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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF
EXPANSION OF CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING UNIT
AT
84, VANAPADI ROAD, RANIPET
DISTRICT VELLORE, TAMIL NADU
Being Established by:
M/s STAHL INDIA PVT LTD
84, Vanapadi Road,
Ranipet-632403
Reference: TOR received vide Minutes of Meeting held on 29-04-14
displayed on MoEF website
Document No. (PESPL/ STAHL INDIA PVT LTD /Draft/2014/06/01)
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT M/s Perfact Enviro Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
(NABET Registered vide list of accredited consultants organizations/ Rev 20/ 5th May, 2014 at S.No-110)
(An ISO 9001:2008 &ISO 14001:2004 Certified Company)
5th Floor, NN Mall, Sector 3, Rohini, New Delhi-110085
June 2014
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction: In 1998, Stahl has formed its Indian subsidiary Stahl India Pvt. Ltd. and constructed its plant in Ranipet,
Dist. Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The plant started in 1999 and commissioned in 2000.
The project is located at Vanapadi Road, Ranipet just adjacent to SIPCOT industrial area Ranipet,
District Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The products manufactured in the Stahl India plant are mostly water
based emulsions or suspensions. The industry mainly manufactures chemicals like Acrylic Resin, Water
based blendings/Dispersions, Shoe blendings, Polyurethanes Resins, Solvent based
blendings/Dispersions and Dry Formulations. The chemical products manufactured by Stahl India are
used by tannery industries all over India. Consent to operate has already been granted regularly by
TNPCB and latest vide renewal consent order no.-14693 proceeding no.- T-12/TNPCB/Chem/F-
2212/VLR/RL/A/13 dated 28.01.2013 and renewal fee for 2014-2015 has been submitted.
The present production capacity is 5150 MT/Annum. The Industry is already in operation from 2000.
The industry is in operation before the applicability of EIA notification 2006, thus, does not attract the
provisions of EIA notification vide S.O. No. 1533 dated 14th September, 2006, at that time. Due to the
increase in demand from the customers, the industry has decided to increase the production capacity
from 5150 MT/Annum to 23400 MT/Annum. The chemical manufacturing project is covered under
category 5(f) of EIA Notification 2006. As per the notification the project located outside the notified
industrial area shall be treated as Category ‘A’ project. Thus, the proponent had applied for
Environmental Clearance for expansion of chemical manufacturing unit.
Project Details The present production capacity is 5150 MT/Annum. With increase in demand Stahl India wish to
expand the production capacity of existing products from 5150 MT/Annum to 23400 MT/Annum. Thus
the proponent had applied for Environmental Clearance for expansion of the unit
Purpose of the report
The chemical products manufactured by Stahl India are used for leather / shoe finishing industry and
also tanneries all over India. Due to the increase in demand from the customers, the industry has
decided to increase the production capacity from 5150 MT/Annum to 23400 MT/Annum.
In compliance to the prevailing statutes, an environment clearance is necessary for expansion of the
unit. Besides, fulfillment of statutory requirement, the company is well aware about its responsibility
and commitment towards environment protection.
3
Location of the Project Location of proposed facility : Vanapadi Road
Ranipet, District Vellore, Tamil Nadu
Latitude & Longitude : Longitude – 79°19’22.31”E
Latitude – 12°57’19.45”N
Location of the project:-
Layout Plan:-
Project site
4
Terms of Reference
This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study is based on:
Presentation made to the Committee for grant of TOR on 29-04-14.
Terms of Reference received vide Minutes of Meeting held on 29-04-14 displayed on MoEF
website Project Description:
Land Area Details:
Particulars Area (Sq m)
Total Land Area 58500
Building Area 7700
Green Belt Area 46000
Subsidiary Area 4800
Source: M/s Stahl India Pvt. Ltd.
The other feature is as follows:
Particulars Existing Proposed Total
Capacity, MT/Annum 5150 18250 23400
Green Area, hectares 1.6 3.0 4.6
Estimated Project Cost in Rs.Lacs 2500 350 2850
Cost of EMP, in Rs.Lacs 95 150 245
Total Employees 130 120 250
Rehabilitation of Local Inhabitants NA NA NA
Power Requirement, HP 2211 2500 4711 (Licensed 5000 HP)
Water Requirement, m3
/day 132 118 250
Source: M/s Stahl India Pvt. Ltd.
Plant Capacity
Particulars Existing Proposed Total
Capacity 5150 MT/Annum 18250 MT/Annum 23400 MT/Annum
Raw Materials Required With Daily Consumption
The various raw materials used in the existing and expansion activity of manufacturing process are
listed in Tables below:
5
TABLE– Raw Materials - Existing
Sl. No. Group Name Average
consumption (Tones per month)
1 Reactants (Liquids)
Urethane monomers 18
Acrylic monomers 30
Polyols 14
2 Solvents (Liquids)
Methyl iso butyl ketone / Di - iso butyl ketone 18
Butyl acetate 9
Ethyl acetate 7
Isopropyl alcohol 5
Toluene / Xylene 10
3 Binders and Fillers (Powders or Flakes)
Casein 5
Silicon dioxide 3
Synthetic Waxes 2
4 Plasticizers (Liquids) Adipate plasticizer 7
Castor oil 2
5 Surfactants (Liquids / Semi-solids)
Anionic surfactants Non-ionic surfactants
5
6 Pigments (Powders)
Titanium dioxide 10
Carbon black 5
Iron oxide 5
7 Dry Tanning Powders Inorganic salts 53
Vegetable powders 30
8 Others Nitrocellulose cotton (Nitrogen content < 12.5%
9
TABLE– Raw Materials - Proposed
S. No Production Family Name of the Raw Material
Monthly Consumption in MT
1 Acrylic Resin Monomers 81
Surfactants 1
Inorganic Salts 4
Water 147
2 Water based blendings/Dispersions
Casein Powder 36
Solvents 3
Plasticizers 11
Pigments 38
Inorganic Salts 4
Waxes 30
Surfactants 3
Water 500
3 Shoe blendings Monomers 6
Wax Emulsions 4
Solvents 10
Water 188
4 Polyurethanes Resins Monomers 24
6
Polyols 13
Water 96
5 Solvent based blendings/Dispersions
Monomers 5
Resin Powder 13
Solvents 143
Plasticizers 24
Organic Dyes 4
Silicones 25
Surfactants 1
Nitro Cellulose 13
Water 189
6 Dry Formulations Vegetable Powder 125
Inorganic Salts 83 Source: M/s Stahl India Pvt. Ltd.
Product Detail
The production capacity of the existing unit and production capacity of the expansion activity is given in Table below:
TABLE – Production Capacity: Existing
Sl. No. Description of Product Consent Qty. in MT / Annum
1. Polyurethane resin 750
2. Acrylic resin 750
3. Lacquer / Lacquer emulsion 750
4. Pigment dispersion 450
5. Protein binders 150
6. Wax emulsion & Fillers 300
7. Permuthane coatings 600
8. Shoe finishes 400
9. Dry formulations 1000
Total 5150 Source: M/s Stahl India Pvt. Ltd.
TABLE – Production Capacity: Proposed
S. No Name of the product Consent Qty. in MT / Annum
1 Acrylic Resin 2800
2 Water based blendings / Dispersions 7500
3 Shoe blendings 2500
4 Polyurethanes Resins 3100
5 Solvent based blendings /Dispersions 5000
6 Dry Formulations 2500
Total 23400 Source: M/s Stahl India Pvt. Ltd.
7
Technologies and Processes Description
The products manufactured in the Stahl India plant are mostly water based emulsions or suspensions
and water accounts for about 60-70% of the final product. All the products are manufactured batch
wise and the manufacturing operations include reaction processes and also physical operations such as
mixing, blending, milling, filtering etc.
A flow sheet of the Acrylic Resin Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
A flow sheet of the Water Based Blending/ Dispersions Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
Monomers, Inorganic salts and Surfactants
Pre - Mixer
Acrylic Reactor
Filter
Packing
Water
Quality Testing
Casein Powder, Solvents, Plasticizers, Pigments, Inorganic
Salts, Waxes and Surfactants
Blending Reactor/ Mixing Kettle
Filter
Packing
Quality Testing
8
A flow sheet of the Shoe Blending Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
A flow sheet of the Polyurethane Resin Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
A flow sheet of the Solvent Based Blending/ Dispersions Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
Packing
Acrylic / Wax Emulsions and Solvents
Blending Reactor/ Mixing Kettle
Quality Testing
Monomers and Polyols
Urethane Reactor
Emulsion Tank
Filter
Packing
Water
Quality Testing
Acrylic resin powder, Solvents, Plasticizers, Organic Dyes, Nitrocellulose, Urethane Monomers, Silicones and Surfactants
Blending Reactor/ Mixing Kettle
Filter
Packing
Water
Quality Testing
9
A flow sheet of the Solvent Dry Formulations Manufacturing Process is illustrated below:
Approach to Site
The site is well connected with road and railways route all major cities in the Southern region of the
country. The nearest Habitat is Walajah Taluk and there is no Sanctuary/Reserve forest. Nearest
railway station is Wallajah Railway Station, 4.5 km, nearest airport is Vellore Airport, 28 km and nearest
highway id NH- 4 at 0.85 km from site.
Manpower
During Construction phase: There will be temporary influx of 50 nos. per day of labour for installing
the unit.
During Operation phase: The total number of employees in the existing plant is around 130 persons. It
is proposed to add another 120 persons including contract labour for the proposed expansion.
No. of Employees
Existing (Nos) Proposed (Nos) Total ( Nos)
130 120 250
Power r equirement
During Construction/Expansion/Installation phase:- Power shall be supplied by Tamil Nadu
State Electricity Board from SIPCOT substation
During Operational phase:-
Total power requirement: Licensed – 5000 HP, Connected load (Existing) – 2211 HP, Connected Load (Proposed) – 2500
HP (1865 KW), Peak Load (Existing) – 400 KW and Peak Load (Proposed) – 600 KW
Packing
Vegetable Powder and Inorganic Salts
Blending Reactor/ Mixing Kettle
Quality Testing
10
Source: Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board from SIPCOT substation
D.G. Sets :
1 X 380 KVA (Existing) and 1 X 500 KVA (proposed)
Fuel used in D.G. sets: Low Sulphur Diesel of 88 Lt/Hr shall be used for D.G. Sets.
Boiler:
3 T/Hr (Existing)
Fuel used in Boiler: the steam boiler will be furnace oil fired. The quantity of fuel used will be
150 Lt/Hr
Water Supply
During Construction Phase
During Installation phase, approx. 2 KLD of waste water generated through labors will be sent to the
STP in operation and treated waste water shall be utilized for landscaping/gardening . Water shall be
utilized from water supply of existing unit.
During Operational phase:-
During operation phase, the source of water will be SIPCOT Supply. The total water requirement for
the unit will be 250 KLD (132 KLD Existing & 118 KLD proposed). In existing unit, Domestic water usage
is 13 KLD and process water requirement including other requirements are 119 KLD where as in
proposed unit domestic water requirement will be 22 KLD and other requirements including process
water will be 96 KLD. The source of fresh water will be Municipal Supply of SIPCOT; balance water
requirement will be met by treated water.
In existing unit, the present total waste water generation from Unit is 36 KLD including 12 KLD
domestic waste water. After expansion total waste water generation will be 90 KLD including 30 KLD
domestic waste water. Process waste water will be treated in ETP of 60 KLD. The Domestic waste water
shall be treated in STP of 35 KLD. The treated waste water from STP and ETP would be further
processed through RO membrane prior to reuse for Gardening & Cooling. After expansion it will be a
zero discharge industrial unit.
Atmospheric Emissions The fugitive emission of air pollutants from manufacturing plant will be generated from the Weighing
rooms, reactor vessels and labs. The main sources of emissions will be DG sets of 380 KVA (Existing)
and 500 KVA (Proposed) and boiler of capacity 3 T/Hr (Existing). Stack shall be provided for DG sets
and boiler. Essential air emission standards will be maintained.
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Solid and Hazardous Waste 38 kg/day Municipal Solid Waste (Existing 19 kg/day & Proposed 19 kg/day) will be generated out of
which 27 kg/day biodegradable waste will be disposed using vermin-composting site within the project
site premises & 11 Kg/day recyclable waste will be given to authorized recycler.
Total Hazardous waste generation after expansion will be 160 MT/Annum. The unit is a member of the
Tamil Nadu Waste Management Ltd. And authorized to dispose hazardous waste to the
TSDF/Incineration facility at Gummidipoondi.
Sludge: STP sludge is non hazardous and can be used as manure. The estimated quantity of the dried
sewage sludge is about 100 kg per annum. The ETP sludge is hazardous & will be dried and temporarily
stored in site in closed containers. Ultimately they will be sent to a TNPCB authorized hazardous waste
facility. The estimated quantity of dried ETP sludge is about 4.5 Tonnes per month.
Process waste: Small quantity of solid waste will be generated from auxiliary process like Waste
Packaging Material after decontamination may be partly resued for product packaging and partly sold
as scrap material to external recycler. The estimated quantities of waste packaging materials are 5
tonnes for metals and 2 tonnes for non metals per month
Project Cost The estimated proposed project cost for expansion of the unit is Rs. 350 Lakh.
Cost on Environmental Management Plan (EMP):-
Capital Expenditure
Sr. No. Particulars Amount in Lac
1 Plant & Machinery 223
2 Solar Power for Street lighting 5
3 Solid Waste management 10
4 Landscaping / plantation 7
Total Rs. 245 Lac
Recurring Expenditure
Sr. No. Particulars Amount in Lac / Annum
1 Operation and Maintenance of pollution control equipments 38
2 Air & water quality monitoring 3
3 Solid Waste management 10
4 Landscaping / plantation 7
Total Rs. 58 Lac/ Annum
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ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Study Period The study period as per TOR is for three months, Hence the season March 2014 to May 2014
has been taken as study period. Findings of the study are included in EIA report.
Study Area The study area is defined as area within 10.0 Km radius from proposed site, which is as per the
MoEF guidelines. Air, Water, Soil, and Noise sample were collected within 10 km detail study of
the area given in Baseline chapter of EIA report.
Climatology Meteorological data of nearest meteorological IMD station at Chennai of last ten years (2001-2010),
has been used for the study and summarized below:.
Wind speed normally was in the range 4 KMPH to 9 KMPH
The Maximum temperature of the area in 10 Years, was recorded as 45.0 0C in May 2006,
where as the minimum temperature of the area was recorded as 17.5 in January 2010.
The Mean Maximum relative humidity was recorded as 90% in November 2008. Mean Minimum
relative humidity was recorded as 57% in May 2007. The humidity figures show that area is semi
arid.
The maximum rainfall was recorded in October (1077.8 mm) in 2005. The October,
November & December are the wettest months and are considered as monsoon season.
Ambient Air
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at eight stations namely at On site (core
zone), Onsite (Upwind), Onsite (Downwind), Bharthi Nagar, Thandalam Nagar, Vanapadi Village,
Mukundarayapuram, SIPCOT during the season March 2014 to May 2014. The frequency of
monitoring was twice a weeks at each station. The parameters monitored were Particulate
Matter (PM10), Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) & Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).
Average results of parameters monitored in the study areas (nearby v i l lages) are below the permissible standards prescribed by the CPCB.
The average concentration of PM10 was in between 42.2 μg/ m3 to 69.8 μg/ m3
[Specified Limit-100µg/m3 ]
The average concentration of PM2.5 was in between 18.3 μg/ m3 to 37.2 μg/ m3
[Specified Limit-60µg/m3 ]
The concentration of SO2 and NOx was observed in between 6.6 μg/ m3 to
15.0 μg/ m3 and 17.1 μg/ m3 to 33.4 μg/ m3, resp [Specified Limits-80µg/m3 ]
13
Noise The ambient noise level at the proposed project site was 48.6dB (A) to 63.6 dB (A), which is within the
standard of Industrial area are ~ 75 dB (A). During night the noise level at the project site was
observed to be 43.4 dB (A) to 58.2 dB (A), which is within the night time noise standards of 70.0 dB
(A).
Water Environment In core zone the water was collected from nearby site. It was found that the pH of water is (pH- 8.4)
[Specified Limit-6.5-9.2]. Other parameters like Alkalinity (240 mg/l) [Specified Limit-600 mg/l]and
Hardness (281.6 mg/l) [Specified Limit-600 mg/l], T.D.S (766 mg/l) [Specified Limit-2000 mg/l],
Sulphate (176mg/l) [Specified Limit-400 mg/l], Chloride (149 mg/l) [Specified Limit-1000 mg/l],
Calcium (56.3 mg/l) [Limit-200 mg/l] and Magnesium (34.2 mg/l) [Limit-15 0 mg/l] are within the
standard of IS: 10500 of drinking water except TDS which is slightly on higher side. Water can be used
for domestic purposes after using disinfectant.
In Buffer Zone Collected samples were from Hand pump & surface water. In Buffer zone water
collected from ground is slightly alkaline in nature, as pH ranges from 7.3-8.1. Other parameter like
T.D.S is slightly on higher side. Alkalinity and Hardness is on higher side except Vanapadi and
Mukundarayapuram. Calcium is also on higher side & magnesium of all the village is on higher side
except Bharti Nagar. Sulphate of Mukundarayapuram & Chettithangal Village is on higher side.
Soil Surface soil samples were taken at 6 different locations. These were analyzed for a range of
parameters mentioned in the EIA manual published by MoEF. Texture of soil is observed to be
Silt loam at the site and silt loam to silt clay loam at other locations in nearby areas.
Soil of core zone shows that Colour was Blackish Brown, pH 7.9. Amount of primary nutrients like
Organic matter 0.91 %, the available nitrogen 72.8 mg/kg, the available Phosphorus (12.8 mg/kg) &
available Potassium (33.6 mg/kg) is Lower in range. Primary nutrient profile shows that soil is low in
fertility due to the availability of low amount of nitrogen, Potassium. Adding bio fertilizer enrich in
nitrogen will enhance the fertility of soil.
Soil of buffer zone show that Colour varies from Brown to Blackish Brown. pH ranges from 7.1 -8.0.
Amount of primary nutrients like Organic matter ranges from 0.67 % - 0.93 %, the available nitrogen
ranges from 56.0 mg/kg- 86.8 mg/kg, the available Phosphorus varies between 11.8 mg/kg-20.4 mg/kg
and the amount of available Potassium is between 5.4 mg/kg- 44.7 mg/kg. Primary nutrient profile
shows that soil is low in fertility due to the low amount of Nitrogen & potasium. Adding bio fertilizer
will enhance the fertility of soil.
14
Biological Environment
1. In core zone More than 20 verities of plant, where 8 species of herbs, 7 species of shrubs and 12
species trees. In buffer zone we get 21 species of trees, 11 species of shrubs and 8 species of
grass/herbs, but it is sparsely distributed. In buffer zone diversity is more but frequency is less.
2. In buffer zone more number of fauna found because it near to the village.
3. In core zone we found that few species of animals, bird, and reptiles.
4. More trees will also be planted to improve the aesthetic looks of the project area.
5. Therefore there is no adverse impact on the terrestrial flora & fauna Infrastructure The study area is well served with infrastructural facilities such as road and rail, power and telecommunication facilities.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION
For expansion part, no additional plant / machineries (Except standby DG / solvent urethane vessel)
are required; hence, no construction will be done related to process. However ETP zero liquid
discharge project will be started after getting necessary consent for establishment from Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board.
Ambient Air
Construction Phase
During construction phase, impacts on ambient air would be mainly due to dust emissions and
movement of vehicles & likely to cause some impacts on the working population within the existing
industry & immediate vicinity of the project site. However these impacts would be short term in
nature and limited only to the construction period & Dust suppression systems (water spray) will be
used.
Operation Phase
The major air pollutants released from manufacturing plant will be generated from the Weighing
rooms, reactor vessels and labs & released from various processes and NOX, SO2 and PM from DG Sets
& Boiler. Proper ventilation shall be maintained. Blower and vent pipe shall be installed for . Dust
emission will be controlled by passing through a dust extraction system consisting of bag filter. For
fugitive emission air pollution control system like alkali scrubber are installed.
For mitigation of impacts of air pollution from boiler, stack height of 31 m above ground level &
diameter 24 cm has been provided for Boiler. Stack height of 9 m above ground level has been
provided for DG Set of 380 KVA & stack height of 13 m above Ground level shall be provided for DG
Set of 500 KVA
15
TABLE - Air Emission Vents
Stack
No.
Stack Attached to
(Source of emission)
Height in
meter from
GL
Stack
dimension in
mm
Circular (C ) or
Rectangular
( R )
Air pollution
control measures
provided
1 Iso-Cyanate
Weighing Room
6 600 x 900 R Blower and vent
pipe
2 Amines Weighing
Room
6 600 x 900 R Blower and vent
pipe
3 Ammonia Weighing
Room
6 200 Ø C Blower and vent
pipe
4 Monomers Weighing
Room
6 600 x 900 R Blower and vent
pipe
5 Lacquers Weighing
Room
6 600 x 900 R Blower and vent
pipe
6 Local Exhaust
Ventilation (LEV) in
polymer plant
6 300 Ø C Blower and vent
pipe
7 Shoe finish
Weighing Room
6 600 x 900 R Blower and vent
pipe
8 Local Exhaust
Ventilation (LEV) in
shoe finish plant
6 300 Ø C Blower and vent
pipe
9 & 10 Central weighing
Room
11.0
(Each)
600 x 900
(Each)
R
(Each)
Blower and vent
pipe
(Each)
11 - 14 Fume Cabinets – QC
Lab
10.5
(Each)
300 x 300
(Each)
R
(Each)
Blower and vent
pipe
(Each)
15 Local Exhaust
Ventilation (LEV) in
Water plant
9 300 Ø C Blower and vent
pipe
19 Dry formulation unit
– QC Lab Fume
Cabinet
10.3 300 x 300 R Blower and vent
pipe
16
Air Emission Sources
Stack
No.
Stack Attached to
(Source of emission)
Height in
meter from
GL
Stack
dimension in
mm
Circular (C ) or
Rectangular
( R )
Air pollution
control measures
provided
16 Scrubber - Polymer
plant reaction
vessels
15 200 Ø C Blower, scrubber
and Chimney
17 Pigment disperser in
water plant – Dust
collector
5.5 250 x 600 R Blower, bag filters
and Chimney
18 Dry formulation unit
– Dust collector
5.5 250 x 700 R Blower, bag filters
and Chimney
20 Boiler – 3 T / Hr 31 600 Ø C Blower and tall
chimney
21 DG set – 380 KVA 9 150 Ø C Chimney
TABLE - Sources of Air Emissions & Quantities from the Proposed Facility
22 DG set – 500 KVA 13 150 Ø C Vent pipe
By installing air pollution control devices emission after expansion will not increase the existing level, hence there will be no incremental pollution load will be envisaged
Water Environment
Impact on water resources
Water requirement during operation phase would met by Municipal supply. In order to
substantiate the impact the existing unit has a one rain water harvesting pit of capacity 1600 cubic
meters. & one open well. The pit & well has been constructed to collect all the roof top and run-off
water from the premises. The impurities in the collected water in the pit are filtered by means of the
silt chamber provided is used to recharge the ground water table & the water collected in the well is
used to irrigate the trees and lawns. The summarized details of RWH pit are given below:
GROUND WATER LEVEL : 53 m approx.
NO.OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PITS : one
SIZE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT : 32m x 28m x 2.5m or 1600 cubic meters
Impact on water quality
Construction Phase
Approx. 2 KLD of waste water will be generated through labors. Treatment of sewage from temporary
labour rest rooms shall be treated in the existing STP and will be reused for gardening .
17
Operation Phase
The total quantity of effluent generation from the industry after the implementation of the proposed
expansion will be 60 m3 /day. The total sewage generated from industry after the implementation of
the proposed expansion will be 30 m3 /day. The Domestic waste water will be treated in individual STP
of 35 KLD & effluent generated shall be treated in ETP of 60 KLD. As all the treated waste water from
ETP and STP will be further treated through a Reverse Osmosis process and reused within the complex,
hence there will be no pollution load on water environment. After expansion it will be zero discharge
industrial unit.
Land / Soil
No major impact is likely to occur on the soil quality during construction and operation phase. However, all precautionary measures will be strictly controlled.
Noise Levels Construction Phase During the construction phase, source of noise will be of construction equipment’s, vehicles
for transportation of raw material and DG sets. However noise during this phase would be
only for specific period of construction. Provision of protective devices like ear muff/plugs to the
workers. Preventive maintenance of the machine/equipments will be carried out.
Operation Phase Existing DG set has been bought acoustically enclosed & placed inside a room as per CPCB guidelines &
same shall be done for proposed D.G. set. Noise generating units like Machinery area, canteen etc. are
well insulated with enclosed doors. Earmuffs are being used while running equipments of the Industry.
Free flow of traffic movement shall be maintained. Total green area after expansion will be increased
to 4.6 hectares from existing 1.6 ha.
Solid Waste Construction Phase During the construction/installation phase, solid waste generated will include waste from the labour
rest rooms. No muck & slurry shall be generated, as for expansion part, no additional plant /
machineries (Except standby DG / solvent urethane vessel) are required & hence, no construction will
be done related to process. Approx. 8 kg/day of municipal solid waste will be generated and shall be
disposed off at vermi-composting site within the existing industry.
Operation Phase Municipal solid waste: In existing tannery unit approx. 19 kg/day of municipal waste is being
generated. Total 38 kg/day Municipal solid waste will be generated after expansion. Bio Degradable
waste will be disposed off at Vermi-Composting Site within the project site premises & Recyclable
Waste shall be given to Authorized Recycler.
18
Process waste: No Solid waste will be generated from the main process operation. Small quantity of
solid waste will be generated from auxiliary process like STP sludge & Waste Packaging Material.
Approx. 100 kg per annum of STP sludge will be treated and used as Manure. Waste Packaging Material
includes metal drums, empty plastic containers and empty cartons in which the raw materials are
received. After decontamination, they may be partly resued for product packaging and partly sold as
scrap material to external recycler. The empty cartons will be sold to waste paper dealers. The
estimated quantities of waste packaging materials are 5 tonnes for metals and 2 tonnes for non metals
per month.
Total Hazardous waste generation after expansion will be 160 MT/Annum. The unit is a member of the
Tamil Nadu Waste Management Ltd. and authorized to dispose hazardous waste to the
TSDF/Incineration facility at Gummidipoondi
ETP Sludge: Approx. 4.5 Tonnes per month ETP sludge will be dried and temporarily stored in site in
closed containers. Ultimately they will be sent to a TNPCB authorized hazardous waste facility
Flora and fauna Construction Phase There will be no negative impact on vegetation due to construction/installation for expansion of
existing industry. In existing unit, about 1.6 Hectare area is allocated for green belt development and
after expansion it will be increased to 4.6 Ha. No Mammal is seen in study area, as it is an already
existing industry.
Operation Phase Analysis of abiotic factors reveals that ambient air and water quality will remain practically
unaffected, thus indirect adverse impact on flora and fauna is ruled out. For fugitive emission air
pollution control system like alkali scrubber are installed. So there will be minimum impact on flora
and fauna of the area
List of Plants grown in the Factory Premises
S. No Name of the plant Plant count
1 Pungam trees 258
2 Spathodia 60
3 Neem 264
4 Peltophorum 10
5 Delonix regia 15
6 Pithocolobium saman 15
7 Mango trees 9
8 Bahunia purpurea 6
9 Tababuia rosea 32
10 Vilvam 17
11 Gulmohar 65
Total 766
19
List of Plants grown outside the Factory Premises
S. No Name of the plant Plant count
1 Pungam trees 100
2 Spathodia 25
3 Naval trees 25
4 Peltophorum 25
5 Hibiscus 25
6 Neem 50
Total 250
List of Plants proposed to be grown in the Factory Premises
Sl. No. Name of the plant Plant count
1 Ashok/ Mast Tree 150
2 Indian laburnum, Amaltas 300
3 Gulmohor 400
4 Neem 500
5 Bougainvillea 100
6 Peepal Tree 50
Total 1500
Socio-economic environment Construction Phase
No rehabilitation and resettlement is required as it is expansion of existing chemical manufacturing
unit. Employment opportunities will be generated for the local population during
construction/installation phase. Approx. 50 labours shall be given employment. With increased money
supply those who will be able to provide goods & services to the work force will benefit economically.
Hence there will be positive impact.
Operation Phase
During operational phase after expansion there will be an increase in employment of approximate 250
skilled & unskilled personnel from existing 130 employees. There is total 48% increase in the direct
employment
Safety and Security
1. Smoking must be prohibited.
2. Vehicle access is strictly controlled.
3. Ventilation is sufficient to cope with the maximum expected vapor levels in building.
4. Storage tank vents to atmosphere are sized for fire-heated emergency vapor release.
20
5. Electrical equipments are explosion-proof to meet national electrical code requirements.
6. Dry chemical extinguishers are accessible for small fires. An adequate supply of hand-held and
wheeled types are available.
7. Hydrants have been strategically placed with adequate hoses.
8. Small spills has been remediated with sand, earth, or other non-combustible absorbent
material, and the area then flushed with water. Larger spills should be diluted with water and
diked for later disposal.
9. Lightning arrestor is grounded. Tall vessels and structures are fitted with lightning conductors
that are securely grounded.
General Health Measures
Sanitary facilities are well equipped with suppliers ( e.g , Protective creams) and employees
are being encouraged to wash frequently ,particularly those exposed to dust , chemicals or
pathogens.
Ventilation system has been provided to control work area temperatures and humidity,
Pre-employment and periodic medical examinations are being conducted for all personnel, and
specific surveillance programs instituted for personnel potentially exposed to health hazard.
Environmental Management Plan
Environment management cell will be created and specific responsibilities will be
assigned to various members.
Environment monitoring plan will be prepared for air pollution, water pollution and
solid waste generation. Regular monitoring of pollutants will be undertaken during
the operational phase of the project and the monitoring locations will be finalized in
consultation with the SPCB.
Safety aspects related to personnel and operation will be taken into consideration.
It is expected that authority shall incur a capital expenditure of about Rs. 245 lacs and
an annual recurring expenditure of about 58 lacs per annum at current prices on
environmental matters. Solar power shall be reaped towards Street lighting purposes
and an amount of Rs.5.00 Lakhs identified for the purpose
21
Corporate Social Responsibility The social welfare activities will include assistance in-
S.N0 Activity Budget in Lacs
1 Provision of health check up centre & ambulance for workers during installation phase and operation phase.
2
2 Provision of toilets facilities in nearby villages 2
3 Provision for vocational training centers for development of skills and education to enable permanent means of livelihood
3
4 Provision of clean drinking water by installation of wells & tube-wells nearby Villages.
2
5 Provision for basic primary school infrastructure for Education of surrounding area children.
2.5
6 Plantation of trees and parks in surrounding areas as required. 2.5
7 Infrastructure development – Road construction, improvement of existing roads, healthcare centre, , community centre etc.
3
8 Awareness programme on environment 0.5
Total 17.5 Lacs
Project Benefits
1 After expansion it will be an environmentally sustainable project. It will attract people to develop
organized chemical manufacturing Industry.
2 Organized methods for manufacturing of the chemicals are being used and shall be maintained for
chemical to be manufactured after expansion also.
3 The chemical products manufactured by Stahl India are used for leather / shoe finishing industry
and also tanneries all over India. After expansion the increased demand of customers shall be
fulfilled.
4 After expansion additional employment opportunities will lead to a rise in the income and
improve standard of living. The expansion of existing industry would also generate jobs for the
labours during construction phase as well as during operation phase. It will provide direct and
indirect employment to local youth.
5 Chemical manufacturing Industry is a large and growing domestic market. There will be economic
benefit due to selling of products all over India.
6 32.4% of water requirement shall be met by treated water.
7 The industry will have a Zero Liquid Discharge system and shall adopt all the necessary steps to
protect the environment.
8 Addition of revenue to the state by taxes.
22
Conclusions
The study brings out the following points:
Existing ambient air quality, ground water quality and noise levels are within acceptable
norms and will continue to remain so, upon implementation of the proposed
mitigation measures.
Risk to flora, fauna and soil is negligible due to effective implementation of effective
EMP.
Socio-economic benefits are envisaged due to creation of direct/indirect
employment.
Proposed DG set of 500 KVA shall be provided with an acoustic Block and a stack of
height 13 m
Factory Effluent shall be treated after expanding the current ETP and the treated
waste water shall be further passed through reverse osmosis; thus treated waste
water shall be reused for Cooling and Landscaping purposes within the facility; ETP
shall be augmented @Rs.135 Lakhs and a new STP shall be introduced @ 15 Lakhs
Existing Rain water harvesting scheme [ Capacity 1600 m3] and an open well also shall
be well maintained
Solar power shall be utilized for meeting atleast 20% of street lighting @ Rs.5.00
Lakhs
Rs.17.5 lakhs identified for Corporate Social Responsibility
Rs.10.00 Lakhs shall be utilized towards Solid Waste Management and Rs 7.00 Lakhs
for Landscaping /gardening purpose
Thus, it can be concluded on a positive note that after the implementation of the
mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan, the normal operation of
the project will have negligible impact on environment and will benefit the local people.
1
RUf;fkhd jfty; jpul;L
nghJkf;fs; ghh;itf;F Ntz;b
NtYhh; khtl;lk;> thyh[h tl;lk;>
,uhzpg;Ngl;il fpuhkk;>
epy msit vz;. 84> thdghb rhiy
jpUthsh;fs;. ];lhy; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpnll; epWtdj;jpd;
Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; jahhpg;G epiya tphpthf;fk; njhlh;ghd
Rw;Wr; Roy; Ma;T mwpf;if
,lk;: thdghb rhiy> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il fpuhkk;> thyh[h tl;lk;> NtYhh; khtl;lk;.
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;: Mz;nlhd;wpw;F 5150 nkl;hpf; ld; cw;gj;jpapypUe;J
23400 nkl;hpf; ld; cah;j;JtJ.
ghh;it: kj;jpa Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiwapd; ,iza jsj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l> 29.04.14 md;W eilngw;w ty;Yeh; $l;l eltbf;iff;
Fwpg;G topahfg; ngwg;gl;;l “Ma;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; vy;iy”
Mtz vz;: PEPSL/ STAHL INDIA PVT.LTD/ DRAFT/ 2014/ 06/ 01
Rw;Wr; R+oy; MNyhrfh;
jpUthsh;fs;. ngh;/ghf;l; vd;tpNuh nrhy;A+~d;]; gp. ypl;.>
(ehngl; NABET My; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Rw;WR;R+oy; MNyhrfh;-ghh;it ehngl; ,izajs ntspaPL / hptp~d; 20/Nk 5k; Njjp> thpir vz;.110)
(I.v];.x 9001:2008 kw;Wk; I.v];.x 14001.:2004 rhd;W ngw;w epWtdk;) Ie;jhk; khb> vd;.vk;.khy;> gFjp 3> Nuhfpzp> GJjpy;yp-110085
[_d; 2014
2
RUf;fkhd jfty; jpul;L
Kd;Diu:
nejh;yhe;J ehl;bd; ];lhy; epWtdk;> 1998k; Mz;by; jdJ ,e;jpa epWtdkhf
jpUthsh;fs;. ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp. ypkpnll; epWtdj;ij epWtp> Njhy; gjdpLk;
njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; Njitahd Ntjpg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epiyak;
xd;iw NtYhh; khtl;lk; ,uhzpg;Ngl;il fpuhkj;jpy; fl;bdh;. njhopw;rhiy
mikf;Fk; gzp 1999y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 2000k; Mz;L Kjy; cw;gj;jp
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
epy msit vz;.84> thdghb rhiyapy; ,uhzpg;Ngl;il fpuhkj;jpy; jkpo;ehL
muR njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wf; fof (SIPCOT) njhopy; tshfj;ij xl;b ];lhy;
epWtd njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;sJ. ];lhy; epWtdj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk;
midj;Jg; nghUl;fSNk ePhpy; fiuf;fg; ngw;w Fok;ghfNth> $o;k ,il
ePf;fkhfNth fyitahfNth cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,it midj;JNk
,e;jpah KOtjpYk; cs;s gjdpLk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ];lhy; ,e;jpah jahhpg;Gfshd mf;hpypf; gprpd;> ePh; rhh;e;j
Fok;G / fyit / $o;k ,ilePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lit> fhyzpfSf;fhd fyit>
ghypa+ujPd; gprpd;> Ntjpf; fiug;ghd; Nrh;e;j fyit / rpjwy; kw;Wk; cyh;
cUthf;fk; Mfpad Njhy; gjdpLk; nghUl;fs; cUthf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F
mjpf mstpy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
];lhy; ,e;jpah epWtdk;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspfSf;Fs; chpa fl;lzk;
nrYj;jp> jkpo;ehL khRf;fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jpd; „Gjpg;;gpj;j nray;ghl;Lf;fhd
xg;Gjy;‟ (CTO) KiwNa Miz vz;.14693> elbf;if vz;:T-12/ TNPCB/ CHEM/ F-
2212/ VLR/ RL/ 4/ 13 > Njjp: 28.01.13 ngwg;gl;lJ.
2006k; Mz;L Kjy; nrayhf;fj;jpy; cs;s ];lhy; njhopw;rhiy Mz;L xd;wpw;F
5150 nkl;hpf; ld; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDilaJ. 2006k; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l Rw;Wr;
R+oy; kjpg;gPL Fwpj;j kj;jpa murpd; mwpf;iff;F Kd;Ng nray;ghl;bw;F
te;jikahy; ,e;j epiyaj;jpw;F [14 nrg;lk;gh; 2006-y; ntspaplg;gl;l murhid
vz;.S.O.1533d; gb] Rw;Wr; R+oy; xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;bajhapUf;ftpy;iy.
jw;NghJ thbf;ifahshpd; Njitfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ];lhy; ,e;jpah jd;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Mz;L xd;Wf;F 23400 nkl;hpf; ld;dhf cah;j;j
cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ. Ntjpg; nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp epiyakhdJ Rw;Wr;R+oy;
mwpf;if 2006d; (,.I.V) gphpT 5 (f) fP;o; Rw;Wr; R+oy; xg;Gjy; ngw
mtrpakhfpwJ. ];lhy; ,e;jpah cj;Njrpj;Js;s tphpthf;fj;jpw;F Rw;Wr; R+oy;
3
mwpf;if 2006> gphpT 5 (f)d; fPo; xg;Gjy; ngWtJ mtrpakhfpwgbahy;>
Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj; JiwapdUf;F tpz;zg;gpj;Js;sdh;. NkYk;
njhopw;rhiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy; tshfj;jpw;Fs; mikahj fhuzj;jhy;
„V‟ tif jpl;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jpl;l tpsf;fk;:
];lhy; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpNll;bd; jw;Nghija cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mz;L
xd;wpw;F 5150 nkl;hpf; ld; MFk;. Njhy; epWtdq;fspd; Njit mjpfhpg;ghy;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Mz;L xd;wpw;F 23400 nkl;hpf; ld;dhf mjpfhpf;f eph;thfk;
cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ. Rw;Wr; R+oy; mwpf;if 2006d; gb Rw;Wr; R+oy; xg;Gjy; Ntz;b
kj;jpa Rw;Wr; R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj; JiwapdUf;F tpz;zg;gpj;Js;sJ.
Ma;twpf;ifapd; Njit
mkypYs;s rl;l jpl;lq;fspd; gb Rw;Wr; R+oy; xg;Gjy; thq;FtJ cj;Njrpj;Js;s
tphpthf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; mtrpakhdJ vd;whYk; ];lhy; ,e;jpah rl;lj;jpl;lq;fspd;
gb elg;gjw;Fk;> cj;Njrpj;Js;s cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; cah;T Rw;Wr; R+oy;
ghjpg;gpy;yhjthW nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> epytp tUk; Rw;Wr; R+oy;
fhuzpfis ml;ltidg; gLj;jp njhopy; epiya tphpthf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfs;> Rw;Wr; R+oiy ghjpf;fh tz;zk; tifg;gLj;j top Kiwfs;> nray;
Kiwfs; Fwpj;J ghpT nra;Jk; ,t;twpf;if jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Rw;Wr;
R+oiy ghJfhg;gJ jq;fs; flik vd;Wk; ];lhy; ,e;jpah epWtdk;
czh;e;Js;sJ.
jpl;lk; mikAkplk;:
,lk;: 84> thdghb rhiy> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il> NtY}h; khtl;lk;> jkpo;ehL.
ml;rNuif jPh;f;f Nuif:
ml;rNuif : 120 57’19.45” t
jPh;f;f Nuif : 790 19’ 22.31”fp
4
jpl;lk; mikAkplk;:
jpl;l tiuglk;:
Ma;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; vy;iy:
,e;j Rw;Wr; R+oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L Ma;twpf;ifahdJ
29.04.14 md;W Rw;Wr; R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiw ty;Yeh; $l;lj;jpy; toq;fpa
“Ma;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; vy;iy” (TOR) rhh;e;Jk;>
Project site
5
Rw;Wr; R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiwapd; ,izajsk; thapyhf
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s 29.04.2014 md;W ele;j ty;Yeh; $l;l eltbf;iff;
Fwpg;G %yk; ngwg;gl;l „Ma;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; vy;iy‟-d; gbAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpl;lf; Fwpg;G: epy msT tptuq;fs; (jfty;: ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp.ypl;)
nghUspdk; gug;gsT (r.kP) nkhj;jg; gug;G 58500 fl;blg; gug;G 7700
gRik jpl;l gug;G 46000 Jizaplg; gug;G 4800
gpw tptuq;fs;:
nghUspdk; jw;NghJ cs;sJ
cj;Njj;Js;sit nkhj;jk;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;> Mz;L xd;Wf;F nkl;hpf; ld;dpy;
5150 18250 23400
gRik jpl;l gug;G> n`f;Nlhpy; 1.6 3.0 4.6 cj;Njrjpl;l kjpg;G &.yl;rk; 2500 350 2850
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G jpl;lk;, &.yl;rk;
95 150 245
nkhj;j gzpahsh;fs; 130 120 250 cs;@h; thrpfspd; Gdh; tho;T ,y;iy ,y;iy ,y;iy kpd; rf;jp Njit> Fjpiu rf;jp 2211 2500 4711
mDkjpf;fg; gl;l msT Fjpiu rf;jp
5000
ePh; Njit> ehnshd;wpw;F fpNyh ypl;lh;
132 118 250
(jfty;: ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp.ypl;) cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;:
tptuk; jw;NghJ cs;sJ cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ nkhj;jk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; Mz;L xd;wpw;F> nkl;hpf; ld;dpy;
5150 18250 23400
6
%yg;nghUl;fSk;> jpdrhp cgNahfKk;:
jw;NghJ kw;Wk; cj;Njrpj;Js;s Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; jahhpg;gjw;F Njitahd
%yg;nghUl;fspd; ml;ltiz fPo;fz;lthW:
ml;ltiz - %yg;nghUl;fs; - cgNahfj;jpy; cs;sit
t.vz; njhFg;G ngah; ruhrhp cgNahfk; khjj;jpw;F ld;
mstpy; 1
tpidahw;wpfs; (ePhkk;)
A+hpNjd; Nkhdhkh; 18 mf;hpypf; Nkhdhh; 30
ghypNahy; 14 2
ePh;kf; fiug;ghd;fs;
nkjpy; IN]h Ga+ily; fPNlhd; il IN]h Ga+ily;
fPNlhd;
18
Ga+ily; mrpNll; 9 vjpy; mrpNll; 7
IN]h g;Nuhigy; My;f`hy; 5
nlhYtPd;/i]yPd; 10
3
fyit kw;Wk; epug;ghd; (khT my;yJ fl;bfs;)
Nfrpd; gir 5 rpypNfhd; il Mf;i]L 3 nraw;if nkOFfs; 2
4 gpsh]; birrh; (ePh;kk;) mbg;Ngl; gpsh];birrh; 7 5
rh;gf;ld;l;]; (ePh;kk;)/ ($o;kk;)
tpsf;nfz;iz 2 mdpahdpf; rh;gf;ld;l;]; ehd; - mNahdpf; rh;gf;
ild;];
5
illhdpak; Mf;i]L 10 6 epwkpfs; (khT) fhp 5
,Uk;G Mf;i]L 5 7 cyh; Njhy;gjdpLk; khTfs; fhpk cg;Gfs; 53
fha;fwp Jfs;fs; / khT 30
8 kw;wit iel;Nuh nry;YNyh]; gUj;jp
(iel;u[d; msT < 12.5%)
9
ml;ltiz - %yg;nghUl;fs; - cj;Njrpj;Js;sit
t.vz; cw;gj;jp FLk;gk; ngah; ruhrhp cgNahfk; khjj;jpw;F nkl;hpf; ld; mstpy;
1
mf;hpypf; nurpd;
Nkhdhkh;fs; 81 rh;gf;ld;l;]; 1 fhpk cg;Gfs; 4
7
2
ePh; rhh;e;j fyitfs;/ fiury;fs;
ePh; 147 Nfrpd; khT 36 rhy;td;l;fs; 3 g;sh]; birrh;fs; 11 epwkpfs; 38 fhpk cg;Gfs; 4 nkOFfs; 30 rh;gf;ld;l;]; 3 ePh; 500
3
~P fyitfs;
Nkhdhkh;fs; 6 nkOF vky;~d; 4 fiug;ghd;fs; 10 ePh; 188
4
ghypa+nujpd; nurpd;fs;
Nkhdhkh;fs; 24 ghypNahy;fs; 13 ePh; 96
5
fiug;ghd;fs; rhh;e;j fyitfs; fiury;fs;
Nkhdhkh;fs; 5 gprpd; khT 13 fiug;ghd;fs; 143 g;sh]; birrh;fs; 24 fhpk rhaq;fs; 4 rpypNfhd;fs; 25 rh;gf;ld;l;]; 1 iel;Nuh nry;YNyh]; 13 ePh; 189
6 cyh; fyitfs; fha;fwp Jfs;fs; khT 125 fdpk cg;Gfs; 83
(jfty;: ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp.ypl;)
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tptuk;
njhopw;epiyaj;jpd; jw;rkak; cs;s cw;gj;jp jpwDk;> cj;Njrpj;Js;s cw;gj;jp
jpwDk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltiz- jw;Nghija cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
t.vz; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fspd; tptuk; xg;gspf;fg;gl;l msT Mz;nlhd;Wf;F nkl;hpf;
ld;dpy; 1 ghypa+nujpd; nurpd;fs; 750
2 mf;hpypf; nurpd; 750
3 Nyf;fu; /Nyf;fu; vky;~d; 750
4 epwkp fiuthd; 450
8
5 Guj fyitfs; 150
6 nkOF Fok;G/epug;ghd; 300
7 ngh;k;a+Njd; Nkw;g+r;R 600
8 ~P fyitfs; 400
9 cyh; fyitfs; 1000
nkhj;jk; 5150
(jfty;: ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp.ypl;)
ml;ltiz cj;Njrpj;Js;s cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
t.vz; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fspd; tptuk; xg;gspf;fg;gl;l msT Mz;nlhd;Wf;F nkl;hpf;
ld;dpy; 1 mf;hpypf; nurpd; 2800
2 ePh; rhh;e;j fyitfs; fiury;fs; 7500
3 ~P fyitfs; 2500
4 ghypa+nujpd; nurpd;fs; 3100
5 fiug;ghd;fs; rhh;e;j fyitfs; /fiury;fs; 5000
6 cyh; fyitfs; 2500
nkhj;jk; 23400
(jfty;: ];lhy; ,e;jpah gp.ypl;) jpl;l nray; KiwfSk;> njhopy; El;gq;fSk;
];lhy; ,e;jpah ,uhzpg;Ngl;il epWtdj;jpy; cUthFk; midj;Jg;
nghUl;fSNk Rkhh; 60 Kjy; 70% ePh; rhh;e;j fyit / Fok;G / fiury;fshfNt
mikAk;. njhopw;rhiyfspd; Njitf;Nfw;g “njhFg;G” Kiwapy; ,q;F cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; nghJthf tpidahw;wp KiwapYk;> fyit>
gpirjy;> JUTjy; cUt khw;W Ntiyfspd; %yKk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
9
mf;hpypf; gprpd; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;:
ePh; rhh;e;j fyit/fiury; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapy; tpsf;fg;glk;:
~P fyit jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;.
Nkhdhkh;fs;;> fdpk cg;Gfs; kw;Wk; rh;gf;ld;l;];
Kd; - fyit ,ae;jpuk;
ePh;
mf;hptpf; tpidf;fyd;
mhpg;ghd;
fl;Ljy;
juk; Nrhjpj;jy;
Nfrpd;khT> fiug;ghd;fs;> gpsh];bir]h;];> epwkpfs;> fdpk cg;Gfs;> nkOffs; kw;Wk; rh;gf;ld;l;];
fyit nfhjpfyd;/ gpirAk; fyd;
mhpg;ghd;
fl;Ljy;
juk; Nrhjpj;jy;
mf;hpypf;/nkOF Fok;Gfs; kw;Wk; fiug;ghd;fs;
gpirAk;
fyd;/fyit nfhjpfyd;
mhpg;ghd;
juk; Nrhjpj;jy;
fl;Ljy;
10
ghypa+Nujpd; gprpd; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;:
fiug;ghd; rhh;e;j fyit / fiury;fs; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;:
cyh; ghh;%Ny~d;fs; jahhpf;Fk; Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;:
Nkhdhkh; kw;Wk; ghypNahy;fs;
a+hpNjd; tpidfyd;
Fok;G njhl;b
mhpg;ghd;
fl;Ljy;
ePh;
juk; Nrhjpj;jy;
mf;hpypf; gprpd; khT> fiug;ghd;> gpsh];bir]h;> fhpk rhaq;fs;> iel;Nuh
nry;YNyh];> rpypNfhd; kw;Wk; rh;gf;ld;l;];
gpirAk; fyd; / fyit nfhjpfyd;
mhpg;ghd;
fl;Ljy;
ePh;
juk; Nrhjpj;jy;
fha;fwp Jfs;fs; kw;Wk; fdpk cg;Gfs;
gpirAk; fyd; fyd; nfhjpfyd;
fl;Ljy;
juk; Nrhjjpj;jy;
11
mZF topfs;:
];lhy; ,e;jpahtpd; Ntjpg; nghUs; jahhpg;G epiyakhdJ rhiyfshYk;>
,uapy; %yKk; nrd;id kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; midj;J efuq;fSld;
njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; trjpAld; mike;Js;sJ. thyh[h jhYfhtpd;
fpuhkq;fs; mUfpypUe;jhYk; gwitfs; / tpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaq;fNsh>
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fhLfNsh VJk; mUfpy; ,y;iy. 4.5 fp.kP njhiytpy;
thyh[h ,uapy; epiyaKk;> 28 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; NtY}h; tpkhdepiyaKk;>
800 kP J}uj;jpy; Njrpa neLQ;rhiy-4 k;> mike;Js;sd.
8.Njitahd gzpahl;fs;:
fl;Lkhdj;jpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; epWTk; NghJ ehnshd;wpw;F 50 Ngh; tPjk;
fl;Lkhd ,ae;jpuk; epWTk; gzpfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;.
njhopw;rhiy ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ:
jw;Nghija ,af;fj;jpw;F ehnshd;wpw;F 130 Ngh; Njit. cj;Njrpj;Js;s
tphpthf;fj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;F $Ljyhf 120 Ngh; fk;ngdp Copah;fshfTk;>
xg;ge;j mbg;gilapYk; Njit.
ml;ltiz: gzpahl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ cs;sJ cj;Njrpj;Js;s vz;zpf;if Mf nkhj;jk;
130 120 250
Ntiy tha;g;G:
jw;NghJ 130 egh;fSf;F NehpilahfTk; xg;ge;j mbg;gilapYk; Ntiy
mspj;JtUk; epWtdk; tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fg;gpd; 250 egh;fs; tiu gzpapy;
mkh;j;jg;gLth;. jpwd; tha;e;Njhh; kw;Wk; ciog;Nghh; tifapy; cs;Sh;
kf;fSf;Fk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cUthFk;.
kpd; trjp Njit
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;Fk; epiyak; mikf;Fk; gzpfSf;Fk; Njitahd kpd; rf;jp
jkpo;ehL kpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; ypkpnll; (lhd;n[l;Nfh) TANGEDCO
%yk; rpg;fhl; Jiz kpd; epiyaj;jpypUe;J ngw cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
12
nkhj;j kpd; rf;jp Njit
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ : 5000 Fjpiu rf;jp jw;NghJ ,izf;fg;gl;l gS : 2211 Fjpiu rf;jp cj;Njr ,izg;G : 2500 Fjpiu rf;jp (1865 fp.Nthl;) cj;Njr gS (jw;NghJ) : 400 fp.Nthl; cj;Njr gS (cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ) : 600 fp.Nthl;
nkhj;j kpd;rhuj; NjitAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW lhd;n[l;Nfh %yk;
rpg;fhl; Jiz kpd; epiyaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk;.
B]y; n[dNul;lh;fs;:
1 x 380 Nf.tp.V (jw;NghJ cs;sJ) kw;Wk; 1 x 500 Nf.tp.V (cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ)
vhpnghUs; fe;jfk; Fiwe;j B]y;> kzpf;F 88 ypl;lh; tPjk;.
cauOj;j nfhjp fyd;:
jw;NghJ cs;sJ : kzpf;F 3 ld;
vhpnghUs; : gh;d]; Mapy; %yk; ePuhtp jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kzpf;F 150 ypl;lh; tPjk; nrythfpwJ.
ePh; Njit:
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfspd; NghJ
ehnsd;wpw;F 2 fpNyh ypl;lh; tPjk; fl;Lkhdg; gdpahh;fspd; FbePh; kw;Wk; gpw
cgNahfq;fSf;fhf Njitg;gLk;. fopT ePuhdJ ,af;fj;jpYs;s STP A+dpl;by;
,izf;fg;gl;L Rj;jpfhpf;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. v];. b .gp %yk;
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l fopTePh; Njhl;l tsh;g;gpy; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk;.
Njitahd 2 fpNyh ypl;lh;(ehnsd;wpw;f;F) ePuhdJ ,af;fj;jpYs;s njhopw;
rhiyapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;.
njhopw;$lk; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ:
rpg;fhl; Kyk; cj;Njrpj;Js;s tphpthf;fk; Kbtile;j epiyapy; njhopw;rhiy
,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ePh; ehnshd;wpw;f;F 250 fpNyhypl;lh; tPjk; ngw
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;Nghija ,af;fj;jpw;f;F Njitahd 132 fpNyh ypl;lh;
cld; Nrh;j;J mjpfg;gbahf 118 fpNyh ypl;lh; Njitg;gLk;.
13
tptuk; jw;Nghija
Njit
cj;Njr
mjpfhpg;G
nkhj;jj;
Njit
juk;
ehnshd;wpw;F fpNyh ypl;lh; tPjk;
m. FbePh; 13 22 35 rpg;fhl;
M. jahhpg;G
,.gpw
cgNahfk;
119
96 215 rpg;fhl;+
Rj; ;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l
fopT ePh ;
fopTePh; tptuk;
tptuk; jw;Nghija
epiy
cj;Njr
mjpfhpg;G
nkhj;jk; Rj;jpfhpf;Fk;
m. rhf;filf;
fopT ePh ;(Sewage)
12 18 30 STP(35 fpNyh
ypl;lh;
ehnshd;wpw;F)
M.; njhopw; rhiy
fopT ePh ;
(Effluent)
24 36 60 ETP(60 fpNyh
ypl;lh;
ehnshd;wpw;F)
v];. b .gp kw;Wk; ,. b .gp %yk; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l fopTePh; vjph; kiw
சவ்வூடுபரவல் mikg;G %yk; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L njhopw;$l Fsph;;;;;;;;;;tpg;ghdpYk;>
Njhl;l tsh;g;gpYk; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk;.
tspkz;ly ckpo;Tfs;:
tspkz;lyj;ijf; jhf;Fk; ,lk; ngauj;jf;f/efUk; ckpo;Tfs;> ];lhy; ,e;jpah
epWtdj;jpd; epiw ghh;f;Fk; ,lk;> Ntjpf;fyd;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;$lq;fspypUe;J
ntspahFk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; cs;sd kw;Wk; jw;NghJ 380 fpNyhNthy;l;Mk;gpah;
B]y; n[dNul;lh;> cj;Njrpj;Js;s 500 fpNyhNthy;l;Mk;gpah; B]y; n[dNul;lh;>
kzpf;F 3 ld; cauOj;j nfhjpfyd; Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jk; Gif ntsptUk;.
jFe;j cauj;jpy; Giffis ntspapLk; tifapy; GifNghf;fpf; Foha;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;L> tsp kz;lyj;ijj; jhf;Fk; ckpo;Tfis jkpo;ehL khRfl;Lg;ghL
thhpak; tiuaWj;Js;s mstpw;Fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
14
jpl kw;Wk; mghafukhd fopTfs;: jplf;fopTfs;
jw;Nghija
msT cj;Njrpj;Js;s
mjpfhpg;G nkhj;jk; ePf ;Fk; tpjk;
ehnshd;wpw;F fpNyh mstpy
m. efuhl;rp; jplf;
fopT
27 19 46
m.kf;Fk; jplf;
fopTfs;
19 19 38 nth;kp ;
fhk;Ngh];l;
M.kf;fh jplf;
fopTfs;
8 - 8 mq;fPfhpf ;fg;gl;l
cgNahfpg;ghsh ; ;
mghafukhd
fopTfs; ;
Mz;L xd;wpw ;F nkl;hpf;
ld;dpy;
160 jkpo;ehL fopT
Nkyhz;ik
ypkpnll;
m. rhf;fil; jplf;
fopT
Mz;L xd;wpw;F fpNyh
mstpy;
100 cuk;
M. ETP jplf; ;
fopT
khjk; xd;wpw;F nkl;hpf ;
ld;dpy;
4.5 jkpo;ehL mgha
fopTfs;
Nkyhz;ik
ikak;
cw;gj;jp jplf;fopTfs; nkhj;jk; ePf ;Fk; tpjk;
cw;gj;jpf; fopT (fl;Ljy; kw;Wk;
fopTnghjp nra;jy; %yk;
cUthFk;)
khjnkhd;wpw;f ;F
nkl;hpf ; ld;dpy;
m. cNyhff; fopTfs; 5 J}a;ikahf;fy; /
khR mfw;Wjy;
M. mNyhfk; kw;Wk; gpw fopTfs;
2 ];f;uhg; ,
mq;fPfhpf ;fg;gl;l
cgNahfpg;ghsh;
15
jpl;l kjpg;gPL:
cw;gj;jp ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd jpl;l kjpg;gPL : &.350 yl;rk;
Rw;Wr; R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L> mjd; %yk; Rw;Wr;R+oy;
jd;ik> ghJfhg;G> gad;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T
nfhzug;gLk;.Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G jpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L gy;NtW fhuzpfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspfspy; Nrhjpf;fg;gLk;.
%yjd nryT
t.vz; tptuk; &.yl;rk;
1 ,ae;jpuq;fs; 223
2 சசோலோர் பவர் மூலம் மின் உற்பத்தி 5
3 jplf; fopTfs; Nkyhz;ik 10
4 gRik jpl;lk;/ Njhl;lk; 7
nkhj;jk;, &. yl;rk; 245
tUlhe;jur; nryT
t.vz; tptuk; &.yl;rk; / Mz;Lf;F
1 khRf;fl;Lg;ghL cgfuz
,af;fKk;> guhkhpg;Gk;
38
2 fhw;W> ePh; juk; Nrhjpj;jy; 3
3 jplf;fopT Nkyhz;ik 10
4 gRik jpl;lk;/ Njhl;lk; 7
nkhj;jk; , &. yl;rk; 58
16
Ma;tpw;fhd Rw;Wr;#oy; gug;G
fhyk;:
Rw;Wr;#oy; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs;> „Ma;Tf;Fhpa nghUs; vy;iy‟ (TOR) d; gb
%d;W khj fhyk;. mjd;gb khh;r; 2014 Kjy; Nk 2014 tiu Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Ma;Tf;fhyk;
cj;Njrpj;Js;s njhopw;rhiyia ika ,lkhff; nfhz;L> Rw;Wr;#oy;
tdj;Jiwapd; tiuaiwapd; gb 10 fp.kP. Muk; mstpy; cs;s gFjp KOikAk;
Ma;Tf;fskhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;llJ. thA> ePh;> epyk;> rg;jk; Mfpa
fhuzpfSf;fhd khjphpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L mtw;iw mbg;gil msTfshf
,t;thA;T gjpT nra;Js;sJ.
thdpiy:
,e;jpa thdpiy Ma;T ikak;> nrd;id ntspapl;lLs;s 2001 Kjy; 2010
tiuahd thdpiy tptuq;fs; gjpTfis Mjhuhkhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tsp Ntfk; rjhuzkhf kzpf;F 4 Kjy; 9 fp.kP tiu
gj;jhz;Lfspy; mjpfgl;rkhf Nk 2006y; 45 bfphp nry;rpa]; MfTk;>
Fiwe;jgl;lrkhf [dthp 2010y; 17.5 bfphp nry;rpa]; MfTk>
gjpthfpAs;sJ.
ruhrhp <ug;gjkhdJ etk;gu; 2008y; kpf cah;ej msthf 90% vdTk;> Nk
2007-y; kpff;Fiwthd msthf 57% mstpYk; gjpthfpAs;sJ.
<ug;gj mstpd; mbg;gilapy; jpl;l gFjpahdJ twz;l ,lkhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mf;Nlhgh; 2005y; cr;rgl;rkhf 1077-8 kp.kP mstpy; gjpthfpAs;sJ.
nghJthf mf;Nlhgh;> etk;gh; kw;Wk; brk;gh; khjq;fs; kiofhykhf
,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
Ma;T KbTfs; (fhw;W> xyp> ePh;> kz;): fhw;W khh;r; 2014 Kjy; Nk 2014 tiu Rw;Wr; R+oy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiw tiuTfspd;gb
jpl;l vy;iyapypUe;J 10 fP.kP.njhiytpw;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mbg;gil
17
Ma;Tfspd; Kbtpd; gb fhw;wpd; juk;> xypapd; msT> ePhpd; juk;> kz;zpd;
jd;ik Kjypad; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l khjphpfs;
Nrhjpf;fg;gl;ld. epy gad;ghL gw;wpa Ma;Tk; > kf;fs; njhif> jhtu tif>
tpyq;fpdq;fs; Fwpj;j Ma;Tk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
jpl;l ,lj;jpYk; (ika kz;lyk;)> fhw;W tUk; jpir kw;Wk; NghFk; jpirapYk;
jpirf;F xd;whfTk;> ghujp efh;> jz;lyk; efh;> thdghb fpuhkk; Kfe;juhaGuk;>
rpg;fhl; vd;W nkhj;jk; 8 ,lq;fspy; thuk; ,UKiw vd;w fzf;fpy; khh;r; 2014
Kjy; Nk 2014 tiu khjphpfs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.
8 ,lq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid khjphpfspd; gb PM10 msT 42.2 μg/ m3
kw;Wk; 69.8 μg/ m3 ,ilapy; [tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 100 μg/ m3 f;Fs;]
cs;sJ. PM2.5 d; msT 18.3 μg/ m3 Kjy; 37.2 μg/ m3 f;Fk; ,ilapy;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 60 μg/ m3 f;Fs;] cs;sJ. SO2 d; msT 6.6 μg/ m3
Kjy; 15.0 μg/ m3 f;Fk; ,ilapy; [tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 80 μg/ m3 f;Fs;]
cs;sJ. NOx d; msT 17.1 μg/ m3 kw;Wk; 33.4 μg/ m3 f;Fk; ,ilapy;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 80 μg/ m3 f;Fs;] cs;sJ. Nkw;fz;l msthdJ
eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epiyaq;fspy; (VVf;a+ ];Nl~d;];) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msTf;Fs;
cs;sJ.
rg;jk;
xypapd; msT gfy; Neuq;fspy; 48.6 bgp (V) Kjy; 63.6 bgp(V) kw;Wk; ,uT
Neuq;fspy; 43.4bgp(V) Kjy; 58.2bgp (V) tiu NtWgl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;fz;l ruhrhp
xypapd; msT tiuaWf;fg;gl; msTf;Fs; [tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 75 bgp
(V) kw;Wk; 70 bgp (V) f;Fs;] cs;sJ.
ePh;
ika kz;lyj;jpw;fhd Nrhjid ePh;> njhopw;rhiyf;F mUfpy; cs;s
,lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. Nrhjidfspd; mbg;gilapy; ePhpd;jukhdJ: gp.n`r;
8.4 [tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 6.5 Kjy; 9.2 tiu ], fhuj;jd;ik 240 kp;;fp/ypl;lh;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 600 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > fbdj;jd;ik 281.6 kpfp/ypl;lh;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 600 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > b.b.v];. 766 kpfp/ypl;lh;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 2000kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > ry;Ngl; 176 kpfp/ypl;lh
18
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 400 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > FNshiuL 149 kpfp/ypl;lh;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 1000 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > fhy;rpak; 563 kpfp/ypl;lh;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 200 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] > kf;dPrpak; 34.2 kpfp/ypl;lh
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 150 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ];: ePhpd; jukhdJ FbePh;
cgNahfj;jpw;fhd tiuaiw IS:10500d; msTfSf;Fgl;Ls;s b.b.v]; kl;Lk;
rpwpJ msT $Ljyha; njd;gLfpwJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rpwe;j fpUkp ehrpdp
njspj;j gpd; FbePh; kw;Wk; tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;F rpwe;jJ.
ntspkz;lyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l khjphpfs; ePh; epiyfs; kw;Wk; mbgk;G %yk;
ngw;w epyj;jb ePuhFk;. epyj;jb ePuhdJ fhuk; mjpfkhf gp.vr; 7.3ypUe;J 8.1
tiuAk;> kw;w fhuzpfs; rw;Nw msT mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf
thdghb kw;Wk; KFe;juhaGuk; ,lq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l khjphpfs; b.b.v];.
msT tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 1000kp;;fp/ypl;lh; mjpfkhfj; njd;gLfpwJ. ghujp
efhpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ePiuj; jtpu kw;w vy;yh ePh; khjphpfspYk; fhy;rpak;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 200 kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] kw;Wk; nkf;dPrpak;
[tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd 150kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] kp mjpfkhf cs;sd. nrl;bj;jhq;fy;
kw;Wk; KFe;juhaGuj;jpy; ry;Ngl; msTk; [tiuaWf;fg;gl;l msthd
400kp;;fp/ypl;lh; ] mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kz;
Rw;Wr;Roy; kw;Wk; tdj;Jiwapduhy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,.I.V. ifnal;bd;
mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfSf;fhf> 6 ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kz;
ghpNrhjid Kbtpd; gb jpl;l ,lj;jpy; kz; KOtJk; ]py;l; Nyhk;khf
cs;sJ. Rw;wpAs;s ,lq;fspy; ]py;l; Nyhk; fsp kz;zhf cs;sJ.
Ma;tpd; ika kz;ly ,lj;jpd; kz;khjphp fUg;g fye;j fhgpf;nfhl;il
epwj;Jld;> gp.vr; 7.0 mstpy; cs;sJ. fhpk nghUl;fs; 0.91% > iel;u[d; 72.8
kpfp ngh; fpNyh > gh];gu]; 12.8 kpfp ngh; fpNyh kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; 33.6 kpfp
ngh; fpNyh vd;w mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh tif rj;Jf;fSk; Fiwthd
mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,aw;if cuk; %yk; iel;u[d; msit cah;j;jp
kz;zpd; tsj;ij mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
Ma;tpd; ntspg;gFjp ,lj;jpd; kz;khjphp fUg;g fye;j fhgpf;nfhl;il epwj;Jld;>
gp.vr; 7.1 to 8.0 mstpy; cs;sJ. fhpk nghUl;fs; 0.67% - 0.93%> iel;u[d; 56.06
kpfp / ngh; fpNyh - 86.8 kpfp / ngh; fpNyh> gh];gu]; 11.8 kpfp /ngh; fpNyh – 20.4
kpfp / ngh; fpNyh> kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; 5.4 kpfp /ngh; fpNyh – 44.7 kpfp / ngh;
19
fpNyh vd;w mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh tif rj;Jf;fSk; Fiwthd
mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,aw;if cuk; %yk; iel;u[d; msit cah;j;jp
kz;zpd; tsj;ij mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
caphpay; Rw;WR+oy;:
jhtu ,dq;fs;:
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;s jhtuq;fspd; gug;G> mjd; mlh;j;jp> vz;zpf;if>
Kf;fpa kjpg;G FwpaPL> nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt gad;fs;
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L mjd; KbTfs; gpd;tUk; gphpTfspy; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ntspkz;lyq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ma;T gFjpapy; 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jhtu ,dq;fs; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nkw;fz;l jhtu ,dq;fs; > tptrha gaph;fs;> tzpf gaph;fs;> ,aw;if
jhtuq;fs;> mhpjhf fhzg;gLk; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cs; kz;lyj;ij Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; ,aw;if jhtu tiffs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cs;kz;lyj;jpy; nghJthf 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jhtu tiffs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mtw;Ws; 8 kUj;Jt FzKila jhtuq;fs;> 7 mhpa tif jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; 12
tif kuq;fs; mlq;Fk;. ntspg;gFjpapy; xg;gpLk; NghJ ikag; gFjpapy;
Fiwe;j msT Gjh;fs; cs;sJ. ntspg;gFjpapy; 21 tif kuq;fs; 11 tif
kUj;Jt ;jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; 8 tif Gy; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpyq;fpdq;fs;:
Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf fz;fhzpg;G mbg;gilapy; Ma;T Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Neub ghh;it Kiwapy; KJnfYk;Gld; $ba tpyq;fpdq;fs; Njlg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;fz;l Ma;T gFjpapy; KJnfYk;Gld; $ba tdg;gl;;baypy; xUq;fpidf;f
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kdpjh;fshy; Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ij fz;lwpa gwit ,dj;ijak;
Ma;Tf;F vLj;J nfhz;L mstplg;gLfpwJ.
Ma;T gFjpapy; midj;J khjphp jsq;fspYk; jhtuq;fSld; $ba
tpyq;fpdq;fspd; msT gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpyq;fpdq;fspd; tifghL Ma;tpy;
ePh;tho; caphpdq;fs;> g+r;rpfs;> Ch;td> kPd;fs;> ePh;epy tho;td> gwitfs;
kw;Wk; ghY}l;bfs; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j mbg;gil Ma;tpd; %yk; ,g;gFjpapy;
gy;NtW tpyq;Ffspd; ,dq;fs; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa ,Ug;gJ njhpfpwJ.
20
,g;gFjpapy; ePh;epy nky;Ylypfs;> g+r;rpfs;> midj;J tpyq;fpdq;fs; kw;Wk;
gl;lhk; g+r;rpfs; Nghd;witfs; nghJthditahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt
];lhy; epWtdj;jpd; cj;Njr cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; tphpthf;fk; nra;tjhy; Neub
vjph;kiw jhf;fj;ij tpyq;FfSf;Fk; gwitfSf;Fk; Vw;gLj;jhJ.
fl;likg;G
];lhy; ,e;jpahtpd; Ntjpg; nghUs; jahhpg;G epiyakhdJ rhiyfshYk;>
,uapy; %yKk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; midj;J efuq;fSld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sk;
trjpAld; mike;Js;sJ. Tpkhd trjpAk; 100 fp;kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ.
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; Rw;Wk;R+oy; tpisTfSk;> mjid rPh; nra;Ak;
mstPLk;> KiwfSk;:
jpl;l cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tphpthf;fk; eilngWk; NghJ gy;NtW tpjkhd
eltbf;iffs; mjhtJ kzy; mfw;Wjy;> ghuk; Vw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Mfpa gzpfs; kpff; FiwtpNyNa eilngWk;. MfNt> fhw;wpd; juk; (gpvk;10;>
gpvk; 2.5;>-vd;X kw;Wk v];X--) tiuaWj;j vy;iyf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. fhw;W
khRgLtij jLf;fk; tifapy; jz;zPh; njspg;ghd %yk; kz; guthj tifapy;
jz;zPh; njspf;fg;gLk;.; ngUkstpy; fl;blq;fNsh> ,ae;jpuq;fNsh epWtg;gl
Njitapy;iy. ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; buf;Ffshy; Vw;gLk; xypfis
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpw;F cs;Ns ,Uf;FkhW ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;.
njhopw;rhiy ,Uf;fk; ,lj;jpy; jz;zPh; ,Ug;G kw;Wk; ;jz;zPhpd; jd;ik
Mfpaitfis ftdpg;gJ ePh;epiy Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
cj;Njrpj;Js;s njhopw;$lk; „ ;;[PNuh b];rhh;[; gpshdl;” Mf tpsq;Fk;. Rw;Wg;Gw
ePh; epiyfs; khRgl tha;g;G ,y;iy.
tsp kz;lyk;
fl;Lkhdk; gzpfspd; NghJ
jpl;l cw;gj;jp ngUf;fj;ij cj;Njrpj;J vt;tpjkhd Gjpa fl;blq;fNsh>
,ae;jpuq;fNsh epWt Ntz;ba Njit ,y;yhjjhy; ($Ljyhf 1 B]y;
n[dNul;lh; kw;Wk; fiug;ghd a+hpNjd; fyk; kl;LNk cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
Rw;wpAs;s tsp kz;ly ghjpg;gpw;F fhuzpfs; vJk; ntspg;gl; tha;g;gpy;iy.
21
thfdq;fspdhy; cUthFk; khRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j chpa eltbf;iffs;
(ePh; njspj;jy;> thfd guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; Ntff; fl;Lg;ghL) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jp fhyq;fspy; %yg; nghUl;fs; epiw ghh;f;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;Jk;> hpahf;lh;
fyd; kw;Wk; Nrhjidr; rhiyapyUe;Jk; iel;u[d; Mf;i]L> ry;gh;
ilMf;i]L> gp.vk;10 kw;Wk; gp.vd;.2.5 Nghd;w khRfs; ntspg;gl tha;g;Gfs;
cz;L. NkYk; B]y; n[dNul;lh;fspypUe;Jk; cau; mOj;j
nfhjpfyd;fspypUe;Jk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l khRf;fs; ntspahFk; tha;Gf;s cs;sd.
,t;thd khRf;fis chpa cauj;jpy; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs; mikj;J>
J}s;fis ePf;f ty;y /gpy;lh; igfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp ntspNaw;wk; nra;a
cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ. “fhu J}a;ikgLj;jpfs;” my;fyp ];f;ug;gh; %yk; ,ju
efuf;$ba ckpo;Tfis fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; tif nra;ag;gLk;.
cau; mOj;j nfhjp fydpy; 31 kPl;lh; cau> 24 nr.kP tpl;lKs;s GifNghf;fpAk;>
B]y; n[dNul;lh;fspy; 13 kw;Wk; 9 kPl;lh; cau GifNghf;fpfSk; nfhLf;fg;gl
cs;sd.
22
ml;ltiz
ml;ltiz-Gif Nghf;fpf; Foha;fs;
Gif Nghf;fp vz;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,ae;jpuk; (Gif cUthf;Fk; ,lk;)
(a) (b) C-tl;lkhf/ R-
nrt;tfkhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhw;wy;
khRgLtij jLf;Fk; topfs;
1 IN]h raNdl; epiw epiyak;
6 600 x 900 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
2 mikd;]; epiw epiyak;
6 600 x 900 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
3 mk;Nkhdpah epiw epiyak;
6 200 C GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
4 NkhNdhkh;]; epiw epiyak;
6 600 x 900 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
5 Nyf;fh;]; epiw epiyak;
6 600 x 900 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
6 ghypkh; epiyak; (LEV)
6 300 C GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
7 ~P gpdp~; epiw epiyak;
6 600 x 900 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
8 ~P – gpdp~; epiyak; LEV
6 300 C GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
9 & 10 nghJ epiw epiyak;
11.0 (Each)
600 x 900 (Each)
R (Each)
GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
11-14 juf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Ma;Tf;$lk;
10.5 (Each)
000 x 300 R (Each)
GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
15 ePh; epiya LEV 9 300 C GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
19 cyh; gbtkhf;fy; epiya juf;fl;Lg;ghL Ma;Tf; $lk;
10.3 000 x 300 R GNshah; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp Foha;fs;
23
Gif Nghf;fp vz;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,ae;jpuk; (Gif cUthf;Fk; ,lk;)
(a) (b) C-tl;lkhf/ R-
nrt;tfkhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhw;wy;
khRgLtij jLf;Fk; topfs;
16 ]f;ug;gh; - ghypkh; cw;gj;jp tpidf;
fyd;fs;
15 200 C GNshah;> ]f;ug;gh; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp
17 epwkp fiug;ghd; ePh; Rj;jpfhpf;Fk;
epiyak; - J}R mhpg;ghd;
5.5 250 x 600 R GNshah;> ig mhpg;Gfs;> GifNghf;fp
18 cyh; ghh;KNy~d; myF – J}R mhpg;ghd;
5.5 250 x 700 R GNshah;> ig mhpg;Gfs;> GifNghf;fp
20 cauOj;j nfhjpfyd; - ld; / kzp Neuj;jpw;F
31 600 C GNshah;> ]f;ug;gh; kw;Wk; Gif Nghf;fp
21 B]y; n[dNul;lh; - 380 NftpV
9 150 C caukhd GifNghf;fp
cj;Njrpj;Js;s cw;gj;jp ngUf;fj;jpy; ml;ltiz – thA ckpo;thd;fSk; vz;zpf;ifAk;
22 B]y; n[dNul;lh; -
500 NftpV 13 150 C Gif Nghf;fp
Rw;Wg;Gw ePh; epiyfs;
rpg;fhl; epiyak; %yNk njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; Njitahd ePuidj;Jk; ngwg;gLk;.
1600 fd kPl;lh; mstpyhd kioePh; Nrfhpg;G mikg;G xd;Wk;> jpwe;j ntsp
fpzW xd;Wk; mikj;Js;sd. njhopw;rhiyapd; gug;Gf;Fs; tpOk; kioePiu
,tw;wpy; Nrkpj;J> Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l gpd; Fopfs; %yk; epyj;jb ePUld; ,iza
tif nra;ag;gLk;. fpzw;W ePiu jpl;lkpl;Ls;s gRik tsh;g;Gf;F cgNahfk;
gLj;jg;gLk;.
epyj;jb ePhpd; kl;lk; : 53 k; (cj;Njr msT )
kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G mikg;G: 1
kioePh; Nrfhpf;Fk; njhl;bapd; msT : 32 kP x 28kP;x 2.5 kP; (1600 fd. kP)
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; NghJ 2 fpNyh ypl;lh; ehnshd;wpw;F cgNahg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fopT ePuhdJ ,af;fj;jpYs;s STP A+dpl;by; ,izf;fg;gl;L Rj;jpfhpf;f
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ;.
24
cw;gj;jp gzpfspd; NghJ;ntspahFk; fopT ePh; v]. b .gp kw;Wk; ,.b.gp %yk;
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLk;.
njhopw;rhiyf; fopT ePh; : 60 fdkPl;lh; ehnshd;wpw;F;
,bgp : 60 fdkPl;lh; ehnshd;wpw;F
rhf;filf;fopTePh; : 30 fdkPl;lh; ehnshd;wpw;F
v];bgp : 35 fdkPl;lh; ehnshd;wpw;F
v];. b .gp kw;Wk; ,.b.gp %yk; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l fopTePh; vjph; kiw
சவ்வூடுபரவல் mikg;G %yk; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L njhopw;$l Fsph;;;;;;;;;;tpg;ghdpYk;>
Njhl;l tsh;g;gpYk; cgNahfg; gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;%yk; cj;Njrpj;Js;s
njhopw;$lk; „;;[PNuh b];rhh;[; gpshd;l;” Mf tpsq;Fk; Rw;Wg;Gw ePh; epiyfs;
khRgl tha;g;G ,y;iy.
epyk; kz; R+oy;
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfNsh;> gpw kz; my;yJ kzy; vLf;Fk; gzpfs; VJkpy;iy.
vdNt epyk; kz; R+oy; nfl tha;g;gpy;iy.
rg;j msTfs;:
Fiwe;j mstpNyNa tphpthf;ff; fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; cj;Njrpj;Js;s gbahy;
Fiwe;j fhy mtfhrj;jpw;F gfy; Neuq;fspy; fl;Lkhdg; gzpfspd; NghJ
rj;jj;jpd; msT rw;W mjpfhpf;Fk;. njhlh;r;rpahf gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;shky;
,ilntsp tpl;L gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; rg;jj;jpd; msT
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itf;fg;gLk;. gzpahl;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fhJ milg;ghd;
Nghd;w cgfuzq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. cw;gj;jpf; fhyq;fspy; gth; n[dNul;lh;>
gha;yh; kw;Wk; tpidfyd;fspypUe;Jk;> czTf;$lj;jpypUe;Jk; rg;jk; tu
tha;g;Gs;sJ chpa jLg;ghd;fshYk;> fjtikg;GfspshYk; rg;j msT jkpo;ehL
khRfl;Lg;ghL thhpaf; Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfspy; ,Uf;FkhW ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J rPuhf ,Uf;FkhW ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;. kuk; tsh;g;G (4.6 n`f;lh; mstpy;) rgjj;ij jil nra;a
VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
jplf; fopTfs;
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfspd; NghJ kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa jplf;fopTfs; ntspahf
tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. njhopw;rhiyapy; jw;Nghija ,af;fj;jpy; ntspahFk;
fopTfSlNdNa tphpthf;ff; fl;Lkhdf; fopTfSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L>
tifgphpf;fg;l;L chpa tifapy; fopf;fg;gLk;. kzy; kz; fopTfs; VJkpy;iy.
25
cw;gj;jp fhyq;fspy; jw;NghJs;s mstpypUe;J 19 fpNyh ehnshd;wpw;F tPjk;
jplf; fopTfs; mjpfhpj;J nkhj;jk; ehnshd;wpw;F 38 fpNyh tPjk; ntspahFk;
jplf; fopTfspy;---fpNyh msT „nth;kp fhk;Ngh];l;‟ Kiwapy; Row;rp nra;ag;gLk;.
kw;Wk; kf;fh jplf; fopTfs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Nrfhpg;ghsh;fs; %yk; ntspahf;fk;
nra;ag;gLk;.
jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk;:
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; mstpy; FiwT. ,jdhy; jhtu tpyq;fpdq;fSf;F ghjpg;G
VJkpy;iy. ,Uf;Fk; 1.6 n`f;Nlh; gRikjpl;lkhdJ 4.6 n`f;Nlh; mstpy;
tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; jhtuq;;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;.
gwitfs; kw;Wk; rpW tpyq;Ffs; tho Vw;w tifahf mikAk;.
njhopw;rhiyapy; jw;NghJ cs;s jhtuq;;fs;
t.vz; jhtuq;;fspd; ngau; vz;zpf;if
1 Gq;f kuk; 258
2 gnjhbah kuk; [gl;lhb]
60
3 Ntg;g kuk; 264
4 ,ay;thif 10
5 kapy; nfhd;iw 15
6 gpnjhnfhnyhgpak; rkhd;
15
7 kh kuk; 9
8 kd;jhiu 6
9 mnrhfh kuk; 32
10 tpy;t kuk; 17
11 Fy;nkhfu; 65
nkhj;jk; 766
26
njhopw;rhiyf;F ntspapy; jw;NghJ cs;s jhtuq;;fs;
t.vz; jhtuq;;fspd; ngau; vz;zpf;if
1 Gq;f kuk; 100
2 ; ஸgnjhbah
[gl;lhb]
25
3 ehty; kuk; 25
4 ,ay;thif 25
5 nrk;gUj;jp 25
6 Ntg;g kuk; 50
nkhj;jk; 250
njhopw;rhiyapy; tsu;f;f cs;s jhtuq;;fs;
t.vz; jhtuq;;fs; vz;zpf;if
1 mnrhfh kuk; 150
2 nfhd;iw 300
3 Fy;nkhfu; 400
4 Ntg;g kuk; 500
5 Nghfd; tpy;yh 100
6 mur kuk; 50
nkhj;jk; 1500
cw;gj;jp fhyq;fspy;:
ePh;> thA kw;Wk; epyj;ij khRgLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; VJk; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J
ntspNaWk; tha;g;gpy;yhjfhuzj;jhy; jhtu rq;fkpj;JfSf;F ve;jtpj ghjpg;Gk;
,y;iy.
r%f nghUshjhu R+oy;:
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfspd; NghJ mUfpYs;s 50f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy
tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilf;Fk;. njhopw;rhiy tphpthf;fj;jpdhy; ve;j kf;fSk; ,lk;
27
ngau Njit ,y;iy. Ntiytha;Gfspdhy; jpl;lk; gFjpapYs;s fpuhk kf;fs;
gadilth;.
ghJfhg;G
Gifgpbj;jy; jil nra;ag;gl;lLs;sJ.
thfd mDkjp fl;Lg;ghL mKy;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fl;blq;fSf;Fs; thAf;fspd; msT rkd; nra;Ak; tifapy; fhw;Nwhl;l
trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;lLs;sd.
Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;Ffspy; ntz;l; Foha; mikg;G chpa mstpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.
Njrpa kpd; jpl;l tiug;gb ntbjhq;ff;$ba kpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. chpa msTfspy;> VJthd ,lq;fspy;> Njitahd
vz;zpf;ifapy; cyh;Ntjp jPaizg;ghd;fs; fpilf;Fk; tz;zk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jPaizg;Gf;fhd ePh; Foha;fs; jahh; epiyapy;
itf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. ,bjhq;fpffs; g+kpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.
caukhd fyd;fs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fs; ,bjhq;fpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;lL
ghJfhg;ghf epWtg;gl;lLs;sd. jPaizg;G kw;Wk; kPl;g;;G JiwaplkpUe;J
xg;Gjy; ngw;wgpd;dh; cw;gj;jp ngUf;fg;gLk;.
kUj;Jtf; fhg;Gfs;
Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd gir> Nrhg;G kw;Wk; iffOTk; Nrhg;gpy;yh Ntjpfs; mjpf
mstpy; fopg;gplq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gzpahsh;fs; jq;fs; Kfk;> iffhy;
myk;Gtij Cf;Ftpf;Fg;gLk;. gzp mkh;j;J Kd;dUk;> gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
kUj;Jt Nrhjidfs; nra;ag;gl;lL gzpahsh;fspd; eyd; Fwpj;j jfty;fs;
ngwg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jFe;j kUj;Jt cjtpfs; nra;ag;gLk;.
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G jpl;lk;
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L> mjd; %yk; Rw;Wr;R+oy;
jd;ik> ghJfhg;G >gad;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;s Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T nfhzug;gLk;.
28
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fz;fhzpg;G jpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L jkpo;ehL khRf;fl;Lg;ghl;L thpha
xg;Gjy; ngw;W mjd;gb gy;NtW fhuzpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspfspy;
Nrhjpf;fg;gLk;.
Copah;fSf;Fk; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapdUf;Fkhd ghJfhg;G top;fs; kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fis jahh; epiyapy; itj;jpUj;jy;.
&.245 yl;rk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; KjyPl;L njhifahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;. Mz;nlhd;wpw;F
&gha; 58 yl;rk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfSf;fhf nrytplg;gLk; vd;Wk;
cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ. சசோலோர் பவர் மூலம் மின் உற்பத்தி ngw &gha; 5 yl;rk; nrytpl
cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
ml;ltid :fhh;nghNul; Nrhrpay; nu];ghd;rpgpypl;b
fPo;fz;l r%f ey eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
t.vz; jpl;lk; xJf;fPL &.yl;rk;
1. kUj;Jt trjp ikak; kw;Wk; Mk;Gyd;]; 2
2. mUfpYs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F fopg;gplq;fs; 2
3. mUfpYs;s fpuhkg; ngz;fSf;F njhopw;
gapw;rpf;fhd cjtp
3
4. Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;;l FbePh; trjp (fpzW kw;Wk;
Foha; %yk;)
2
5. Muk;gf; fy;tp epiya fl;blq;fs;> trjpfs; 2.5
6. mUfpYs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F gRik g+q;fh jpl;lk; 2.5
7. fl;likg;G Nkk;ghL: rhiy trjpfs;> kUj;Jt
trjp> rKjhaf; $lk; mikg;gJ
3
29
8. Rw;Wr; Roy; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzhh;T Kfhk;fs; 0.5
nkhj;jk; , &. yl;rk; 17.5
jpl;l gad;fs;
1.cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; ngUf;fj;jpw;F gpd;dUk;> njhopw;rhiy jw;NghJ ,aq;fp
tUtJ Nghy; Rw;Wr;#oYld; ,ae;J nray;gLk;.
2. njhopw;rhiy mike;Js;s gFjpapy; ,JNghd;w Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk;
njhopy;fs;mika Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Fk;.
3. rpwe;j juj;Jld; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ];lhy; ,e;jpah epWtdj;jpd; gilg;Gfs;
,e;jpah KOtjpYk; cs;s Njhy; njhopw;rhiy;fspy; nghpJk; tpUk;gg;gLfpwJ.
cw;gj;jp ngUf;fk; ,d;dKk; mjpf mstpy; tUtha; ngUf;Fk;.
4. $Ljyhf 120 gzpaplq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L nkhj;jk; 250 gzpahsh;fsf;F
epue;ju Ntiy fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nray;gLk;. 50f;Fk; Nkw;gl;ll
fsg;gzpahsh;fSf;F fl;Lkhdg; gzpapy; Ntiy fpilf;Fk; tif nra;ag;gLk;
5. tsh;e;J tUk; Ntjpg;nghUl;lfs; cw;gj;jp epiya tzpfg;gFjpapd; tUthia
mjpfhpf;Fk;. cs;Sh; eph;thfpfspd; %yk; mjpf tUtha; ngw VJthFk;.
6. 32.4 rjkhd mstpy; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l fopT ePh; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
7. “[_Nuh b];rhh;[; epWtdkhf njhopw;rhiy mwpag;gLk;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy;
Nkk;gLk;.
KbTfs;
,e;j Ma;thdJ fPo;f;fz;l Kf;fpa tptuq;fis ntspf;nfhzh;fpwJ:
30
Rw;Wg;Gw fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; jd;ik> epyj;jbe_hpd; jd;ik> kw;Wk;
rg;jk;/,iur;rypd; msTfs; jw;NghJ jkpo;ehL khRf;fl;Lg;ghL thhpak;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s msTfSf;Fs;NsNa mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
mjpfhpj;jhYk; chpa jLg;ghd;fis ];lhy; ,e;jpah epWtp msTfSf;Fs;NsNa
itj;jpUf;Fk;. jhtu rq;fkpj;JfSf;Fk;> gpw tpyq;FfSf;Fk; Ma;T vy;iyf;Fs;
mike;Js;s epyj;jpw;Fk; cj;Njrpj;Js;s tphpthf;fj;jpdhy; nrhy;yj;jf;f
ghjpg;Gfs; VJkpy;iy. ];lhy; eph;thfk; Rw;Wr;#oy; fz;fhzpg;G epkpj;jk;
njspthd jpl;lKk;> gzxJf;fPLk; nra;Js;sJ.
cw;gj;jp tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,aq;Fk; fhyj;jpy; $Ljyhf 130 gzpahsh;fs;
Njitg;gLk.; jpwDila njhopyhsh;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G ngUFk;. nkhj;jk;
48% $Ljy; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; cUthFk;.
cj;Njrpj;Js;s அச ோஸ்திf; vd;FNshrh; mikg;Gld; $ba 500 NftpV
B]y; n[dNul;lhpy; 13 kPl;lh; cau GifNghf;fpf; nfhLf;fg;gl cs;sJ.
njhopw;rhiy fopTePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gpw;fhd ,.b.gpapd; tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fk;
vjph; kiw சவ்வூடுபரவல் mikg;G mikf;fTk; &gha; 135 yl;rk;
nrytpl cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ; kw;Wk; rhf;filf;fopTePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gpw;fhd
v];.b .gp tiff;F &gha; 15 yl;rk; nrytpl cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
mike;Js;s 1600 fd kPl;lh; mstpyhd kioePh; Nrfhpg;G mikg;Gk;>
jpwe;j ntsp fpzWk; ey;y guhkupf;fg;gLk;.
&gha; 5 yl;rk; nrytpy; சசோலோர் பவர் மூலம் மின் உற்பத்தி ngw
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhh;nghNul; Nrhrpay; nu];ghd;rpgpypl;b tiff;F &gha; 17. 50 yl;rk;
nrytpl cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
&gha; 10 yl;rk; nrytpy; jplf; fopTfs; Nkyhz;ik tiff;F
nrytplg;gLk;.
31
gRik jpl;lk;/ Njhl;lk; tiff;F &gha; 7 yl;rk; nrytpy; 1500 kuk;
tsh;f;f cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
