*Alimentary(adj.) Canal(n)

1. Mouth2. Oesophagus (gullet)3. Stomach4. Small intestine

(Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)

5. Large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending colon)

6. Rectum7. Anus

oesophagus

Nutrition comprises the following :

Nutrition(n)

Feeding(n) (Ingestion) – intake(n) of

food

Digestion (n)

breaking down(v)

large food(adj.)

particles(n)

Soluble(adj.) and

diffusible(adj.) forms

Mechanical(adj.) and

Chemical(adj.)

Absorption(n)

Digested(adj.) food(n)

Body(adj.) cells(n)

Various(adj.)

purposes(n)

Egestion or Elimination(

n)

Removal(n)

Undigested(v) waste(adj.) materials(n)

The Digestion Process

incisors for biting,

canines for tearing

premolars and molars for crushing and grinding

Oeso

phag

us

Tube(n)

Narrow(adj.)

Muscular(n)

Connects(v)

Pharynx(n) to

Stomach(n)

Transports(v)Food(adj.) bolus(n)

By(prep.)

Peristalsis(n)

Contraction(n)

Active(adj.)

Requires(v) Energy(n)

Rhythmic(adj.)

Contraction(n) +

Relaxation(n)

Muscles(n)

Wave-like

Pushes(v)

Food(n) along(adv.) the Gut(n)

Oesophagus (gullet)

*The Digestion ProcessStomach

Walls(n)

Thick(adj.)

muscular

(adj.)

Retains(v) [keeps]

Food(n)

Temporarily

(adv.)

Protein(adj.) digestion(n)

Inner(adj.) wall

Lined(v) [filled/covere

d/contain]

Gastric(adj.) glands(n) [gastric=

stomach related]

Secretes(v) [make & release]

Gastric

(adj.) juice(n)

Mixture(n)

hydrochloric acid(n)

Enzymes (n)

(Proteases) (n)

Partially(adv.) digests(v) proteins(n)

Food(n)

Mechanically digested(v)

by peristalsis

(n)

in(prep.) stomach(n)

Vigorously(adv.) [strong]

churns(v) [stir]

mixes food well with gastric juice

Remains(n)

Normally(v)

for 3-4 hours

Partially(adv.)

Digested(v)

Chyme(n)

Small intestine(n)

Consists(v)

Duodenum(n)

Jejunum

Coiled(adj.) ileum(n) [curled]

Digestion(n)

Duodenum(n)

Jejunum(n)

Chyme(n) mixed(v)

with(prep.)

Intestinal (adj.) juice(n)

Produced(v) by intestinal glands(n)

Contains(v)

Protease(n) (digests(v) proteins)

Lipase(n) (digests(v) fats)

Pancreatic(adj. juice(n)

Produced(n) by pancreas(n)

Protease(n) (digest proteins)

Lipase(n) (digest fats)

Amylase(n) (digest starch)

Bile(n) Released(v) by gall bladder(n)

Bile(n) emulsifies(v) fats

End products of Digestion

Carbohydrates

simple sugars

Glucose.

Fructose.

Galactose.

Proteins

Amino acids.

Fats

Fatty acids & glycerol.

*The Absorption ProcessSmall intestine

(ileum)(n)

Absorption(n)

Digested(adj.) nutrients(n)

Movement(n)

digested products

gastric intestinal tract(n) into the blood stream(n) and lymphatic

system.(n)

Diffusion(n) and active transport(n) Well adapted(n):

length (6 metres long) Inner walls

transverse folds and furrows

Many minute finger-like projections

Villi(n)

Richly(adv.) supplied(v) with blood vessels(n)

lymphatic vessels to absorb(v) food

substances

Absorptions(n)

Blood capillaries(n)

Glucose(n)

Amino acids(n)

Lacteal(n)

Fatty acid + Glycerol [Nouns]

Nutrients(n)

*The Absorption/Egestion Process

Large intestine (colon)

Water(n) mineral salts(n) Undigested(adj.) and unabsorbed matter

Stored(v) temporarily(adv.)

Rectum(n)

discharged (v)

faeces (n)

through

Anus(n) – egestion or defaecation

LIVER(n)

Production(n)

Bile(n)

Regulation(n)

Blood glucose levels(n)

Breaking down(v)

Amino acids(n)

Synthesis(n)

Proteins(n)

Storage(n)

Iron(n)

Detoxification[]

e.g. Alcohol.

Heat production

Other Functions of the Liver