ã. (ïðîáà ¹ 4), îäíàêî ñêîðîñòü äåñòðóê-öèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ïðîáû ¹ 4 çíà÷èòåëüíî íèæå, ÷åì ñêîðîñòü äåñòðóê-öèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ïðîáû ¹ 3. Òî åñòü êèðïè÷ ìîæåò èìåòü âûñîêóþïðî÷íîñòü, íî îáëàäàòü çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøåé äîëãîâå÷íîñòüþ.

3. Ñêîðîñòü äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè íà íåãî ùå-ëî÷üþ íåðàâíîìåðíà. Î÷åâèäíû äâå çîíû: ïåðâàÿ – çîíà àêòèâíîé äåñòðóê-öèè è âòîðàÿ – çàìåäëåíèå ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè â çîíå âûñîêèõ çíà÷åíèéõèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè. Çàìåäëåíèå ñêîðîñòè äåñòðóêöèè â çîíå âûñîêèõ çíà-÷åíèé õèìè÷åñêîé ñòîéêîñòè îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ óìåíüøåíèåì êîëè÷åñòâà ìàòåðèà-ëà êèðïè÷à â ïðîáå, ñïîñîáíîãî ê ðàçðóøåíèþ.

4. Ïðè äåéñòâèè ùåëî÷è íà ìàòåðèàë êèðïè÷à ðàçðóøåíèþ ïîäâåðãàåòñÿïðàêòè÷åñêè âåñü ìàòåðèàë. Êîýôôèöèåíò Crmax äëÿ ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷åé,ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â èññëåäîâàíèè, íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ îò 82,0 äî 92,0 %.


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Ðèñ. 3. Îïðåäåëåíèå êîýôôèöèåíòà õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè ïî ðå-çóëüòàòàì ýêñïåðèìåíòà

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé êîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè â ïðîáàõêèðïè÷à ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ãèñòîãðàììå (ðèñ. 4). Âèäíî, ÷òî ïðîöåññû îáðà-çîâàíèÿ ùåëî÷åé â ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷à, î êîòîðûõ ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî êîí-öåíòðàöèè èîíîâ ùåëî÷íûõ è ùåëî÷íîçåìåëüíûõ ìåòàëëîâ â âîäíîé âû-òÿæêå, ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ. Ñóììàðíîå êîëè÷åñòâî èîíîâ ùåëî÷íûõè ùåëî÷íîçåìåëüíûõ ìåòàëëîâ â âîäíîé âûòÿæêå ïðîá ðàçðóøåííûõ è öå-ëûõ êèðïè÷åé, âçÿòûõ èç ñòåíû çäàíèÿ, ñîñòàâèëî ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 4,694è 3,097 ìã/ë, à êèðïè÷à 1835 ã. 1,44 ìã/ë, ò.å. â 3,26 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ó ìàòå-ðèàëà ðàçðóøåííûõ êèðïè÷åé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìàòåðèàë êèðïè÷à 1835 ã. íåòîëüêî èìååò áîëüøóþ ñîïðîòèâëÿåìîñòü ê äåéñòâèþ ùåëî÷åé, íî è îáðàçî-âàíèå ùåëî÷åé â ìàòåðèàëå ýòîãî êèðïè÷à ïðîèñõîäèò â çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíü-øåì êîëè÷åñòâå.

Èíòåðåñíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ðåçóëüòàòû îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà ñêîðî-ñòè äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷åé, ïðèâåäåííûå íà ðèñ. 2 è 3, õîðîøîêîððåëèðóþòñÿ ñ êîëè÷åñòâîì èîíîâ êðåìíèÿ è àëþìèíèÿ â âîäíûõ âûòÿæ-êàõ (ðèñ. 4). Òî åñòü ÷åì áîëüøå ùåëî÷åé îáðàçóåòñÿ â ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷àïðè êîíòàêòå ñ âëàãîé, òåì áîëüøå êðåìíèÿ è àëþìèíèÿ ïîñòóïàåò â âîä-íóþ âûòÿæêó, ðàñòâîðÿÿñü ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ùåëî÷åé. Äàííûå ðåçóëüòàòûåùå ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàåò äîñòîâåðíîñòü è ïîêàçàòåëüíîñòü îáñóæäàåìûõ ìåòî-äîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ êèíåòèêè õèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ äåñòðóêöèè ìàòåðèàëàêèðïè÷à.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà îñíîâàíèè ïðèâîäèìûõ â äàííîé ñòàòüå ðåçóëüòà-òîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâåäåíû ðàñ÷åòû äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà ðàçðóøåí-íûõ è öåëûõ êèðïè÷åé. Ðàñ÷åòû ïðîâåäåíû ïî ðàçðàáîòàííîé ìåòîäèêå ðàñ-÷åòà ñ ó÷åòîì êîýôôèöèåíòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå èññëåäîâàíèÿ êèíå-òèêè ïðîöåññîâ. Â ðàñ÷åòàõ ïðèíèìàëàñü 10%-ÿ ïîòåðÿ ïðî÷íîñòèìàòåðèàëà êèðïè÷à. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòîâ ñëåäóþùèå: ìàòåðèàë ðàçðóøåí-íûõ êèðïè÷åé ïîêàçàë äîëãîâå÷íîñòü 52 ãîäà, íåðàçðóøåííûõ êèðïè÷åé –


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Ðèñ. 4. Ñîäåðæàíèå èîíîâ â âîäíîé âûòÿæêå ïðîá êèðïè÷à

72,5 ãîäà. Êàê ãîâîðèëîñü ðàíåå, çäàíèå 1956 ã. èìååò â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿâîçðàñò 63 ãîäà. Ïðè ýòîì åñëè áû äëÿ îáëèöîâêè çäàíèÿ áûë âçÿò êèðïè÷,ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì êèðïè÷à ïðîáû ¹ 4, îí áû íå ðàçðó-øèëñÿ â òå÷åíèå 326 ëåò. Áîëåå ïîäðîáíî êèíåòèêà ïðîöåññà äåñòðóêöèèè ìåòîä ðàñ÷åòà äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà ñòåíîâîé êåðàìèêè áóäóò èçëî-æåíû â ñëåäóþùèõ ñòàòüÿõ.

Îáñóæäåíèå. Èç èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäèêè îïðåäåëåíèÿêîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè ìîæíî ñäåëàòü åùå îäèí âûâîä. Íà ðèñ. 5ïðèâåäåí ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèéñÿ â ïðàêòèêå ïðèìåð ðàçðóøåíèÿ êåðàìè÷åñêî-ãî êèðïè÷à â êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêå è ñîõðàíåíèÿ êëàäî÷íîãî ðàñòâîðà èëè, íà-îáîðîò, ðàçðóøåíèÿ êëàäî÷íîãî ðàñòâîðà ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè ìàòåðèàëà êèð-ïè÷à. Òèïè÷íûì îáúÿñíåíèåì äàííîãî ÿâëåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáúÿñíåíèå ðàçíîéìîðîçîñòîéêîñòè êèðïè÷à è ðàñòâîðà. Íî ôîòîãðàôèè, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íàðèñ. 5, ñäåëàíû â ã. Áîëîíüÿ (Èòàëèÿ), ãäå íå áûâàåò îòðèöàòåëüíîé òåìïå-ðàòóðû. Èñõîäÿ èç àíàëèçà ðåçóëüòàòîâ êîíöåíòðàöèè âåùåñòâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåòîäà êîððîçèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè âëàãè, ìîæíî ïðåäëîæèòüñëåäóþùåå îáúÿñíåíèå äàííîìó ïðîöåññó: ïðè ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòå äâóõ ìàòå-ðèàëîâ â êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêå ïðè âûñîêîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ùåëî÷åé â ñàìîì êèð-ïè÷å ùåëî÷ü èç êëàäî÷íîãî ðàñòâîðà ïîñòóïàòü â êèðïè÷ íå áóäåò, ñîîòâåòñò-âåííî â ðàñòâîðå áóäåò ñîõðàíÿòüñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ãèäðîêñèäàêàëüöèÿ è ïðîöåññ âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ â öåìåíòíî-ïåñ÷àíîì ðàñòâîðå ïðîòåêàòüíå áóäåò. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå áóäåò ðàçðóøàòüñÿ êèðïè÷, à ðàñòâîð áóäåò îáëàäàòüáîëüøåé äîëãîâå÷íîñòüþ.

Â äðóãîì ñëó÷àå, ïðè ìàëîì îáðàçîâàíèè ùåëî÷åé â ñàìîì êèðïè÷å, â ðå-çóëüòàòå äèôôóçèè ùåëî÷ü èç ðàñòâîðà áóäåò ïîñòóïàòü â êèðïè÷. Â ðåçóëüòà-òå â ðàñòâîðå êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ãèäðîêñèäà êàëüöèÿ áóäåò ñíèæàòüñÿ, ÷òî «çàïóñ-òèò» ïðîöåññ âûùåëà÷èâàíèÿ, ò.å. ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãèäðîñèëèêàòîâ è ãèäðîàëþ-ìèíàòîâ êàëüöèÿ. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå äîëãîâå÷íîñòü ðàñòâîðà â êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêåáóäåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøå è, åñëè îíà áóäåò ìåíüøå äîëãîâå÷íîñòè êèðïè÷à,ðàñòâîð ðàçðóøèòñÿ áûñòðåå.

Íà ïðàêòèêå àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðîöåññû ðàçíîé äîëãîâå÷íîñòè äâóõ ìàòåðèà-ëîâ ïðè èõ ðàáîòå â îãðàæäàþùåé êîíñòðóêöèè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ÷àñòî. Ïîìèìîñòðîèòåëüíîé êåðàìèêè è ðàñòâîðà, ýòî ãàçîáåòîí è ðàñòâîð, êåðàìçèòîáåòîí


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Ðèñ. 5. Ïðèìåðû ðàçðóøåíèÿ êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè â ã. Áîëîíüÿ (Èòàëèÿ)à – ðàçðóøåíèå êèðïè÷à; á – ðàçðóøåíèå ðàñòâîðà

è ðàñòâîð, ãàçîáåòîí è êèðïè÷ è äàæå ìèíåðàëüíàÿ âàòà è ðàñòâîð è äð. Íàðèñ. 6 ïîêàçàíà äåñòðóêöèÿ âåùåñòâ â ïàðå êåðàìçèòîáåòîí è ðàñòâîð, ðàáî-òàþùèõ â êëàäêå öîêîëÿ. Ôîòîãðàôèè ñäåëàíû â ã. Ìàñêàò (Îìàí), ãäå íî÷íàÿòåìïåðàòóðà ÿíâàðÿ íå îïóñêàåòñÿ íèæå 15 °Ñ. Ïðîöåññ ðàçðóøåíèÿ ìàòåðèà-ëîâ èäåíòè÷åí ïðèâåäåííîìó íà ðèñ. 5. Ïðèìåðû äåñòðóêöèè ñòðîèòåëüíûõìàòåðèàëîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ òîëüêî ïðè ïîëîæè-òåëüíûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ, ïðèâåäåííûå íà ðèñ. 5 è 6, åùå ðàç ïîêàçûâàþò íåîá-õîäèìîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëà èìåííî íà îñíîâàíèè ïðî-öåññîâ õèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè.

Ðàíåå [7] áûë ñôîðìóëèðîâàí òåçèñ î òîì, ÷òî ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè äîëãî-âå÷íîñòè ìàòåðèàëîâ íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü èõ ñîâìåñòíóþ ðàáîòó â îãðàæ-äàþùåé êîíñòðóêöèè. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðèâåäåííûõ â íàñòîÿùåéñòàòüå, ïîçâîëÿþò óòî÷íèòü äàííûé òåçèñ: âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðè èõ ñîâìåñòíîéðàáîòå â îãðàæäàþùåé êîíñòðóêöèè ñïîñîáíû îáìåíèâàòüñÿ ðàñòâîðàìè îá-ðàçîâàâøèõñÿ â íèõ âåùåñòâ íà îñíîâå ïðîöåññîâ äèôôóçèè. Ïðîöåññ âûðàâ-íèâàíèÿ êîíöåíòðàöèé ùåëî÷åé â ìàòåðèàëå êèðïè÷à è êëàäî÷íîãî ðàñòâîðàçíà÷èòåëüíî âëèÿåò íà äîëãîâå÷íîñòü ìàòåðèàëîâ îãðàæäàþùåé êîíñòðóê-öèè, çàìåäëÿÿ èëè óñêîðÿÿ ïðîöåññ õèìè÷åñêîé äåñòðóêöèè êàæäîãî èç íèõ.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Íà÷àòà ðàáîòà, èìåþùàÿ ðåàëüíûé íàó÷íûé è ïðàêòè÷å-ñêèé ïîòåíöèàë. Ðåøèâ ïîñòàâëåííóþ çàäà÷ó îïðåäåëåíèÿ äîëãîâå÷íîñòè ìà-òåðèàëîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â îãðàæäàþùèõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ, âî âðåìåííîì èñ÷èñ-ëåíèè, äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìîæíî íå òîëüêî îïðåäåëÿòü, íî è óïðàâëÿòü äîëãîâå÷-íîñòüþ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. À ýòî êîëîññàëüíûå ðåçåðâû ýêîíîìèèýíåðãîðåñóðñîâ, ïðèðîäíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, ãèãàíòñêîå óìåíüøåíèå âûáðîñîââðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ â àòìîñôåðó. Ñðàçó ðåøèòü âñå ïîñòàâëåííûå çàäà÷è, à òåìáîëåå ìíîæåñòâî èíòåðåñíûõ âîïðîñîâ, êîòîðûå âîçíèêàþò â ïðîöåññå ðàáî-òû, íåëüçÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå ñëåäóåò ïðèçíàòü, ÷òî âîïðîñ ðàñ÷åòà äîëãîâå÷íîñòèâî âðåìåííîì èñ÷èñëåíèè – çàäà÷à, ðåøåíèå êîòîðîé êðàéíå íåîáõîäèìîñòðîèòåëüíîé îòðàñëè.

ÁËÀÃÎÄÀÐÍÎÑÒÜ. Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò Ôåäåðàëüíûé öåíòð íîðìèðîâà-

íèÿ, ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè è òåõíè÷åñêîé îöåíêè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå

Ìèíñòðîÿ ÐÔ, ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî áûëà âûïîëíåíà äàííàÿ

ðàáîòà.


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Ðèñ. 6. Ïðèìåðû ðàçðóøåíèÿ öîêîëÿ èç êåðàìçèòîáåòîííûõ áëîêîâ âã. Ìàñêàò (Îìàí)

à – ðàçðóøåíèå áëîêîâ; á – ðàçðóøåíèå ðàñòâîðà


1. Æ å ë ä à ê î â Ä.Þ. Õèìè÷åñêàÿ êîððîçèÿ êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè. Ïðîòåêàíèå ïðî-öåññà // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2019. ¹ 4. Ñ. 36–43.

2. Ê í î ð ð å Ä.Ã., Ý ì à í ó ý ë ü Í.Ì. Êóðñ õèìè÷åñêîé êèíåòèêè. 4-å èçä. Ì.: Âûñø.øê., 1984. 463 ñ.

3. M ü l l e r A. Recycling of masonry rubble – Status and new utilization methods(Part 2) // Fachtagung recycling. 2003. P. 42–46.

4. S a s s o n i E., P a h l a v a n P., F r a n z o n i E., B i g n o z z i M.C. Valorization ofbrick waste by alkali-activation: A study on the possible use for masonry repointing //Ceramics international. 2016. Vol. 42. P. 14685–14694.

5. È í ÷ è ê Â.Â. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû äåñòðóêöèè êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè. Ìàòå-ðèàëû ìåæäóíàð. êîíô. «Ïðîáëåìû äîëãîâå÷íîñòè çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé â ñîâðå-ìåííîì ñòðîèòåëüñòâå» 10–12 îêòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. ÑÏá.: Ðîçà ìèðà, 2007. Ñ. 79–85.

6. Ñ à ë à õ î â À.Ì., Ò ó ê ò à ð î â à Ã.Ð., Ì î ð î ç î â Â.Ï. Ñòðîèòåëüíàÿ êåðàìèêà íàîñíîâå âûñîêîäèñïåðñíûõ êîìïîçèöèé // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2006. ¹ 11.Ñ. 17–21.

7. Æ å ë ä à ê î â Ä.Þ. Õèìè÷åñêàÿ êîððîçèÿ êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè. Ïîñòàíîâêà çàäà-÷è // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2018. ¹ 6. Ñ. 29–32.

8. Ä ó ä å ð î â Ã.Í. Ïðàêòèêóì ïî òåõíîëîãèè êåðàìèêè è îãíåóïîðîâ. Ì.; Ë.: Ñòðîé-èçäàò íàðêîìñòðîÿ, 1945. 308 ñ.

9. B a r a n o v V., T a n n e r S. A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 1: The rf-fieldenergy contribution in thermodynamics of ion-molecule reactions // J. Anal. At.Spectrom. 1999. 14. P. 1133–1142.

10. T a n n e r S., B a r a n o v V. A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 2: Reductionof interferences produced within the cell // J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1999. 10.P. 1083–1094.

11. Ñ ò î ð î æ å í ê î Ã.È. Ê îáñóæäåíèþ ðàçâèòèÿ òåîðèè õèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèèêèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû. 2019. ¹ 9. Ñ. 62–65.

12. Ê î ò ë ÿ ð Â.Ä., Í å á å æ ê î Í.È., Ò å ð å õ è í à Þ.Â., Ê î ò ë ÿ ð À.Â. Ê âîïðîñóî õèìè÷åñêîé êîððîçèè è äîëãîâå÷íîñòè êèðïè÷íîé êëàäêè // Ñòðîèò. ìàòåðèàëû.2019. ¹ 10. Ñ. 78–84.

Æåëäàêîâ Äìèòðèé Þðüåâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóêÍàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò ñòðîèòåëüíîé ôèçèêè Ðîññèéñêîé àêàäåìèèàðõèòåêòóðû è ñòðîèòåëüíûõ íàóê, ã. Ìîñêâà

Ïîëó÷åíî 14.10.2019

Zheldakov Dmitriy Yur’evich, PhDResearch Institute of Building Physics of RAACS, Moscow, Russia

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION OF KINETICSOF CHEMICAL CORROSION PROCESSOF MATERIALS OF MASONRY

Studies conducted by the author have shown that on the basis of the process of chemicalcorrosion of brickwork it is possible to correctly assess the durability of building ceramicsmaterials when they work in the enclosing structure. Previously, the scheme of theprocesses of destruction was described in detail. On the basis of the scheme of chemicalreactions leading to the destruction of the material, confirmed by thermodynamiccalculations, it is necessary to evaluate the kinetic characteristics of the reactionsinvolved in the destruction process. This article describes the methods developed by the


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author to study the rate of reactions in the formation of alkalis (method for determiningthe corrosion activity of moisture) and the action of alkalis on the brick material (methodfor determining chemical resistance). These methods allow us to introduce newperformance indicators of construction ceramics: the coefficient of chemical destructionand the maximum coefficient of chemical destruction. The newly introduced indicatorshave the dimension of time, which makes it possible to use them in calculating thedurability of the material. The article describes the basic principles of the developedmethods. The effectiveness of the developed methods is shown on an examples. Onthe basis of the analysis of efficiency of application of techniques of definition of kineticcharacteristics of chemical reactions of process of destruction the conclusion aboutindependence of coefficients of chemical destruction and, used till now, indicatorsfor definition of durability, for example, durability of a brick on compression is made.The second method-the method of determining the corrosion activity of moisture allowsus to obtain numerical values of the rate of formation of alkalis in the interaction of oxidesof alkaline and alkaline-earth metals present in the brick material, when it is moistened.On the basis of the research carried out by this method, the author makes an assumptionabout the mechanism of interaction of substances working in a multilayer enclosingstructure.

K e y w o r d s: enclosing structure, brickwork, durability, destruction processes, chemicalcorrosion, kinetics of the process, corrosion activity.

REFERENCES

1. Z h e l d a k o v D.Yu. Khimicheskaya korroziya kirpichnoy kladki. Protekaniyeprotsessa [Chemical corrosion of a bricklaying. Processing chain]. Stroitel’nyyematerialy [Building material]. 2019. No. 4. Pp. 36–43. (in Russian)

2. K n o r r e D.G., E m a n u e l’ N.M. Kurs khimicheskoy kinetiki. 4-e izd. [The courseof chemical kinetics. 4th edition]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola, 1984. 463 p. (in Russian)

3. M ü l l e r A. Recycling of masonry rubble – Status and new utilization methods

(Part 2). Fachtagung recycling. 2003. Pp. 42–46.

4. S a s s o n i E., P a h l a v a n P., F r a n z o n i E., B i g n o z z i M.C. Valorization of brickwaste by alkali-activation: A study on the possible use for masonry repointing. Ceramicsinternational. 2016. Vol. 42. Pp. 14685–14694.

5. I n c h i k V.V. Fiziko-khimicheskiye aspekty destruktsii kirpichnoy kladki. Materialymezhdunarodnoy konferentsii «Problemy dolgovechnosti zdaniy i sooruzheniy vsovremennom stroitel’stve» 10–12 oktyabrya 2007 g. [Physico-chemical aspects of thedegradation of the brickwork. Materials of the international conference «Problemsof durability of buildings and structures in modern construction» October 10–12, 2007].Saint Petersburg, Roza mira, 2007. Pp. 79–85. (in Russian)

6. S a l a k h o v A.M., T u k t a r o v a G.R., M o r o z o v V.P. Stroitel’naya keramika naosnove vysokodispersnykh kompozitsiy [Construction ceramics based on highlydispersed compositions]. Stroitel’nye materialy [Building material]. 2006. No. 11.Pp. 17–21. (in Russian)

7. Z h e l d a k o v D.Yu. Khimicheskaya korroziya kirðichnoy kladki. Postanovka zadachi[Chemical corrosion of a bricklaying. Problem definition]. Stroitel’nyóe materialy[Building material]. 2018. No. 6. Pp. 29–32. (in Russian)

8. D u d e r o v G.N. Praktikum po tekhnologii keramiki i ogneuporov [Workshop onceramics and refractories technology]. Moscow; Leningrad, Stroyizdat narkomstroya,1945. 308 p. (in Russian)

9. B a r a n o v V., T a n n e r S. A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 1: The rf-fieldenergy contribution in thermodynamics of ion-molecule reactions. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.1999. 14. Pp. 1133–1142.


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10. T a n n e r S., B a r a n o v V. A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 2: Reductionof interferences produced within the cell. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1999. 10.Pp. 1083–1094.

11. S t o r o z h e n k o G.I. K obsuzhdeniyu razvitiya teorii khimicheskoy korroziikirpichnoy kladki [To discuss the development of the theory of chemical corrosionof brickwork]. Stroitel’nyye materialy [Building material]. 2019. No. 9. Pp. 62–65.(in Russian)

12. K o t l y a r V.D., N e b e z h k o N.I., T e r e k h i n a Yu.V., K o t l y a r A.V. K voprosu okhimicheskoy korrozii i dolgovechnosti kirpichnoy kladki [On the issue of chemicalcorrosion and durability of brickwork]. Stroitel’nyye materialy [Building material].2019. No. 10. Pp. 78–84. (in Russian)


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ÓÄÊ 624.04

À.Â. ÈÃÍÀÒÜÅÂ, Ì.È. ÁÎ×ÊÎÂ, È.Â. ÊÓÐÎ×ÊÈÍÀ

ÑÐÀÂÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÈÂÍÎÑÒÈÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÕ ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌÎÂ ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÀ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÑ ÎÄÍÎÑÒÎÐÎÍÍÈÌÈ ÑÂßÇßÌÈ*

Ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ñèñòåìà ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè, èçâåñòíàÿ ïî ìíîãèìïóáëèêàöèÿì. Ýòà ñèñòåìà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé àáñîëþòíî òâåðäîå òåëî (êâàäðàò) ïîääåéñòâèåì ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîé ñèëû, ðàñêðåïëåííîå ïî óãëàì ïðóæèíàìè îäèíàêîâîéæåñòêîñòè, ðàáîòàþùèìè òîëüêî íà ðàñòÿæåíèå. Â ïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ðà-áîò, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ èññëåäîâàíèåì ñèñòåì (êàê êîíñòðóêòèâíî, òàê è ôèçè÷åñêè íåëè-íåéíûõ) ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìè óïðóãèìè èëè íåóïðóãèìè ñâÿçÿìè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ èòåðà-öèîííûå ìåòîäû, âêëþ÷åííûå â îáùèé àëãîðèòì. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â ýòèõ ñèñòå-ìàõ ïëîùàäü çîíû «îòëèïàíèÿ» èëè êîëè÷åñòâî òî÷åê êîíòàêòà ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìèñâÿçÿìè çàâèñÿò îò âåëè÷èíû íàãðóçîê, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè èõ ïðèëîæåíèÿ è ò. ä.Àëãîðèòì ðàñ÷åòà òàêîé ñèñòåìû, ðàçðàáîòàííûé àâòîðàìè, îñíîâàí íà êëàññè÷å-ñêîì ñìåøàííîì ìåòîäå, ïîøàãîâîì íàãðóæåíèè è èòåðàöèîííîì ïðîöåññå óòî÷íå-íèÿ ðåøåíèÿ íà êàæäîì øàãå. Âûïîëíåííûé òåñò-ðàñ÷åò ïîêàçàë, ÷òî òàêîé àëãîðèòìïîçâîëÿåò èçáåæàòü çàöèêëèâàíèÿ èòåðàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà è óìåíüøèòü íà 1-2 ïî-ðÿäêà ÷èñëî èòåðàöèé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè èçâåñòíûìè àëãîðèòìàìè.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: ïëîñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìè ñâÿçÿìè, àëãîðèòì ðàñ÷å-òà, ìåòîä êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ôîðìå êëàññè÷åñêîãî ñìåøàííîãî ìåòîäà.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-87-98

Ïåðåä ñîâðåìåííîé ñòðîèòåëüíîé ìåõàíèêîé ñòàâÿòñÿ çàäà÷è ïî ðàçâè-òèþ àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ ñïîñîáîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñèñòåì. Òðàäèöèîííî ïðèíÿòûå ñïî-ñîáû ðàñ÷åòà íåðåäêî äàþò ñáîè ïðè ðåøåíèè êîíêðåòíûõ ïðèìåðîâ èëèäàæå öåëîãî ðÿäà çàäà÷. Ýòî ìîãóò áûòü êîíñòðóêòèâíî-íåëèíåéíûå ñèñòåìûñ òàê íàçûâàåìûìè «îäíîñòîðîííèìè ñâÿçÿìè». Ïîäõîä ê ðåøåíèþ òàêîãîðîäà ñèñòåì, ïðåäëîæåííûé È.Ì. Ðàáèíîâè÷åì [1–3], ïðîäîëæàåò ïðèìå-íÿòüñÿ íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü, õîòÿ ó÷åíûìè è áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû àëüòåðíàòèâ-íûå àëãîðèòìû [4–8]. Îäíàêî ñóùåñòâóåò ðÿä ÷èñëåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, äëÿ êîòî-ðûõ àëãîðèòì Ðàáèíîâè÷à ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàë íåâîçìîæíîñòü ñâîåãî ïðèìå-íåíèÿ [8]. Â ýòîé ðàáîòå áóäóò ðàññìîòðåíû íåêîòîðûå âàðèàöèè àëãîðèòìàÐàáèíîâè÷à, ðàçðàáîòàííûå íà îñíîâå ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ôîðìåêëàññè÷åñêîãî ñìåøàííîãî ìåòîäà [9–14]. Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè ðàññìàòðèâàå-ìûõ â äàííîé ðàáîòå àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñèñòåì ñ îäíîñòîðîííèìè ñâÿçÿìèâûïîëíèì òåñò-ðàñ÷åò àáñîëþòíî ïëîñêîãî òâåðäîãî òåëà (êâàäðàòíîãî äèñ-êà), ðàñêðåïëåííîãî ïî óãëàì ïðóæèíàìè, ðàáîòàþùèìè òîëüêî íàðàñòÿæåíèå1.

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* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå ÐÔÔÈ. Ãðàíò ¹ 28-41-340013/18îò 11.12.2018.

1 Âåðèôèêàöèîííûé îò÷åò ïî ïðîãðàììíîìó êîìïëåêñó ËÈÐÀ-ÑÀÏÐ. Ò. II. Âå-ðèôèêàöèîííûå ïðèìåðû, âõîäÿùèå â ñîñòàâ ïîñòàâêè ÏÊ ËÈÐÀ-ÑÀÏÐ. Ì.: ÃÓÏÌÍÈÈÒÝÏ, 2015. Ñ. 133.

ã Èãíàòüåâ À.Â., Áî÷êîâ Ì.È., Êóðî÷êèíà È.Â., 2019

Ýòà çàäà÷à-òåñò ðåøàëàñü íåîäíîêðàòíî: àíàëèòè÷åñêîå ðåøåíèå ïîëó÷å-íî â [8, ñ. 123], èòåðàöèîííîå ðåøåíèå, ïðèâåäåííîå â âåðèôèêàöèîííîìîò÷åòå1 ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì øàãîâîãî ïðîöåññà (êîëè÷åñòâî øàãîâ = 1, ìèíè-ìàëüíîå ÷èñëî èòåðàöèé = 1000). Â ðàáîòå [15, ñ. 38] ïðèâåäåíî ðåøåíèå çà-äà÷è èòåðàöèîííûì ìåòîäîì (300 èòåðàöèé), êîòîðîå ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàåòñ òî÷íûì ðåøåíèåì.

Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå ðàçìåðû ñèñòåìû [8]:L = 20 ì, óãîë íàêëîíà ïðóæèíû ê ãîðèçîíòó a = 30°.

Æåñòêîñòü ïðóæèí cEF

l= = 108 òñ/ì.

Íàãðóçêà P = 10 òñ.Íà÷àëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ïëîñêîãî àáñîëþòíî òâåð-

äîãî òåëà (äèñêà) ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñ. 1, à.Ïîä äåéñòâèåì íàãðóçêè P , ñîõðà-

íÿþùåé ñâîå íàïðàâëåíèå è òî÷êó ïðè-ëîæåíèÿ E, äèñê çàíèìàåò ïîëîæåíèå,ïîêàçàííîå íà ðèñ. 1, á.

Ýòî ïîëîæåíèå â ïðèíÿòîé ñèñòåìåêîîðäèíàò xOy ñ íà÷àëîì â òî÷êå (óçëå)À (ðèñ. 2) îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òðåìÿ ïàðàìåòðà-ìè: ñìåùåíèÿìè D Dx yA A, , óçëà À è ïëî-ñêèì ïîâîðîòîì Dj AÂ äèñêà îòíîñèòåëü-íî íà÷àëüíîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ, ò.å. óçëà À.

×åðåç ýòè ïàðàìåòðû è èñõîäíûåêîîðäèíàòû óçëîâ äèñêà âûðàæàþòñÿ íî-âûå êîîðäèíàòû óçëîâ ïîñëå ïðèëîæåíèÿíàãðóçêè P â òî÷êå E äèñêà:

x x y y

x

A A A A A B B C C D A D AB

B

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

'

, , ,= = = = = ==

D D DD

j j j j jx L y y L

x x L

A AB B A AB

C B

+ = - + -= +

sin cos( ), [ ( )],

['

' '

D D DD

j j1

1- = -= - -

cos sin

cos

( )], ( ),

[ (' '

' '

D D DD D

j jAB C B AB

D A

y y L

x x L 1 j j

j

AB D A AB

E A AB E

y y L

x x L y

)], ( ),

( ),

' '

' '

= -

= +

D D

D D

sin

sin1

2= - -D Dy LA AB' [ ( )].

1

21 cos j

(1)

À.Â. Èãíàòüåâ, Ì.È. Áî÷êîâ, È.Â. Êóðî÷êèíà

88

Ðèñ. 1

Ðèñ. 2

Äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ ýòèõ êîîðäèíàò âûïîëíèì ðàñ÷åò ïî ìåòîäó ñèë ñ èñ-ïîëüçîâàíèåì èòåðàöèîííîé ïðîöåäóðû – ïðîöåäóðû óòî÷íåíèÿ ðåøåíèÿ,ïîçâîëÿþùåé ðåøàòü çàäà÷ó ïðè áîëüøèõ ïåðåìåùåíèÿõ ñèñòåìû.

Ïîëàãàÿ íà ïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åòà, ÷òî âñå óïðóãèå ñâÿçè (ïðóæèíû)

ÿâëÿþòñÿ äâóõñòîðîííèìè ñ æåñòêîñòüþ cEF

li = , (i = 1, 2, ..., 5), èñïîëüçóÿ

âûðàæåíèÿ (1) äëÿ íîâûõ êîîðäèíàò óãëîâ äèñêà, íàéäåì íîâûå óãëû íàêëîíàa i

* , äëèíû li â äåôîðìèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè:

sinsin

coscos

aa

aa

11

11

*

*

( ),

( );

=-

=+

ì

íïï

îïï

l y

l

l x

l

A

A

D

D

sinsin

coscos

aa

aa

22

22

*

*

( ),

( );

=+

=-

ì

íïï

îïï

l y

l

l x

l

B

B

D

D

sin

cos

a

a

33

33

*

*

,

;

=+

=

ì

íïï

îïï

l y

l

x

l

C

C

D

D(2)

sin

cos

a

a

44

44

*

*

,

;

=-

=

ì

íïï

îïï

l y

l

x

l

D

D

D

D

sinsin

coscos

aa

aa

55

55

*

*

,

.

=-

=-

ì

íïï

îïï

l y

l

l x

l

A

A

D

D

Äëèíû ïðóæèí â ýòîì äåôîðìèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ âûðà-æåíèÿìè:

l l y l x

l l y l

A A

B

12 2

22

= - + +

= + +

( ) ( ) ,

( ) (

sin cos

sin co

a a

a

D D

D s

si

a -

= + +

= - +

=

D

D D

D D

x

l l y x

l l y x

l l

B

C C

D D

) ,

( ) ,

( ) ,

(

2

32 2

42 2

5 n cosa a- + -D Dy l xA A) ( ) .2 2

(3)

Ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç ýôôåêòèâíîñòè íåêîòîðûõ àëãîðèòìîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñèñòåì...

89

Ïî ïðèðàùåíèÿì äëèí ïðóæèí

Dl l li i= - , (i = 1, 2,...,5) (4)

íàõîäÿòñÿ âîçíèêàþùèå â íèõ óñèëèÿ

N c li i i= ×D , (5)ãäå ci – æåñòêîñòü ïðóæèíû.

Ïî çíàêó óñèëèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ åãî ñîîòâåòñòâèå ðàáî÷åìó íàïðàâëåíèþîäíîñòîðîííåé ñâÿçè. (Â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé çàäà÷å ðàáî÷åå íàïðàâëåíèå ñîîò-âåòñòâóåò ðàñòÿæåíèþ ïðóæèíû.) Ñâÿçü ñ íàèáîëüøåé âåëè÷èíîé íåñîîòâåò-ñòâèÿ óñèëèÿ ðàáî÷åìó íàïðàâëåíèþ ýòîé ñâÿçè èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ èç ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõå-ìû íà âòîðîé èòåðàöèè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ îïèñàííûì ðàíåå â [16] àëãîðèòìîì.

Ðàñ÷åò ïî ìåòîäó ñèë. Ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ ñèñòåìà ñòàòè÷åñêè íåîïðåäå-ëèìàÿ (äâå ëèøíèå ñâÿçè). Ïðèíÿòàÿ îñíîâíàÿ ñèñòåìà ìåòîäà ñèë ïîêàçàíàíà ðèñ. 3.

Íà ïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ïîëàãàåì âñå óïðóãèå ñâÿçè äâóõñòîðîííèìè è ïîëó-÷àåì ñëåäóþùóþ ñèñòåìó êàíîíè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé ìåòîäà ñèë:

d d dd d d

22 2 23 3 2

32 2 33 3 3

0

0

X X

X X

P

P

+ + =+ + =

,

.(6)

Ïîëàãàåì íà ïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ñâÿçè (ïðóæèíû) äâóõñòîðîííèìè.Êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ x 2, x 3 â ýòèõ óðàâíåíèÿõ íàõîäÿòñÿ

ïî ñòàíäàðòíîìó àëãîðèòìó ìåòîäà ñèë. Íà ðèñ. 4–6 ïîêàçàíû åäèíè÷íûåâîçäåéñòâèÿ x 2 1= , x 3 1= , âîçäåéñòâèå îò íàãðóçêè P è âîçíèêàþùèå îòýòèõ âîçäåéñòâèé ðåàêöèè â ñâÿçÿõ.

Ïî ýòèì âåëè÷èíàì ðåàêöèé íàõîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïåðåìåùåíèÿ,ò.å. êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ â óðàâíåíèÿõ (6).

d 22 2 22 2

4 24 2

5 25 2

22 75 98 10= + + + = × -R

R

cR

R

cR

R

cX

X

c,

,,

,,

, , ,

d 23 4 24 3 70 866 10= = - × -R

R

c,

, , ,

d 33 2 32 3

33 72 10= + = × -R

R

cX

X

c,

, ,


90

Ðèñ. 3 Ðèñ. 4

d 2 2 22

4 24

5 25 723 763 10, ,

,,

,,

, , ,PP P P

RR

cR

R

cR

R

c= + + = × -

d 3 4 34 75 10, ,, .PP

RR

c= = - × -

Ïîäñòàâèâ íàéäåííûå êîýôôèöèåíòû â (6), ïîëó÷èì:

5 98 0 866 23 763 0

0 866 2 5 02 3

2 3

, , , ,

, .

X X

X X

- + =- + - =

ìíî

Îòñþäà ñëåäóåò:

x R2 2 3 85= = - , , x R3 3 0 83= = , , R4 0 83= , , R5 411= - , , R1 3 58= , .

Ðåøèâ åå, ïîëó÷àåì:Àíàëèçèðóÿ âåëè÷èíû è íàïðàâëåíèÿ óñèëèé â ïðóæèíàõ (ðèñ. 7, òàáë. 1),

ïðèõîäèì ê âûâîäó:ñâÿçü R5, â êîòîðîé âîçíèêàåò íàèáîëüøåå ñæèìàþùåå óñèëèå, äîëæíà

áûòü èñêëþ÷åíà ïðè âòîðîé èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åòà. Íà ñëåäóþùåé (âòîðîé) èòåðà-öèè ðàñ÷åò âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ñ íîâîé ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõåìîé.

Ýòà ñõåìà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé òàêæå ñòàòè÷åñêè íåîïðåäåëèìóþ ñèñòåìóñ îäíîé ëèøíåé ñâÿçüþ (ðèñ. 8).


91

Ðèñ. 6

Ðèñ. 7

Ðèñ. 5

Ò à á ë è ö à 1

¹ïðóæèíû

Óñèëèå Riâ ïðóæèíå

Âèäóñèëèÿ

1 3,58 Ðàñòÿæåíèå

2 3,85 Ñæàòèå



5 4,11 Ñæàòèå

Êàíîíè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå ìåòîäà ñèë, ñî-îòâåòñòâóþùåå ýòîé ñèñòåìå, èìååò âèä

d d33 3 3 0x P+ =, . (7)

Äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ d 33 èd 3, P íåîáõîäèìî, êàê è íà ïðåäûäóùåé èòåðà-öèè, âûïîëíèòü ðàñ÷åò îñíîâíîé ñèñòåìû íàâîçäåéñòâèå x 3 1= è íàãðóçêè P (ðèñ. 9, à, á).

d 33 4 34 3

33 72 10= + = × -R

R

cX

X

c,

, , ãäå x 3 1= ,

d 3 44 75 774 10, ,, , .P PP

RR

c= = - × -

Ïîäñòàâèâ ýòè çíà÷åíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ d 33 è d 3, P â (7), ïîëó÷àåì

x 3 2 887= , .

Âåëè÷èíû óñèëèé âî âñåõ ñâÿçÿõ ïðèâåäåíû â òàáë. 2 è íà ðèñ. 10.Îòðèöàòåëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ðåàêöèè R4 îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ñâÿçü (ïðóæèíà) â îïî-

ðå 4 ñæèìàåòñÿ è îíà äîëæíà áûòü óäàëåíà â ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõåìå ñëåäóþùåéèòåðàöèè. Íà ñëåäóþùåé (òðåòüåé) èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åò âûïîëíèì ñ íîâîé ðàñ-÷åòíîé ñõåìîé (ðèñ. 11), ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ ñòàòè÷åñêè îïðåäåëèìîé. Ðåçóëüòàòûïîêàçàíû íà ðèñ. 11 è òàáë. 3.

Èç íèõ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî óñèëèÿ â ñâÿçÿõ (ïðóæèíàõ) ïî çíàêó è ïî íàïðàâëå-íèþ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðàáî÷èì íàïðàâëåíèÿì è ýòà ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñõåìà ÿâëÿåòñÿîêîí÷àòåëüíîé.


92

Ðèñ. 8

Ðèñ. 9


¹ïðóæèíû

Óñèëèå Riâ ïðóæèíå

Âèä óñèëèÿ




4 –2,887 Ñæàòèå

5 0 –Ðèñ. 10

Â òàáë. 4 ñðàâíèâàþòñÿ ïîëó÷åííûåðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ñ àíàëèòè÷åñêèì ðå-øåíèåì, ïðèâåäåííûì â [2], à òàêæå ñ ðå-çóëüòàòàìè ðàñ÷åòà â ÏÊ ËÈÐÀ-ÑÀÏÐ1.

Èç âûïîëíåííîãî ïðèìåðà ðàñ÷åòà âèäíî, ÷òî ðåøåíèå ïî ìåòîäó ñèëÿâëÿåòñÿ òî÷íûì è ðàñõîæäåíèå ñ ðåøåíèåì, ïðèâåäåííûì â [1], îáúÿñíÿåòñÿòîëüêî îêðóãëåíèåì â íåì ðåçóëüòàòà ðàñ÷åòà.

Ðàñ÷åò ïî ñìåøàííîìó ìåòîäó [4–9]. Îñíîâíóþ ñèñòåìó ñìåøàííîãîìåòîäà ïîëó÷èì ïîñòàíîâêîé â óçåë À ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ñèñòåìû(ñì. ðèñ. 1, à) ñâÿçåé, óñòðàíÿþùèõ âîçìîæíîñòü ñìåùåíèÿ åå êàê æåñòêîãîäèñêà ïî íàïðàâëåíèÿì îñåé õ è ó è åãî ïëîñêîãî ïîâîðîòà îòíîñèòåëüíî óçëàÀ (ðèñ. 12, à).

Çà îñíîâíûå íåèçâåñòíûå ïðèíèìàåì:êèíåìàòè÷åñêèå íåèçâåñòíûå: x q y q qA A A= = =1 2 3, , ;jñèëîâûå íåèçâåñòíûå: N q N q N q N q N q1 4 2 5 3 6 4 7 5 8= = = = =~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ .Íà ïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åòà, ïîëàãàÿ âñå ñâÿçè äâóõñòîðîííèìè, ïîëó÷à-

åì ñëåäóþùóþ ñèñòåìó ðàçðåøàþùèõ óðàâíåíèé ñìåøàííîãî ìåòîäà:

r q r q r q r q r q r

r q

P11 1 12 2 13 3 14 4 18 8 1

41 1

0+ + + + + + =~ ~ ... ~ ~,

K+ + + + + + =r q r q r q r q r P42 2 43 3 44 4 48 8 4 0~ ~ ... ~ ~

óðàâíåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿñèñòåìû;

(8)~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~

~

,d d d d d

d

51 1 52 2 53 3 55 5 58 8 5

81

0q q q q q r P+ + + + + + =

Kq q q q q r P1 82 2 83 3 85 5 88 8 8 0+ + + + + + =

~ ~ ~ ... ~,d d d d

óðàâíåíèÿ íåðàçðûâíîñòèäåôîðìàöèé ïðóæèí.


93

Ðèñ. 11


¹ ïðóæèíû Óñèëèå Íàïðàâëåíèå

R1 12,44 Ðàñòÿæåíèå



R4 0 –

R5 0 –


Âåëè÷èíûóñèëèé

â ïðóæèíàõ (ò)

Àíàëèòè÷åñêîåðåøåíèå [3] (ò)

Ìåòîä ñèë(ò)

Ïîãðåøíîñòü,%

ËÈÐÀ-ÑÀÏÐ2013 (ò)

Ïîãðåøíîñòü,%

R1 12,44 12,44 0 12,44 0

R2 0,893 0,893 0 0,895 0,22

R3 5,77 5,774 0,07 5,775 0,09

R4 0 0 0 0 0

R5 0 0 0 0 0

Äëÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ rij ji, d ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ è ãðóçîâûõêîýôôèöèåíòîâ riP iP, d íåîáõîäèìî ðàññìîòðåòü âîçäåéñòâèå íà ñèñòåìó êà-æäîãî èç åäèíè÷íûõ âîçäåéñòâèé q qi j, ~ è îò íàãðóçêè P ñ ó÷åòîì çàâèñèìî-ñòåé (1).

Íà ðèñ. 12, á, â ïîêàçàíû äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè äâà èç âîñüìè åäèíè÷íûõ âîç-äåéñòâèé ( , )q q1 51 1= = .

Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ýòèõ âîçäåéñòâèé è íàãðóçêè Ð ïðåäñòàâëÿþòñîáîé ìàòðèöó îòêëèêîâ ñèñòåìû íà ýòè âîçäåéñòâèÿ è âåêòîð ãðóçîâûõ êîýô-ôèöèåíòîâ îò âîçäåéñòâèÿ íàãðóçêè P:

[ ]~

~ ,Dr r= é

ëêùûúd d

{ }Dr

PP

P

=ìíî

üýþd, (9)

ãäå [ ]( )

( )

r

r r r

r r r

r r rx

x

3 3

11 12 13

21 22 23

31 32 333 3

=é

ë

êê

ù

û

úú

=0 0 00 0 00 0 0

3 3

é

ë

êê

ù

û

úú

( )

,

x

[~]

~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~( )

r

r r r

r r r

r rx3 5

14 15 18

24 25 28

34 35

=×××××××××

é

ë

êê

ù

û

úú

=- - -

- -~

( )

rx

383 5

1 10 0

sin sin sincos cos co

a a aa a s

cosa

a0 03 5

- -

é

ë

êê

ù

û

úúL L L

x( )

, (10)


94

Ðèñ. 12

[~

] [~] ,d = - r T

diag [ ] ,( )

( )

d

dd

dd

d

5 5

44

55

66

77

885 5

x

x

=

é

ë

êêêê

ù

û

úúúú

d ii

ic=

1,

{ }( )

,

,

,( )

r

r

r

r

P

PL

Px

P

P

P

x

3 1

1

2

33 1

0

2

=

ì

íï

îï

ü

ýï

þï

= -

-

ì

í

ïï

î

ïï

ü

ý

ïï

þ

ïï

( )

,

3 1x

{ }( )

,

,

( )

d

d

dPx

P

P

x

5 1

4

5

5 1

0

0

= ×××

ì

íï

îï

ü

ýï

þï

= ×××ì

íï

îï

ü

ýï

þï( )

.

5 1x

Ðåøèâ ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé (8), íàéäåì âåëè÷èíû ñìåùåíèé q1, q2, q3 èóñèëèé ~ ,q4 …, ~q8 íà ïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åòà. Òàê êàê ìåòîä ñèë è ñìåøàííûéìåòîä îñíîâàíû íà îäíèõ è òåõ æå ïîëîæåíèÿõ è äîïóùåíèÿõ ñòðîèòåëüíîéìåõàíèêè, òî ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ïî íåäåôîðìèðóåìîé ðàñ÷åòíîé ñõåìå íàïåðâîé èòåðàöèè ðàñ÷åòà ñîâïàäàþò.

Íàõîæäåíèå ðàñ÷åòíîé ðàáî÷åé ñõåìû âûïîëíÿåòñÿ â òîé æå ïîñëåäîâà-òåëüíîñòè, ÷òî è ïî ìåòîäó ñèë. Ïîýòîìó êîëè÷åñòâî èòåðàöèé è îêîí÷àòåëü-íûé ðåçóëüòàò îñòàþòñÿ òåìè æå ñàìûìè. Ñðàâíèâàÿ òðóäîåìêîñòü ðàñ÷åòàïî äâóì ìåòîäàì, ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ñìåøàííîì ìåòîäå àëãîðèòì íàõî-æäåíèÿ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ, à òàêæå ãðóçîâûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ,ñèñòåìû êàíîíè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé – áîëåå ïðîñòîé.

Òàê êàê â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé çàäà÷å æåñòêîñòü ïðóæèí ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íà-ãðóçêå áîëüøàÿ, òî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ äèñêà ìàëû ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ åãî ðàçìåðàìè.Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ðàñ÷åò â ãåîìåòðè÷åñêè ëèíåéíîé ïîñòàíîâêå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîð-ðåêòíûì.

Ïðè ìàëîé æåñòêîñòè ïðóæèí ðàñ÷åò âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïî-øàãîâîé ïðîöåäóðû íàãðóæåíèÿ ïî àëãîðèòìó, èçëîæåííîìó â ðàáîòàõ [3, 8].


1. Ð à á è í î â è ÷ È.Ì. Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû òåîðèè ñîîðóæåíèé, ñîäåðæàùèõ îäíî-ñòîðîííèå ñâÿçè // Èíæ. ñáîðíèê. Ò. 6. Ì., 1950.

2. Ð à á è í î â è ÷ È.Ì. Ê çàäà÷å ñòàòè÷åñêè íåîïðåäåëèìûõ ñèñòåì ñ îäíîñòîðîííè-ìè ñâÿçÿìè (äîêàçàòåëüñòâî åäèíñòâåííîñòè ðåøåíèÿ) // Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî òåîðèèñîîðóæåíèé. Âûï. 10. Ì.: Ãîññòðîéèçäàò, 1961.

3. Ð à á è í î â è ÷ È.Ì. Îñíîâû ðàñ÷åòà âàíòîâî-ñòåðæíåâûõ ñèñòåì. Ì.: Ñòðîéèçäàò,1975. 145 ñ.

4. Ë ó ê à ø å â è ÷ À.À. Ïîñòðîåíèå è ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñõåì ïðÿìîãî ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõýëåìåíòîâ äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ êîíòàêòíûõ çàäà÷ // Èçâ. âóçîâ. Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî. 2007.¹ 12. Ñ. 18–23.

5. À ë å í è í Â.Ï., À ë å í è í Ï.Â. Ïðÿìûå ìåòîäû ðàñ÷åòà êîíñòðóêòèâíî íåëèíåé-íûõ ñèñòåì. Îìñê: Ñôåðà, 2006. 68 ñ.

6. À ë å í è í Â.Ï., È ã í à ò ü å â Â.À. Ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû ðàñ÷åòà ïëèò íà îäíîñòî-ðîííåì îñíîâàíèè òèïà Âèíêëåðà // Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî òåîðèè ðàñ÷åòà è ïðîåêòèðî-âàíèÿ ñîîðóæåíèé. Ñàðàòîâ: ÑÏÈ, 1984. 327 ñ.


95

7. Ï å ð å ë ü ì ó ò å ð À.Â. Îñíîâû ðàñ÷åòà âàíòîâî-ñòåðæíåâûõ ñèñòåì. Ì.: Ñòðîé-èçäàò, 1969. 190 ñ.

8. Ï å ð å ë ü ì ó ò å ð À.Â., Ñ ë è â ê å ð Â.È. Ðàñ÷åòíûå ìîäåëè ñîîðóæåíèé è âîç-ìîæíîñòü èõ àíàëèçà. Êèåâ: Ñòàëü, 2002. 600 ñ.

9. V o s o u g h i A. et al. A mixed finite element and improved genetic algorithm methodfor maximizing buckling load of stiffened laminated composite plates // Aerospacescience and technology. 2017. Vol. 70. P. 378–387.

10. B r e z z i F., F o r t i n M. Mixed and hybrid finite element method // Springer seriesin computational mathematics. 1991. Vol. 15. 350 p.

11. P o c e s k i A. Mixed finite element method. Verlag; Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer,1992. 356 p.

12. Ï î ê ð î â ñ ê è é À.À. Ñìåøàííàÿ ôîðìà ÌÊÝ â ðàñ÷åòàõ ñòåðæíåâûõ ñèñòåìè ñïëîøíîé ñðåäû: äèñ. ... ä-ðà òåõí. íàóê. Ïåíçà, 2000. Ñ. 39–87.

13. È ã í à ò ü å â Â.À., È ã í à ò ü å â À.Â. Ñìåøàííàÿ ôîðìà ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåí-òîâ â çàäà÷àõ ñòðîèòåëüíîé ìåõàíèêè. Âîëãîãðàä: ÂîëãÃÀÑÓ, 2005. Ñ. 99.

14. È ã í à ò ü å â Â.À., È ã í à ò ü å â À.Â. Ðàñ÷åò ïëîñêèõ ðàì ñ áîëüøèì ïåðåìåùåíè-åì óçëîâ ïî ìåòîäó êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ôîðìå êëàññè÷åñêîãî ñìåøàííîãîìåòîäà // Ñòð-âî è ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ. 2015. ¹ 2 (58). Ñ. 12–19.

15. Ã î ð î ä å ö ê è é À.Ñ., Å â ç å ð î â È.Ä. Êîìïüþòåðíûå ìîäåëè êîíñòðóêöèé.Êèåâ: Ôàêò, 2005. 344 ñ.

16. È ã í à ò ü å â À.Â., È ã í à ò ü å â Â.À., Á î ÷ ê î â Ì.È. Ïðèìåíåíèå ìåòîäà êîíå÷-íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ôîðìå êëàññè÷åñêîãî ñìåøàííîãî ìåòîäà ê ðàñ÷åòó ñèñòåì ñîäíîñòîðîííèìè ñâÿçÿìè // Ñòðîèò. ìåõàíèêà è ðàñ÷åò ñîîðóæåíèé. 2017.¹ 2 (271). Ñ. 52–61.

Èãíàòüåâ Àëåêñàíäð Âëàäèìèðîâè÷, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.Âîëãîãðàäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåòÁî÷êîâ Ìàêñèì Èâàíîâè÷, èíæ.Âîëãîãðàäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåòÊóðî÷êèíà Èííà Âëàäèìèðîâíà, àñï.Âîëãîãðàäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò


Ignat’ev Alexander Vladimirovich, PhD, Ass. ProfessorVolgograd State Technical University, RussiaBochkov Maxim Ivanovich, EngineerVolgograd State Technical University, RussiaKurochkina Inna Vladimirovna, Post-graduate StudentVolgograd State Technical University, Russia

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCYOF SOME ALGORITHMS OF CALCULATIONOF SYSTEMS WITH UNILITERAL CONSTRAINTS

The article considers a system with one-sided restrictions, known from many publications.This system is an absolutely solid body (square) under the action of a concentrated force,unfastened at the corners by springs of the same stiffness, working only in tension. The vastmajority of works related to the study of systems (both structurally and physicallynonlinear) with one-sided elastic or inelastic connections use iterative methods includedin the general algorithm. This is due to the fact that in these systems the area of the«detachment» zone or the number of contact points with one-way bonds depends on the


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magnitude of the loads, the sequence of their application, etc. The algorithm for calculatingsuch a system, developed by the authors, is based on the classical mixed method,step-by-step loading and the iterative process of refining the solution at each step. Theperformed test calculation showed that such an algorithm avoids the looping of the iterativeprocess and reduces the number of iterations by 1-2 orders of magnitude in comparisonwith other known algorithms.

K e y w o r d s: flat system with unilateral constraints, algorithm of calculation, finiteelement method in the form of classical mixed method.

REFERENCES

1. R a b i n o v i c h I.M. Nekotoryye voprosy teorii sooruzheniy, soderzhashchikhodnostoronniye svyazi [Some questions of the theory of structures containing one-wayconnections]. Inzhenernyy sbornik [Engineering collection]. Vol. 6. Moscow, 1950.(in Russian)

2. R a b i n o v i c h I.M. K zadache staticheski neopredelimykh sistem s odnostoronnimisvyazyami (dokazatel’stvo edinstvennosti resheniya) [On the problem of staticallyindeterminate systems with one-way connections (proof of the uniqueness of thesolution)]. Issledovaniya po teorii sooruzheniy [Research on the theory of structures].Iss. 10. Moscow, Gosstroyizdat, 1961. (in Russian)

3. R a b i n o v i c h I.M. Osnovy rascheta vantovo-sterzhnevykh sistem [Basis of thecalculation of cable-rod systems]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1975. 145 p. (in Russian)

4. L u k a s h e v i c h A.A. Postroyeniye i realizatsiya skhem pryamogo metodakonechnykh elementov dlya resheniya kontaktnykh zadach [Construction andimplementation of direct finite element method schemes for solving contract problems].Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo [News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction].2007. No. 12. Pp. 18–23. (in Russian)

5. A l e n i n V.P., A l e n i n P.V. Pryamyye metody rascheta konstruktivno nelineynykhsistem [Direct methods for calculating constructively nonlinear systems]. Omsk, Sfera,2006. 68 p. (in Russian)

6. A l e n i n V.P., I g n a t ’ e v V.A. Prakticheskiye metody rascheta plit na odnosto-ronnem osnovanii tipa Vinklera [Practical methods for calculating plates on a one-sidedbasis of the Winkler type]. Issledovaniya po teorii rascheta i proyektirovaniyasooruzheniy [Research on the theory of calculation and design of structures]. Saratov,SPI, 1984. 327 p. (in Russian)

7. P e r e l ’ m u t e r A.V. Osnovy rascheta vantovo-sterzhnevykh sistem [Basis of thecalculation of cable-rod systems]. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1969. 190 p. (in Russian)

8. P e r e l ’ m u t e r A.V., S l i v k e r V.I. Raschetnyye modeli sooruzheniy ivozmozhnost’ ikh analiza [Design models of structures and the possibility of theiranalysis]. Kiev, Stal’, 2002. 600 p. (in Russian)

9. V o s o u g h i A. et al. A mixed finite element and improved genetic algorithm methodfor maximizing buckling load of stiffened laminated composite plates. Aerospacescience and technology. 2017. Vol. 70. Pp. 378–387.

10. B r e z z i F., F o r t i n M. Mixed and hybrid finite element method. Springer seriesin computational mathematics. 1991. Vol. 15. 350 p.

11. P o c e s k i A. Mixed finite element method. Verlag; Berlin; Heidelberg, Springer,1992. 356 p.

12. P o k r o v s k i y A.A. Smeshannaya forma MKE v raschetakh sterzhnevykh sistem isploshnoy sredy: dis. ... d-ra tekhn. nauk [The mixed form of the FEM in the calcu-lation of rod systems and solid mediums: diss. … DSc]. Penza, 2000. Pp. 39–87.(in Russian)


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13. I g n a t ’ e v V.A., I g n a t ’ e v A.V. Smeshannaya forma metoda konechnykhelementov v zadachakh stroitel’noy mekhaniki [Mixed form of the finite elementmethod in problems of construction mechanics]. Volgograd, VolgGASU, 2005. P. 99.(in Russian)

14. I g n a t ’ e v V.A., I g n a t ’ e v A.V. Raschet ploskikh ram s bol’shim peremeshche-niyem uzlov po metodu konechnykh elementov v forme klassicheskogo smeshannogometoda [Calculation of flat frames with large displacement of nodes using the finiteelement method in the form of the classical mixed method]. Stroitel’stvo irekonstruktsiya [Construction and reconstruction]. 2015. No. 2 (58). Pp. 12–19.(in Russian)

15. G o r o d e t s k i y A.S., E v z e r o v I.D. Komp’yuternyye modeli konstruktsiy[Computer models of structures]. Kiev, Fakt, 2005. 344 p. (in Russian)

16. I g n a t ’ e v A.V., I g n a t ’ e v V.A., B o c h k o v M.I. Primeneniye metodakonechnykh elementov v forme klassicheskogo smeshannogo metoda k raschetu sistems odnostoronnimi svyazyami [Application of the finite element method in the form ofthe classical mixed method to the calculation of systems with one-way connections].Stroitel’naya mekhanika i raschet sooruzheniy [Construction mechanics andcalculation of structures]. 2017. No. 2 (271). Pp. 52–61. (in Russian)


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ÓÄÊ 691(575.2)

Ã.Ò. ÎÐÓÇÁÀÅÂÀ

ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÎÂÓ ÄÐÅÂÍÈÕ ÊÛÐÃÛÇÎÂ

Â ñòàòüå îáúåêòàìè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿ-

þòñÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû ðàçíîâðå-

ìåííûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ, ðàññðåäîòî÷åííûõ

ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè Êûðãûçñòàíà, èõ õà-

ðàêòåðèñòèêè è íàçíà÷åíèå. Ñòðîèòåëü-

íûå ìàòåðèàëû, êàê è ôîðìû êûðãûç-

ñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà, – îäíî èç ñâèäåòåëüñòâ

íàöèîíàëüíîé ñàìîáûòíîñòè è íåïðåðûâ-

íîñòè êóëüòóðíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ íàðîäîâ

Êûðãûçñòàíà. Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ îáñòàíîâêà è

ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ, íàêëàäûâàþùèå íà

ôîðìû è äåêîð ñîîðóæåíèé îòïå÷àòîê,

ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé äëÿ îòäåëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ

Êûðãûçñòàíà â ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðèîäû âðå-

ìåíè, íå ìîãëè íå îòðàçèòüñÿ è íà ñòðîè-

òåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ: èõ àññîðòèìåíòå,

òåõíîëîãèè è êà÷åñòâåííûõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ.

Îòäåëüíûå âèäû ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèà-

ëîâ, ïîñòåïåííî âèäîèçìåíÿÿñü è ñî-

âåðøåíñòâóÿñü, ïðîøëè äëèííûé ïóòü

ñâîåãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Èíòåðåñíî ïðîñëåäèòü

ýòî ðàçâèòèå, óñòàíîâèòü ñâÿçü ìåæäó

ìàòåðèàëàìè îòäåëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ Êûðãûç-

ñòàíà è äðóãèõ òåððèòîðèé Ñðåäíåé Àçèè

è âûÿñíèòü òó äîëþ òâîð÷åñêîãî òðóäà,

êîòîðóþ âíåñëè òåõíîëîãè äðåâíèõ êûð-

ãûçîâ â ðàçâèòèå ñòðîèòåëüíîãî ìàòåðèà-

ëîâåäåíèÿ.

Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: äðåâíèå êûðãûçû,

ñûðöîâûé êèðïè÷, ææåíûé êèðïè÷, ïîëèâ-

íîé êèðïè÷, êûð, òåç-ãàí÷, êµë-ãàí÷.

DOI 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-731-11-99-106

Â Êûðãûçñòàíå ñîõðàíèëîñü íåìà-

ëî ïàìÿòíèêîâ çîä÷åñòâà. Ýòî ìíîãî-

÷èñëåííûå ìèíàðåòû (ìèíàðåò Óçãåíà,

áàøíÿ Áóðàíà è äð.), êðåïîñòè (Êî-

øîé-Êîðãîí, ×àëäûâàð è äð.) è ãóìáå-

çû (ìàâçîëåè Óçãåíà, ãóìáåç Ìàíàñà).

99


� Îðóçáàåâà Ã.Ò., 2019

UDK 691(575.2)

G.T. ORUZBAEVA

EVOLUTION OF THEBUILDING MATERIALSIN ANCIENTKYRGYZSTAN

Building materials of modern monu-

ments, dispersed throughout Kyrgyzstan

at different times, their characteristics

and purposes, as the objects of the rese-

arch are highlighted in the article. Buil-

ding materials are one of the evidences of

national identity and cultural develop-

ment of Kyrgyzstani, as well as forms of

Kyrgyz architecture. The historical situa-

tion and environmental conditions, which

imposed an imprint on the forms and

structures’ specific decor for certain Kyr-

gyzstan regions at different time periods,

could affect on building materials: their

range, technology and quality indicators.

Certain types of building materials had a

long way in their development, gradually

changing and improving. It is interesting

to analyze this development, to establish

a connection between the materials of

Kyrgyzstan’s certain regions and other

territories of Central Asia and to find

out the part of creative work, that the

ancient Kyrgyz technologists had contri-

buted to the development of Building

Materials Science.

K e y w o r d s: ancient Kyrgyz, adobe

brick, burnt brick, glazed brick, kyr,

tez-ganch, kµl-ganch.

Many architectural monuments

were preserved in Kyrgyzstan. These

are numerous minarets (Uzgen mina-

ret, Burana tower, etc.), fortresses

(Koshoi-Korgon, Chaldyvar, etc.) and

gumbezes (Uzgen mausoleums, Ma-

nasgumbez). The types of materials,

used in the structures, were determined

Òèïû ìàòåðèàëîâ, ïðèìåíåííûõ â ñî-îðóæåíèÿõ, îïðåäåëÿëèñü â ïåðâóþî÷åðåäü ñûðüåâûìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìèðàéîíà ñòðîèòåëüñòâà. Îòäåëüíûå äåòà-ëè ðåöåïòóðû äèêòîâàëèñü ïðèðîäíî-êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè ìåñòíîñòè.Îòñþäà ãëàâíûìè òèïàìè ñòðîèòåëü-íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîèçâîäíûåëåññîâèäíîãî ñóãëèíêà – íàèáîëåå øè-ðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîãî ñûðüÿ ó äðåâ-íèõ êûðãûçîâ. Íåðåäêî âñå êîíñòðóêöèèçäàíèÿ: îñíîâàíèå, ñòåíû è ïîêðûòèåâûïîëíÿëèñü èç ëåññîâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.Ýëàñòè÷íîñòü èõ ÿâëÿëàñü òåì êà÷åñò-âîì, êîòîðîå äåëàëî ëåññîâûå ìàòåðèà-ëû â ãëàçàõ äðåâíèõ ñòðîèòåëåé ñîâåð-øåííî íåçàìåíèìûìè â óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòî-ÿííîé óãðîçû çåìëåòðÿñåíèé.

Â êà÷åñòâå ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèà-ëîâ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ñûðöîâûå ìàòåðèà-ëû: áèòàÿ ãëèíà – ñîêìî (ïàõñà); ñûðöî-âûé êèðïè÷ è çåìëÿíîå òåñòî â âèäå ðàñ-òâîðà, ñâÿçûâàþùåãî êëàäêó; ææåíûéêèðïè÷ è ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû îáëèöîâî-÷íîé êåðàìèêè – íåïîëèâíîé è ïîêðû-òîé ãëàçóðüþ. Êàìåíü, óïîòðåáëÿþùèé-ñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì â ôóíäàìåíòàõ (Êà-ðà-Áóëàê) [1], íå ïîâëèÿë íà ñëîæåíèåôîðì êîðåííîãî êûðãûçñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà,õîòÿ è ïðåäñòàâëåí, â ÷àñòíîñòè, êàðà-âàí-ñàðàåì Òàø-Ðàáàò [2]. Â ãîðíûõðàéîíàõ êèðïè÷íàÿ êëàäêà ÷åðåäîâàëàñüñ êëàäêîé èç êàìíåé.

Âíà÷àëå ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëûáûëè ïðèìèòèâíûìè. Ñûðüåì äëÿñòðîèòåëüñòâà ñëóæèëè êàìåíü, çåìëÿ èîñòàòêè êîñòåé êðóïíûõ æèâîòíûõ. Êà-÷åñòâåííûé ñêà÷îê â òåõíîëîãèè ñòðîè-òåëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðîèçîøåë, êîãäàîñåäëûå ïëåìåíà íà òåððèòîðèè Êûð-ãûçñòàíà íà÷àëè èñïîëüçîâàòü íîâûéìàòåðèàë – ãëèíó. Ïîÿâëåíèå ãëèíîáèò-íîé àðõèòåêòóðû ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî îçàìåòíîì ïðîãðåññå òåõíîëîãèè ñòðîè-òåëüíîãî äåëà: áûëè îñâîåíû íîâûå ìà-òåðèàëû, îáëàäàþùèå áîëüøîé ïëà-ñòè÷íîñòüþ, ïðî÷íîñòüþ, ñòðîèòåëèîâëàäåëè ðÿäîì íîâûõ òåõíè÷åñêèõïðèåìîâ – èçãîòîâëåíèå áëîêîâ è êèð-

Ã.Ò. Îðóçáàåâà

100

primarily by the raw materials capa-bilities of the point building area.Some formulation details were dicta-ted by the climatic conditions of thearea. Hence, the main types of buil-ding materials are derivatives of loes-slike loam – the most widespread rawmaterial among the ancient Kyrgyz.All the structure of the building, suchas foundation, walls and cover, oftenwere made of loess materials. Theirelasticity was the quality that madeloess materials completely indispen-sable in the face of the constant earth-quakes’ threat, as ancient builderswere concerned.

The ancient builders used rawmaterials as building materials: bro-ken clay – sokmo (pakhsa); adobebrick and earthen dough, in the formof a mixture that bound the masonry;burnt brick and various types of fa-cing ceramics – unglazed and coatedwith glaze. The stone, used mainlyin foundations (Kara-Bulak) [1], didnot affect the formation of the na-tive Kyrgyz architecture forms, altho-ugh it was represented, in particular,by the Tash-Rabat caravanserai [2].Brickwork alternated with stone ma-sonry in mountainous areas.

Initially, building materials wereprimitive. Stone, earth and the bonesof large animals were used as raw ma-terials for construction. A qualitativeprogress in the technology of const-ruction production occurred whenthe settled tribes began to use newmaterial – clay on the territory ofKyrgyzstan. The appearance of ado-be architecture testified to the notice-able progress in construction techno-logy. Therefore, new materials withgreat ductility and strength were mas-tered. Builders mastered a number ofnew techniques: the manufacture ofblocks and bricks of standard shapeand size [3].

ïè÷åé ñòàíäàðòíîé ôîðìû è ðàçìå-ðîâ [3].

Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ææåíîãî êèðïè÷àïðîèçâåëî ðåâîëþöèþ â ñòðîèòåëüíîìäåëå. Ææåíûé êèðïè÷, íå âûòåñíÿÿîêîí÷àòåëüíî ñûðöà, ïîëó÷àåò ñâîåðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñ XI–XII ââ. è âíà÷àëåñëóæèò â êà÷åñòâå íàñòèëà ïîëîâ âíóò-ðè çäàíèÿ (ñ. Ñàäîâîå) [4].

Ïîçäíåå äëÿ óêðàøåíèÿ ôàñàäàçäàíèé ñòàëè èñïîëüçîâàòü ðåçíîé êèð-ïè÷, óçîðû êîòîðîãî ïðåäñòàâëÿþò âû-ñîêîõóäîæåñòâåííîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå(ïîðòàëû ìèíàðåòîâ Óçãåíà) [5]. Ýòîòàðõèòåêòóðíûé ïðèåì ãåíåòè÷åñêè âîñ-õîäèò ê ðåçüáå ïî äåðåâó, øèðîêî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåííîìó ó êûðãûçîâ. Ïîýòîìóâåðîÿòíåå âñåãî ýòîò ïðèåì ïðèíàäëå-æèò ê îòêðûòèÿì êûðãûçñêèõ çîä÷èõ èïîëó÷èë øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîÑðåäíåé Àçèè. Ýòà òåõíèêà ðåçüáû âû-òåñíèëà áîëåå ñòàðûé ïðèåì ôèãóðíîéêëàäêè êèðïè÷îì (áàøíÿ Áóðàíà), êîòî-ðàÿ, ïî ìíåíèþ Á.Ï. Äåíèêå, âîñõîäèò êòåêñòèëüíîìó ïðîèçâîäñòâó [6]. Åñòåñò-âåííî, ÷òî, ïåðåíîñÿ êîâðîâûå óçîðû ñòåêñòèëÿ íà êèðïè÷íûå ñòåíû, ìàñòåðíå ìîã áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåí òîëüêî ëè-íèÿìè óçîðà. Äëÿ åãî âûðàçèòåëüíîñòèíå õâàòàëî öâåòîâîé ãàììû. Ïîëèâíîéêèðïè÷ äàâàë âîçìîæíîñòü ââåñòè ðàç-íîîáðàçíûå öâåòà â óçîðû è âìåñòå ñòåì ñòàë áîëåå ïðî÷íûì ìàòåðèàëîì,÷åì ãëèíà è àëåáàñòð (ñ. Ñàäîâîå).

Ê òåõíè÷åñêèì äîñòèæåíèÿì ñëå-äóåò îòíåñòè èçîáðåòåíèå îñîáîãî ãëè-íÿíîãî ðàñòâîðà, ñêðåïëÿþùåãî áëî-êè è êèðïè÷è â ìîíîëèòíîå åäèíîåñîîðóæåíèå. Çåìëÿíîå òåñòî, ñîäåðæà-ùåå, êàê è êèðïè÷, èíîãäà ïðèìåñüñàìàíà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì ðàííèì âèäîìêëàäî÷íîãî ðàñòâîðà è óñòîé÷èâî ïðî-õîäèò âåêà, ñêðåïëÿÿ âíà÷àëå êëàäêóèç ñûðöîâîãî êèðïè÷à, à çàòåì ææåíî-ãî [7].

Â ïðåäåëàõ Êûðãûçñòàíà, êîòîðûéîòëè÷àåòñÿ â áîëüøåé ñâîåé ÷àñòè âû-ñîêèìè ëåòíèìè òåìïåðàòóðàìè è çíà-÷èòåëüíîé ñóõîñòüþ âîçäóõà, áûëè

Ýâîëþöèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ó äðåâíèõ êûðãûçîâ

101

The production of burnt bricksrevolutionized the construction in-dustry. Burnt brick were distributedfrom the XI-XII centuries and partlydisplacing the adobe and initially ser-ved as flooring inside the building(Sadovoye village) [4].

Later, carved bricks, which pat-terns represented highly artisticwork, were began using for the buil-dings’ facade decoration (portals Uz-gen minarets) [5]. This architecturalreception genetically dated back towoodcarving, which was widespreadamong the Kyrgyz. Therefore, mostlikely this reception belongs to thediscoveries of Kyrgyz architects andhad become widespread in CentralAsia. This carving technique sup-planted the older reception of figuredmasonry with brick (Burana tower),which dated back to textile producti-on according to B.P. Denike [6]. Na-turally, transferring carpet patternsfrom textiles to brick walls, the mas-ter could not be satisfied only with thelines of the pattern. There was notenough color schemes for its expres-siveness. Glazed brick made it possib-le to introduce a variety of colors intothe patterns and at the same time beca-me more durable material than clayand alabaster (Sadovoye village).

The invention of a special claymortar, fastening blocks and bricksinto a monolithic single structureshould be attributed to the technicalachievements. Earthen batter, contai-ning bricks, sometimes admixture ofadobe was the earliest type of mason-ry mortar and steadily transferredthrough the centuries, first bondingmasonry from adobe bricks, and thenburnt [7].

There were very convenient gyp-sum binders, increasing strength withdrying within Kyrgyzstan, which ischaracterized by high summer tem-

î÷åíü óäîáíû ãèïñîâûå âÿæóùèå âåùå-

ñòâà, ïîâûøàþùèå ñ âûñóøèâàíèåì

ïðî÷íîñòü [8]. Îñîáåííî âàæíî åãî ñâîé-

ñòâî âíîâü âîçîáíîâëÿòü óñòîé÷èâóþ

ñòðóêòóðó ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ. Ñâîéñòâî

ýòî èìååò áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñåéñìè-

÷åñêèõ ðàéîíîâ Êûðãûçñòàíà [9]. Ïîñëå

ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãèïñîâîãî

ðàñòâîðà â øâàõ êëàäêè è óâëàæíåíèÿ,

íàñòóïàþùåãî â äîæäëèâûé ïåðèîä, îí

âíîâü êðèñòàëëèçóåòñÿ. Âûñóøèâàíèå

âîçâðàùàåò ãèïñó ïðî÷íîñòü, íå òîëüêî

íå îòñòàþùóþ îò ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîé, íî

äàæå ïðåâûøàþùóþ åå. Ãèïñ ïîñëå ïå-

ðåêðèñòàëëèçàöèè îáðàçóåò ïëîòíóþ è

ïðî÷íóþ ñòðóêòóðó òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå,

åñëè ýòîò ïðîöåññ ïðîèñõîäèò â ñòåñíåí-

íûõ óñëîâèÿõ è ïîä íàãðóçêîé. Ñâîáîä-

íîå îáðàçîâàíèå êðèñòàëëîâ, íàîáîðîò,

ðàçðûõëÿåò ñòðóêòóðó ãèïñà è, ñëåäîâà-

òåëüíî, ñíèæàåò åãî ïðî÷íîñòü. Èçáûòîê

ãèïñà ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ïîíèæåíèþ

âîäíîé ïðî÷íîñòè. Îïðåäåëåíèå îïòè-

ìàëüíîé åãî äîçèðîâêè î÷åíü ñëîæíî

âñëåäñòâèå ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ âëèÿþùèõ íà

íåãî ôàêòîðîâ.

Ãàí÷ – îäèí èç âèäîâ ãèïñà, êîòîðûé

ïîëó÷èë øèðîêîå ïðèìåíåíèå ó äðåâíèõ

çîä÷èõ. Ñûðüå äëÿ ãàí÷à äàåò ìåñòíûé

àëåáàñòð – áîð ñ ïðèðîäíûìè âêðàïëå-

íèÿìè â íåãî ëåññà. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò íà-

çíà÷åíèÿ ïîñëå îáæèãà îí ïðîñåèâàëñÿ

÷åðåç áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ìåëêèå îòâåðñòèÿ

ãðîõîòà (êàëáûð). Åñëè ãàí÷ äðîáèëñÿ

âìåñòå ñ ñàæåé, òî ïîëó÷àëè òåç-ãàí÷,

êîòîðûé ïðèìåíÿëñÿ â ðàñòâîðàõ äëÿ

êëàäêè. Î÷èùåííûé îò êîïîòè áåëûé

ãàí÷ ïîñëå èçìåëü÷åíèÿ äàâàë êµë-ãàí÷,

ïðèìåíÿâøèéñÿ äëÿ ÷èñòûõ øòóêàòó-

ðîê, ëèòüÿ ðåøåòîê è êàðíèçîâ. Ðàñòâî-

ðû èç ÷èñòîãî ãàí÷à ïðèìåíÿëèñü î÷åíü

ìàëî èç-çà ñïîñîáíîñòè òåðÿòü ïðî÷-

íîñòü ïðè óâëàæíåíèè, ïîýòîìó åùå â

ñóõîì âèäå ñìåøèâàëñÿ ñ ëåññîâûì ñóã-

ëèíêîì â ïðîïîðöèÿõ 1 :1 äî 1 :3. Ëåññî-

âàÿ ãëèíà, âûñûõàÿ ìåäëåííåå, ÷åì ãàí÷,

ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà ïîëíîìó íàáóõàíèþ åãî


102

peratures and significant air dryness

for the most part [8]. Especially its

property is important to renew again

a stable structure after destruction.

This property is of great importance

for the seismic regions of Kyrgyzs-

tan [9]. After mechanical destructi-

on of the gypsum mortar in the joints

of the masonry it crystallizes again,

after moisturizing, which occurs in

the rainy period. Exsiccation returns

gypsum strength, overprotected,

than the original one. It should be

noted that gypsum forms a dense

and strong structure after recrystal-

lization, only if this process occurs

in cramped conditions and under

load. The free formation of crystals,

on the contrary, loosens the struc-

ture of gypsum and reduces its

strength. Excess gypsum can lead

to a decrease in water strength. De-

termining its optimal dosage is very

difficult due to the variety of factors

influencing it.

Ganch is a type of gypsum that

was widely used by ancient archi-

tects. Raw material for gunch gives

local alabaster – bor with natural in-

clusions of loess. Depending on the

purpose, it was sifted through more

or less small holes of the riddle (kal-

byr) after firing. If the ganch was

crushed together with soot, then it

was obtained a tez-ganch, which

was used in solutions for masonry.

Cleansed from soot, white ganch

gave kµl-ganch after grinding, used

for clean plasters, casting gratings

and cornices. Solutions from pure

ganch were used very little because

of the ability to lose strength, mois-

tening, and therefore, it mixed dry

with loess loam in proportions

of 1 :1 to 1 :3. Loess clay contribu-

ted to the complete swelling of its

grains drying out more slowly than

ganch (with coarse grinding) and

çåðåí (ïðè êðóïíîì ïîìîëå) è çàìåäëåí-íîìó èõ ïðîñûõàíèþ. Ïðèìåíåíèå ãàí-÷à ñ äîáàâêîé ëåññîâèäíîãî ñóãëèíêàáûëî íå òàê øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî, êàêñìåñü ãàí÷à ñ ïîðîøêîì øåðåøà. Øå-ðåø (Åremurus altaicus) – øèðîêî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåííîå ðàñòåíèå, èç êîòîðîãîäîáûâàëè êëåé. Îí ñóøèëñÿ, ðàñòèðàëñÿâ ïîðîøîê è íåçíà÷èòåëüíûìè äîçàìè(2–3 ã íà 12–16 êã çàìåñà) äîáàâëÿëñÿ âðàñòâîð, ðåçêî ïîâûøàÿ åãî ñâîéñòâà.Îñíîâíîå äåéñòâèå øåðåøà ñêàçûâàëîñüíà èçìåíåíèè êðèñòàëëîâ ãèïñà [10]. Äî-áàâëåíèå øåðåøà óâåëè÷èâàëî ïëàñòè÷-íîñòü, áûñòðîòó ñõâàòûâàíèÿ, ñîïðîòèâ-ëåíèå.

Êðîìå ëåññà è øåðåøà äîáàâêàìè êãàí÷ó ñëóæèëè òàêæå ãîðíûé âîñê (îçî-êåðèò), êèðïè÷íàÿ ìóêà (öåìÿíêà), çîëàè ïåñîê [11]. Ãèïñîïåñ÷àíûå ðàñòâîðûèìåþò î÷åíü íèçêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü è âîäî-ñòîéêîñòü, íî ïðèìåíÿëèñü â êëàäêå,øòóêàòóðêå è ðåçíîì îðíàìåíòå. Ãàí÷ñ äîáàâêàìè êèðïè÷íîé ìóêè èçâåñòåíñ XI–XII ââ. è íàõîäèò ñåáå äî î÷åíüíåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ñàìîå ðàçíîîáðàç-íîå ïðèìåíåíèå îò êëàäî÷íûõ ðàñòâî-ðîâ äî îðíàìåíòîâ. Óñòîé÷èâîñòü èêà÷åñòâî ýòîãî ìàòåðèàëà çàâèñÿò îòòùàòåëüíîñòè èçãîòîâëåíèÿ, ðàçìåðàäîáàâêè öåìÿíêè è óñëîâèé ðàáîòû âñîîðóæåíèè.

Çîëà ÿâëÿëàñü îáÿçàòåëüíîé äîáàâ-êîé â ðàñòâîð ãàí÷à äëÿ êëàäêè ïðè ïî-âûøåííîé âëàæíîñòè. Åñëè ãðóíò áûëçàñîðåí ñîëÿìè, â êà÷åñòâå èçîëèðóþùå-ãî ñëîÿ óêëàäûâàëîñü 2–3 ðÿäà êèðïè÷àíà ðàñòâîðå ãàí÷à ñ òîë÷åíûì äðåâåñ-íûì óãëåì è çîëîé. Çîëà äîáàâëÿëàñü âãàí÷ êàê â ÷èñòîì âèäå (â ñîîòíîøåíèè1:1 èëè 2 :1), òàê è ïîïîëàì ñ æèðíîéãëèíîé. Îíà ñìåøèâàëàñü â ñóõîì âèäå ñãàí÷åì è â òîì, è â äðóãîì ñëó÷àå, à ãëè-íà ðàçìåøèâàëàñü ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ñ âî-äîé, è íà ýòîé ñìåñè äîáàâëÿëñÿ ãàí÷ ñçîëîé [12].

Ïðè âîçâåäåíèè ìîñòîâ, âîäîõðàíè-ëèù è áàíü äðåâíèå ìàñòåðà ïðèìåíÿëè


103

their slow drying. The use of ganchwith the addition of loess like loamwas not as widespread as a mixtureof ganch with sheresh powder. She-resh (Eremurusaltaicus) is a widesp-read plant, the extra of glue. It wasdried, ground into powder and wasadded to the solution in small doses(2–3 g per 12–16 kg of kneading),sharply increasing its properties.The main action of sheresh affec-ted the change in gypsum crystals[10]. Adding sheresh increased duc-tility, quickness of grasping andresistance.

Except loess and sheresh, mo-untain wax (ozokerit), brick flour(tsemyanka), ash and sand servedas additives to ganch [11]. Gypsumsand mortars have a very lowstrength and water resistance, butare used in masonry, plaster and car-ved ornament. Ganch with additivesof brick flour is known from theXI–XII centuries and until now, isused in the most diverse applicationfrom masonry mortars to orna-ments. The stability and quality ofthis material depends on the thoro-ughness of manufacture, additivesize of cement and the working con-ditions in the construction.

Ash was an obligatory additionto the solution of ganch for masonryat high level of humidity. If the soilwas clogged with salts, as an insula-ting layer were laid 2–3 rows ofbricks on a solution of ganch withcrushed charcoal and ash. Ash wasadded to the ganch both in pure form(in a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1), and in halfwith oily clay. It was mixed in dryform with ganch in both cases, andclay was mixed previously withwater, and was added ganch withash to this mixture [12].

Ancient masters used hydraulicsolutions – kyry, which were speci-

ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèå ðàñòâîðû – êûðû, êîòî-ðûå ïðèãîòîâëÿëèñü îñîáî. Êûðû (èç-âåñòêîâî-çîëüíûå öåìåíòû) ïî ñïðàâåä-ëèâîñòè äîëæíû ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ëó÷øèìè èçìàòåðèàëîâ ýòîãî íàèìåíîâàíèÿ ïî âñå-ìó Êûðãûçñòàíó, â òîì ÷èñëå è â Ñðåä-íåé Àçèè. Êûðû ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîéñìåñü èçâåñòè-ïóøîíêè è ïóööîëàíè-÷åñêîé äîáàâêè, â êà÷åñòâå êîòîðîéèñïîëüçóåòñÿ ðàñòèòåëüíàÿ çîëà. Óìå-íèå îáðàáàòûâàòü ñìåñü çîëû è èçâåñòè,çíàíèå ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëü-íûõ ñòîðîí öåìåíòà ïîçâîëÿëè äðåâíèìñòðîèòåëÿì ñ XII â. ïîëó÷àòü ïðåêðàñ-íûå ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèå öåìåíòû, âåëè-êîëåïíî ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ äî íàøåãî âðå-ìåíè.

Â íåêîòîðûõ êûðàõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿäîáàâêè ãèïñà. Ïðè âçàèìîäåéñòâèèãèïñà ñ êðåìíåçåìîì îáðàçóþòñÿ äâîé-íûå ñîëè ñóëüôàòà êàëüöèÿ è êðåìíå-êèñëîòû, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèå óâåëè÷åíèþïðî÷íîñòè öåìåíòà è ïðèäàþùèå ãèä-ðàâëè÷íîñòü ãèïñó, à òàêæå âîçäóõî-óñòîé÷èâîñòü ãèäðîñèëèêàòàì êàëüöèÿ.Îäíîâðåìåííî ãèïñ, àêòèâíî ðåàãèðóÿñ ãëèíîçåìîì, ñîäåðæàùèìñÿ â äîáàâ-êàõ, îáðàçóåò ñóëüôîàëþìèíàò êàëüöèÿ,îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé âûñîêóþ ïðî÷íîñòüöåìåíòó. Â ôóíäàìåíòàõ ìàâçîëååâXI–XII ââ. ó ïîäíîæèÿ ãîðû Ñóëàé-ìàí-Òîî (ã. Îø) ïðèìåíåí êðóïíîïî-ìîëüíûé ãèïñ ñ çîëüíîé äîáàâêîé. Ðàñ-òâîð ýòîò î÷åíü ïðî÷åí è õîðîøî ñîõðà-íèëñÿ.

Âûðàáîòàííûå âåêîâûì îïûòîìïðèåìû ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãëèíû è ãàí÷å-âûõ ðàñòâîðîâ, à òàêæå è äîáàâîê êíèì ñäåëàëè ãëèíó è ãàí÷ íåçàìåíè-ìûìè â óñëîâèÿõ Êûðãûçñòàíà. Ýëà-ñòè÷íîñòü ãëèíû è ãàí÷åâûõ ðàñòâîðîâÿâëÿëàñü òåì êà÷åñòâîì, êîòîðîå äåëà-ëî èõ â ãëàçàõ äðåâíèõ ñòðîèòåëåéñîâåðøåííî íåçàìåíèìûìè â óñëîâèÿõïîñòîÿííîé óãðîçû çåìëåòðÿñåíèé.Äîñòîèíñòâà ýòèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äåìîíñò-ðèðóþòñÿ íà áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå ïà-ìÿòíèêîâ.


104

ally prepared in bridges, reservoirsand baths construction. Kyry (li-me-ash cements) should be con-sidered the best of the materialsthroughout Kyrgyzstan, includingCentral Asia. Kyry is a mixture oflime-fluff and pozzolanic additi-ves with ash. The ability to processa mixture of ash and lime, knowled-ge of the positive and negative si-des of cement allowed the ancientbuilders to receive excellent hydrotechnical cements, perfectly preser-ved from the XII century to ourtime.

In some kyryare found gypsumsupplements.When gypsum inte-racts with silica, there are formeddouble salts of calcium sulfate andsilicic acid, increasing the strengthof cement and givinggypsumhydra-ulicity, and alsocalcium hydro sili-cates airsustainability. At the sametime, gypsum, actively reactingwith the alumina contained in theadditives, forms calcium sulfoalumi-nate, which provides high strengthto the cement.In the foundations ofthe mausoleums of the XI–XII cen-turies at the foot of Sulaiman-TooMountain (Osh city) it was usedlarge-grinding gypsum with an ashadditive. This solute is very durableand well preserved.

Experience receptions of usingclay and solutions of ganch, develo-ped by centuries-old, as well as theiradditives, made clay and ganch in-dispensable in the conditions ofKyrgyzstan. The elasticity of clayand solutions of ganch was the qua-lity that made them completely ir-replaceable in the face of the cons-tant earthquakes’ threat, as ancientbuilders were concerned. The ad-vantages of these materials are de-monstrated on a large number ofmonuments.

Ïî ñîõðàíèâøèìñÿ ïàìÿòíèêàìàðõèòåêòóðû è ñîîáùåíèÿì èñòîðè-êîâ ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî XI–XII ââ.áûëè ïåðèîäîì íåîáû÷àéíî êðóïíî-ãî è ìíîãîîáðàçíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà.Áûñòðûìè òåìïàìè øëî ðàçâèòèå àð-õèòåêòóðû è ñâÿçàííûõ ñ íåé õóäî-æåñòâåííî-äåêîðàòèâíûõ èñêóññòâ,êîòîðûå èëëþñòðèðóþò ñî÷åòàíèåñòðîèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà ñ óìåëûìèñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìåñòíûõ ñòðîèòåëü-íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, à òàêæå âûñîêóþêóëüòóðó ïðîèçâîäñòâà èõ (êèðïè÷,÷åðåïèöà, êåðàìè÷åñêèå ïëèòû, âîäî-ïðîâîäíûå òðóáû è äð.). Òåõíèêà ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàåìîãî ïåðèîäà êëàäåò ôóí-äàìåíò âñåé ïîñëåäóþùåé ýâîëþöèèñòðîèòåëüíîãî äåëà, êîíñòðóêöèè âêîòîðîì ðàçâèâàþòñÿ íà îñíîâå òðà-äèöèé, âûðàáîòàííûõ åùå â ñûðöå èãëèíå. Ðÿä ïðèåìîâ äðåâíîñòè îñòà-åòñÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå âïëîòü äî ÕÕI â.


1. Á ð û ê è í à Ã.À. Êàðà-Áóëàê. Ì.,1974. 185 ñ.

2. Ï à í ò ó ñ î â Í. Òàø-Ðàáàò // Èçâ. àð-õåîëîãè÷åñêîé êîìèññèè. 1902. Âûï.4. Ñ. 24–26.

3. Ì à ñ ñ î í Ñ.Ì. Âîïðîñû ñîöèîëîãè-÷åñêîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè äðåâíèõ æè-ëèù è ïîñåëåíèé // Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿäðåâíèõ îáùåñòâåííûõ îòíîøåíèéïî àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèì ìàòåðèàëàì æè-ëèù è ïîñåëåíèé. Ë., 1974. Ñ. 3–4.

4. Â î ð î í è í à Â.Ë. Äðåâíÿÿ ñòðîèòåëü-íàÿ òåõíèêà Ñðåäíåé Àçèè // Àðõè-òåêòóðíîå íàñëåäñòâî. 1953. ¹ 5.Ñ. 16–20.

5. Ç à ñ û ï ê è í Á. Àðõèòåêòóðíûå ïà-ìÿòíèêè Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è èõ ðåñòàâðà-öèÿ. Ì., 1948. 49 ñ.

6. Ä å í è ê å Á.Ï. Àðõèòåêòóðíûé îðíà-ìåíò Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Ì., 1939. 33 ñ.

7. Ø â å ö î â Á.Ñ., Ñ ó ð î â ö å â Â.Â.Äðåâíèå ñòðîèòåëüíûå ðàñòâîðû //Òð. Èíñòèòóòà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìà-


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According to preserved architecturalmonuments and reports of historians, itcould be argued that the XI–XII centurieswere a period of unusually large and di-verse construction. Fast pace of architec-ture and architectural artistically-decorati-ve arts development was highlighted thatperiod, which illustrated the combinationof building art with the skillful use of localbuilding materials, as well as high cultureof their production (brick, tile, ceramicplates, water pipes, etc.). The technique ofthe period under consideration laid the fo-undation for the entire subsequent evoluti-on of building work, where constructionswere developed on the base of traditions,worked out in raw and clay. A number oftechniques of antiquity remain in const-ruction right up to the XXI century.

REFERENCES

1. B r y k i n a G.A. Kara-Bulak [Kara-Bu-lak]. Moscow, 1974. 185 p. (in Russian)

2. P a n t u s o v N. Tash-Rabat [Tash-Rabat].Izvestiya arkheologicheskoy komissii[Bulletin of the Archaeological Commis-sion]. 1902. Iss. 4. Pp. 24-26. (in Russian)

3. M a s s o n S.M. Voprosy sotsiologiches-koy interpretatsii drevnikh zhilishch i po-seleniy [Issues of sociological interpreta-tion of ancient dwellings and settlements].Rekonstruktsiya drevnikh obshchestven-nykh otnosheniy po arkheologicheskimmaterialam zhilishch i poseleniy [Recons-truction of ancient public relations basedon archaeological materials of dwellingsand settlements]. Leningrad, 1974.Pp. 3-4. (in Russian)

4. V o r o n i n a V.L. Drevnyaya stroitel’nayatekhnika Sredney Azii [Ancient constructi-on equipment of Central Asia]. Arkhitektur-noye nasledstvo [Architectural heritage].1953. No. 5. Pp. 16-20. (in Russian)

5. Z a s y p k i n B. Arkhitekturnyye pamyat-niki Sredney Azii i ikh restavratsiya [Ar-chitectural monuments of Central Asiaand their restoration]. Moscow, 1948.49 p. (in Russian)

6. D e n i k e B.P. Arkhitekturnyy ornamentSredney Azii [Architectural ornament ofCentral Asia]. Moscow, 1939. 33 p. (inRussian)

òåðèàëîâ ìèíåðàëüíîãî ïðîèñõî-æäåíèÿ è ñòåêëà. 1930. Âûï. 32.Ñ. 43–47.

8. Á à ÷ è í ñ ê è é Í.Ì. Àíòèñåéñìè-êà â àðõèòåêòóðíûõ ïàìÿòíèêàõÑðåäíåé Àçèè. Ì., 1949. 356 ñ.

9. Î ð ó ç á à å â à Ã.Ò., Ê à ñ û ì î -â à Ì.Ò. Ðàçâèòèå êåðàìè÷åñêî-ãî, ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî, ñòåêîëü-íîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâ íà òåððèòîðèèÊûðãûçñòàíà äî XII â. // Èçâ.ÊÃÒÓ. 2013. ¹ 29. Ñ. 209–213.

10. Á å ð í ø ò à ì À. Ñòðîèòåëüíûåïðèåìû äðåâíèõ çîä÷èõ è èñïîëü-çîâàíèå èõ îïûòà â ñîâðåìåííîéïðàêòèêå // Òð. ÀÍ Êèðã. ÑÑÐ.1943. Ò. 1. Ñ. 140–143.

11. Á à ÷ è í ñ ê è é Í.Ì. Ê âîïðîñóîá àíòèñåéñìè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿ-òèÿõ // Äîêë. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Íîâ. ñå-ðèÿ. 1941. Ò. II. ¹ 3. Ñ. 21–24.

12. Á à ÷ è í ñ ê è é Í.Ì. Èññëåäîâà-íèå è îñâîåíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ è ìå-òîäîâ ñòàðûõ ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèõçîä÷èõ // Äîêë. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Íîâ.ñåðèÿ. 1941. Ò. II. ¹ 3. Ñ. 14–16.

Îðóçáàåâà Ãóëüíàðà Òàëãàòîâíà,êàíä. òåõí. íàóê, äîö.;Å-mail: [email protected]Êûðãûçñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè-÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. È. Ðàççàêîâà,Áèøêåê, Êûðãûçñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà

Ïîëó÷åíî ïîñëå äîðàáîòêè10.10.2019


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7. S h v e t s o v B.S., S u r o v t s e v V.V.Drevniye stroitel’nyye rastvory [Ancientbuilding solutions]. Trudy Institutastroitel’nykh materialov mineral’nogoproiskhozhdeniya i stekla [Proceedingsof the Institute of Building Materials ofMineral Origin and Glass]. 1930. Iss. 32.Pp. 43-47. (in Russian)

8. B a c h i n s k i y N.M. Antiseysmika varkhitekturnykh pamyatnikakh SredneyAzii [Antiseismic in the architecturalmonuments of Central Asia]. Moscow,1949. 356 p. (in Russian)

9. O r u z b a e v a G.T., K a s y m o v a M.T.Razvitiye keramicheskogo, metallurgi-cheskogo, stekol’nogo proyizvodstv naterritorii Kyrgyzstana do XII v. [Thedevelopment of ceramic, metallurgical,glass production in Kyrgyzstan until theXII century]. Izvestiya KGTU [News ofKSTU]. 2013. No. 29. Pp. 209-213. (inRussian)

10. B e r n s h t a m A. Stroitel’nyye priyemydrevnikh zodchikh i ispol’zovaniye ikhopyta v sovremennoy praktike [Constructi-on techniques of ancient architects and theuse of their experience in modern practice].Trudy AN Kirg. SSR [Proceedings of theAcademy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR].1943. Vol. 1. Pp. 140-143. (in Russian)

11. B a c h i n s k i y N.M. K voprosu ob antise-ysmicheskikh meropriyatiyakh [On the is-sue of antiseismic measures]. Doklady ANSSSR. Novaya seriya [Reports of the Aca-demy of Sciences of the USSR. New series].1941. Vol. II. No. 3. Pp. 21-24. (in Russian)

12. B a c h i n s k i y N.M. Issledovaniye i os-voyeniye materialov i metodov starykhsredneaziatskikh zodchikh [Research anddevelopment of materials and methods ofold Central Asian architects]. Doklady ANSSSR. Novaya seriya [Reports of the Aca-demy of Sciences of the USSR. New series].1941.Vol. II. No. 3. Pp. 14-16. (in Russian)

Oruzbaeva Gul’nara Talgatovna, PhD, Ass.Professor; Å-mail: [email protected] State Technical University named afterI. Razzakov, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß

ÐÅÖÅÍÇÈß ÍÀ ÌÎÍÎÃÐÀÔÈÞ

«ÏËÀÇÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ ÑÎÇÄÀÍÈßÈ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÎÂ»*

Äàííàÿ ìîíîãðàôèÿ ïîñâÿùåíà îä-íîìó èç àêòóàëüíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé â ñî-âðåìåííîì ñòðîèòåëüíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå– ïëàçìåííûì òåõíîëîãèÿì ñîçäàíèÿ èîáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Íà ñåãîäíÿ â ìîíîãðàôèÿõ, ó÷åá-íûõ ïîñîáèÿõ, ó÷åáíèêàõ äàííîìó íà-ïðàâëåíèþ è ñâÿçàííûì ñ íèì ïðîáëå-ìàì óäåëÿåòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîå âíèìàíèå.Ýòî êàñàåòñÿ êàê ìàòåðèàëîâåäåíèÿðàçíîâèäíîñòåé ñòðîèòåëüíûõ êîìïî-çèòîâ, òàê è óñëîâèé, ðåæèìîâ, ïàðà-ìåòðîâ òåõíîëîãèè ïîëó÷åíèÿ è ìî-äèôèöèðîâàíèÿ èõ ñòðóêòóð ìåòîäàìèôèçè÷åñêèõ âîçäåéñòâèé, â òîì ÷èñ-ëå âûñîêîýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ïëàçìåííûõ,ñïîñîáíûõ ïðèâåñòè ê ïðîðûâíûì ýô-ôåêòèâíûì äîñòèæåíèÿì.

Çíà÷åíèå òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî è ïðè-êëàäíîãî çíàíèÿ î òåõíîëîãèè ñîçäà-

íèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñðåäñòâàìè ôèçèêî-òåõíè÷åñêèõâîçäåéñòâèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýíåðãèè ïëàçìû òðóäíî ïåðåîöåíèòü. Ðàçâèòèåè ïðàêòè÷åñêîå îñâîåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî è ôîðìèðóåìîãî â ìîíîãðàôèèçíàíèÿ ïî äàííûì âîïðîñàì ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêòóàëüíûì è íàñóùíî íåîáõîäèìûì.

Â ñâÿçè ñ óêàçàííûì ïîÿâëåíèå ìîíîãðàôèè «Ïëàçìåííûå òåõíîëîãèèñîçäàíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ» ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü ñâîåâðå-ìåííûì.

Íåîáõîäèìî ñïåöèàëüíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îñíîâîé ïîäãîòîâêè ìîíîãðàôèèñòàëè â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå îðèãèíàëüíûå ðàáîòû ñîâåòíèêà Ðîññèéñêîéàêàäåìèè àðõèòåêòóðû è ñòðîèòåëüíûõ íàóê, ä-ðà òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. Â.À. Âëà-ñîâà, ä-ðà òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. Ã.Ã. Âîëîêèòèíà è âîçãëàâëÿåìîãî èìè òâîð÷å-ñêîãî êîëëåêòèâà, èç ñîñòàâà êîòîðîãî ñîàâòîðàìè ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî íàó÷íî-ãî òðóäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô. Í.Ê. Ñêðèïíèêîâà, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê,ïðîô. Î.Ã. Âîëîêèòèí.

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* Âëàñîâ Â.À., Âîëîêèòèí Ã.Ã., Ñêðèïíèêîâà Í.Ê., Âîëîêèòèí Î.Ã. Ïëàçìåííûåòåõíîëîãèè ñîçäàíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ: ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Òîìñê:Èçä-âî ÍÒË, 2018. 512 ñ.

ã ×åðíûøîâ Å.Ì., 2019

Îñòàíîâèìñÿ íà íåêîòîðûõ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ìîìåíòàõ ìîíîãðàôèè.È â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè óêàæåì âàæíîñòü ïåðâîé ãëàâû, ïîñâÿùåííîé ôèçè÷åñêèìîñíîâàì ãàçîâîãî ðàçðÿäà, è âòîðîé ãëàâû, â êîòîðîé ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìàâîçìîæíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ Â× ïëàçìû äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìà-òåðèàëîâ. Ñîäåðæàíèå ýòèõ ãëàâ çàäàåò îïðåäåëåííûé óðîâåíü îñíîâàòåëüíîñòè,ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîñòè ïîäãîòîâëåííîé ê èçäàíèþ ìîíîãðàôèè.

Â òðåòüåé è ÷åòâåðòîé ãëàâàõ äàåòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î òåõíèêå è îáîðóäîâà-íèè äëÿ âîïëîùåíèÿ ïëàçìåííûõ òåõíîëîãèé. Öåíòðàëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå ïðèýòîì çàíèìàåò àíàëèç ïðîöåññîâ ïëàçìåííûõ âîçäåéñòâèé è óïðàâëåíèå èìè.Âîïðîñû óïðàâëåíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðî-âàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ, ÷èñëåííîãî èõ ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ñèëèêàò-íûì ðàñïëàâàì è ñèñòåìàì.

Â ïÿòîé è øåñòîé ãëàâàõ, ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ ïî îáúåìó, îáîáùåíû (íà÷è-íàÿ îò ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé ïîñòàíîâêè çàäà÷è, ôèçè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè ïîëó÷åíèÿ çà-ùèòíîãî ñëîÿ, ïðîöåññîâ ñèëèêàòíî- è ñòåêëîîáðàçîâàíèÿ è äð.) ðåçóëüòàòûìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ ïî ïëàçìåííîé òåõíîëîãèè ñîçäàíèÿ çà-ùèòíî-äåêîðàòèâíûõ ïîêðûòèé íà ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ ñèëèêàòíîéãðóïïû. Ñ ó÷åòîì ýòîãî ðàññìîòðåíû óñëîâèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ çàùèòíî-äåêîðà-òèâíûõ ïîêðûòèé íà öåìåíòíîì áåòîíå, íà êåðàìè÷åñêèõ èçäåëèÿõ, íà ñèëè-êàòíîì êèðïè÷å. Èíòåðåñíûìè è âàæíûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêè ïî òåõíîëîãèèìèíåðàëüíîãî âîëîêíà âî âðàùàþùåìñÿ ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêîì ðåàêòîðå.

Ìîíîãðàôèÿ çàâåðøàåòñÿ ñåäüìîé ãëàâîé, â êîòîðîé äàþòñÿ ïåðñïåêòè-âû ðàçâèòèÿ ïëàçìåííûõ òåõíîëîãèé â îáëàñòè ñîçäàíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñèëè-êàòíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî àêòó-àëüíûì âèäèòñÿ ïëàçìîõèìè÷åñêèé ñèíòåç öåìåíòíîãî êëèíêåðà, ïîëó÷åíèåíàíîïîðîøêà äèîêñèäà êðåìíèÿ. Ýòèì îòêðûâàþòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòè ôîðìèðî-âàíèÿ îñíîâ íàíîòåõíîëîãèé ýòèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Ñ ïîëíîé óâåðåííîñòüþ ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ìîíîãðàôèÿ ïî åå àêòóàëüíî-ñòè, ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîñòè, íîâèçíå íàó÷íîãî çíàíèÿ, ïåðñïåêòèâàì èíæåíåð-íîãî ïðèëîæåíèÿ ðàçðàáîòîê îòâå÷àåò ïðèîðèòåòàì ðàçâèòèÿ ñòðîèòåëüíîãîìàòåðèàëîâåäåíèÿ è ñòðîèòåëüíûõ òåõíîëîãèé.

Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ìîæåò áûòü èíòåðåñíà è ïîëåçíà íàó÷íûì, èíæåíåðíî-òåõ-íè÷åñêèì ðàáîòíèêàì, àñïèðàíòàì, ìàãèñòðàíòàì, çàíèìàþùèìñÿ âîïðîñà-ìè ñîâðåìåííûõ ñòðîèòåëüíûõ òåõíîëîãèé, îïèðàþùèõñÿ íà ðåàëèçàöèþ ôè-çè÷åñêèõ è ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé ñîçäàíèÿ è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ òâåðäî-ôàçíûõ ñîñòîÿíèé âåùåñòâà. Âûõîä â ñâåò ìîíîãðàôèè Â.À. Âëàñîâà,Ã.Ã. Âîëîêèòèíà, Í.Ê. Ñêðèïíèêîâîé, Î.Ã. Âîëîêèòèíà «Ïëàçìåííûå òåõíî-ëîãèè ñîçäàíèÿ è îáðàáîòêè ñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ» ïîäòâåðæäàåò âûñî-êèé óðîâåíü íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ðàçðàáîòîê ñïåöèàëèñòîâ Òîìñêîãî ãî-ñóäàðñòâåííîãî àðõèòåêòóðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà.

Ìîíîãðàôèÿ ìîæåò áûòü ðåêîìåíäîâàíà íà ñîèñêàíèå çîëîòîé ìåäàëèè äèïëîìà Ðîññèéñêîé àêàäåìèè àðõèòåêòóðû è ñòðîèòåëüíûõ íàóê (ÐÀÀÑÍ)â íîìèíàöèè «Çà ëó÷øèé íàó÷íûé òðóä, ìîíîãðàôèþ â îáëàñòè ñòðîèòåëü-íûõ íàóê».

×åðíûøîâ Åâãåíèé Ìèõàéëîâè÷, àêàä. ÐÀÀÑÍ, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê, ïðîô.,ðóêîâîäèòåëü Öåíòðàëüíî-×åðíîçåìíîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâà ÖÒÎ ÐÀÀÑÍ,äèðåêòîð ÎÒÀÖ «Àðõñòðîéíàóêà» ÂÃÒÓ, ã. Âîðîíåæ

Ðåöåíçèÿ íà ìîíîãðàôèþ

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ÍÀÓ×ÍÎ-ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÆÓÐÍÀË

ÈÇÂÅÑÒÈßÂÛÑØÈÕ Ó×ÅÁÍÛÕ ÇÀÂÅÄÅÍÈÉ

«ÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ»

Èçäàåòñÿ ñ ìàðòà 1958 ã.

Æóðíàë âêëþ÷åí â Ïåðå÷åíü ðåöåíçèðóåìûõ íàó÷íûõ èçäàíèé, â êîòîðûõ äîëæ-íû áûòü îïóáëèêîâàíû îñíîâíûå íàó÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû äèññåðòàöèé íà ñîèñêàíèåó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà íàóê, íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè äîêòîðà íàóê, âñòóïèâ-øèé â ñèëó ñ 1 äåêàáðÿ 2015 ã.; âõîäèò â ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ áàçó äàííûõ ÑÀ(pt) (ChemicalAbstracts).

Â æóðíàëå ïóáëèêóþòñÿ ñòàòüè, ñîäåðæàùèå íîâûå ðåçóëüòàòû íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâà-íèé òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî è ïðèêëàäíîãî õàðàêòåðà, îáçîðíûå ñòàòüè ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ, íàó÷íûìïðîáëåìàì è ïåðñïåêòèâàì ðàçâèòèÿ òåîðèè àðõèòåêòóðû, ñòðîèòåëüíûõ íàóê è ñòðîè-òåëüíîé îòðàñëè, ðåöåíçèè íà êíèãè, íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ. Àâòîðû è ÷èòàòå-ëè æóðíàëà – íàó÷íî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå ðàáîòíèêè, àñïèðàíòû, ñòóäåíòû ñòàðøèõ êóðñîâñòðîèòåëüíûõ âóçîâ, ñîòðóäíèêè íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ è ïðîåêòíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ,ñòðîèòåëüíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è ïðåäïðèÿòèé.

ÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÐÀÇÄÅËÛ ÆÓÐÍÀËÀ:

· Òåîðèÿ ñîîðóæåíèé

· Ñòðîèòåëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè, çäàíèÿ è ñîîðóæåíèÿ. Îñíîâàíèÿ è ôóíäàìåíòû

· Ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû è èçäåëèÿ

· Èíæåíåðíûå ñèñòåìû æèçíåîáåñïå÷åíèÿ íàñåëåííûõ ìåñò, çäàíèé è ñîîðóæåíèé.Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ñòðîèòåëüñòâà

· Ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî, ãèäðàâëèêà è èíæåíåðíàÿ ãèäðîëîãèÿ

· Òåõíîëîãèÿ è îðãàíèçàöèÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà

· Íàó÷íûå ïðîáëåìû àðõèòåêòóðû, ãðàäîñòðîèòåëüñòâà è ýêîëîãèè

· Íàó÷íî-ìåòîäè÷åñêèé ðàçäåë

· Â ëàáîðàòîðèÿõ âóçîâ

· Äîñòèæåíèÿ íàóêè – ïðîèçâîäñòâó

· Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ

Ïðèíèìàåòñÿ ïîäïèñêà

íà 2-å ïîëóãîäèå ïî êàòàëîãó «Ðîñïå÷àòü» 2019 ã.

Êàòàëîæíàÿ öåíà çà 6 ìåñÿöåâ - 5100 ð.

Öåíà îòäåëüíîãî íîìåðà - 850 ð.

ÓÂÀÆÀÅÌÛÅ ÀÂÒÎÐÛ!

Îáùàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î æóðíàëå è ïîëíîòåêñòîâûå âåðñèè íîìåðîâæóðíàëà, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2003 ãîäà, ðàçìåùåíû íà Internet-ñòðàíèöå ïî àäðåñóhttp: //izvuzstr.sibstrin.ru

Äëÿ îôîðìëåíèÿ íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé ïî òðåáîâàíèÿì ÂÀÊ, ÐÈÍÖ,Scopus ðàçìåùåíû

«ÏÐÀÂÈËÀ ÎÔÎÐÌËÅÍÈß, ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈß È ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈ-ÎÍÍÎÉ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÐÓÊÎÏÈÑÅÉ ÑÒÀÒÅÉ».

Â í è ì à í è å!

1. Îáúåì àííîòàöèè – íå ìåíåå 800 çíàêîâ (75 ñëîâ è áîëåå), ìàêñè-ìóì 1200 çíàêîâ.

2. Áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñïèñîê äîëæåí âêëþ÷àòü íå ìåíåå äåñÿòè èñ-òî÷íèêîâ.

3. Ñîñòàâëåíèå áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ñïèñêà íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå(REFERENCES):

· äëÿ ññûëîê íà çàðóáåæíûå èñòî÷íèêè íà ëàòèíèöå – ñ ñîõðàíåíè-åì îðèãèíàëüíîãî îïèñàíèÿ;

· äëÿ ññûëîê íà ðóññêîÿçû÷íûå èñòî÷íèêè – òðàíñëèòåðèðîâàííûåñ ðóññêèõ áóêâ íà ëàòèíñêèå ñèìâîëû (ïî ñèñòåìå BGN) ôàìèëèèè èíèöèàëû âñåõ àâòîðîâ; íàçâàíèå ñòàòüè; çàòåì â êâàäðàòíûõñêîáêàõ – íàçâàíèå ñòàòüè â ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê; îñòàëü-íûå ýëåìåíòû áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îïèñàíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçû-êå, ñ èñêëþ÷åíèåì ðàçäåëèòåëåé /, – , //, è çàìåíîé ¹, ñ. è Ñ.ñîîòâåòñòâåííî íà No., p. è Ðð., â êîíöå – (in Russian).

Ïðèìåðû îôîðìëåíèÿ òåêñòà ñòàòåé è REFERENCES – â ðóáðèêå«ïîëíîòåêñòîâûå âåðñèè ñòàòåé» çà 2018 ãîä (ñ ó÷åòîì èçìåíåíèé âîôîðìëåíèè).

Ðåäàêöèÿ èìååò ïðàâî íà ðåäàêöèîííóþ îáðàáîòêó ñòàòüè. Äëÿ êîí-òàêòà ñ ðåäàêòîðîì ïðîñèì ñîîáùàòü íîìåð ìîáèëüíîãî òåëåôîíà îäíî-ãî èç àâòîðîâ (íå äëÿ îïóáëèêîâàíèÿ).

Æóðíàë ïóáëèêóåò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðàçðàáîòêàõâ îáëàñòè ñòðîèòåëüñòâà îáúåìîì 1 ñ., âêëþ÷àÿ 1–2 èëëþñòðàöèè (ìîæ-íî öâåòíûå), èíôîðìàöèþ î âíåäðåíèè. Îáÿçàòåëüíû ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàçðà-áîò÷èêàõ: ôàìèëèÿ, èìÿ, îò÷åñòâî ïîëíîñòüþ; çâàíèÿ; êîíòàêòíàÿ èí-ôîðìàöèÿ, ìåñòî ðàáîòû.

Documents

Строительство №11 2019izvuzstr.sibstrin.ru/uploads/publications/7c9bf... · êóìåíòàõ: ÑÏ 16.13330.2017 «ÑÍèÏ ii-23–81* Ñòàëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè»,