OF FREEDOM - ARTIGO19

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VIOLATIONS OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 100869010097121008689992312 annual report

ARTICLE 19 Brazil would like to thank the following organizations and people for the support in the production of this report

Open Society Foundations DUTCH Fund Ford Foundation Anderson Franccedila

Disclamier

This is not an exhaustive report on the status of individual cases New information may emerge as cases develop further reports are released and official investigations progress

This work is provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike-40 International

Violations of Freedom of Expression

Annual Report | 2018

Chapter_1 Introduction 6

Chapter_2 General overview of violence against communicators in Brazil in 2018 8

Chapter_3 Elections and online violence a new scenario of violence emerges 24

Chapter_4 Interview Anderson Franccedila 28

Chapter_5 Conclusions 36

Chapter_6 Methodology 38

SUMMARY

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chapter 1 INTRODUCTION









chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

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7

_2018 was internationally recognized as being a violent year for journalists with a rise in murders arrests and retaliations for their work throughout the world In Brazil things were no different This is the seventh year that Article 19 Brazil is publishing its report on violations to freedom of expression and once again the number of cases of serious crimes1 against communicators2 reached 35 just as it did in 2012 and 2015

Within a global state of alert regarding violence against communicators and discrediting of the press the recording and publicizing of these cases has become especially important It is impossible to understand the exercising of communication and freedom of expression without recognizing the context of violence that runs through this activity which is especially true in a country like Brazil where this type of work is categorized as high risk

Furthermore the vulnerability of Brazilrsquos communicators operating in small towns far from large metropolitan regions is generally ignored or disregarded The repercussions of cases of violence perpetrated against these groups rarely make it into national news remaining restricted to local contexts A communicator often relies on their personal network of partners to help

bring the case to public attention By and large this is the case for most communicators working in Brazil with the majority working informally and independently In many towns the local media is made up solely of these people

The crimes analyzed in Article 19rsquos annual reports are always those that constitute direct attacks on life homicides attempted murders death threats kidnappings and torture The cases discussed here are those in which the victims suffered these attacks due to exercising communication There are situations where the existence of this relationship cannot be categorically confirmed but if there is a reasonable possibility according to the sources consulted in the investigation process the victim is included in this report

Initially we will present an overview of these crimes and follow with a list of the victims of each type of violence Afterwards we will provide a brief analysis of the crimes considering the political-electoral context that provides the central backdrop for many of the cases Finally an interview with citizen journalist and writer Anderson Franccedila shares his story as a communicator being threatened and reflects on the condition of communicators in the urban peripheries of our large cities

[1]

Article 19 considers as serious

violations cases of murder

attempted murder death

threat and kidnapping

[2]

In the category of

communicators are included

journalists broadcasters

bloggers citizen and

community journalists and

media outlet owners

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somhNyy+oddmmo+yohhmhshhNNNhsyyyyNNNmmNmyyyhhddmmmyyyNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNmmyyyyhyhdhddhhdmdhhhdmmmmmdhNmdmysdmmmssssydddmddNdy````````````````-+oy-ssyyddmmo+hy `shyodyho`yòddmmso+hoh+dmdydmmNNNmdydddNNNNNmdhsyhdddNNNdhhhyysNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmyyyyhsyddhhmdhydmmhyhdmmmdhNddmyshmmmssssydddmdNNdy```````````````````+oydssh-yddmN++y- `-smyysmo-``y`+odmmmyyydhmmmhdhdddNmdhyoyyhmmmdddhyhhdmmmNNNmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNmhyyyhsyddsohdhyyydmmhhhdmdhNddmdhymmdsyssydddmdhmmy````````````````````hssyh-yhdmy--s ysmyh+ `sdommmdhhyhsddhyhhddmmmmddmNNNNNNNNNNNdmNNNNNNNNNNNmhhhhhhhhhNNmmmddmmmmmmmmdddddmmNNNNNNNNNdhhyhy+ydds+ydhssyhhhdmdhhhhNdddddhmmdymhyydddmdhhdy```````````````````hsyso`yyhm yymdsdys ---m+ydyoyyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdmmNNNNNNNdhmNdNNNmmddNNmmmdhyhhyddmNhhhhmmmmmNNNNNNNNNmdddhhmdy+ydyssydmddhmmdhymdhmmmmmmdyNNmyhddmdhhhy``````````````````ho+ yyhmdyNNd-yh`yh+``ymhhydmmNmmmNNNmNNNmmNNNmNhdNmNNNNNNNhdmmhNNNmdddysssoyhhmhyhyhmNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdhoydyssshyddhdhdmmNdhdmNNNmdsmNNyhddmdhhhy```````````````- ` yhdmm+dyNNd-` smhh+ydddmmdddmNNdNNNhmNNddNNNdNyhmdmNNNNNNmmdmymNNNNyssyhdNNNNddddyossosyhmhyhsodhNdmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdhhdyssyhoydddmdddNmmmddmNmdsmNmyhdddddhhy```````````-oyòyhddmN+dyNmo-- osmhhsohNNhhhNdmNNhNmNhmhmhdNNNhmmdmyNmNNNNNmmmNdNNNNNhhhhNNddddyossosyymysys+dymhdmNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNddmyyyyyoyddshdhhNddmmmdmddsmNmshhdmdNmhy```````--oshhs``ssyhhhddmNdyy- -ohhsmhhsdmhymdhNhdhdymsNhdhmddmmmdmmNmNNNNmmmmdmmNNNNNNNNNNNmmNNNNNNNNNddddyoooosyymyyyo+hsmhhmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmddhyyyyoyddoyhhyNdhdmmmmddsdmmshhddhNNdy---oyhyo-` `ddyhdyhdmmh+ `-hdhy-smydmmNmdmhhmhhyhdhddmdmNmmddmNmddmNNNNNNNNmhhmmmdNNdddddhhhhhhhmyyyyodsdyhmddmmNNNmmNNNNNNNNNmdhyydyyddoyhhhNdhmmmdmNmssdmyhhdmhmNdy-+oyhy+ ``+mNdhh`yhdm hyh-ddhh-o- +mddNddhyyhmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNdhhhyyyyyyyyyyyyhyyyyhhhhhhhhhdddddddNNmdmmmdddddmmNyyyyydsdyydhshdmNmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNmdmddmhoyhhhNhhddmNmddsssyyhddddNNdhsyhs-` ` -+oyy+myh yhdm` +dymNh-ddhs- --hNNmmsydNNNmddhhhddddmmmmNdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddddddddddNNmdmmmmmmmmmmmdyhddmmmysdyomhNmddmNNmmNNNNNNNNNNmddmdhddhyNdhdyhdmddssssyhddmdNNdy-` `+`+dyyyh- hhdmhomhNNh-hy -ydmhNNhmNNmhy+shdddmmmmNNddddddddddmmmmmmmNNNNNNNmmmmmmddddddhdhyhhhyhdmmmdysdssdhmdhhhmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNmddmmhhNdhdyhhmddssssyhhdmddNds ``òoyhyoòdyhhh+ +y`hdmmNomhNNh- -hmyNNhNNNNNhyhddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmddddddddddddddddhmNmmmmmmddddhyyyyyyyyhmdsdyydymdysymNmNNNNNNmNNNNNNNNNmdmdhNhhdshhmddssssyhhdmdhdmy+o+odyyyhoodhhys`+sshdd`hdmmNomhNy--òsdmyNNmmmNNNymNNNNNNmNdmNdhddmNhyydyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhNNNNdddNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdddhhyhyysdhhdymdyssdmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdNhhdhdhmddyNhyyhddmdhddhsy+sdyhhhooo mhddd`hdmNNodo- shhsdmymNNNhNNNNNNNmhhyydsdmyshhdmysshsssssysssssyyyyyhmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdhymddmdNdyssmmmNmmmNNNNNmmNNNNNNNNNNNmhmmmmmdhyNNdyhddmdhdddyy+sdyyo+ -`mhhdd`hdmmo`+d mdhsdmyhmNNhmNNNNNNhyyyshyhyhhhyhmssshsssssssssssssyyyymNNNdddNNNmhymNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmNNNmmmmmmmmdsssmmhNmmNmNNNNmmNmmNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmdhyNNdydddmdhdddyy+o- o+shh`+mhho`hdmm` od+smsmdyssyhhmNNhNNNmhhyodhohyy+yssoossssysssssssssssssyyyhmNNNdddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmdddmNNmmdhdmdyssddhNmhmNNNNNNmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmhymNdyhddmdNddd + `+sdhhhh`+o- `ddmmòmmNNsmdy- +yNNyNmhsy++ooooosssssyyysssysssssssssssssyyyymNNNdhdNNNmhymmNmhyyyNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmhddyhhhhhdsssddhNdydNmNNmNmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdmNdyhddmdNNdh ``ssshhh+sdhhhh`+ - hmmNNomNNNsh+ -hhsmyhNNy+osssyyhhhhhdddsssyssssssssssssssyyymNNNhhdNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdyhhydhhysssdmmNhyhmmNNmdhmmNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdhhddmhmNdhosydyhhh+sdhhyoò++yhy dmmNNòmmNm+`-dmyh-smdsdd+oydmmNmNNNNNNNNmsssysyyyyyyhhhyhhhhhdmmmmdmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmddhhyhyysosmdmmhdddmmmdhhddNmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdhddddNNdhsyydyhhho+ oNhhdy dmmNNòmdy yo-dmyy-hyddhoymNNmmmddymmdmmmmddddddddddddddddddddddddmmdmmddmmmdmmmmmdmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdhmmdhyhsssddmNNmmmdhmhyddhNmdNmNNNmNmmNNNNNNNmdhhhddmdNNdhsyyhss-ò - oNyhdy ddmNd`+d``dhyo-dmyh-ymdsoNNNNdyhshsoddshdhhddddmmdmmmmmNNmNNNmNNNmNNNNNNmdddmddddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNhdNmmmmhysshdhmmNmmdhmdhddhNmhmmNNmmNddNmmNNNhyssyhhdddNNdhsoo`` s+syy sNyhy+ ddmd` +ds+Ndyo-ddsòdooNmNmhsyoyssyyydNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddddhdddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNyddmmhNyysshmmdmmmddhmmhmddNdhdNmNmmNhhmddNNNhsssyyhddhhmmy`` -+òo-ymsyhy os` `ddmd omdmNoNhyo-o-- +d-dsoNdhyyyhyshysoysydNmddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddmdhhhhdddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdhddddhmyhssyhddmmmdhhmdmmdmmhddNmNddmyhdddNNmysoosyyhdyyhhy--yyssyy-ydshhy + -`ddmNm`smNNNoNhs --yh-ds+yssooooooosssssydNhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddddddhhhyhhdhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmyddmmhmsssyhmmmhhmdhymdhdmmNmmmNdmddmyhddhNmmhmhssyyhhyyyhs+o--hhysyy-ydshs+ +yys`dmmNN`smNNNos` yy-dyo+++osyyhhhhyyyhhdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddhhhhhhhhhdhhhyyhddNNNNNNNNNNNNmdhydhdmymsssyhmdmhmmdhymhyymdNNNmmdmmdmhhddhNddhNNysyyyhyyyhs+o-hhsssy--o` smyhhs`dmmNN`smNmy-`ddss-s-+-oydmmNNNNNNNNNNdyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyymddddddddNNNNNNNNNNNmmhyyhhdmymssosydhmymmmdymhhydmmmNmmdmmmmhhmmmNdhhNNyosyyhhhyys+oyoo-`- `- sNyhhs`ddmNm`sms` oy+ddss`-ooymNNmmmmmhmmddmmmdhhdddddhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhhmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmNNmdyyydhdmymsssyymhmyddddymhsydmmmmmmhmmmmhhNmmNdhyNNsosyhyhNmyo`-` ```-soosss sNyhho`ddmm od-mhy+ddss`-omNNmyyhohyomdoohhmdhhhhhhhyysssssssssyyyydddddmmmmmmmmmmdddmNmhysymhdmymssosymydyhddhymhshNNmddmdhmdddyydmmmdhymNsoshNdyNms+ `-o++-yhsyyo shoo-``ddmd` sm+sd+Nhydho+`-h+mmNhsyh+ysohyssyyhyyyssyssssssssssssyyyyyyyhddmmhdddddddddddmdddhdmNmhysymmmdhdysssymydyhdhhhmhyhNNmhNmdhmhddyyhdmmhhsdmooshNdyNmoo+ohho++o-yhssyo o` ``ddmms`smNNN++Nyyo- -h++mddyssyysyysoysyooyssssssssssssssssssyyyyhyhNNNNmNNNNdhmmmmmmmmmdddmdhhhhmNmhysyhhdddhdyssymydyhdhhhddmNNNNmNmNhmhddyhddddhh+oyyoshNdymmosohdddddhyo-yyoso+ o-oo+ddmNm`ymNNN++my+- -sd+ssoos+sooo+++oossssssssssssssssssssyyyyyyhyymNNNdNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmddmNNmhysyhyssyyhssshmyhyhdhhhdmNNNNNNNdmhmhddyhmmdddh++++odymmhmmommddddhyhddy+s-+` sdosy+ddmNm ymNNm+ oo -hy+++o+ossyyyyysyhhyysssssssssssssssyyyyyyhyydddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmddmNNmmdhdmdhhyyhsssdmddhhdhhhmdNNNNNNNdmhmdddyhmNmmdh++++omymNdmmyNmddddmmddhhhhs+--` ymoss+ddmNm ymdy` -dhoo -h++shddmmmmNNNNNNNhssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyhyyhyhhddhddmmmmNNNNNNNNmmhhddNNNmdhmNmmmmdhyyyhmmmmmddhdNNNNNNNNNNmhNNddyhmmdmdy+++oymymNdyssNmddddmNNNmmdhhddyo- yd+oshdmmy sm- ++ss-mhoo -soydNmmmmmmhNmdmNNNhyyyssyssssyssyyyyyyyyyyyydhhhyyyhyydhmNNdhhhhddmNmhydNNNNNmmdhyyyhhNNmmmdmmNNNNNNNdmmNNddhhNmddhyo++oymymNhsosmmdddddmmNNNmmmdhhdh+yh+o-hhdh sd+-oNysNhoo -omNNdshhoyyommoohmNhyssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyhyyhyyhmdydddhyyssysssysdNNdhhhhhhdmhyyhmNNNNNmhyyyyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNmhNdddyyhdyoomymNhsosmmddddmddddmNNNmmddhddh+ `hhdy- smhdmoNysmy+ -hmmNhsyhoysodhosyhdyyyyyyyssssssyyyyyyyyyyhyymmmmNNmyyyysyyyhmNmdhhhhhhhmhyyhdNNNNNdyyyyyyhmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNhNdddyyhNNsomhmNdsssmdddddmmmddhddmNNNmmdhhhhsyhdmy omNNNoNyso +hmdhssoyssyssshyhyyysssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyhNmmmNhhhssyhyymmmdhhhhhhhmyysydmdNNmhyyyhyyydNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdmNhNdddyhdNmoomhmNNmysNdmddddNmddmddhhmNNNNmmdhhdhhhydy odNNNods` `` -yhsososoysosoo+o+oosyyyssyysyyyyyyyyyyyyyydmddmmmmmmmmmmmmhhhsshhyhdNmdhhhyyyhmsyyyhdhmNdyyyhmmmdhNNdNNNmmNNNNNNNNNNdhdmdNdddhdmNmoomhmNNNdsmdhhmmhmmmmmmddddmmmNNNNmmddhmhdy odNmh-- oo -yy+++ossyyyyysyyhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhddhhhyhhssyyhddNmhhhyhhhhmyyyydmdmNdysyymdNmhNNdNNmdmmmmmmmmmNmhhdhhmNNmddhdmssmhmNNNhymhyshmhhddmdmmmdddmmmmmmNNNmmdydsòdo+` -dy++ -yò-+shhdmmmNmmNNNNhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhddmmmdhhhhsyyhhddNmhhhhhhyhmyyyhmmhmmdysyyhhmdhmNNmNmddmmmmmmmmNdhhdydddmNmmddmyymhmNNNhdmddhhmhhmNmhddmmmmmddddhhdmmNmmds`sd```+sys-mh++ -o`-shmNdmmhmdhNmddmNNhyyyyyssyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhyyyhdhdNmdhhhhhhhmhyyhmmhmmdyyshhhddyhhNNNmdddmmmmmmmNhhddhmmmdmdhhyhyomhmNNNhhdhyssdhhmNmhNNdddddNmmdddddhhdmh sdsy-omso-Nh++ -y+mmNdoyhho+dy+oyhdhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhdmmmdmmmmmddddmmmmmNNNNNmmmmmmmmddddmhhhdmmhmmdhyyhhhddydhNNNNddddmmmmmNmhhmdhmNNNmmmddyosmdmNmmhymddhhmhhmNmhNNhmNdhdddmmddddhhyhoòhmdd-oNso-my++ -h+ddhsossosyssohyhyhhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhdmmddmmhddmdmmmmmNNNNNNmmmmmhmNNNNNNNmdhhhddddydhmNNNmdddmmmmmNdhmmdhmNNNNNNNmsssNmmNdddhNNNmdmhhmNmhNNhmNddNdhddmmmmhdhmsòhNmmsNso-s+-` -yhosoy+sossoso++ooossssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhdmdhhhhdddmdmmmmmmNmNNmNNNdhddmdmNNNmNdmNNNNmmdmmhmhmdNmmddddmmmmNdmmddhdNNNNmNNmyyyNddNdhyhNNNNmmhhmNdhNmhmNddNddNdddhddmhms`shNmm-ohs` -` -yhs++osssyyyysyhdhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhddyyddmmmmNmmmmmmmmNmmddmdmNNmmNhmNNNNNNNNNdmhmdmNmmmdmmmmNmhmddhhhNmNNdNNhydNmhdNNNddmNNmmddhmNdhNmhmNddNddNdmNhmdhsmsòddhs` o+`+yyy+syhddmdmmdmNNNNhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmNNNmNNmmNNmmNNNNNNNdNNmNNNNNNmmmmmmmNmdmhddhdmmNmmNNmmmmmhdNmmmmNNNmmddhmNddNmhmNddNddNdmNhmmhsh+`sd-` dy++`syo+hmNNddmsdoymhhdmNNhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyhyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNhmNdNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmhmdhdmmmmNNNNNmdmddNmmNmNNNNmddhNNmdNmhmNdmNddNdmNhNmhss-`sd`òhyo-my++`ssdomNNhoydh+hy++yhdyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyhydmmmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdhdmdmmdNNmmymmddNNNddmNNmmdddNNmmNNhmNdmNdmNdmmhNmhss`sdyhd-smso-+Nh++`sdodhhssosssyyyohhdhhhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyhmmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdmmdNNmmydmddNNNhdmNNmmddhddmmNNmNNdmNdmNdmmhNmhsms`sdNdd-yNss-+Nhoo-yhosoyososssoo+++oyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyhshyhyhm

chapter 2 A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CRIMES AGAINST COMMUNICATORS IN 2018

that took place over the course of the year the truck driversrsquo strike that occurred at the end of May and the electoral period that ran throughout the year until the second round of voting was held in October

On these occasions a great many crimes against communicators were recorded across the country The majority of crimes do not concern attempts on life as the cases covered in this report do but rather they are recurring episodes of intimidation restraint physical and verbal aggression restraint from performing onersquos job or the breaking or causing of damage to equipment One element that deserves particular attention is the fact that one specific trait identified in the more serious crimes is also found in many of these cases the rise of members of the general public as aggressors

Considering this situation it is worth mentioning an important victory obtained by civil society the inclusion of social communicators in the Program for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PPDDH) in the form of the Human Rights Ministryrsquos Ordinance nr 300 published in September 2018

Through this Program communicators who are threatened or at risk because of their work can request support for the establishment of directives designed to protect their lives and physical wellbeing The ordinance establishes a broad definition of a social communicator including those who regularly work with activities relating to social communication (be it as a professional or on a more personal level without receiving remuneration for the activity) with the purpose of disseminating information designed to benefit human rights The expansion of the definition is important within the Brazilian context in which many individuals provide communication on an informal basis without specific training in the area and without any professional certification Many communicators who are the target of serious crimes fit precisely into this profile

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_2018 has reconfirmed the situation of violence against communicators in Brazil If the number of serious crimes in 2017 was slightly lower than average 2018 saw a return to higher levels of violence with 35 cases of serious crimes repeating the figure recorded in 2012 and 2015 the years when the highest numbers of cases were recorded

Despite the high number of death threats having had a significant impact on this increase the occurrence of four homicides (double the number recorded in the previous year) is a warning sign It is worth highlighting that the numbers may be even higher than we are presenting since there are a number of cases that have not been included in this report as during our investigation we were unable to establish a clear relationship between the crime and the exercising of communication In addition to this it should be recognized that cases are often under-reported especially in the case of certain crimes and profiles meaning that a number of cases may not have come to our attention

The general tendencies remain the same as those noted in previous years agents of the State continue to be the principal criminals especially politicians communicators in small towns remain the most targeted the Northeast and Southwest continue to be the most violent regions and the violence against broadcasters continues to rise with 2018 seeing the highest number of crimes ever recorded by Article 19 against this category with a total of 12 cases

If the figures suggest a persistence of violence that has already been recognized this does not mean that it remains unaltered These figures should be seen in the light of a social context in which there is a rise in the number of attacks on communicators and a discrediting of the press in various parts of the world as well as a consolidation and expansion of the online environment as a violent space especially in the field of social media In Brazil this was particularly notable during two events

10

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should be composed solely of two representatives of the then Ministry of Women Racial Equality Youth and Human Rights and one representative of the Ministry of Justice

The distancing of civil society from a policy supposedly designed to protect those working in defense of human rights is extremely worrying in terms of its effectiveness since it is the social organizations that traditionally monitor and expose human rights violations and who have a great deal of experience with which to contribute to the policy in this area Furthermore the inclusion of new profiles in the program requires an adaptation of the policy to understand the dimensions of the violence against these groups and this process would be able to contribute that much more if there was a truly effective space for participation by society

In addition despite the declaration made by the government of former President Michel Temer that there would be an increase in the Programrsquos annual budget for 2018 and 2019 there has still been no inclusion of any updated or better protection methodologies developed for the protection of those it is supposed to support but who have no state representation in the majority of the regions of the country

Even though the inclusion of certain profiles of communicators in the PPDDH is an important step forward in the Brazilian Statersquos recognition of the situation of violence and the need these profiles have for protection there are a number of concerns over this process that still need to be addressed by the Brazilian State

Firstly it is important to stress that a specific profile has been established of the type of communicator who will be provided with support the type who publishes information in benefit of human rights Even though this approach is in line with the scope of the Program it is important to stress that many communicators in situations of risk or who are victims of serious crimes may not fit this profile or even self identify with it In this case what is the effective response of the Brazilian State in terms of protecting these individuals

It is also concerning that the ordinance that includes communicators as well as environmental defenders does not provide any responses to other complaints concerning improvements in the program with the most important of these being the formal return of civil society organizations to the Advisory Board responsible for the policy Since April 2016 Decree nr 8724 has established

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` 35 ++ 35 ++ 35 +o+++o++++o++o+++s+++++o+++o++++++++o+++o+++s++++++++o+++++++++++o++s+++++++++o++++++o+++o++s++o++o+++o++++++++o+++o++s++++o++++o+++++++++++o++s++++++++o++++++++++ 28 +s+++o++o++++++o++++o+s+++s++++o++++ 27 ++++o+s++++++o+++++ 26 +++o+s++++o++++o+++++++++o+s+++o+++++o+++++++++o+s++++++++o+++++o+++++o+s++++++++oo 22 22 ++o++++oy+o+++++ 21 + 21 s++ 21 ++++o+++++++++o+++++++++++++++++++++++o+++++++++o++++o++++++++++o++++++++o+++++++o++++++++++++++++++++++ 15 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 14 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8 ++++++++++++++++++++ 7 +++++++++++++++++ 6 6 +++ 6 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5 +++ ++++++++++++ 4 ++++ 4 ++++ 4 ++ 4 4 +++++++++++ 3 3 ++++++++++++++++ 2 2 ++++ 2 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 ++++++++++++++++ 0 +++++++++++ 0 +++++++++++ 0 ++++++++++++ 0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++`

SERIOUS VIOLATIONS BY YEAR [2012 - 2018]

35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2

4 MURDER 4 ATTEMPTED MURDER

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broadcasters - Jefferson Pureza in Edealina (GO) and Jairo Sousa in Braganccedila (PA)

Of the 35 communicators 27 confirmed that they had suffered some form of previous crime such as verbal aggression intimidati on or legal action among others Of these 10 stated that they have received death threats as a result of their activities

We also saw five cases of attacks on the newsrooms or head offices of media vehicles in 2018 It is also worth noting that in some of these attacks the location of the operations performed by the media vehicles (such as blogs local news portals and social media pages) is the communicatorrsquos home Gunshots aimed at the front of the buildings occurred in four cases while in the other case the death threat found in a note was accompanied by a gunshot to the journalistrsquos home

Online violations have been significant in 2018 Eleven cases were recorded in which an online tool served as the medium for making the death threat including messaging apps social media or e-mails Journalists were the main victims of this form of attack with eight cases One owner of a communication vehicle also suffered an attack of

Who hAS SUffeRed the cRiMeS_Article 19 defines a communicator as a person who exercises communication as a regular activity be it remunerated or not regardless of any academic or professional certification We interpret the exercising of communication from the perspective of the exercising of the human right to the freedom of expression that cannot be limited by the certification of professional categories As such we consider communicators to be professional journalists and reporters broadcasters photographic and cinematographic reporters bloggers popular and community communicators media-activists cartoonists etc

Journalists were the individuals most affected by serious crimes in 2018 accounting for 17 cases (49) meaning almost half the total recorded cases and the majority of the death threats with 14 cases

The high number of occurrences against broadcasters is also extremely serious With 12 recorded cases (34 of the total) this is the highest number of crimes against this category recorded by Article 19 since we started publishing our report in 2012 Of the four murders that took place in 2018 two cases involved

Understanding the serioUs violations committed in 2018





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this type which came in the form of a threatening message to his private number that he shared with his whole staff In these cases it is a recurring theme that the communicator is attacked publicly online by a wide range of users of social media and receives private threatening messages from one or more aggressor

The monitoring of this type of death threat has proven to be a challenge The frequency of online attacks and the number of aggressors is very difficult to gauge in terms of calculation and identification since not all the communicators who suffer this type of attack decide to make it public The chances of these cases being under-reported is therefore extremely high In this report we have recorded cases that we use in our investigation processes based upon accusations made by the communicators themselves and usually using their own social media

For Article 19 a basic criterion for the recognition of the crimes is the perception the victims themselves have of the crime that has been suffered meaning that the cases included here are those in which the communicators report having felt that their lives were effectively at risk within the context of the threat

OWNER OF A MEDIA OUTLET 2 cases

CRIMES PER VICTIM PROFILE

JOURNALIST 17 cases

BROADCASTER 12 cases

BLOGGER 4 cases

MURDER ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS KIDNAPPINGS

[2018]

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the cRiMeS tAke plAce_With 13 cases (37) the Northeast remains the region with the highest number of these types of crimes in Brazil This is followed by the Southeast with eight cases (23) where the highest number of media outlets in the country are located But the rise in the number of occurrences in the North should also be emphasized With seven cases (20) including two murders the region has witnessed its most violent year since Article 19 started publishing this report

Satildeo Paulo returns to being the state with the most reported cases with five victims repeating the numbers recorded in 2016 and 2017 Next come Bahia and Paraiacuteba each with four cases

Once again small towns (those with fewer than 100000 inhabitants) experienced the highest number

of violations with 19 cases (54) Among these there was one owner of a communication vehicle two bloggers eight journalists and eight broadcasters It is also in these towns where the most violent crimes take place Of the four murders registered three were committed in small towns and it was in this type of town that the four attempted murders also took place Medium-sized cities (those with between 100000 and 500000 inhabitants) witnessed eight cases (23)

There was however a rise in the crimes that occurred in large cities (those with more than 500000 inhabitants) which can be explained by the rise of online threats If in 2017 we registered just two serious violations in large cities there were eight cases in 2018 all of which were the same type death threats made via the Internet

VIOLATIONS BY STATE AND REGION [2018]

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


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15

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RORAIMA


AMAPAacute

PARAacute MARAHAtildeO CEARAacute

PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO

SAtildeO PAULO PARANAacute

SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases

++ +++ oo ooo +++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++ ++o+++++++++oooo ++++++++o oooo+++++++------------------------------------- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++oo oooo++++++ ++++++oooo+ oooooo+ooo ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ooooo++++++++++++++++++ooooo+oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+++++++++++++o++++oo++o+++++++++ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+oo++ +++++++++++++++++++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+o+++o++++++ +++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + +++++++++++++++++++o++++++++oo+oooo++++++++++++++++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+++++++++++++ ++++++++o++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++ + + + + + + yso+++++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++--hhhyso++++++++++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++sso+++---hddhhhyso+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+ooooooo++++oooooooooooooooooo---------hhhyysso+----------hhdhhdhhhyso++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+++++++oooooooooooooooooooo+-----------hhhdhhhhy------------hddhhhhhddhhhyso+++++++++++++++++++++++++oo++o+++++++ooooooooooooooooooooo+-----------hhhhhdhhh+------yhdhddhhhhhdhhhhyso++++++++++++o++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+-----------hdddhhhhho-----------ydhhhhhhhhhhhhdddhhyso++++++++oo+oooooooooooooooooooooooo+ooo+oooooooooooo++++-----------hdddhhhdho------------yddhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhhhhhs+++++++++++++++++++ooooo+oooooooo+oooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++o------------hhhhhhhhho----------sdhhhhhdhhhhhhhhhhhhdddy++++++++++++++++++o++oo+++oo+oooo+ooo+oooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o----------hhhhhdhdho----------sdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++oo+++++++ooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------hhhhhhhhhs--------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh++++++++++++++++++++++oo++++ooooo+o+ooo++++ooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------hhhhhhhdds----------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhhhh++++++oooooo++++++++oo+o++++ooooooooo++ooo++o++ooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- hdddhhhhhs----------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh+++++++o++oo++++o+o+oo+ooo++oooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- h dhdddds-----ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh++++++ooooo++oooo+oooooooo+ooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------hdddhhhhhs----+dhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho+++++ooooo+oo++ooo+++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------hdddhhdddy---------+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ooo++oo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydddhhhhdy----+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +oo+o+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydddhhhddy----------hdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho++++++++++++o+o++++ooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydddhhhddh------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs++++++o+++++ooo+o++o++++++++++++++++o+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydmmdddddh------------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs+++++++++ooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydddhddddh--------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------ydddhddddd-----------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o----------shddhddddd------------hdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o-----------sddhhhhhdd------------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy++++++++++-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------sdddhhhddd-------------hddhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy---++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------sdddhhdddd-----------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy-----++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- -- -sdddhddddd------------yhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhy------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- - -oddddhhddd------------yhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh--------------+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------odddhhdddd------------yhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh-----------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ohhdhhhhdd---------yhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----ohdhhhdddd------------shhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------odddhhhhdd----------shhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---+hddhhdddd+-----------shhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--+dddhhhhdd-----------shhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------+ddddddddd+------------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhho++++++++++++++++++ooo+++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------+ddddhhhdd+------------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhho+++++++++++++++++++oooo+++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----+dddddddddo----------ohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddhs++++++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----+ddddhdhddo------------+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddhs++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+o+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-hdddhdddd+------------+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhs++++++oooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--hddhhddddo------------+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyhhhhhhhy+++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- hhhhhhdds-----------+hhhhhhhyhyhhhhhhhhhhhhhyo+ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+oo-----hddhhhhdds--------+hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdyooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+++++-----------ddddhdddds---------hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------dddddmddds-----hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh+ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----hhddhhhdds------hddhhhddhhhdddhdhhdhhhhh+++++++++++o++++o+oooo++++o++ooooooo+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ooooo----------hddddddddy---hhhhhhhhyyyyssssssssssss+++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++o+oo++++++++++++++++++++++++++oooooooo----------ddddhhhyyo+oo+++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++oo-----------oo++++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++ooooooooo+o++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ooo-----------s+++++++++++++++oo+ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++oooooo+-----------ddyo++++++++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++ooooooooooo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ooooo+++o+ooo++o+-----------ddddyo+++++++++++++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooooooooooooo+++--`` ````````-++oooo+ooo++++++++++o+oo+o++++++++++++++oooooo+ooooooooooooooooo+o+------------hddddddy++++++++++++++++++++++++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo-` ````````-++ooo+oooo+++oo++ooooo+ooooo+oo+o+o+oo+++++++++++++++++ooooo+o+----------- d d y + +++++++++++++++++++ooooooooooooooooooooooosssssss ```````---+ooooooo+o++++++++++ooo+ooo+++++++++++++++++++++++oo+oooooo------------hdmddddddd+++++++++++++++oooooooooooooooooossssssssssssssssssssyyy ````````----+oooooo+ooo++o++++++++++o++++oooooo++++o++o++++oo+oooooo-----------hddmdddddd+++++++++++++++++oooooooooooossssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyy ``````````-----+ssoooooo+++++oo+o+ooooooooooooo+o++o+++++++o+ooooooo+------------hddddddddd++oooooooooooooossssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhyh ````````-------oyyyyyyyyyyyyhhyyyyyyyyssssssssssysyyyssssyyyyyyyyyo-----------ydddddddddoyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhdddddd `````````-------+shhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhsyhhhohhhhddddddddddddddddddo--------hdmmhdddmdhddddhhhhhhhhhhddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd `````````--------+o++oyyyyyhhhhhyyyhhhhsoyyyosyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyyy+syyyssysyy++++yhhhhhhhhddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddhhhhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyyys--------------------------------------------------------------------------+oos-+++++++++++++++osyhhhddymmmddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddmdmdmmmmmmmdmmdmmmmmmdmmymmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmymmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmymmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmdmmymmdddmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdddddddhddsddddddmmddhhdddmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmydmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmyyyyyyysssosyyyyyyhhhhddddmmmmmddddddhddhddddhdddhddddhddddddddddddddddhhdddddddddddddddmddhdddddmmddddmmmmmmddhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmydmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmhhhhhhddddymmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddddddddddddddddddddhdddddddddddddddddddhhdhhhhhhhhdhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyhhhyymmmmmmddddydddddhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhddddddddhdddddddddddddmddddhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhhmmmmmmddddddddddddddmhhhhhhhhhhshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddddmmmmmmmhhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmhhhhhhhhhhshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyyyyyhhyyhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddddddddddddhhddddddmmmmmmmmmmdddddddmmmmmmddhhhhhhhhhhshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddmmddddddddhhhhhdddddddmmmmmmddddddddhhhhhhhhhhshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhhddddhhhhdddddddddddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmdddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmddmhosdmmmmmmmmdddddhhhhhhdddddddddddddddddddhhhdddddmdddddhhddhhdddddmmmmmmmmmmsdmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmddddddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmdddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmddmhosdmmmmmmmmdddddhhhhhhdddhhhyyhhyyhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyhhdddmddmmmmmmmmmmsmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddhdddhdyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhhhhyyyyyyyhhddddmmmmmmdddhddddddddddmdddmmhhddddddddsddddddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdddddhhhhyyhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyhhddddmmmmmmmdddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmssssssssssoyyysssyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhhhhshddddddddddmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddddhhhyyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyhhdddmmmmmmmmddmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmd++++++++++++++++++ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooosossoooooo+++++++++oo++++++++++++++++++++oossssoooooooooooooooooosoossss

16

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Who coMMitted the cRiMeS_In Brazil it is the agents of the State who commit the majority of the crimes against communicators This has been recognized over the seven years that this report has been published with politicians being the most prolific criminals generally acting as the ones suspected of ordering the crimes In 2018 State officials were responsible for 18 violations (51) of which 15 had politicians behind them

The principal reason continues to be the accusations reported by communicators a factor that can be noted in 26 of the cases investigated (74) In seven cases (20) the attacks took place following criticisms or opinions expressed by the communicator In another two cases (6) meanwhile it was investigation processes that motivated the violations

However the high number of cases in which the offenders do not fit into any specific profile is of interest Here once again the online

PROGRESS OF THE CASES Nordm OF CASES

The victim has not reported to the authorities 6

Authorities have not filed a report 1

Police inquiry under way 6

The investigation has not moved forward 12

Police inquiry concluded but a criminal case has not been opened 6

The criminal trial has led to a conviction 1

No information found on the case 3

violations become evident since the 10 cases in which the alleged author or mastermind behind the crime does not fit into a specific profile concern this type of situation Of striking interest is the concerned observation made by one of the victims that the number of members of the general public as aggressors is on the rise Some of these cases have a specific individual who is responsible for the threat while in others there are a number of aggressors

Another characteristic of the online attacks is the fact that they target the reputation and personal honor of the communicator Among all the different types of attacks listed here we have noticed offenses and attacks against the individual not only the content of their work This high level of personalization of the aggression is of great concern especially when a division between the personal and professional lives of the communicators in social media very often does not exist



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17

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POLITICIANS 15 cases

ALLEGED PERPETRATORS OF THE CRIMES [2018]

PUBLIC OFFICIALS 3 cases

BUSINESS PERSONS 3 cases

IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE TO INVESTIGATE 3 casos

ORGANIZED CRIME 1 case

NOT APPLICABLE TO ANY SPECIFIC PROFILE

10 cases



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Victim Profile Date TownState Reason

Ueliton Brizon Jornalist 01162018 CacoalRO Accusations directed at a local politician

Jefferson Pureza Broadcaster 01172018 EdealinaGOAccusations directed

at the local government authority

Jairo Sousa Broadcaster 06212018 BraganccedilaPAAccusations directed


Marlon Arauacutejo Blogger 08162018 Riachatildeo do JacuiacutepeBA

Accusations against location politicians

_Politicians are suspected of having ordered three murders committed in 2018 In all of them the procedure was similar contracting third party gunmen to commit the crimes

The journalist Ueliton Brizon was riding a motorcycle with his wife riding pillion when they were approached by another motorcycle The aggressor shot at the communicator a number of times He did not die immediately but was pronounced dead at the hospital The owner of a news portal covering local issues Ueliton also made accusations against powerful figures in the town Although the investigation remains ongoing and there are suspects of those responsible for carrying out and ordering the crime more than a year after the event no arrests have yet been made

Known for his investigative approach and for his accusations Jefferson Pureza a broadcaster from Edealina had already been the target of a number of different violations He had received death threats for a year and a half and in 2017 the radio station where he worked suffered a fire under suspicious circumstances In January 2018 two men on a motorcycle approached him in the

garage of the house of his partner and shot him dead Six individuals accused of involvement in the crime are under arrest including the assassin and the individual who ordered the crime

Jairo Sousa is another broadcaster who had been receiving threats and messages before he was murdered in the doorway of the radio station where he worked as he arrived was arriving With an extensive and wide-ranging career in the media of Paraacute state Jairo was also well-known for making accusations against local politicians A group of gunmen accused of being involved in performing the crime were arrested as was a member of the local town council who was accused of ordering the crime

The fourth communicator murdered in 2018 Marlon Arauacutejo used social networks as a platform for his work Using videos published on Facebook he spoke out about the problems involving the public administration and politicians working in different towns in his region He was gunned down in his own home in circumstances that still remain unclear The inquiry into the death of Marlon remains ongoing but little progress has been made

MURdeRS

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19

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AtteMpted MURdeRS

_Political accusations can be seen as factors in the attempts made on the lives of broadcasters in 2018 Sandoval Braga and his colleagues at the lsquoRaacutedio Uniatildeorsquo radio station were surprised by the arrival of two hooded individuals in what at first sight seemed to be a hold-up One of the men moved towards Sandoval ordered him to sit on the ground and then shot him in the leg telling him to be quiet The Uniatildeo radio station is well known in Jaguaruana for its critical reports and comments concerning the local government

While driving along the highway Hamilton Alves was shot six times with two bullets hitting him in the mouth Having been injured the communicator drove his car off the highway and was assisted by a plain-clothes police officer who happened to be passing Thanks to the fast first-aid he received and the fact that he was taken straight to hospital the broadcaster can now recover in safety Hamilton had been making accusations of corruption connected to the town council of the city of Governador Jorge Teixeira After the attack ldquoOperation Opening-up the Gamerdquo undertaken

by the Rondocircnia Civil Police made a series of arrests in Governador Jorge Teixeira Hamilton however still feels unsafe According to the report the arrests have targeted local politicians who could have been involved as masterminds behind the crime the gunmen however remain at large

The other two cases are notable for a possible mistake in identifying the individual responsible for the accusations that motivated the attacks In one of them Joseacute Pereira was frightened when he heard a series of shots fired in front of his house Going out into the road he saw that almost 30 shots had been fired at his house out of which the lsquoSidrolacircndia Newsrsquo operates The circumstances however suggest that the attack was a mistake It is suspected that the attacker was looking for another outlet that had published articles concerning illegal activities committed on his business premises In another case Paulo Lourenccedilo Diasrsquo attacker took him for the man who had made accusations against a friend of his concerning cases of sexual violence in his town Although he was aware of the case Paulo had never mentioned it in his publications


Joseacute Pereira Jornalist 02122018 SidrolacircndiaMSAccusations made

concerning irregularities in local trade

Paulo Lourenccedilo Dias Jornalist 03112018 GuaratingaBA Accusations of local criminal activity

Hamilton Alves Broadcaster 04202018 JaguaruanaCEAccusations of crimes

by the public authorities

Sandoval Braga Broadcaster 09212018 JaruROAccusations against the local government

authority

20

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Mariana Avanzzi Jornalist 01102018 Artur NogueiraSPAccusations directed


Luana Carvalho Jornalist 02052018 AndradinaSP Accusations directed at a local politician

Eacuteder da Silva Pereira Jornalista 02132018 SonoraMS Accusations of local crime

Marcelo Ribeiro Broadcaster 02282018 Boa VistaRR Accusations of corruption

Juvenal Silva Broadcaster 032018 Delmiro GouveiaAL Accusations directed at a local politician

Maiacutera Azevedo (Tia Maacute) Jornalist 03012018 SalvadorBA

Opinions and criticisms of issues relating to

racism

Abrantes Juacutenior Broadcaster 13032018 PatosPB Accusations directed at local politicians

Jozivan Antero Broadcaster 03132018 PatosPB Accusations directed at local politicians

Gilberto Fernandes Jornalist 03262018 ParanaguaacutePRAccusations directed at the local government

authority

Tiatildeo Maia jornalist 06172018 Rio BrancoAC Accusations directed at local politicians

Ivan Salles Broadcaster 07082018 Satildeo Luiz GonzagaMA

Accusations directed at the local government

authority

VipSocial Jornalist 07122018 TijucasSC Accusations directed at organized crime

Fillis Niorges Jornalist 07142018 BarraBAAccusations directed at the local government

authority

Guilherme Dearo Jornalist 07302018 Satildeo PauloSP Criticismopinions on racism

deAth thReAtS

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21

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Viacutetima Perfil Data CidadeUF Motivaccedilatildeo

Luciano Ramos Broadcaster 082018 CaaporatildePBAccusations directed at the local government

authority

Adenilson Miguel Blogger 08092018 Bandeira do SulMGInvestigation of the local government

authority

Claacuteudio Sabaacute Blogger 08302018 CaxiasMACriticismopinions concerning a local business person

Andreacute Nunes Rocha jornalista 092018 Rio de JaneiroRJ Criticismopinions

Amanda Audi jornalista 09282018 BrasiacuteliaDFAccusations of anti-ethical practices of a

communicator

Muvuca Popularproprietaacuterio de veiacuteculo de comunicaccedilatildeo

10032018 CuiabaacuteMTCriticismopinions concerning the

electoral process

Raacutedio Educadora Broadcaster 10102018 GurupaacutePAAccusations directed


Patriacutecia Campos Mello Jornalist 10182018 Satildeo PauloSP Investigation into the electoral process

Nezimar Borges Jornalist 10182018 MacapaacuteAP Accusations of electoral crimes

Eduardo Franccedila Broadcaster 11052018 CaaporatildePBAccusations of

practices connected to the

electoral process

Anderson Franccedila Blogger 2018 as a whole Rio de JaneiroRJ Criticismopinions

Leonardo Sakamoto Jornalist2018 as a whole

(Jun - Nov intensified)

Satildeo PauloSP Criticismopinions

_The 26 death threats investigated in 2018 represent the highest incidence of this type of violation ever registered by Article 19 As previously mentioned the increase is mostly due to online threats that account for 11 cases all of which were committed by a non-specific profile of perpetrator considering the profiles categorized in Article 19rsquos methodology

Further to the effective risk of a threat taking concrete form the psychological problems and the imposition of fear are clear effects On top of this the content of the threat

needs to be taken into consideration In relation to this aspect the way threats suffered by female communicators happen needs to be recognized as a specific issue Women communicators report that in the threats and insults received the fact that they are women or even mothers serves as an element in the attacks Messages sent by the aggressors include threats of sexual violence attacks on their children and family and language of a misogynist nature

A death threat is sometimes a one-off message a specific instance

22

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w that serves as an intense form of

intimidation In other situations the threat is made within the context of other violations that are already being made and is made as a means of scaling up the aggression in an attempt to silence a communicator The lack of immediate investigations or the delegitimization of the accusation only serves to perpetuate the sense of risk and insecurity felt by the communicator

This situation has been noted in a number of cases that have been investigated In one of the cases of attacks on media outlets for example the victim saw no initiatives taken towards finding those suspected of shooting at the head offices of his organization Feeling highly at risk he decided to leave journalism This self-censorship is a common phenomenon among victims of serious violations

Due to the lack of action from the State there are communicators who implement their own defense strategies In one of the cases investigated a communicator had reached an agreement with their aggressor at a preliminary hearing for the latter to use the different networks to publicly retract the aggressive statements and threats they had made The retraction was not made as had been hoped since the aggressor delivered the agreed statement on a social network with very little visibility The communicator decided to publish the entire case on

a network with much greater reach and this included using a video of the situation of aggression and threat along with a copy of the police report The repercussion had the desired effect increasing the visibility and public support for the case which led to the removal of the aggressor from their public office

This case also demonstrates that the victims often have suspicions or knowledge about the identity of their attackers This should be central to investigating these crimes

Other attempts at silencing communicators although initially successful may have the support from the community wishing to see the media outlet remain in operation which also helps to fight the violations even without a concrete response from the State This was the case involving the community radio station lsquoRaacutedio Educadorarsquo in Gurupaacute (PA) which was the target of an arson attack that completely destroyed its equipment Another similar but unsuccessful attack had been attempted a few months earlier In October the aggressors succeeded The case had widespread repercussions leading to a great uproar amongst the townrsquos community But after a time the radio station was back With the support of a local association linked to the radio station managed to obtain a loan that could be used to purchase new equipment and reconstruct the building in order to get back on the air

chap

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23

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_Kidnappings of communicators is not common among the serious crimes investigated by Article 19 in Brazil No incidences had been registered since 2014 until 2018 which happened to be the first in a series of crimes committed that year against broadcaster Ilton Santos presenter of the lsquoEacute de Lascarrdquo show on the lsquoLiberdadersquo radio station in Morrinhos (CE)

On January 25 when leaving the station Ilton was approached by an armed individual who forced him to get in his vehicle and took him to an unknown location With a sharp turn of the steering wheel the broadcaster turned the car towards a fence and managed to escape A few weeks later

the communicator received a number of messages on his cell phone made in a threatening tone from one of the townrsquos councilors

The political coverage and the opening up of his program for the public to air their opinions had been bothering the authorities of Morrinhos since 2017 when councilors from the municipality attempted to get an official request approved which would demand access to the recordings of the ldquoEacute de Lascarrdquo show Denounced by organizations such as the Union of Broadcasters of the Interior of Cearaacute State and by the Association of Journalists of the Interior of the State the application was shelved

kidnAppingVictim Profile Date TownState Reason

Ilton Santos Broadcaster 01252018 MorrinhosCE Accusations

```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` `` ``````````````````````````````````` ddhhhyyyyyysssoo++++++ooossyyhhhhddddddhdhhhhyyysssoo++++++oooossyyyyyyyysssyso-------+++++o+++++++----------------mmddhhhyyysysooo++++++ooooosssyyyyyyyssssooo+++++oossyyyhhhhhyyyyys+--------------------------------------mddddhhhysssooo+++++++++o+++--+oossyyyyhyyyyyso+--------mmdddhhyssooo++++-------++ossyyyyyyysyso+-------mmdddhhyssso+++--------------------+oosyyysyyhyyoo+---------mmdddhhhssoo+++--------------------------------+osssyysyyyyo+----------mmmddhhhysso+++-----------------------------osyyyyyyyyso-------mmdddhhhyssoo++--------------------++osyhyyyyhys+--------mmmdddhhysooo+------------------++ssyhhyhhhyo-------Nmmdddhhhysoo++-----------------+ooyhhyhhhys+--------Nmmmddhhhyyyso++-------------++oyhhhdhyso+-------NNmmmddhhhhysso++-----------+osyhdhhys++-------NNmmmddddhhhyyso+---------+syhdhhyyso-------NNNmmmddddhhhysso+-------+shhhhhyyo++------NNNmmmmmmdhhhhyyso+++-----+oyhyhhhyyoo+--------NNNNmmmmmdddhhhyysoo+++--------+syyyhhhyyyss++--------NNNNmmmmmmdddhhhysso++++-------osyyyhhhhhhhhyo++----------NNNNNmNmmmmdddhhyysoooo++-------+syyyhhhddddmmds------NNNNNNNmmmmddddhhyyssoo++----+shhhhdddmmmmNNmdyo----++o+o+++---+NNNNNNNNmmmmmdddhhyyso+++----ohdhddmmmNNNNNNNNNmds+---+osossyyyyssoo++-----++NNNNNNNNNmmmmmdddhyyooo+++----oydmdmmmNNNNNNNNNNNmmhso+------ossyhhdddddhyyso++-++NNNNNNNNmmmmmmdddhyyyysoo++------+shmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmhyo++-+++ossydmmNNNNNNNdhys++++--++NNNNNNNNNNmmmmmhhhhhyyss+++-----oydmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdhs++-yyyyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNmdysoo++---++NNNNNNNNNNmmmmdmdddhhhyso++++-------+oydmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdhy++o--sdddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdyyssso---++oNNNNNNNNNNmNmdmmddhhhhyyssoo++-----+oyhmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmdyooo-ymdmmddhhhhhddmdddhyyyso---++oNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmddddhhhyyssoo++--------oshdmNNNNNNmmNNNNNNNNNmdysshdhyso++ossssyyys+----++osNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddhhhyysso+++---------+syhddmNNNNmmNmNNNNNNmdyss+--+s+---oooss+-----oosNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmdddddhhyysso+++-----------ossyhhdmddmmmmNNmmNNNmdds+-----------+oosNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmdddddhhhyssso++----------++ossssyhhddmmNNNNNNNmhs+-------+osyNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmdddhhhhyyssso++------------+syhhdmmNNNNNmdho+-------+ooyhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdddhhhhhyyssso++-----------++ssyddmmNNmmmhs+--------++osyhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmddddhhhhhyysssoo+-------------++ossyhdmmNmmdyo-------+oosyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddhhhhyysssoooo+---------------+++soyhhdmmmhs+-----++osyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmddddhhhhhyyyssoo++--------------------++osyhhdmmdhyo-------++osyyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdddhhhhhhyyysssoo++++++------------------------++oossyhmmdhyo--------++ossyhhNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmddddhhhhhhyyysssoooo++++------------------+oshmNmhys+------+oosyyhdNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdddddhhhhhyyysssoo++o++++----------------------oydmmdyso-------++ossyhhdNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdddddhhhhhyysssooo+o++++++++----------+shmNNdyo+-+-----+oossyyhhdNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmddddhhhhhyyysssoooooo++++o++++++++----------+oydmNmdyo---os+-------+oosssyhddNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddhhhhyyysssoooooo+ooo++ooooooo+++++osyhhmmNdhs--oso+-------------+oososyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddhhhhhhhyysssoooosooooosooossso+o++++++++++ossyyhhddmmNmhyo--oso+------------++oossyyyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmdddddddhhhyyysssssosssosssysyyysssooo+oooooosyhhhdddddmmmNNdys+--+yss+++--------+oossyyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdddddddhhhhyysyssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyso+++ossyyyhhhhdddmmmmmNNNNNhs+--hhhyssooooooooosoo+--------+ooossyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddddhhhhhhyyssyssssssyyyhhhhhhyyso+ooyhdmmmmdmmmmmNNNNNNNNNmho+-mmmddhhhhhyyyyyhhysyoo+----------+ooossyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmddddddhhhhyyyyyssssyyyyyhhhhhhhhhysssyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdyo-NNNNNmmmddhhdhhhhhhyyss+-------+ooossyyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmdddddhhhhhhyyyyssosssyyyyhhhdhhdhhhhhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNds+--+NNNNNNNNNmmmddhhhddddhhyo+-----+++oossyyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddhhhhhhhyyyssssyyyyyyhhhhhddddddddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmhs+-+NNNNNNNNNNNmmdddddmmmmdhyso+--------++oooysyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdmddddhhhhhyyyyyyssyyyyyhhhdhddddddddddmNNNNNNmmdddddddmmNdyo--+ysso+ooooyhhhyyydmmNNmddhys++---------+++oossyyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmdddhhdhhhhyysyyyyyyyyhhhhhddddhhhyysyyhddhhhyysyyhhhdmNho+--------osyyhyysoo++-----------------++ooossyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmdddddhhhhyyyyssyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhyyysoosyhhhhyssyyyhhhdmmy+---------------------+++oooyyhddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmdddddhhhhyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhdhhhyyysssyyyhyhyysyyyhddhmdy+--+---------------------+++oosssyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmddddddhhhhyyyyyhyhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyyyhhhhhhhhyyyhhdmmmhs+--+-----------------------+++ooossyhhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmdmmdmdddhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdhhhhyhyyhhddddddhhhhhhdmmds+----------------------------++++osyyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmdddddhhhhhhhhhhhhdddhhhhhhhhhdmmmmmmddddhmmNd+--++------++-------------+++oosyyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmdmdddddhhhhhhhhhhdddhhhhdhhddmmNmNmmmmddNNNy---oo------++++-------------------+++oooossyhhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmddddddddhhhhhhhddddddddddddmmNNNNNNNdNNNNy--so+-++++++o+---------------------+++++++o+ossyyyhhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNmmmmmdddddddhdhddddddddddddddmmmNNNNNNNNNNNy-soo+++++oososo++----------------++++++++oosssyyyhddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmdddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNmsssoooossssssyyyyso+----+++++++++oooooosyyyhhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmdmddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNmh+-yhyhhhhhhhhdhhyso+-+++++oooooossssyyhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmddddmdmddmmmmmmmdddmmmNNNNNNd+hmmmmmmmmmmdhhyso+++++++o+ooososssyyyyhhhdhmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNmmmmmmmmmdmddmdmddmddddddmmNNNNNdo-hNNNNNNNmmdhysoo+++++o+oooooosssssssyyyhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmdddddmddddddmmmNNNmy--hNNNNNmmdhyyso+++++oooossssssssysyyhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmddddddddddmmmmNNy+--hmmddhysoo+++-+++ooosssossssyyyyyhhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmNNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmddddddddhddddmmmms--syyso+----------+++oossosssssyyyyyhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmdddddddddddddmmmy+-+---------++oosssssssysyyyhhhdddmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmdmmmddddddhdhdhdddmdo--------+++oosssyyyyyyyhhhdddddmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmNmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmddddddhddddhddddy+----------++ooossyyyhhhhhhhhddddddmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmddddhhhhhhhdddho----------+oososyhhhhhhhdddhhdddddmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmddddddhhhhhdddy+------++oosyyhhhddddddddddddhhhddmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNmNNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmdddddhhddhdddhs-----+ossyyhhhddddmdmdddhhhhhhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmdddddddddddy+------++osyhhhddddddmdddddhhhyhyhhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmddmmmmmdy+-------+ooyhhhddmmmmmdddddhhhyyyyyyhhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmho---------++syhddddmmmmmddddhhhhyyyysssyyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNmmy--+-----++syhddddmmmmdddddhhhhyysssssssyhhddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNms-o+---------++osyyhddmmmmmmddddddhhhyyyssossosssyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNh+-o++-------+ooyyhhdmmmmmmmmmddddhhyyyysssssooosssyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNyooo++++ossyyhhddmmmNNmmmmmdddhhhyysoooosoooo+ossyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmo-oysssooooooooooossyhhdddmmmmmmmmmmmdddhhhhysysssoo+++o+ooosyhdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNhshhyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhddmmmmNNmmmmmmmddddhhhsyyssoooo+++++++o+oshdmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmNmNmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNm+-omdddddddddddmdmmmmmmmmmmmddddhhyyssooo+++o++++++++oosyddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNmNmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNy-NNNNmmdhyyssoo++---------++++++osyhdmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNd-hhyo+---+++osyhmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmo----+osyhddmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmo-------++syyhddmmmNmNNNNNNNNmmNmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNms----+oosyhddddmdmmmddddddddddddmmdmmNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNy+ossyyhysssyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhdNNNNNNNNNmmmdddddddddmmdmmmmmmmdmmdmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNh--++++++--+oo+oooooosssssyNNNNNNmmmddddhddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdo-+++---------++oNNmmmdddhdhhhhhhdhdddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNms-----------ddddhhyyyhhyhhhdddddmmmmmmmmmmmdmdmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNho------------yssssososyyyyhhdddmmmmmmmmmmddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNds---+o-o++++++ooysyhhdddmmmmmdddddddddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNds---+sy-+osyyhdddmmdddddhdhhhhdhdhddddmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNNNNms----+yh--------+osyhhddddddhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddmmmmmmmmmmmmNNNmh+----oy+--+osyhhddddhhhhhhhyyhhhhhhddddddddddmmmmmmmmmmNNmy----oy--+osyhhhhhhhyyyyyyyhhhhhhhddddddddddddddmmmmmmmmh+----+oyo--+ossyhhhhhyyyyyyhhyhhhhhhhdhdddddddddddddmmmmmdy------+shh--ossyhhhyyysyyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddmmmmmmdo--+oshh--+ossyyyyyyyyyyyyyyhhhhhhhhhhhddddddddddddmdmmmds-++syhdy---+oossyyyssysyyyyhhhyhhhyhhhhhhhhdddddddddddmdmdy--o++osshddo-

chapter 3 ELECTIONS AND ONLINE VIOLENCE A NEW SCENARIO OF VIOLENCE EMERGES


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_The violent year for communicators sheds light on the danger and persecution experienced by these professionals But it is not just brutal crimes that should call our attention we also need to consider the spreading of violence in other forms in terms of how it is practiced on a daily basis and by whom as the impacts on communication and freedom of expression

As previously discussed the electoral process can be seen as a backdrop to the increase in crimes committed even before the official campaign period start It is enough to note that as early as January 2 2018 10 months before the first round of the elections the photo journalist Guilherme Santos from the lsquoSul 21rsquo website had a gun pointed to his head by a member of the state armed police after he had taken photos of the exterior of the building of the Federal Regional Court of the 4th Region in Porto Alegre where ex-President Luiz Inaacutecio Lula da Silva was to be tried Acts of violence against communicators persisted until after the celebrations of Jair Bolsonarorsquos election to the presidency in October

The political-electoral context was therefore a significant driver in increasing the risk and acts of violence against communicators whether they were attacks on their lives or not

Focused on federal and state positions the elections can be added to the day-to-day local political contexts of the municipalities

Politics as a backdrop is present in 26 (74) of the 35 violations against life presented in this report Work and expression of the communicatorsrsquo violated includes coverage of corruption cases accusations against the public administration and even investigations into aspects of the electoral process In the majority of these cases politicians are the suspected masterminds behind the violations but business people and public officials are also often alleged perpetrators However as mentioned earlier the increase of online violence against communicators brought an emerging typt of perpetrator that has started to recur on a regular basis members of the public without any defined profile

Even this report focus on the more serious violations against communicators Article 19 monitors all kinds of violations Taking this into consideration more than half of the 184 acts documented by Article 19 in 2019 have some sort of relation to Brazilrsquos political and electoral context including cases that involve more than one person such as those involving attacks on teams of reporters or editing rooms

26

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legitimacy communicatorsrsquo work to the point of exposing them and leaving them more vulnerable to attacks When those who hold these positions reaffirm a position that further weakens the legitimacy of communicators it is freedom of expression that is put at risk since declarations of this sort contribute to constructing motivation for violence This way of questioning the work of the press cannot be justified by claiming that this is itself an exercise of freedom of expression since it forms part of a set of actions that are aimed at silencing others This stance is even more worrying considering the fact that politicians are the category that most frequently falls under suspicion as the masterminds behind the crimes which raises concerns about politiciansrsquo attitudes towards communication professionals and how public authorities are part of the cycle driving these crimes from the public destruction of legitimacy to the direct attacks on life

In many cases journalists suffer attacks precisely because of the work they do in the fight against disinformation be it in relation to the checks they make or the investigations they perform into the contexts of production and dissemination of disinformation There are also situations in which even though they have not worked to fight or investigate disinformation communicators have become targets of disinformation themselves

The online environment is the main field for these attacks which take many different forms It is worth noting that within this field the limit between the public and the private is difficult to establish since communicators often make use of their personal profiles on social media platforms to spread the word about their journalistic work

_Even though the motivation for the attacks is different for each type of aggressor there is one shared objective silencing the communicators and slighting their work And in relation to this point there is one aspect that we would like to focus on the crisis of credibility of the role of communicators This is key to understanding motivation for the violence

When observing the forms that the attacks take it is common to see the aggressors verbalizing their belief that the outlets and communicators which have become the target of the aggression are not reliable have no credibility are motivated by spurious interests and are not impartial The questioning focuses on the communicator as a subject and eventually on the outlet that they represent with the discourse being ignored

In many different cases this position is expressed in a manner that is offensive intimidating unsettling and threatening turning the questioning of the credibility into a personal attack and an attempt to destroy reputations

Evidently this is not the place to assess the grounds for questioning of communicatorsrsquo credibility While this is an important discussion and there are legitimate questions that need to be asked about the role of the media in the disinformation process something which contradicts its most basic principles this report focuses on analyzing attacks and crimes against communicators acts of violence that cannot be justified with a basis in any sort of value judgment on the quality of the work of communicators

In this sense the role played by public figures and authorities can be fundamental both in terms of legitimizing and strengthening the role of the media as well as in reducing the

constrUcting the motivations for the crimes

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or even publish their opinions It is precisely through these profiles that a large part of the violations are performed in the form of mass offenses hacking of accounts threats of aggression or even death

Within a context such as this the personalization of the exercising of communication becomes that much more emphasized as a risk factor since the attacks do not set out to question only the information published but also harm the outlet and the communicator This can best be seen when the personal profiles of communicators who work for big media houses are attacked on social media But the problem becomes more acute in small towns for local communicators where the overlap between a communicatorrsquos private life and their public one is even greater It is often the case that the communicatorrsquos name lends itself to the name of the blog or the page of a social media platform or the name of the communicator appears in the name of a radio show very often on the air for a period of time that has been rented by broadcasters who have no formal links with the broadcasting outlet

Unfortunately this dynamic noted in small towns has also now been observed in the new administration at the federal government In the first one hundred days of the administration which have been analyzed by Article 19 through to the writing of this report a number of different cases have shown the Presidentrsquos behavior to be systematically hostile towards the press The cases range from difficulties in participating in press events and press conferences to more direct attacks or attempts to discredit journalism in official statements and publications on social media above all on the Presidentrsquos personal Twitter account and those published by his sons (who are also elected public officials) Very often the attacks are intensified by their supporters who start or increase their circulation online without any disapproval from the Presidentrsquos office

The 10 most emblematic cases have been brought together in a infographic which reveals a context that restrains the exercising of the profession which could lead to the curtailing of Braziliansrsquo right to information

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---+

-----dmmmmmmdmmdmmmmmmdddmmmddmdmmmmmmmdddddmmsddddmhhhhh+-

--dmmmmmmdmmmmmdddddhddh+-+d++hdmmmymmh+dmdyhysoy---------------dmmmmmmmmdmmdsdmmdymy-os-ohmmmsyhooyosds-oy+--+-------------+-----dmdyyyyhddyo++yo+oo+----ymmmo------+y-s---------o---oooooooooyssooooooosoooooooooossooooosddssoooyyyyoooyooooooosoooooohmmmhoooooooooossosssssooossssssssssssssssssssssssshdyssos+s++++++++++++++s++dddddddddddddddmmmmdmhhhyhddyyhysshddddhdhddmdyhdmdmhhsso++yhdsoooy++++++++++o+oyoodhho+ymddyo++hho+ymmmmddhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhdddmddmddddmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmyssysosyyyddmmmmdhs+o++--------oo---++-----++yhy-hhsssdmmdo+ohmmmmmmmmdddhhhhhhhdhyyhhyhhyhmmmdhhhsssyydmmmddddddddddmmmmmmmmdmmmmmddddhdmm-hyssooooosshdddmdsyyhhssyyo++o+o++++oo++++o++++osssyysssssyssosyhhhhhddhdddmmddddmmmmmmmmmddhdddhdysdhsyyyyyhddmmhhsso++ooyhhhyyhhhddhdhddmmhmdddmdhhysyoyhdmdsoo++++oyyhhhdhdmdssdmmdmmddddddddosddddddddddddddosdddmmddmmddddyydddddddmmmmmmddddddhsdddmmmmmmmmmmmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhdmmmmmmmmdddmmdddmmmddhhhhhhdhhdddddmddddddddmmmmmmdmmdddhhhhhddmy+so++ohhddddysy-sdddmmmmmmmdmohddmmmddmmmddshddmmmmmmmmmdshmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm+smddmmmmmmdmmdhdmmmmmmddmmmmmmhsmddmmmmmmmdmmysddmmmmhddddhhhddmmmmmmdmmmmmmmdmmdmmdmddmdmmmdmmo-+--+hmshmmhhs--y+sdmhhmmdhhoysmmmosmdmsy+oyodmmydmdddd-hyhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmyh-yohmmmmmmyhdhyddhymmmysmmmdhdy+hosdmmmmmmshdymmdmmd-hd+dhhdhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmmdmmddmdysmsmmmdmmo--+-odymmdys+o-+hdosmmdyyoo++ommm+ddm+-+-sdhdmdddh+-s+smmmmmmmmmmmmmmoy-smmmmmmosdhhdso+mmmommmyodss++dmmmmmmshymmdmmdsshyyyddmmmmmmmmmmmddmdmmhdm-ysomommmdmmo--ohymmdyo-+ssohdhsosoo+ommm-+dhm--osohhhhyy+-ssmmmmmmmmmmmmmm+---ommmmmm+hsohsmmm+-mmmyohooodmmmmmm+h+hmmmdhy+ysosyhdmmmmmdmmmmddmmmmshmooymsdmmmmmso--++---o++-------oso-o-------++y+-+++++++++++++++++hssy+-++y+-oo-++oo+h++ydhdhss+ooyhsoyyydmdsymddhhhdhmdmdshdosdmmdyhmmmms++--------------o----odhhdy+--y+o-------++hydddhysssoyyoosyyhdhsymhdsyyhhmdmh+oysshddyssyyyhs+-------------o+---sdddmmds-hyos-----y+yhoo+++++sysyyyshhyssdshs+symmms---++s-+os+-------------------s-+---yddyhmhs--yo+so++o++ydysyd+o++sossys++ossyhhyydydhyyysddms--oo--ohssohdh-+hysyhh-+o-ohhh+hhy---+-shhyhhys+-ohhhhhhhhhhhhhh---hhyshyohdhshdhsdhhhhhoys+-o-sysohdhoshhyhdooysssyyhs+ooossodddmddmmmhhdmmsosssyhhh+dhs+smyy---+o-smms+s++-dmh-odmh-o+symm+dmhhoy-+smmmmmmmmmmdmmm+soshmsmsoddyoydsommm+dmmo-so-osmsshhysydsy-sossssyydmmmddmmmyydmmohmmddmy---sdsh+---sddyos-dmy+dmh-soysmmdmddyy++smmmdmmmmmmdmmmss+oyymsmsohd++y++mmm+mmmos+osmoyyhyoydoy--hyysssyydmmmddmmmhhdmmohmmyhmys++---+oshy+---++syhyy--o+hhs+hhy-oossyyyyhhyy--ydddddddddddddd+-sy+oy+o+ssyo+y+ddd+dddssoos---+sohyho+sdyh-----hyysssyymmmmddmmmmmmmmhssssooshdmmdhdmhooooooooosssoo++yo--+---------+o+o---------o------os------o---+-+y-----shssh+os-----yydyshdsh+o+os+soyoooy+osssyyhmmmmo+++++++++++oo++++++++++--+----+yoyy+o----+------------ss+------syh+shdyyo+o++sos++++o+osshmmmd---o-+---+soyh---oss+--o----------+-----soshshys+oyo+++++ssooosyosdmmmd---ooyy++++y---+-o+yh+soss+ss++oyy+soo+++-----------------------------++o--oo+s+ysyyhyyyyhyssoooyhysydhdddmmmmd+++-+++-+++-++ydmdodmh-s-+h+ho++o++oyhmmdhmmd-sysso+dd+hdos+-ydddddddddddddds+hddhhddy---+dddshddy+y-yoodddhdddhsh+yyhdhhyyhddyo+oyhddhdmyhmmmmmmdhdhydhommd+yy+++o+dsoy+-++-h-ho-oyhmmdhmmdso+yymm-hdhhyoydddhdddmdmhmmmyo--yhdmmoymmdss-+smmms-mmmhs-hdhdmmsmhyoh+shhho--hso++yyydmmmhdmmmmmmd+s+o-ommd--oo---oo+-o++oh-yysss-hmmd-hdddsyhdd-yhhhs+sddhyhhdddmhmmmsy+yhdmddm+smdmdhs+osoymmmyommmy+hhysddhdmmsmysydhohdyh--dysoo++ohmmmddmmmmmmd-ommdyo---+++++++o+ss+ys+o+ooddds-o-yhhy-hhhho--yssoo++yyo-yddhsyysyyyshddshohydddys+oyhhhdshysyhdddsodddhyhy+ydddhyoydhyydyosdyh+------hyss+ossdmmmddmmmmmmd--------sso--++----++s+-o+-osyhsos+---+o--s---oy+----yhyh+yo-ooh+soossoso+-+oyhs+yooysysohyoys+oo++o+o+odosshddhhddmdos+--s+---oysss-oo--oso+--shsyyy-s+yo++hy+o+ydsooo+oosh-y++o---+++ssyyhhhhhddmm-o+---yoos--+hyyy+-------s-o----oo+o+--ohsosy+++o+ydyyhy+++++++-+oyh+sy---+o+ho+oyososs++oo+osssssssoyyhdddddmmm++++osyssooso+s+ssosoooooo+yyyoyosoooyyyos-ss++ossosyoo+sssoyoo+o+osssssho+yoyyy+o+ooydsyhhyosoooo+ooyh+shyyysssssoh-sssyyyyhhhyyyysossyhhhdhddmmmmm-+-ooo--oo+-+++++++ooo++sddyodms+yhyhhmmdymd+hyooo-hmmyhmmysyoydmmsmmh+yysodmmmmmmmmmmmmmmyh+hdmmmmmmmy+syoshyymmmhsmmmdshhoyhodmmmmmmyoyhoyhyymmmhdmmdhhhyy+ydmmmddmmmmmmm+dmmmmm+mmhdmmm+oo+o++sh+hh--oohdmmssmd++y++y-hmmyhmmys-hyddmd-dmhoyyo+odmmmmmmmmddmmmmsh+y+mmmmmmmmms+yysyhosmmmhsdmmdyhsydoodmmmmmmhhdhsyddhhmmymdhysysossdmmmddmmmmdmm-ydh-hmddmyommms++oo+o+syy-osyyhdddoyddo+yoydmmydmmyyodhddmd-mmy+sdhdmmmmmmmmddmmmmoyosymmmmmmmmms+yh+oy+ymmmh+mmmhshyyyyodmmmmmmyyhyoohhyyddodhhosy++ymmmmdmmmmdmm-syy-yhy-hmhommmooo+++o+++os--ysoo+oossoy++ssyoo+osyy+yy+odyys++osyhsyyy-sssssssssyyyyyhsy+ysdhhhhhhhhsohy+oyyhdhdyoddddyyhshhysddhddddhyhhsodhhyoo+osds++hmmmmmmmmmmmm++---oooosssso+++o------o++---so+oy+o---+y-yo+-+yohyho--------yhyhyo+--+oh++oysoo+soo+shhydhyy+-hhsyhhhhsoo++o++yoosyyyhdmmmm--oo+++++s-soo--+oo+-+-++oh+-yo++--sohss--oo-y+---+shsosysso++oohyohdsoooshosysss+oys+ossysssyhhddmm-ss++ossss+s+ohos+++--+ss++oso-----sh+-hoo++ssohy+sh--o+oohs---ooosdyhydhy++o+oo+osdh+oyy-----ohs+yyhy+----++syyysyshhyhhhdmmmmos++++ddddddd++o-hssddhhhhhoy+hsdhyoyyyyshohoohhhhhhyohy+-+syyyhyyhyyyyyhyhsy+hyyyooosyyyddyhdyssssoossoodhoydsosyo+o+++yhshdsydhshyhoossysssossyhyyhddmmmmooo-+++---+mmmhoddo-oshmdodmh+y+-+odmmsmmmy+yhsymmmmmmdshyoo+ymmmmmdmmddmmmmmsy-ddmmmhhmmdddyyshssmmmymmmd+y+ooyhhdmmmmmmdyh++osshmmddmms+osssymmmdhmmmmdmm+-mmm-dmms-mmdhdmd-+dmms+dhoo+ody-dmy+y+-+ysdmmsmmmyoy+--yoommmmmmhoyyoosymhddyosdo+sdddmoommmmmosmdmmdhysyoommmh+mmmd+h+++ydmmmmddmmmdd++ss+hdmosmdso++shdmmmdhmmmmdmmommm+hmmsddshmd---sdhhooso+ss+o-ossyhs-ohymmmsmmmhsyoy++mmmmmmyshysssdsyd+s+dhydsyommmddooddmddyshdsommmh+mmmd+hoohhdmmmmhhmmmmdho+syshdd+dds+sssssymmmddmmmmdmmommm+oddoyhoydhoo-+o+oooydhdooyso++oydds+hyyysysossyyshyo-y++++ooooyshhhyyo+++++o+soohyhysddhsoooshhyhyyhdsyhhhhddddoydyyyhddhyssyhdddds+oyyhso+++sy+++ooshmmmmdmdmmmmmosss+++s-hhy+o++++ohdy+hyoo+yddhysyy+++oo+ossdddyho--syddh+dy----oyhdyhdhyooshdyyds+o+++o+o+ydhsssssyhdhyydhhyys+osooso++osyssdhdhdmmmmohyhyysoo+shdhohdyyoo+oo+syddhyyhyo++syssysdhyyh+-oosydho+yy------++shdyydhy+++sosdhyydyso+o-+hyyosyyhs+yhddsoyhysoosso++ooo+ssysyssdhdddmmmmoyyyysyhhhyyysyhhyy+hhyhyhhhysyhddhhhdhss+syhooyhdhhhs+o+soshhho-sy++-----+yhossoooso+oohddhdmdhyyyhhhhyyhdsoooso+ohsosodhy+osysos+ossssssyyydhdddmmmmo-yyyysyhmmddmmdddyo+yyoymmmddddhddhohyhmddysmddhhddhhhyddddddmdddhohhdddhhhhhhhhhhhhshsodhyddddddhydhydmhhhhdddddddhdsyo+sosssyhysyyh+oyshddysddhddyyyyysyhdddddddddmmms++o++-yysyyddmmmymmmmmyohhshmmhommmhddhyhhhmmmhymmmdhmdhdddmmmddmmmmds+-yymmmmmmmmmmmmmmmsys++dhdmmhdmmysdhyddyymmmhymmmmdmssoyhmmmmmmmdhdssyydhdmmddmmdoossysyhmmmmhmmmmmmmy-mmmshmmdhddddddysyyhddmmmymmmmmsssyyddmymmmdddyddhhmmmhhmmmddd+ydmmmmmhymmmmmsohymmmmmmmmmmmmmmmyyo++dhdmmyhmdyyhyshdysmmmyommmdydhh+syydmmddmmdoys+hddhdmmhhmmdosysoyhhmmmmdmmmmmmmsdmmshmmdymmdmmmyyhhdddmddhdmmmmy+shydddy+yhddddhddhhmmmddmmmdhd+shmmmmmhyddmmmyshdhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddyyhdydmmsdmdyydddhdyymmmhsmmmdhddhhdddmmmddmmdhdyhddddddmosmmdhhhysyhhmmmmdmmmmmmmyhddsyddd-smmymmm+yyyoosyssooysydmyo+o+oooososhdmd+hdyssyyhyyhhdddyhdyhhyssyyddmysyddhysssyossssyyhhddysodhdhhyhddhyddhhmdhddddhddddhddydmddmdddhdhdhdyyymdmdhhsyhddhhhhdhhhmmmmmmmmmmmmh-ooso-sssssyyyhhh+yyys+yyy++oosyhds+so++yhhmdoshyyo+oyssyyyddsshhsysso+s+hddoo+hhs----oshys+hyy++++osyyddhdmdhyyyydssshdmdyhdddds+++oossyoohdmmhyhsshdhhhhhddddhhhdddddmmmmh---------+oossoosoosoyhddhsshyo++ooooshhdhosdyooooyssyyhddyyddyysyyyysdddsohhy+oo++oshyysydysso++osyhddhhmdsssosys+yhmdyhdddhsooshdhhhddmhyhhydhhhhhdddddddddddddmmmmho+o++soooyyhdy-dyssso+ooyysd+-hyssssyosyshdh++yyo+oosyyhdd+hy++++++osyyhhsoydyyysoosyyhdsoohyssoooososyydy+ddhyysoyhyhdddsoddhyyyyyhsooo+syyyhyhhhddddmmmmd---o+osddddddhshydy+hddddddysdsodshdddyydddyhh-ss+shhhdddhhdo+hyhyyyyyysyyyyyhhyh++ddyhhyhhhhyohy+ho+sssoysyhydy-hhsyyooshyyydhohy+syyyssy--++osyysyhdddmmh--o++oshmmmmmmdhhy+odhshmmmmmmhydsodyhmmmhdmmmyhyyyohmmmmmmyydsssdymmmmmmmmmmmmmmdyhosdmdmmmmmmmhshy+ohsommmhdmmdshydddmmmmmmmdhddosdddmmmmmmmdy++++++ddddhdmmmmmmhmmmyymmdsddddddoyyyssyhmmmmmmdddys+ddydmmmmmmhhdsodshmmmdmmmmhhyyhydmmmmmmhhdo+odymmmmmmmmmmmmmmdhhohdmmmmmmmmmdhdy+shysmmdhdmmdshyoddmmmmdmmmdhddssdmmmmmddmmmdso+++osddmmddmmmmmmhmmmyymmmsmmmmmmohhysyyddddddddhdhsoddhdmmmddmdddsodhdmmmdmmmmhhy-shhdmmmdmmdddosohhmdmmmmmmmmmmmmmhh+ydmmmmmmmmmhhdhoodysmdhhdmmdydyhmmmdddmmmdhddsodmmmmmddmmmmhs+osysddmmddmmmmmmdmmmysmmm-smmmmmmsdyssssyyyyoyyddddysmdddyhyyhyhdmyosdhhhhhdyhhyhhhyhshhhhhdddddo+shdhhhhyyyhhyyhhhdhdoohmddddddddhhdhysdhyddhhoddddhdhoddddddhdddddddssdmdmddddhdmdhs+ssyyddddhdmmmmmmd-hhhyohhh-oddddddyysyyyhhydhyhhhyddsymdddsyyyhsydmhsydhdhhyhyyhhddh+hdhhhysyyyhddsoydyssssoo++++osshhdooydyhyysyhyyhdhyyddhhyssoyhyyhdh+sddyhsyssyyhdmdysmmddhhsso+hyso+ysyhhsshhdddmmmmd-----yyyyyyhhhdhhddhddhdmdhdyysyhsyhdhhdddddsyhyyyhdddsyddhyyysyyhydmysydyooo++++oyyyhdyyhdyyoooyhhhhddyddddhddysshhdhdhoyddyyyhhhhyydddyydmhhhyysssysssoyhhhhhhddddmmmmmdoyyyyyydhydhhdhydhsmdhdddhhhhhddhyhdhhdhddddhdddhodhyyyhyhhhhddyyydyso+ooosooyyyyhddyyhhysyyhhhdhhdhoyddhhhhhhhhhhhdhsydhhhyhhhhhhddmhhddhhdhhyhhyyssssyyhhdddddmmmmmmd--+dyyyysydmmmmmmdhdohydddmmmmmmmdhdhyhdhdmmmddmmmmdhsdhhdddmmdddddsyhddddhhhhdhdddddddddssdhyhdddddddhdhsddhhhhhyddhdhdhsodhhddhdddhddddyhddhddhhhdddysyoyyydddmdddmmmmmmd----yyso---hsyyyhdmmmmmmdhdohodhdmmmmmmmsydyhdmhdmmmddmmmdmh+sddhmmmmmmmhddosdddmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmddshdhhdmmmmmmdhmhoyddhmmmdhmmmmddhsyddhdmmmmmmmmmdyydddmmmmmmmmdhyyhhhdmmmmmmmmmmmmmdddd+sdddhmmmmdmdddddhhhy-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

chapter 4 INTERVIEW ANDERSON FRANCcedilA

-

---+



29

ldquoThe first exile that the favela communicator is suffering in Brazil today is in the favela itselfrdquo

ldquoSo yoursquore walking around the city rightrdquo rdquo

ldquoYes We walk a lot because taxis are expensive here So we walk a long way here like 5km doing one thing or anotherrdquo says Anderson Franccedila as he walks around the streets of Lisbon Portugal While still establishing himself in this new town - where he doesnrsquot have a driving license car or money enough for transport - these long walks are his primary means of getting around It is on one of these walks that he gives this interview to Article 19

Pushed into moving by the threats he had been receiving for some time this writer businessman and communicator decided to leave Brazil at the end of 2018 The self-exile movement caused by the contexts of violence is growing In addition to Anderson the activist Sabrina Bittencourt the human rights activist and Congressman reelected to

represent Rio de Janeiro Jean Willys and the philosophy professor and women rights activist Maacutercia Tiburi have also left the country

The author of the book of stories lsquoRio em Shamasrsquo and founder of the education and entrepreneurship project for people living in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro lsquoUniversidade da Correriarsquo Anderson Franccedila was born in the northern zone of Rio de Janeiro In his writings he depicts the day-to-day life in the city and its characters with the freedom and dexterity of informal street language drawing attention to the tiny and comic absurdities of everyday existence An active voice on social media the writer often also discusses issues concerning politics racism police activities and their impacts on the people on the periphery of our cities

30

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In this conversation with Article 19 Anderson reflects on what it means to be a favela communicator the risks and challenges of the path he has chosen as well as the threats and crimes he has suffered

[a19]

Anderson you have been involved in a wide range of activities you are a social entrepreneur writer and teacher and in the midst of all this you are also a communicator In what sorts of spaces have you performed you work as a communicator

[af]

Well corporate spaces that have paid me have been TV Globo Conspiraccedilatildeo Filmes the Faacutebrica production company and the Companhia das Letras I think these have been my most important jobs Smaller-scale jobs but ones I have still been paid for have included the Fundaccedilatildeo Telefocircnica Brasil Foundation and ImpactHub in Brazil All these small jobs addressed the reality of the urban periphery so they needed a communicator with connections in the periphery of cities to speak for them Outside this of the communication jobs that I have done in the community the first was AfroReggae One important thing between 2010 and now is that social activists have started having more access to the Internet The smartphone and its technology the social media that has also developed since 2010 and the credit policy that Lula created for people to be able to buy cell

phones all these were determining factors for someone from a favela to get access to the web And Irsquom from this generation this first generation of communicators from the periphery who have gotten into the web When yoursquore from the periphery you need a public to be able to communicate so this is a really big thing itrsquos a very significant form of capital to have this type of a network

[a19]

Article 19 Thinking a little about this role of a favela communicator what does it mean to perform this role and what risks do you see this work as involving

[af]

Looking back I think that for the last nine years the favela communicator has found a formula to reach a very large public without needing a newspaper without needing the traditional media the remunerated media A writer from the periphery may very often be read more than a lsquoGloborsquo columnist a lsquoJornal do Brasilrsquo columnist which means that some may even be hired to write for the newspapers So this sort of ldquodemocracyrdquo of the web is the most important thing about being a favela communicator itrsquos about you managing to reach a lot of people who you wouldnrsquot have been able to reach before And this is positive in a lot of senses because people start to read you every day The risk of this is that itrsquos not only those who agree with

chap

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4

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31

chap

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w

you who are going to read you Those who you criticize the policemen are going to read you So if you criticize the police the police are going to read you If you criticize the drug dealers the drug dealers are going to read you If you criticize the politicians the politicians are going to read you So the risk is that those who read you are not only those who like you but those who start to take notice of your position in society and also look to challenge you on things you say And when you live in the poor periphery of the city this challenge can invariably involve violence The silencing of people in the periphery is very open and people are very vulnerable because of the lack of full civil rights in the poorer neighborhoods Raul Santiago [a social activist and member of the communication collective called lsquoPapo Retorsquo made up of residents of the lsquoComplexo do Alematildeorsquo and lsquoPenharsquo favelas in Rio de Janeiro] is now a guy who is listened to by thousands of people but no one can guarantee his safety and he continues to remain in the same place He still lives under the same effects of the violence that he exposes So the risks are great And they just get worse when you start involving the profiles of gender and race if yoursquore a woman if yoursquore gay if yoursquore black Within the periphery there is the issue of territory gender class and race

[a19]

The conditions and security for the favela communicator are fragile

[af]

There are two different eras when you were a communicator in the time of Lula in the decade when the PT (Workersrsquo Party) administration was in power and now in the decade in which the coup took control and the rise of Bolsonaro There are two different urban peripheries two different countries actually Latin America over this whole period over the last 20 years I think has been making a turn to the right a turn thatrsquos sometimes violent And now the Brazil that we have is a Brazil where the urban periphery itself has started supporting Bolsonaro So the feeling of banishment the feeling that I donrsquot support what we have in the periphery is really big The first exile that the favela communicator is suffering in Brazil today is in the favela itself Hersquos no longer understood there hersquos despised hersquos rejected in the periphery that has also been turned into a violent place for him from a narrative point of view The church doesnrsquot want to know about him The market the corner store the butcherrsquos the school donrsquot want to know about this guy Hersquos a problem hersquos a communist So he starts being exiled there within

32

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w

[a19]

In our work wersquove seen a lot of communicators who talk about being in a situation of risk who publicize the fact that theyrsquore receiving threats and are being stripped of their legitimacy This touches on what you say about the insensitivity to violence How can a means of absorbing these situations be created in relation to what people like you for example are experiencing

[af]

Irsquove never been through what Irsquom going through so I donrsquot know exactly how to reply to this question But I want to believe that therersquos some way out so that some sort of awareness can be created amongst these people And to think about a way out I have to think about a dialog and to think about a dialog I have to think about conceding And to think about conceding I have to think about understanding the language and the time that these people are in and itrsquos not mine And thatrsquos where my criticism lies the academic world isnrsquot able to do this now Because the academic world when it looks at the evangelical church it looks at it from the outside and in a prejudiced way in relation to popular faith assuming that Brazilian popular faith was established between the non-practiced Catholicism and the African-rooted religions But you have a religious practice going on for good or for bad in the popular layers and itrsquos the neo-Pentecostal church And for you to be able to have a dialog with someone [with these beliefs] you need to be aware of the cosmo-vision that this guy has with the world that is monotheistic and conservative If you canrsquot donrsquot have this awareness first of this guyrsquos world you wonrsquot manage to

find the awareness to understand your own world Thatrsquos where the great challenge lies for a lot of people on the left these days and which Mano Brown called attention to

[a19]

And along these lines of awareness canrsquot the favela communicator play a role Or has this role been silenced is this role not being exercised as it could be

[af]

Well the favela communicator he plays this role internally very often trying to explain the world to the favela But this favela communicator he doesnrsquot OK pay attention now the big favela communicators arenrsquot on the left or they arenrsquot primarily on the left Theyrsquore people who understand the local nuances they understand the difficulties of someone else someone whorsquos not him those on the edge and they donrsquot come on all heavy with talk of politics and ideology They do something thatrsquos softer they create more of a dialog

[a19]

Thinking a little about this position of the favela communicator regardless of the political side shersquos moving towards yoursquore saying that hersquos in a different position to listen Itrsquos not just what this person is saying to the others shersquos in a different listening position in relation to her public

[af]

Principally this position Because the favela communicator he works on two fronts He listens inside and takes it outside he listens outside and takes

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it inside So he ends up listening from both sides And he kind of tries using the resources he has to filter or interpret whatrsquos happening for both sides The favela communicator is a great social mediator who is on one side and the other side all the time providing communication There isnrsquot any content that is born only inside us itrsquos born within a context We think that because a guy hasnrsquot been to university because a guy doesnrsquot have much of a body of work hersquos just looked at something and written about it he hasnrsquot been able to analyze it intellectually But he has The guy from the periphery the communicator hersquos able to analyze hersquos capable of elaborating on issues Irsquom talking here with you now and a large part of the words that Irsquom forming to speak with you were learned over the years from other journalists from other academics from people I got these words from And I use words in a certain context to unlock in you the feeling that I can speak the same language as you But if we were in a favela right now in a discussion group yoursquod see that I would be speaking a very different language Or in other words the guy from the periphery hersquos able to articulate and develop his thinking to even develop the vocabulary the dialects to be able to talk with each specific public My original language man my language is something else my language is from the favela And we talk a lot of slang there But we also learn to speak the language of the street and the language inside All these humorous Facebook pages in this context the ones who come up with this are geniuses Bit by bit they manage to create an ethnography of themselves using humor That guy there Whinderson [Brazilian comedian] that

guyrsquos a genius The other crazy guy there Lucas Albert the other there that does that big thing on Instagram one of the biggest in the world in a hood in the Northeast These guys are geniuses You donrsquot get that here [in Europe] man

[a19]

The threats that you received just prior to the FLIP literary festival in 2017 had great repercussions But they were just one incident amongst various other episodes yoursquove experienced Could you tell us a little about these episodes

[af]

In 2018 there was the threat from Marcelo from the lsquoGrupo do Marcelorsquo that ran from 2017 to 2018 The same group continued sending threats by e-mail and even with the inquiry open that culminated in him going to prison I received other messages saying that it didnrsquot matter that he was in prison that they were going to find me These messages even continued once Irsquod arrived in Portugal I divided these messages into categories from inbox messages by e-mail They were being made by telephone I found out once Invasion of my house that was the most serious And phone tapping as well thatrsquos happened

[a19]

Threats aimed at your life and physical attacks

[af]

Yes explicitly and including every word saying what theyrsquod do Explaining that theyrsquod butcher me

34

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saying exactly It was the same group that did it to Jean [Willis] and to Lola [Aronovich a feminist blogger and university professor] The same people

[a19]

And is there a profile a profile pattern for these aggressors

[af]

Therersquos a pattern to the language one of the patterns is linguistic Theyrsquore all very focused on explaining the type of practice involved in the torture and crime And this concern eventually reveals that the practices are similar The impression you get is that they all read the same things to say what theyrsquore going to do So it seems that therersquos a single source of information that says you should butcher [the victim] then set them on fire put them in a garbage bag etc So you see that itrsquos the same group thatrsquos talking because they all make similar threats Another pattern is that it seems to me that theyrsquore white men and theyrsquore associated with technology with video games or with Internet forums where they spend a lot of time together And the constant presence of these men together creates an environment of permissiveness and talk that is more homophobic xenophobic and racist I took part in one of these to see who it is whorsquos threatening me and I saw that they talk about games Theyrsquore men who play video games theyrsquore men who are unemployed theyrsquore men who donrsquot want a job have no permanent relationship have problems with women and spend many hours at home on the Internet and their frustrations start giving way to hate They hate themselves and they project their hate onto others

[a19]

The violence and threats were a central motive for your leaving the country But before leaving Brazil how did these threats interfere in your daily routine What effects did this constant violence these messages these acts have on your daily life

[af]

Well it stretches from the first aspect of it which is the psychology one through to basically getting around and freedom You deal with six million people a month (those who read my stuff that is) and you start trusting no one So for example on my web page if therersquos just the slightest little offense then I block that person because I donrsquot know if this person is being themselves really or if therersquos something behind them And this is a policy that I have adopted and I wonrsquot change it But this is a loss of freedom Because before I let everyone write but now I donrsquot allow this anymore And in relation to the northern zone of Rio de Janeiro I wouldnrsquot go everywhere frightened of certain times of day afraid of certain places And these people knew where I lived One of these people took a photo of my mum at a street market saying theyrsquod kill her So the restrictions on freedom were in practice really big And when Bolsonaro was elected it became obvious that we couldnrsquot remain where we were anymore So the feeling ranges from fear to a much greater feeling of helplessness and insecurity that is much greater

[a19]

Thinking a little about your texts and your career one thing that is quite striking is that yoursquove moved house a lot And now yoursquove moved again

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perhaps the most radical of these moves How do you feel now about this situation of where you live do you feel as though you have a home

[af]

No I donrsquot have one any more no Thatrsquos finished This feeling of a home is truly over I was in London the past few days working there and when I came back here I didnrsquot come home I came here This isnrsquot my home When we leave itrsquos not exactly planned we donrsquot come here to study we donrsquot come to work we didnrsquot want to come We had to come And this feeling of home doesnrsquot exist for me When I look back to Brazil that isnrsquot my home either Because itrsquos become a country that I donrsquot recognize anymore And itrsquos not the country I fought for This country thatrsquos there now itrsquos not the one I fought for

[a19]

But now there are a lot of new things yoursquore putting together with projects

that are moving out into different countries Yoursquore leading an itinerant life can we say that

[af]

Yes thatrsquos exactly it You start having a You go through a really strange process of creating a public persona Marina [Silva] helped me to understand the importance of talking When Marina opens her mouth to speak with the press shersquos being Marina The construction of many years of narrative So Irsquom going through this here When I went to Cambridge University I gave a speech to people including the British Prime Ministerrsquos professor This guy was watching me I went to Oxford and there were really important people there When you put yourself on a stage thatrsquos so big in terms of academic importance and yoursquore not an academic you need to publicly construct yourself So you donrsquot have a home anymore you have yourself you have your own history your narrative the place where you live is your narrative

+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

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NNNNNNNmyhddmmdyyhhhhdmNNNNNNNmdmmmmNNNNmdmmmmdmNNNNNNNNNNNdddmNNNmmmdhhdddhddhdmmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNddyydhdhhhdddhNNNNNNNNNmhddhdddhhdddNNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmmsydddddmmhsssshmNNNNNNmmNNNNNhhdddmmyyhhdddNNNNNNNNmmmmNNNNNNmhmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNmddmNNmmmdhhddddddhhmmmNNmmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNNNNymyddhdhhhhddhNNNNNNNNmmhddddddhdddmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNhsshhddddddyssysNNNNNNNmNNNNNmhyhddmmdyyhdddmNNNNNNNdhmmmmNNNNNdmmmmdmNNNNNNNNNNNmmdmmNNdddhhdddddddmmmmNNmmNmNNNNNNNNNNNNmNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNmddhdhhdhhhdddhNNNNNNNNmmhddhhdhhdhdmNNNNNmNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNdshhhdddmmhyssyymNNNNNNmmNNNNNhyhhddmdsyhdhhmNNNNNNNNmmmmNNNNNNhmmmmmmNNNNNNNNNNNmmmmmNN

chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS

+++++-+--

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chap

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5

con

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37

_The increase in violence against communicators in 2018 is of great concern It shows that the some possible improvement suggested in recent years has not been consolidated Brazil continues to be a country of high risk for this type of work in the fight for freedom of expression

The four murders and four attempted murders show the most violent side of this worsening situation These cases should not raise the already high rates of impunity relating to these crimes in Brazil The wide-scale repercussions and fast police action in at least two of these murder cases are still the exception

The violence against broadcasters especially in small cities never stops increasing in Brazil A highly vulnerable character the broadcaster is very often the voice for areas in Brazil with little or no other local media Special attention should be paid to this profile and its vulnerabilities

As we have attempted to highlight the crisis of credibility of journalism can be read as a motivating element for the violence against journalists Recognition of this also extends to recognizing the digital environment as a stage for many of these violent acts This means becoming more aware and ensuring an extensive understanding of the forms and effects of the online violence The possibility of an attack should not be taken as the sole criteria for assessing a threat These crimes also aim to cause psychological harm and silence communicators through fear

In the same way the offense and the damage done to the credibility of journalists and the press as a whole cannot be minimized but rather understood as a symptom of a disconnection of part of society with the work of communicators It is of serious concern that general readiness to attack communicators has increased

and that public figures encourage this persecution

In addition to the ascertainment and effective investigation of the crimes against communicators the relationship of credibility between the press and the public needs to be rebuilt A society that is incapable of recognizing its own violence will be unable to recognize the suffering of others

Finally considering that politicians are the main suspects of being masterminds behind the crimes against communicators for many years this permanent connection of public officials to violations of human rights is extremely worrying In 2018 in addition to this dynamic repeating itself new dynamics emerging from the political sphere have seen increased discrediting and slandering of the press

Article 19 asserts that States have an obligation to prevent protect and prosecute attacks against journalists and human rights defenders Public authorities also have the obligation to refrain from delegitimizing the work of communicators or spreading disinformation to raise doubts about journalistic coverage whenever it is displeasing

Finally it should be stressed that be it in the form of a direct action or an omission the naturalization of attacks and dismissive tone used in referring to the press places communicators at risk in a country that is already recognized for its violence against these professionals - that reach their most extreme form in muder Furthermore the deterioration of the environment for the work of communicators has an impact on the access to information by the public on the circulation of different information and opinions and on the ability of the media to perform its role as a watchdog to the public authorities a role that is essential to the protection of democratic institutions The right to informations of society as a whole is thereby prejudiced

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chapter 6 METHODOLOGY


39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

_Article 19 defines the violation of

freedom of expression as being any action be it performed by the State or not that either directly or indirectly interferes with the free circulation of ideas opinions or information The Statersquos failure to act in opposition to these acts is also considered to be a violation of the freedom of expression

This report is focused on cases suffered by communication professionals as it understands that these types of profession perform important activities relating to human rights ndash that are not restricted to individual freedoms but principally provide a collective dimension of the freedom of expression Recognizing the importance of these activities for society and the need to keep it at the top of the public agenda for debate Article 19 monitors and registers violations against the freedom of expression suffered by these professionals

This report of serious violations to the freedom of expression of communicators refers to those cases in which this human right to freely express oneself has been seriously violated with the intention of placing the victimrsquos life at risk by means of the following crimes

MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING

The information ascertained detailed and analyzed in this report concern only the serious crimes However other less serious violations are also monitored providing information that also serves to provide support for the development of this report

The checking and consolidation of the information performed by Article 19 undergoes three stages

_Monitoring mapping the cases of violations and collecting initial information on each occurrence based

upon journalistic materials published by different profiles of communication vehicles social organizations networks of correspondents and by the victims themselves or witnesses to the events

_Full report detailing the information mapped out in the monitoring phase by means of investigation of each case using interviews with the victims and their families as well as those known to the victims members of civil society organizations that work with these issues and the authorities responsible for the cases

_Accompaniment documentation and legal analysis of certain cases for assessment of possible legal action or forwarding of the cases to partner organizations along with the adoption of public stances drawing attention to the cases and demanding that the State take the proper steps In the monitoring phase all the different types of violation related to the freedom of expression described in the protocol were collected together The complete record includes only the most serious cases - murder attempted murder death threats torture and kidnapping The figures relating to these categories were systematized for the development of this report

In view of the fact that the occurrences brought together in the monitoring phase are drawn from news sites and the sites of other civil society organizations by the internal team from Article 19rsquos protection and security program we recognize that the lack of lsquoin locorsquo contacts in the different regions of the country may negatively affect the full collection of all the cases that may have taken place over the course of the year

As such we recognize that despite the efforts employed there is still the possibility that there exist cases that have not come to our attention and that the number of violations to freedom of expression suffered by communicators may be even higher than the number considered for the development of this report

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40

Important Article 19rsquos investigation is performed independently to official investigations - which we consider to be only one possible version of the facts This is necessary since the public officials and police officers involved in the investigations may be parties involved in the violation in question On the other hand Article 19 has no intention of substituting or competing with the work of the official investigation On the contrary we demand an official resolution of the cases and that the guilty parties be tried and punished in accordance with the laws of the country

ASSeSSMent of the dAtATo analyze the researched data it was first necessary to identify all the available evidence that could reinforce and help support the direct relationship between the facts the work of communication and the opinions andor information that could have been expressed by the victim or which she was planning to express

Once these correlations had been established a cross-referencing was performed of analysis categories considered to be central for the profiling of the crimes Within these categories three types can be highlighted those that profile the victim those that profile the crime and those that profile the perpetrator of the crime

For the profiling of the victim research was performed into the victimrsquos activity (journalist or reporter broadcaster blogger) and the gender

For the profiling of the crime analysis was undertaken of the type of crime (murder attempted murder death threats or torture) where it occurred (region state and size of the city) and

any existence of previous crimes In relation to the size of the cities the classification established by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Statistics) was used small cities (less than 100000 inhabitants) medium-sized cities (from 100000 to 500000 inhabitants) and large cities (more than 500000 inhabitants)

The profiling of the perpetrator of the crime was performed by means of an analysis of the profile of the possible mastermind and the probable motives The profile of the author is the type of activity that they perform to which the possible mastermind is connected within the context of the crime with the following possibilities a police officer or politician someone involved in organized crime a businessperson or public official

Furthermore we sought to find possible motives linked to the exercising of the victimrsquos right to freedom of expression that may have led the perpetrator to commit the crime These include investigation or verification of information declaration of accusations and expression of criticism or opinions

Once the crime had been profiled from these different angles we sought to establish the status of each case in the justice system be it in the phase of the police inquiry investigation by the Public Prosecutorrsquos Office or a criminal case under way before the courts

It is important to clarify that the information on the status of the cases was not obtained solely from the authorities since in some cases these authorities refused to collaborate with the investigation being performed by Article 19 Sometimes they were also not available to be contacted or the contact was insufficient to ascertain the desired information In these cases the data referring to the status of the investigations was provided by the victims themselves or by people related to them and who have been following the case

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT

ARTICLE 19 BRAZIL amp SOUTH AMERICA

End Edifiacutecio das Bandeiras Rua Joatildeo Adolfo 118 -

Conjunto 802

Centro - Satildeo Paulo SP - 01050-020

Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042

comunicacaoartigo19org

wwwartigo19org

ARTICLE 19 Brazil would like to thank the following organizations and people for the support in the production of this report

Open Society Foundations DUTCH Fund Ford Foundation Anderson Franccedila

Disclamier











SUMMARY


















chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

n

7







[1]





[2]

In the category of





media outlet owners







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org

Disclamier











SUMMARY


















chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

n

7







[1]





[2]

In the category of





media outlet owners







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org









SUMMARY


















chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

n

7







[1]





[2]

In the category of





media outlet owners







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org


















chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

n

7







[1]





[2]

In the category of





media outlet owners







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org









chap

ter

1

intr

odu

ctio

n

7







[1]





[2]

In the category of





media outlet owners







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org







chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

9





10

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

11

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



35 35 TOTAL

27

26

21

22 22

DEATH THREATS

35

35

6 6 6

28

21

14

15

8

7

5

4

3

0 0 0 0

1 KIDNAPPINGS

3

4 4

2 2

2012 2015 2013 2016 2014 2017 2018

2






12

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w













chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

13

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w






JOURNALIST 17 cases


BLOGGER 4 cases



[2018]


14

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w WheRe do







NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases


chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

15

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



RORAIMA


AMAPAacute


PARAIacuteBA

ALAGOAS

BAHIA

DISTRITO FEDERAL

GOIAacuteS

MINAS GERAIS

RIO DE JANEIRO


SANTA CATARINA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL

MATO GROSSO

RONDOcircNIA

ACRE

NORTHEAST 13 cases

NORTH 7 cases

CENTER-WEST 5 cases

SOUTHEAST 8 cases

SOUTH 2 cases



16

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w
















chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

17

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w








10 cases



18

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w















MURdeRS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

19

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

AtteMpted MURdeRS












authority

20

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










racism




authority




authority



authority


deAth thReAtS

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

21

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w



authority


authority




communicator



electoral process







electoral process









22

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie








chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w

23

chap

ter

2

gen

eral

ove

rvie

w










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

25








26

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce










chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce

27

chap

ter

3

elec

tio

ns

and

on

lin

e vi

ole

nce





-

---+




-

---+



29







30

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

31

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


32

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

[a19]


[af]



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

33

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w



[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


34

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


[af]


[a19]


chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w

35

chap

ter

4

inte

rvie

w


[af]


[a19]



[af]


+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho






















+++++-+--

---

-

-

-

--------+

++

--o-

oydhyhh

-shydhhhhs

hyhddhddy+

+hhddddddy

ohhhhhhdds

-yhhdhhhddy-+++

-yyhddhdddy-

oohyyhyhyhdddddds

ohyhdhhhyhhddddddho





















chap

ter

5

con

clus

ion

s

37














39

chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy





MURDER

ATTEMPTED MURDER

DEATH THREATS

KIDNAPPING









chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

40











chap

ter

6

met

hodo

logy

--------------------------+----``` `````` ``` ````` ``````+mmmddNNNNNNNN---

---------------------------------------`````` ``` ````` ```````+mmmmdNNNNNNNN--

-----------------------------+---+--------``` ` `````` ``` ```````` +mmmmdNNNNNNNN---

----------------------------`-++--+------``` ```````` ` ```````````+mmmmmNNNNNNNN---


````-+++---+--------`` `` `` ``````````` mmddmNNNNNNNN+--


SUPPORT



Conjunto 802


Brazil

+55 (11) 3057 0042


wwwartigo19org

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