ÖNCEL AVCIKADİRÖNCEL AVCIKADİR

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LANDSAT OBSERVATİON LANDSAT OBSERVATİON SATELITE SYSTEMSATELITE SYSTEM

Landsat satellites have been collecting images of the Earth's Landsat satellites have been collecting images of the Earth's surface for more than thirty years. NASA launched the first surface for more than thirty years. NASA launched the first Landsat satellite in 1972, and the most recent one, Landsat Landsat satellite in 1972, and the most recent one, Landsat 7, in 1999. Instruments onboard the satellites have acquired 7, in 1999. Instruments onboard the satellites have acquired

millions of images of the Earth. These images provide a millions of images of the Earth. These images provide a unique resource for people who work in agriculture, geology, unique resource for people who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global

change researchchange research

TIROSTIROS The Television Infrared Observation Satellite Program The Television Infrared Observation Satellite Program

(TIROS)(TIROS) The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first The TIROS Program (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was NASA's first

experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. experimental step to determine if satellites could be useful in the study of the Earth. At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since At that time, the effectiveness of satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design satellites were a new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational parameters. The goal was to improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as "should we evacuate improve satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as "should we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?".the coast because of the hurricane?".

The TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite The TIROS Program's first priority was the development of a meteorological satellite information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application information system. Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of space-based observations. of space-based observations.

TIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts TIROS proved extremely successful, providing the first accurate weather forecasts based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's based on data gathered from space. TIROS began continuous coverage of the Earth's weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success weather in 1962, and was used by meteorologists worldwide. The program's success with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of with many instrument types and orbital configurations lead to the development of more sophisticated meteorological observation satellitesmore sophisticated meteorological observation satellites

AVHRRAVHRR

ADVENCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION ADVENCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION RADİOMETER RADİOMETER

The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) provides four- to six-band multispectral data from the NOAA provides four- to six-band multispectral data from the NOAA polar-orbiting satellite series. There is fairly continuous polar-orbiting satellite series. There is fairly continuous global coverage since June 1979, with morning and global coverage since June 1979, with morning and afternoon acquisitions available. The resolution is 1.1 afternoon acquisitions available. The resolution is 1.1

kilometer at nadirkilometer at nadir .. Visible, NIR, ThermalVisible, NIR, Thermal 1.1 km Resolution - 1.1 km Resolution - local area coverage (LAC)local area coverage (LAC) 4 km Resolution - 4 km Resolution - global area coverage (GAC)global area coverage (GAC) Used for meteorological studiesUsed for meteorological studies Vegetation pattern analyVegetation pattern analy

LANDSAT (ERTS)LANDSAT (ERTS) - Earth - Earth Resources Technology SatelliteResources Technology Satellite..

The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) mock-up in a The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) mock-up in a space chamber test at General Electric's Space Division. The ERTS space chamber test at General Electric's Space Division. The ERTS program represented a concentrated effort to observe and program represented a concentrated effort to observe and monitor the limited resources of the Earth, in order to best monitor the limited resources of the Earth, in order to best conserve and utilize the resources in support of a burgeoning conserve and utilize the resources in support of a burgeoning world population. The first ERTS was launched in 1972 and was world population. The first ERTS was launched in 1972 and was later named Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (Landsat), to better later named Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (Landsat), to better represent the civil satellite program's prime emphasis on remote represent the civil satellite program's prime emphasis on remote sensing of land resources. Multiple sensors survey and relay back sensing of land resources. Multiple sensors survey and relay back masses of data in various ways from the Landsat. NASA has built 7 masses of data in various ways from the Landsat. NASA has built 7 Land Remote Sensing Satellites, which have helped agricultural Land Remote Sensing Satellites, which have helped agricultural experts pick up underutilized land areas and new prospects for experts pick up underutilized land areas and new prospects for land use through irrigation. It has also assisted in pinpointing the land use through irrigation. It has also assisted in pinpointing the spread of crop disease and in charting new uses of the sea for spread of crop disease and in charting new uses of the sea for oceanographers.oceanographers.

Visible, NIR spectral bands (Landsats 1,2,3), and MIR and Thermal Visible, NIR spectral bands (Landsats 1,2,3), and MIR and Thermal (Landsats 4 (Landsats 4 and 5)and 5)

SensorsSensors Multispectral scanner (Multispectral scanner (MSSMSS)) The MSS instrument has operated on the The MSS instrument has operated on the

first five Landsat spacecraft. Although the basics of scanning spectroradiometric first five Landsat spacecraft. Although the basics of scanning spectroradiometric sensors were reviewed earlier in this Section, because of MSS's important role in sensors were reviewed earlier in this Section, because of MSS's important role in these missions which extended over 31 years some of this information is repeated these missions which extended over 31 years some of this information is repeated and expanded on this page. A simplified model of this optical-mechanical sensor and expanded on this page. A simplified model of this optical-mechanical sensor appears in the next figureappears in the next figure..

On Landsats 1,2,3,4,5On Landsats 1,2,3,4,5 60 meter resolution60 meter resolution

128 brighness values (radiometric resolution)128 brighness values (radiometric resolution) 4 spectral bands4 spectral bands Green, Red, and 2 NIRGreen, Red, and 2 NIR 570 mile orbit (for Landsat 1,2,3)570 mile orbit (for Landsat 1,2,3) Oscillating mirror designOscillating mirror design One swath = 185 km x 474 metersOne swath = 185 km x 474 meters Each spectral band has 6 detectorsEach spectral band has 6 detectors 474 Meters / 6 Detectors = 79 Meter ground resolution474 Meters / 6 Detectors = 79 Meter ground resolution

This data set consists of a series of Landsat Multispectral Scanner This data set consists of a series of Landsat Multispectral Scanner scenes. Small regions have been selected from full scenes over the scenes. Small regions have been selected from full scenes over the

capital cities in Australiacapital cities in Australia

Thematic mapper (Thematic mapper (TMTM)) The Multispectral Scanners (MSSs) were the first Thematic Mapper (TM). The Multispectral Scanners (MSSs) were the first Thematic Mapper (TM).

Based upon the success of the Multispectral Scanner, the Thematic Based upon the success of the Multispectral Scanner, the Thematic Mapper, a second-generation sensor for monitoring Earth's resources, was Mapper, a second-generation sensor for monitoring Earth's resources, was developed for Landsats 4 and 5. The MSS was also carried on these developed for Landsats 4 and 5. The MSS was also carried on these spacecraft to provide data continuity. The TMs on Landsats 4 and 5 have spacecraft to provide data continuity. The TMs on Landsats 4 and 5 have better spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution and extend spectral better spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution and extend spectral coverage into the blue, the short-wavelength infrared, and the thermal coverage into the blue, the short-wavelength infrared, and the thermal infrared. These instruments have continued to operate for years beyond infrared. These instruments have continued to operate for years beyond their design-life goals. The Landsat 4 TM operated for more than 11 years, their design-life goals. The Landsat 4 TM operated for more than 11 years, while the Landsat 5 instrument has more than 13 years of successful while the Landsat 5 instrument has more than 13 years of successful operation, as of this writing. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper was launched operation, as of this writing. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper was launched as the sole instrument on Landsat 6 on October 5, 1993. The ETM, as the sole instrument on Landsat 6 on October 5, 1993. The ETM, developed for Landsat 6, had the same bands as the other TMs and also a developed for Landsat 6, had the same bands as the other TMs and also a panchromatic band with 15-meter resolution. Increased redundancy was panchromatic band with 15-meter resolution. Increased redundancy was incorporated into the instrument configuration to increase its lifetime, and incorporated into the instrument configuration to increase its lifetime, and the redesigned monolithic prime focal plane offered improved band-to-the redesigned monolithic prime focal plane offered improved band-to-band registration. The data acquired by the Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic band registration. The data acquired by the Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mappers have enhanced knowledge of Earth in the fields of agriculture, Mappers have enhanced knowledge of Earth in the fields of agriculture, geology, forestry, cartography, hydrology, oceanography, and bathymetry geology, forestry, cartography, hydrology, oceanography, and bathymetry and have been used for environmental monitoring, disaster assessment, and have been used for environmental monitoring, disaster assessment, land-use and regional planning, range managementland-use and regional planning, range management

On Landsat 4,5On Landsat 4,5 30 meter resolution reflected / 120 meter 30 meter resolution reflected / 120 meter

emitted.emitted. 256 brightness values256 brightness values 7 spectral bands7 spectral bands Blue/Green, Green, Red, NIR, MIR, MIR, ThermalBlue/Green, Green, Red, NIR, MIR, MIR, Thermal 423 mile orbit423 mile orbit Oscillating mirror design acquires data with each Oscillating mirror design acquires data with each

sweep in both directionssweep in both directions One swath = 185 km x 474 metersOne swath = 185 km x 474 meters Each spectral band has 16 detectors except for Each spectral band has 16 detectors except for

the thermal band which has 4 detectors.the thermal band which has 4 detectors.

SPOTSPOT SPOT is the French government sponsored civil Earth observation SPOT is the French government sponsored civil Earth observation

program, with support from Belgium and Sweden. A single SPOT program, with support from Belgium and Sweden. A single SPOT satellite provides complete coverage of the Earth every 26 days. satellite provides complete coverage of the Earth every 26 days. Image products from SPOT are handled by a commercial entity, Image products from SPOT are handled by a commercial entity, SPOT-Image Corp. SPOT-Image Corp. Spacecraft:Spacecraft: 3-Axis stabilised to 0.1 deg using 3-Axis stabilised to 0.1 deg using momentum wheels. Single solar arrays generates 1000 W (BOL) momentum wheels. Single solar arrays generates 1000 W (BOL) power. Downlink at 8 GHz and 2 x 25 Mbps. Hydrazine propulsion power. Downlink at 8 GHz and 2 x 25 Mbps. Hydrazine propulsion system provides orbit maintenance. system provides orbit maintenance. Payload:Payload: The HRV (High The HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging payload provides 20 meter resolution Resolution Visible) imaging payload provides 20 meter resolution multispectral imagery and 10 meter panchromatic imagery using multispectral imagery and 10 meter panchromatic imagery using push-broom sensors. HRV covers the following spectral bands: 0.5 push-broom sensors. HRV covers the following spectral bands: 0.5 - 0.59 µ m, 0.61 - 0.68 µ m, 0.79 - 0.89 µm; in addition to the - 0.59 µ m, 0.61 - 0.68 µ m, 0.79 - 0.89 µm; in addition to the panchromatic band: 0.51 - 0.73 µ m. The field of view is 4.13 deg panchromatic band: 0.51 - 0.73 µ m. The field of view is 4.13 deg in both modes (multispectral and panchromatic) with 3000 pixels in both modes (multispectral and panchromatic) with 3000 pixels per multispectral line and 6000 pixels per panchromatic line. The per multispectral line and 6000 pixels per panchromatic line. The observed strip is 60 km wide (swath width). On-board recorder observed strip is 60 km wide (swath width). On-board recorder capacity is 22 minutes for both modes. The HRV mass is 250 kg. capacity is 22 minutes for both modes. The HRV mass is 250 kg. The spacecraft carries two identical HRVs to provide a total of 117 The spacecraft carries two identical HRVs to provide a total of 117 km swath (with 3 km overlap).km swath (with 3 km overlap).

22 February 1986 SPOT 1 22 February 1986 SPOT 1 SpacecraftSpacecraft: : SPOT-1-2-3SPOT-1-2-3. . MassMass: 1,830 : 1,830 kg. kg. Launch SiteLaunch Site: : KourouKourou . . Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle: : ArianeAriane 1 1. .

22 January 1990 SPOT 2 22 January 1990 SPOT 2 SpacecraftSpacecraft: : SPOT-1-2-3SPOT-1-2-3. . MassMass: 1,870 : 1,870 kg. kg. Launch SiteLaunch Site: : KourouKourou . . Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle: : ArianeAriane 4 4..

26 September 1993 SPOT 3 26 September 1993 SPOT 3 SpacecraftSpacecraft: SPOT-1-2-3. : SPOT-1-2-3. MassMass: : 1,907 kg. 1,907 kg. Launch SiteLaunch Site: Kourou . : Kourou . Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle: Ariane 4. : Ariane 4.

24 March 1998 SPOT 4 24 March 1998 SPOT 4 SpacecraftSpacecraft: SPOT-4. : SPOT-4. MassMass: 2,755 kg. : 2,755 kg. Launch SiteLaunch Site: Kourou . : Kourou . Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle: Ariane 4: Ariane 4

04 May 2002 SPOT 5 04 May 2002 SPOT 5 SpacecraftSpacecraft: SPOT-5A-5B. : SPOT-5A-5B. MassMass: : 3,000 kg. 3,000 kg. Launch SiteLaunch Site: Kourou . : Kourou . Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle: Ariane 42P. : Ariane 42P.