1

2

of] k|ltj]bg ;]l/8sf] ;xsfo{df 8f= lszf]/ >]i7, 8f= k|]dgf/fo0f cof{n / ;Da4 cg';Gwfg 6f]lnåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb /lfi6«o ;dflxt lzIff s]Gb| g]kfnåf/f ul/Psf] xf] .

of] k|sfzgdf ePsf tYox¿sf] 5gf}6 / k|:t'ltsf ;fy} ltgdf JoQm ljrf/x¿ o'g]:sf]sf gePsfn] of] ;+:yf tL cleJolQmk|lt cfÎgf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{g / o;sf nflu n]vsx¿ g} k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ . o; k|sfzgsf nflu lglb{i6 kbx¿ / ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'ltn] s'g} klg b]zsf], ;+/lIft /fHosf], ;x/sf] jf If]qsf] cyjf o;sf clwsf/Lsf] sfg'gL l:ylt jf b]z / If]qsf] ;Ldfsf ;DaGwdf o'g]:sf]sf] ljrf/sf] cleJolQmnfO{ hgfpFb}g . o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}åf/f ;g\ @))* df k|sflzt . ISBN 978-9937-8075-4-8 © o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ cfj/0f kmf]6f] © o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+÷Plnhf P;= 9+'ufgf d'b|s M n'if k|];, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]g g+ M $&*@*@$ For more information please contact: UNESCO Office in Kathmandu Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, P.O. Box 14391 Kathmandu, NEPAL E-mail:kathmandu@unesco.org Tel: +977-1-5554-396/769 Fax: +977-1-5554-450 http://www.unesco.org/kathmandu

3

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afngLlt k'g/fjnf]sg

-cWoog k|ltj]bg_

cWoog 6f]nL

8f= lszf]/ >]i7 – k|d'v cg';Gwfgstf{ 8f= x[bo/Tg jh|frfo{ – ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= k|]dgf/fo0f cof{n – cg';Gwfgstf{ >LdtL /]g' yfkf – cg';Gwfg ;xof]uL >LdtL pQ/f ah|frfo{ – cg';Gwfg ;xof]uL

4

k|fSsyg

;j}sf nflu lzIffsf] klxnf] p2]Zo æljz]if u/L gfh's / ;'ljwfljlxg afnaflnsfsf] lglDt k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIff sfo{qmdsf] Jofks lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/ ug]{Æ kl/k"lt{sf nflu of] k|f/lDes afngLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf k|f/lDes afngLltsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf c;n cEof; tyf afwf / r'gf}ltx¿sf] Klxrfg ug]{, ltgsf] clen]lvs/0f u/L kf/:kl/s cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf of] k'g/fjnf]sg pkof]uL / ;d;fdlos x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] Ph]08f t'ngfTds¿kdf gofF rf;f] / kl5 cfPsf] s'/f eP tfklg b]zdf o;sf] ljsf; b|'tultdf ePsf] s'/f l:jsfg{ kb{5 . cGt/fli6«o d~rx¿ h:t} jfnjflnsfsf nflu ljZj ;Dd]ng, ;a}sf nflu lzIff ljZj clwj]zg / jfnclwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cle;lGw k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sfnflu ljz]if /fli6«o gLlt geP tfklg gLlt;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ ljleGg /fli6«o of]hgfx¿ / gLltutb:tfj]hx¿df kfpg ;lsG5 . of] cWoogdf /fli6«o of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿sf ;fy} ;DalGwt b:tfj]hx¿df pNn]v ePsf kf/lDes jfnljsf; ;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg dGqfnox¿, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf lgsfox¿–o'g]:sf] / o'lg;]km tyf gLlh If]qn] k|f/lDes jfnljsf;sf] lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg o'g]:sf] Plzof–Kofl;lkms lzIffsf] If]qLo Jo"/f] -PkLcf/jLO{_ / o"lg;]km O:6 Plzof / Kofl;lkms If]qLo sfof{no -O{PkLcf/cf]_, a}Ís yfONof08åf/f k|fof]lht k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] gLltut k|of; xf] .

;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg, s]Gb|Lo txsf pRr:t/Lo clwsf/Lx¿ / tLg lhNnfx¿ -tgx'F, df]/ª / ;'G;/L_ df ;+rflnt dfdnf cWoogaf6 k|f/lDes jfnljsf;;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ Vff;u/L ljBdfg gLltut b:tfj]hx¿df ePsf] ;jn / b'j{n kIfx¿df kof{Kt ;"rgfx¿ pknAw ePsf] 5 . tL ;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] k|f/lDes jfNofsfnsf] gLltut ;+/rgf vf;u/L g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo / bLuf]kg;DaGwL s]xL gLltut l;kmfl/zx¿ ;'emfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . o; k'g/fjnf]sgn] ;'ljwfljlxg cj:yfdf / ;LdfGt ;d'bfox¿df j;f]jf; ug]{ jfnjflnsfx¿sfnflu u'0ffTds¿kdf k|f/lDes afn ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ gLltnfO{ cEof;df kl/0ft ug{ cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . of] cWoog g]kfndf ;fgf jfnjflnsfsf]

5

x]/rfx, lzIff / ljsf;df cle¿rL /fVg] / ;+nUg ;a} JolQmnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 .

o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ sfd ug{sf nflu of] s]Gb|nfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf]df o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . k"/f cwoog cljlwe/ ;zQm ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf]df o'g]:sf] a}ªss / o'lg;]km, Oofk|f] j}ª\ssnfO{ s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5f}+ . k]zfut ;xof]usf nflu xfd|f] ljz]if k|z+;f 8f= h'l8y OefG;, k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu o'lg;]km Oofk|fsf If]qLo ;Nnfxsf/ lNskm d]o;{,] o'g]:sf] j}ª\sssf dfls xfoflzsfjf / o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+sf tk/fh kGt / Plnhf >]]i7 9'u+fgfnfO{ lbg rfxG5f}+ . k'g/fjnf]sgsf] p2]Zosf nflu cfof]lht k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfdf efulng] tyf :ynut cWoogsf qmddf dxTjk"0f{ ;f]r / ljrf/ lbg] ;a}nfO{ ;]l/8 wGojfb lbg rfxG5 .

*f= >L/fd k|;fb nfld5fg]

lgldQ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;]l/8

6

ljifo;"rL

v08–Ps !–%

kl/ro !

b]zkl/ro !

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;Gbe{ @

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] p2]Zo $

ck]lIft kl/0ffx¿ $

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]q %

k'g/fjnf]sgsf ljifo / d'2fx¿ %

v08 b'O{ ^–(

k'g/fjnf]sgsf ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ ^

cg';Gwfg 6f]nL / ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ^

gLltut b:tfj]hsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ^

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf &

cWoog ;fwg / pQ/bftfx¿sf] tof/L *

:ynut cWoog ;+rfng (

v08–tLg !)–!(

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] l;+xfjnf]sg !)

k|f/lDes afnljsf;, x]/rfx / lzIffsf] kl/efiff !)

k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; !)

sfof{Gjog ug]{ d"Vo ;+:yfx¿ !@

sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt !#

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; jt{dfg gLlt !^

gfh's tyf ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsf;Dd k|f/lDes

jfnljsf; ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gLltx¿ !(

7

v08–rf/ @)–$!

ljifodf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0f / JofVof @)

ljifoj:t' ! M k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f @)

ljifoj:t' @ M cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo @^

ljifoj:t' # M k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kg #$

v08–kfFr $@–$*

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|flKt / l;kmfl/zx¿ $@

k|flKt $@

l;kmfl/zx¿ $^

v08–^ $(–%)

/fd|f cEof;x?, l;s]sf kf7x¿ / eflj sfo{lbzf $(

/fd|f cEof;x¿ $(

l;s]sf kf7x¿ $(

eflj sfo{lbzf %)

;Gbe{ ;"rL %!

8

v08 Ps

kl/ro

b]z kl/ro

g]kfn Pp6f e"kl/j]li7t b]z xf] h;sf] pQ/df rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat / k"j{, blIf0f / klZrddf ef/t /x]sf] 5 . o;n] !$&, !*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfsf/ blIf0f–k"j{af6 pQ/ klZrd kmls{Psf] nueu **% lsnf]ld6/ nDjfO{ ePsf] cfotfsf/ 5 . o;sf] pQ/b]lv blIf0flt/sf] rf}8fO @$! b]lv !$% lsnf]ld6/ ;Ddsf] ljljwtfdf /xL cf}ift !(# lsnf]ld6/ 5 . ef}uf]lns¿kdf of] tLg km/s km/s e"If]qdf ljeflht 5 . -!_ lxdfnM of] If]qdf lxpFn] 9flsPsf pRr lxd>[v+nfx¿ kb{5g\ . of] If]qdf ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf cUnf] lxdfn ;u/dfyf klg kb{5 . -@_ kxf8 M of] If]qdf le/fnf kxf8x¿ / pkTosfx¿ kb{5g\ / -#_ t/fO{ M of] If]qdf ;dtn pj{/ e"ld kb{5 . oL ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qx¿ k"j{af6 klZrdlt/ k}mlnPsf 5g\ . hgu0fgf @))! cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof @,#!,%!,$@# 5 . t/ xfn}sf] cg'dfg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 ^) nfv eGbf klg a9L 5 .

/fhg}lts¿kn] g]kfn Ps ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs d'n's xf] . k|zf;lgs p2]Zosf] nflu b]znfO{ % ljsf; If]q, !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfx¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . d'n'sleq #,()) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ / %* gu/kflnsfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . gu/kflnsf / ufpFljsf; ;ldltx¿nfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;jeGbf tNnf] lgjf{lrt lgsfosf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

g]kfndf ljljw ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / hftLo k[i7e"ldsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] o;sf] ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts ljljwtf xf] . g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljleGg hft tyf hftLo ;d'bfox¿df ljeflht 5g\ . b]zsf] zlQmnfO{ lxGb' hftk|0ffnL;Fu k/:k/ hf]8]/ ;+lrt ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn of] k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/ agfOPsf] 5 tfklg o:tf] of] k/Dk/f clxn] klg sfod 5 . o; k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;a}eGbf dfly afx'gx¿ To;kl5 qmd}n] If]qL, j}Zo -Jofkf/Lx¿_ / z'b| -ls;fg / >ldsx¿_ kb{5g . blnt jf c5't

9

elgg] tNnf] hfltsf hgtfx¿ ljleGg k]zfut ;d"xx¿df kb{5g\ -j]g]6, @))%_ . ;fdfGot M g]kfnsf] lxGb'k|wfg ;dfhn] blnt jf tNnf] hftsf dflg;, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L / dlxnfx¿ u/L rf/ ;d"xnfO{ lasf;sf] k|lqmofaf6 cnUofPsf] 5 .

lje]bsf/L Jojxf/sf] lzsf/ ePcg'¿k blntx¿nfO{ c¿ hfthfltsf dflg;x¿l;t 3'nldn ug{ k|ltjlGwt ul/Psf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf nufot ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'g pgLx¿nfO{ c;Dej ePsf] 5 . blntx¿nfO{ lzIff ;DklQ / zf;gsf] kx'Fraf6 al~rt ug'{ kb{5 eGg] egfO{ 5 . o:tf d"No / dfGotfx¿n] k"j{ afNofj:yf b]lvg} ;dfhnfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] x'G5 -ljZjsdf{,@))^_ .

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /fHo ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu Pp6f /fhg}lts d'2f xf] -u'¿ª\, @))^_ . g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df k|hftGqsf] k"gjf{xfnLn] ljleGg ;d'bfo / ;d"xx¿nfO{ cfÎgf] kl/ro / gful/ssf] ¿kdf cfÎgf] clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ :yfg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngx¿ ljz]ift dlxnf cfGbf]ng, n}lËs ;dfgtf / Gofo h:tf /fli6«o ;jfnsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 / blntx¿n] g]kfnsf] hftLo k|0ffnLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg z'¿ u/]sf 5g\ . hghflt cfGbf]ngn] klg ;dfg hftLo k|ltlglwTj, g]kfnL afx]s c¿ efiffx¿sf] clwsf/ / lxGb' wd{ afx]ssf c¿ ;+:s[ltx¿ / wd{x¿sf] clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t d'2fx¿ p7fof] -a]g]6, @))%_ . To;}u/L t/fO{ d"nsf jfl;Gbfx¿n] klg ;dfg clwsf/sf nflu cfÎgf cfjfhx¿ p7fPsf 5g\ .

;g\ !(() b]lv ;'ljwflaxLg ;d"xx¿sf ljleGg If]qdf kx'Fr a9fpg ljleGg k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . ;a}h;f] bft[ lgsfox¿n] dlxnf, afnaflnsf / ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf hgtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu /sd vr{ ug{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIff ;]jfx¿ lj:tf/ ug{ ;]e b lrN8«]g cd]l/sf / gj]{, PS;g P]8, Knfg OG6/g]zgn h:tf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIff -ECCE_ ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ !(*) sf] bzssf z'¿b]lv g} nfu]sf lyP t/ ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ If]q ;fgf] lyof] . clt u/Ljx¿ tL ;+:yfx¿sf] nlIot ;d"x ePcg';f/ k/Dk/fut¿kn] cnUofOPsf ;d"xsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ltgLx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf – @))! n] !!@ ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿ / (@ efiffx¿ ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . tL dWo] Ps bh{geGbf a9L dfq cy{k"0f{ hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/df ;lqmo¿kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ -k|To]ssf] PsnfveGbf a9L hg;+Vof 5_ . b]zsf] cy{tGq s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5 / g]kfnLx¿sf] k|ltJolQm cfo, nueu #&) cd]l/ls 8n/ 5 -dfgj ljsf; ;+zfwg, HDR, @))$_ . b]zdf k|foh;f] b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ / u/Ljx¿sf] j;f]af; 5 hxfF #!% dflg;x¿ ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . xfnsf] cf};t cfo' nueu ^# jif{ 5 – k'¿ifsf] ^@=( / dlxnfsf] ^#=& -s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @))#_

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;Gbe{ (Context of Review)

g]kfndf clgjfo{ lzIffsf] s'g} k|fjwfg 5}g . oxfF clwsf/df cfwfl/t z}lIfs k|fjwfg clxn] ;Dd klg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfwf/e"t / k|fylds lzIff lgz'Ns 5 . k|fylds afn x]/rfx / lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] Pp6f cËsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Pklg k|foh;f] ;a} cj:yfx¿df of] lgz'Ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lgz'Ns cfwf/e"t / k|fylds lzIffn] cWoog z'Ns / kf7Øk':ts z'Ns gnfUg] eGg] a'emfpF5 . tyflk, ljBfnosf] ljsf; / dd{t vr{sf] nflu

10

;d'bfo / cleefjsaf6 rGbf lng ljBfnox¿nfO{ 5'6 5 . o:tf] rGbf / cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds tx;Dd lgz'Ns ljBfno lzIffsf] d'2f lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ 5 .

/fli6«o ;fIf/tf b/ %$% k'u]sf] 5 . t/ dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ s]jn $#% dfq 5 . lk5l8Psf] tyf ;'ljwflalxg ;d'bfo / kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ nufot cNk;+Vos hflt, blnt / s]6Lx¿sf] nflu ljz]if k|f]T;fxg / 5fqj[lQsf sfo{qmdx¿ Zf'¿ ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf !(&% b]lv g} k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lgz'Ns agfOPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k @))^ df k|fylds ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿sf] v'b egf{b/ *&=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .

s'n hg;+Vofsf] !* k|ltzteGbf a9L efu ^ jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] nueu cfwf -(=&&%_ afnaflnsfx¿ # b]lv ^ jif{;d"xsf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªVof dGqfno, Go" P/f / Dofqmf] OG6/g]zgn OGs @))& (Macro International Inc., 2007), cg';f/ % jif{d"lgsf aRrfx¿sf] d[To'b/ k|To]s !))) hGddf ^! 5 / afFr]sf afnaflnsfx¿ Klg ljleGg kL8f, /f]u / ljs[ltx¿af6 ;tfOPsf 5g\ . ljs[ltsf] 36gf pRr 5 / o;n] dgf]j}1flgs, ;fdflhs / zf/Ll/s ljsf;df k|ToIf c;/ kfb{5 . of] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 ls % jif{d'lgsf aRrfx¿ s7f]/ jf ;fdfGo s'kf]z0faf6 ;tfOPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] klg k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] x'g] s'kf]if0fsf] c+z a9L 5 . w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ cfof]l8g cNktf c;Gt'ng / nf}x cNktf, Pg]ldofaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . o; k|sf/ g]kfndf dxTjk"0f{ a9\bf] pd]/sf] ax';+Vos afnaflnsfx¿ lst vfg]s'/fsf] cefj jf cg'ko'Qm ef]hg, c:j:Yo ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] l:ylt ls t k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIff h:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf] cefjn] u|l;t 5g\ .

g]kfndf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cf}krfl/s lzIff ^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]kl5 dfq z'¿ x'G5 . tyflk s] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] Ps sIffdf k9\g] #)–$) k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿ ^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf 5g\ -PS;g g]kfn, !((@, OefG; !((@, k[i7 !# df pw[t_ . #–% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf jRrfx¿ ls t pgLx¿sf lbbL, bfh'x¿l;t ljBfno hfG5g\ . lst 3/d} a:5g\ . o;n] sIff ! df sd pd]/ ePsf afnafjflnsfx¿sf] egf{b/df cTolws j[l4 x'g]u/]sf] 5 / kl/0ffd:j?k . ljBfno 5f8\g] / sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] aRrfx¿sf] ;+Vof pRr ePsf] 5 -o'lg;]km !((& . xfn;fn} dfq cf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] pd]/ % jif{df emfl/Psf] 5 .

cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd !(*^ cGt{ut lzIff dGqfnon] sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ sIff ! af6 cnUofpg / sIff ! sf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu k"j{ k|fylds sIffx¿ z'¿jft ug{ sbd rNof] . z'¿jftdf sd pd]/sf aRrfx¿nfO{ sIff ! af6 cnUofpg' g} o;sf] k|fylds p2]Zo / hf]8 lyof] eg] pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf] s'/f rfxLF uf}+0f lyof] . tyflk, ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] p2]Zosf] ¿kdf k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIffsf] ;dfj]zn] of] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . sIff ! af6 sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cnUofpg] klxn]sf] hf]8 k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t pgLx¿sf] ljsf;lt/ ;¥of] . k"j{ jfNofj:yf ljsf; / k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf cjwf/0ff / cEof;x¿ dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;sf ¿kdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ t/ ltgLx¿ cf}krfl/s /fli6«o lzIff ;+/rgfsf] cË x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

g]kfndf k|fKt ePsf k|fylds afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ # b]lv % jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu nlIot ePsf] b]vfpFb5 . w]/}h;f] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿

11

dgf]j}1flgs / ;fdflhs ljsf;tkm{ 9lNsPsf] b]lvG5 cyjf z}lIfs / ;+1fgfTds ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 t/ :jf:Yo / kf]if0f ;DaGwL s'/fx¿nfO{ sd hf]8 lbOPsf] jf hf]8 lbOPs} 5}g . ue{wf/0f b]lv # jif{ pd]/sf aRrfx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|foh;f] ;]jfx¿ :jf:Yo dGqfnon] o;sf] dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ ;DxfnL /x]sf] 5 . tyflk :jf:Yo dGqfnon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿df lzz'x¿sf] dgf];fdflhs / ;++j]ufTds ljsf;sfnflu cfjZos pTk|]/s tTjx¿sf] cefj 5 . jt{dfg ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfdf lzIffdGqfnon] k|f/lDes ljBfno lzIff;DaGwL sfd z'¿ u/]sf ePtfklg # b]lv % jif{ pd]/sf aRrfx¿sf] ljsf; cf}krfl/s ¿kdf s'g} klg dGqfnodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k clxn];Dd klg of] txsf] lzIffdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

b]zn] ;g\ @)=!% ;Dddf # b]lv % jif{;Ddsf *) k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx ;]jf k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;g\ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf sIff ! df k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx ;DaGwL ;]jf kfPsf gjk|j]zLx¿ *) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf / ;j}sfnflu lzIffsf] d'Vo b:tfj]h -EPA Core Document_–@))$–@))(sf sfo{qmdx¿n] g]kfndf cfÎgf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ k|f/lDes afn x]/rfxsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ b]ze/ lj:tf/ / ljsf; ug]{ k|ltj4tfx¿ u/]sf 5g\ .

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] p2]Zo

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] g]kfndf k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf /fd|f cEof;x¿sf ;fy} ;Ldf tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg, clen]vLs/0f / ;fem]bf/L u/L ægfh's cj:yfdf /x]sf / ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIffsf] la:tf/ / ;'wf/Æ eGg] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ b]znfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' lyof] .

pNn]lvt ;du| p2]Zocg'¿k k'g/fjnf]sgsf lgDglnlvt ljz]if p2]Zox¿ lyP M

• /fli6«o sfg'g, ljlw / ljsf; of]hgfx¿df pNn]v ePsf k"j{ k|/lDes afn x]/rfx ;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ .

• gLltsf] ;fGble{stfsf] d'NofÍsg ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] dWobzs d'NofÍg (Mid Decade Assess event) cg';f/sf sfo{qmd / cEof;cg'¿k ug'{ .

• k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f, cGt/–If]qLo ;dGjog / lbuf]kgdf gLltut cGt/x¿ klxrfg ug{' .

• k|f/lDes afn x]/rfxsf] gLltut ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fhg}lts pkfox¿ ;'emfj ug{' .

ck]lIft kl/0ffdx¿

• ljBdfg k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] ;+of]hg .

• k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx ;]jfx¿ / k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;'wfg{ ug]{ gLltsf] vfsf agfpg Ifdtf clej[l4

• gLlt lgdf{tfx¿sf] nflu k|f/lDes jfNofj:yfsf] k'i6L / cfwf/sf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] lglDt gLltut 1fg / ;+zfwgsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f .

12

• k|f/lDes afn ;]jfx¿÷k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿ -;/sf/L ;++:yf, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿, lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿_ dfem gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf cg'ejx¿ / b[li6sf]0f cfbfgk|bfg .

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]q

gLltut k'g/fjnf]sgn] ;a} If]qut -lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno, dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / ;DalGwt /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿_ / cGt/If]qLo lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf pd]/ kl/lw -)–%jif{_ ;dfj]z u5{ .

• k'g/fjnf]sgn] ;+ljwfg, Jo:yfksLo, ;+;bLo tyf sfo{sf/L cfb]z / of]hgfx¿ tyf ;/sf/sf] >[+vnfa4 /fli6«o gLltsf lg0f{ox¿ ;d]6\5 .

• ljleGg /fli6«o:t/sf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿, ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿, /fhg}lts g]tfx¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / ck]Iffx¿sf ;fy} lhNnf tyf :yfgLo :t/sf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmofn] ;dfj]z u5{ .

• k'g/fjnf]sgn] k"j{:yflkt ;a} If]qLo tyf cGt/–If]qLo gLlt of]hgf / /f0fgLltx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u5{ .

• o;n] d'Vo gLlt / ;dGjosf cGt/x¿, åGåx¿ / bf]xf]/f]kg klxNofpg] gLltut If]qx¿dfem k|fyldstfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ tyf d'Vo /0fgLltx¿ / :t/x¿ :yflkt ug]{ sf]lz; u5{ .

k'g/fjnf]sgsf ljifo / d'2fx¿

• k|/lDes afnljsf;df :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] ;xeflutf -ljs]Gb|Ls/0f clwsf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj tyf cfly{s ;xof]u nufgL / cg'udg k|0ffnLsf gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg_

• k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lzIff ;+/rgfsf] -;fj{hlgs÷lghL_ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] .

• cGt/If]qLo ;dGjosf k|fjwfg / b'/L

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] gfh's tyf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"bfox¿df a:g] aRrfx¿tkm{ lj:tf/

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmd / gLltut cGt/x¿sf] lbuf]kgsf] cj:yf .

• u'0ffTds k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nlfu ljleGg txdf cfjZos dfgj ;+zfwgx¿sf] ljsf; .

13

v08 b'O{

k'/fjnf]sgsf ljlw / k|lqmofx¿

cWoogsf] k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; cWoogdf lgDg lnlvt /0fgLlt / ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf lyP .

cg';Gwfg 6f]nL / ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f

cWoog ;~rfng ug{ cg';Gwftfx¿sf] % ;b:oLo 6f]nL lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . 6f]nLdf ;]l/8 -CERID_ sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, cg';Gwftfx¿ / k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;|f]t s]Gb|df sfd ug]{ @ hgf cg';Gwfg ;xfosx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . pQm 6f]nLsf] lgdf{0f o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+sf] k/fdz{df ePsf] lyof] . 6f]nLn] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgb]{lzsf / cg';Gwfg ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf, lhNnfx¿df :ynut ;j]{If0f, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf k|d'v gLlt lgdf{0f txsf sd{rf/Lx¿l;t cGt{jftf{, ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltl;t ;dGjo ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg ;dosf] cGt/df k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|ultx¿df 5nkmn cfbfg k|bfg u¥of] / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf¥of] .

;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿ / JolQmx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug{'sf ;fy} cWoogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Nnfx / lgb]{zg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu Pp6f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿df ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿sf] k|ltlglw–lzIff tyf v]ns'b -dGqfno÷lzIff ljefu, :jf:Yo dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf lgsfox¿ o'g]:sf] / o'lg;]km, cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿–;]e b lrN8«]g PnfO{G; -Save the Children Alliance_ / Knfg g]kfn -Plan Nepal_, u}/ ;/sf/L ;:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿–;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnljsf; ;]jf tyf cg';Gwftfx¿sf] ;d"x ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . ;Nnfxsf/ 6f]nLsf] ;"rL kl/lzi6df lbOPsf] 5 .

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] j}7sx¿ kl/of]hgf cjlwsf] ljleGg cj;/x¿df a;]sf] lyof] . o;sf] klxnf] j}7s kl/of]hgfsf] z'¿jftdf a;]sf] lyof] . o; j}7sdf ;b:ox¿n] cg';Gwfgwftfx¿åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] d:of}bf k|:tfj k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy} o'g]:sf] / o'lg;]kmn] lbPsf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] k|of]u u/] . bf];|f] a}7s :ynut sfo{;~rfng cufl8 a;]sf] lyof] . ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] :ynut sfo{sf] gd"gf 9fFrf (Sample design) / cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] cg';Gwfg ;fwgx¿ (Research tools_ sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;'emfjx¿ k|bfg u/]sf lyP . t];|f] j}7s :ynut cWoog If]q kl5 tyf tYofÍ ljZn]if0f / JofVofsf] cjlwdf j;]sf] lyof] . of] a}7sdf ;b:ox¿n] kl/of]hgfsf] k|ultsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf ;fy} tYofÍ ljZn]if0fdf rflxg] cfjZos /fox¿ k|bfg u/]sf lyP .

gLltut b:tfj]hx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

k"j{ afNofj:yfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf l;+xfjnf]sg ug{ / g]kfndf k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx tyf lzIff sf tfhf gLltx¿sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s b:tfj]hx¿sf] Pp6f lj:t[t k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf b:tfj]hx¿df /fli6«o ljsf;sf of]hgfx¿, ;a}sfnflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf b:tfj]hx¿, gLltut b:tfj]hx¿ tyf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx¿ ;dfj]z lyP .

14

s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfof]hgf

k"j{ afNofj:yfsf] gLltut k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;DaGwdf b'O{k6s s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfof]hgf o'g]:sf]sf] sfof{no sf7df8f}+, g]kfnsf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]udf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] sfo{zfnf ;flxTo k'g/fjnf]sg (Literative Review) kZrft\ t/ cg';Gwfg ;fwgx¿sf] clGtd¿k tyf If]q sfo{;~rfng cl3 cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfof]hgf k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;DaGwL ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt pknlAwx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf] nflu tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ljBdfg gLltx¿ tyf gLltut cGt/x¿, cGt/ If]qLo ;dGjo tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] bLuf]kgsf] klxrfg ug{sf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{zfnfdf ljBdfg k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf gLlt tyf cEof; dfly Pp6f sfo{kq k|:t't ul/g'sf ;fy} k|:t't sfo{kq dfly 5nkmn ug{ Pp6f k"0f{;q -Plenary_df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfn] ;d"x sfo{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ # ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;d'xx¿ lyP M -s_ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, -v_ ljleGg k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿df cGt/ If]qLo ;dGjo / -u_ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kg .

sfo{zfnfdf lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, lzIff ljefusf] k|f/lDes jfnljsf; OsfO{, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfOG;, l8PkmcfO8L (DFID) tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿, ljZjljBfno ljefux¿sf k|d'vx¿, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ / ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL lyP .

bf];|f] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] sfof{zfnf k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfsf] ¿kdf gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf] d"Vo k|f/lDes pknlAwx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg tyf ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;du| b[li6sf]0f ;+sng ug{sf] nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf b'O{j6f k|:t'ltx¿ ul/Psf lyP– Pp6f gLltut k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ cGtu{tsf d'Vo sfo{x¿ / csf]{ rfxLF k'g/fjnf]sgsf] d'Vo pknlAwx¿, k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f / cGt/–If]qLo ;dGjo tyf lbuf]kg h:tf k'g/fjnf]sgsf # kIfx¿dfly sfo{zfnfsf] d'Vo hf]8 /x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{zfnfn] ;d"x sfo{nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] h;df k|ltlglwTj u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f -!_ ;/sf/L clws[tx¿, -@_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / -#_ gLlh ljBfnox¿sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a} ;d"xnfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, cGt/If]qLo ;+dGjo, tyf lbuf]kg;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ 5nkmnsf nflu lbOPsf] lyof] . dfggLo lzIff tyf v]ns'bdGqL, lzIff dGqfnosf ;lrj, lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]{zssf ;fy} sfo{zfnfdf ljleGg ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f jf]8{, o'g]:sf] / o'lg;]km g]kfn, cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿ tyf cg';Gwftfx¿sf] sfof{zfnfdf ;xeflutf ePsf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf #% ;xefuLx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP .

15

cWoog ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf pQ/bftfx¿

s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf txx¿df ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;'rgf ;+sng ug{sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . cg';Gwfg ;fwgn] nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn lgb]{lzsf / cGt{jftf{sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;d]6\b5 .

nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn lgb]{lzsf

lhNnf :t/df lzIfsx¿÷;xhstf{x¿ tyf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ -/fhgLlts bnx¿sf k|ltlglw tyf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿;d]t_ l;t 5nkmn ug{sf] nflu nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf ljifox¿df cGt/If]qLo ;xof]u lbuf]kg / k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f lyP . ljBdfg gLlt, gLltut cGt/x¿sf] klxrfg tyf dflysf tLg If]qx¿df gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng ug]{ sf]lzz ul/Psf] lyof] .

cGtjf{tf{ tflnsf

s]Gb|Lo txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf lhNnf:t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ c;+/lrt cGt{jftf{sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . s]Gb|Lo:t/sf d'Vo JolQmx¿sf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] cGt{jftf{sf tflnsfdf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL k|f/lDes jfn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, cGt/–If]qLo ;xsfo{ tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kgsf] ;jn / cGt/x¿sf] af/]df c;+/lrt k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . lgb]{lzsfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿aLr s]Gb|Lo, lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txx¿df ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;xsfo{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt{jftf{ lgb]{lzsfn] cGt/If]qLo ;dGjosf ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgx¿ klg ;d]6]sf] lyof] . cGt{jftf{ tflnsfn] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] cfjZostf tyf k|lqmof, gLltlgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgfTds 9fFrfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . cGt/If]qLo ;dGjosf ;d:of / ;dfwfgx¿ klg cGtjftf{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . To;}u/L o;n] cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf dGqfnox¿aLr ;xsfo{sf] ljBdfg cj:yf / ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . lbuf]kgsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] cwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿, o;sf] nflu k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf ljleGg k|sf/sf gLlt lgdf{0f tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] dxTj / pkfox¿ klg cGtjftf{ tflnsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;DalGwt ;+:yf / dGqfnox¿af6 ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ cGt{jftf{ lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿df of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:ox¿, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf ;lrj jf ;x–;lrj jf pk;lrj :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿, tyf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f kl/ifb\sf k|ltlglw ;xefuL lyP .

To;}u/L lhNnf:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu agfOPsf] cGt{jftf{ tflndf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, cGt/If]qLo ;xsfo{sf ljBdfg cEof;x¿ / cfjZostf tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t, ljBfnodf cfwfl/t, / lghL ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lbuf]kgsf] nflu lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ gLltx¿ ;Dj4 If]q;Fu ;DalGwt c;+/lrt k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . s]xL k|Zgx¿ ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿sf] cfjZostf -z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ / kf7Øqmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿ nufot_ k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg / o;sf] lbuf]kgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfjZos gLltx¿dfly ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] wf/0ff ;+sng ug{sf] nflu klg nlIot lyP .

16

lhNnf:t/sf clws[tx¿df lhlzc, d'Vo JolQm -Focal Person_, afn tyf dlxnf ljsf; kl/ifb\ -DCWB) sf ;b:o, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo:t/df ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks, k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf ;d'bfo Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o, / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|lzIfsx¿ lyP .

:ynut cWoogsf] ;~rfng

ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfngstf{x¿sf] If]qdf cfwfl/t cg'ejx¿ ;+sng ug{sf nflu :ynut cWoogx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . gd"gf lhNnfx¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfx¿sf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltn] lbPsf] ;'emfj cg'¿k 5flgPsf lyP . :ynut cWoognfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu ljBdfg k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿ / gLltut cGt/x¿sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu Pp6f ljlwsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . :ynut cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] lhNnfx¿df ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cfof]hgf u/]sf ljBdfg k|f/lDes afnljsf; so{qmdx¿sf cEof;x¿sf] klxrfg k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+of]hg / lbuf]kgsf cGt/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ lyof] . :ynut cWoog tgx'F, df]/Ë / ;'g;/L lhNnfdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿l;t cGtjf{tf{, ;xhstf{x¿÷lzIfsx¿, /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx¿ tyf lhNnf lzIffsf sd{rf/Lx¿l;t nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn, k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] cjnf]sg ;DalGwt If]qaf6 ;"rgf ug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf ljlwx¿ lyP . cWoogsf] p2]Zocg'¿k ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ tLg ;b:oLo cg';Gwfg 6f]nL gd"gf lhNnfx¿df v6fOPsf] lyof] . cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] lh=lz=sf=;Fu ;Dks{ u/L lhNnfx¿sf] nflu cWoog of]hgf tof/ u¥of] . cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] lh= lz c=nfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lnof] . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf ;xhstf{, KofA;g -lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno ;+3, g]kfn_ k|ltlglw, lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, lhNnf lzIffsf sd{rf/Lx¿, ;|f]tJolQm tyf ljBfno lg/LIfs nufotsf JolQmx¿l;t nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ljleGg lhNnf:t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ h:t} :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, o'lg;]kmsf :yfgLo clws[t, ;]e b lrN8«]g cd]l/sfsf lzIff Joj:yfks, Knfg g]kfnsf sfo{qmd clws[tx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] lyof] . cWoog 6f]nLn] df]/Ë lhNnfdf ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o jfnljsf; ;]jfn] ;~rfg u/]sf] Pp6f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmddf tyf Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ljBfnon] tgx'Fdf ;~rfng u/]sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] .

17

v08–tLg

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

of] v08n] g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ k|:t't u5{ . d"ntM o;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;, x]/rfx / lzIffsf] kl/efiff; o;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; / d'Vo pknlAwx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu pQ/bfoL ;+:yfx¿, sfof{Gjogsf /0fgLltx¿ / g]kfndf k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf jt{dfg gLltx¿af/] JofVof u5{ .

k|f/lDes afnlasf;, x]/rfx tyf lzIffsf] kl/efiff

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ljleGg gfdx¿n] lrlgG5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|f/lDes afnx]/rfx sfo{qmdx¿ h:t} lbjf x]/rfx s]Gb|x¿ / afn x]/rfx s]Gb|x¿ tyf k|f/lDes afnlzIff sfo{qmdx¿ h:t} g;{/L, afnpBfg sIff, k"j{ ljBfno / k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnox¿ kb{5g\ . afnljsf;df lbOg] hf]8 qmdzM k|f/lDes afn lzIffaf6 k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIff tyf k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx / lzIffaf6 k|f/lDes afnljsf;df ;/]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnlzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|f/lDes afNofj:yfdf lbOg] lzIffnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] k|f/lDes afnx]/rfx / lzIffn] cleefjsx¿sf] cg'kl:ylt cjlwe/ afnaflnsfx¿sf] x]/rfx / pgLx¿nfO{ lbOg] lzIffnfO{ a'emfpF5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf;n] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ hgfpFb5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; a9L ;fGble{s ePsfn] xfn o;sf] k|of]u Jofks¿kdf ul/G5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnlzIffsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5}g . ;g\ !(%) df b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+df :yfkgf ul/Psf] dG6];f]/L ljBfnonfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|f/lDes afnlzIff lbg] ljBfnosf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

;g\ !(^@ df g]kfn afn;+u7gsf] :yfkgfn] k|f/lDes afnlzIff ;]jfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu g]t[Tj k|bfg u¥of] . of] ;+:yfn] b]zsf k|To]s lhNnfdf Pp6f afnx]/rfx s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfn afn ;+u7gåf/f :yflkt afnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿df /xg] ePsfn] logLx¿n] ljz]ift M ;'ud jf pkgu/Lo If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] cfjZostf / lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] cfjZostfcg'¿k ;]jfk|bfg u5{g\ -hf]zL, !((!_ . o:tf] ePtfklg ^) / &) sf] bzsx¿df :yflkt afnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿ clxn] cl:tTjdf 5}gg\ . w]/}h;f] s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k|fyldsb]lv dfWolds tx;Ddsf] ljBfnox¿df lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] g]kfn afn ;+u7g cGtu{t cToGt} sd s]Gb|x¿dfq ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .

;g\ !(*) sf] dWodf sfof{Gjog ePsf u|fld0f ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿ h:t} u|fld0f dlxnfx¿sf nlfu pTkfbgl;n C0f -Production credit for rural women_ kl/of]hgf / ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿n] d"ntM cfdfx¿nfO{ cfo–cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL u/fpgsf] nflu kl/of]hgfx¿n] afnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgfdf lbPsf] hf]8n] s]xL xb;Dd ePkgL u|fld0f If]qdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu k|f/lDes afnx]/rfx tyf lzIff ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ .

18

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf nflu pTkfbg C0f kl/of]hgf cGtu{t afnx]/rfx s]Gb| sfo{qmdx¿ ;'¿jft u¥of] h;n] s]xL k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ u|fld0f If]qx¿df :yfkgf u¥of] . afn:ofxf/ s]Gb|nfO{ ljBfno hfg] pd]/eGbf d'lgsf :yfgLo afnaflnsfnfO{ afn–x]/rfx k|bfos cfbz{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . of] sfo{qmd d'Vo u/L Jofks¿kdf cfo–cfh{g lqmofsnfkx¿df ljz]ift M 3/fo;L / s[lifhGo sfddf nfUg'kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf cfdfx¿df nlIot 5 . afnx]/rfx s]Gb| sfo{qmdx¿n] cfdf / cleefjsx¿sf] aRrfsf] x]/rfxdf vr{ x'g] ;donfO{ arfpg] / afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / dgf]–;fdflhs kIfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo /fVb5g\ .

;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf z'¿ ePsf] s[lifljsf; a}+s cGtu{tsf] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; kl/of]hgfn] afnx]/rfx sfo{qmdx¿sf] z'¿jft u/]sf] 5 . ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf jfn x]/rfx s]Gb| sfo{qmdx¿sf] nIo klg u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf nflu pTkfbg C0f sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf afnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿sf] h:t} afnx]/rfxaf6 cfdfx¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{ / ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf afnaflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu jftfj/0f k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o:tf] s]Gb| Pp6f sfo{sf/L ;ldltåf/f rN5 . ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ kl/of]hgfsf dlxnf k|jt{sx¿ x'G5g\ .

;o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿ d'Vo u/]/ o'lg;]km / o'g]:sf], cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] cGtlt/ / !(() sf] bzssf] z'¿df u/]sf of]ubfgx¿ g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf;df cTolws dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf 5g\ . o'lg;]km / o'g]:sf]n] ;/sf/sf ;fy} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{cGt{ut x'g] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfÎgf ;xof]ux¿ lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg d'Vo cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ;]e b lrN8«]g cd]l/sf / gj]{ tyf Knfg g]kfn 5g\ . w]/} u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx¿ klg k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfo{fGjogdf nfu]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ dWo] ;]tf] u'/fF; /lfi6«o afnljsf; ;]jf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ dfgjLo ;+zfwg ljsf; / ;xof]usf] cfjZostf ePsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfgdf ;+nUg Ps g]t[TjbfoL /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . w]/}h;f] cGt/{/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ :yfgLo /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ jf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ul//x]sf t/ s]xL cj:yfdf ltgLx¿n] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ k|ToIf / cfTdlge{/¿kdf klg rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿åf/f rnfOPsf w]/} h;f] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df k|fo h;f] bf]xf]l/]g] vr{x¿ -recurring expenses_ h:t} ;xhstf{ / ;xof]uLx¿sf] tnj, tflnd vr{, tyf ;fdu|Lsf] vr{ / kf]if0f ljt/0fsf] nflu sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf¿n] /sd k|bfg uy]{ . oL sfo{qmdx¿n] k|f/lDes jfnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lgdf{0fdf klg hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . Knfg OG6/g]zgn cGt{utsf sfo{qmdx¿ jfx]s cGo sfo{qmdx¿df jfnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿df afnaflnsfx¿ /fv] afkt plrt dfl;s z'Ns c;'Ng] cg'dlt ;ldltx¿nfO{ lbOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿åf/f rnfOPsf sfo{qmdx¿df :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿af6 g} ;xhstf{x¿ lgo'Qm ul/g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] 5ftfcGt{ut nueu !)&( j6f k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] k"jf{4df lglh ljBfnox¿n] vf]n]sf k"j{ljBfno lzIff sIffx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlzIff ;]jfx¿nfO{ b]zsf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofPsf

19

5g\ . oL dWo] w]/} sfo{qmdx¿ k"j{k|fylds lzIffs]Gb| jf k|f/lDes ljBfnox¿sf¿kdf lrlgG5g\ / ltlgx¿sf] gfdn] a'emfPcg';f/ oL sfo{qmdx¿ k|fylds ljBfnox¿sf] d'lgsf txx¿ x'g\\ . lglh If]qsf] ;+nUgtfn] b]zdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿;Dd k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] k'x'FrnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . tyflk oL afns]Gb|x¿ k"0f{tof afnaflnsfx¿af6 cz'lnPsf] z'Nsdf lge{/ /xg] ePsfn] vlr{nf x'G5g\ . oL afns]Gb|x¿;'ud If]qx¿df dfq l;ldt x'G5g\ / pRr cfly{s cj:yfsf kl/jf/x¿sf] nflu dfq ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ . lbjf x]/rfx, k"j{ k|fylds, g;{/L, jfnpBfg sIff cflbsf gfddf nfueu *))) k"j{ k|fylds sIffx¿ lglh ljBfnox¿åf/f ;~rfng eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

;g\ !((& df z'¿ ePsf] lzIff ljefusf] cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf BPEP= sfo{qmd cGu{t lzz' sIff sfo{qmd ;/sf/af6 z'¿ePsf] k|d'v kl/of]hgf ePsf] 5 . s]xL jif{sf] cjlwd} of] kl/of]hgf g]kfnsf] d'Vo kl/of]hgfx¿ dWo] Ps x'g k'u]sf] 5 h;n] w]/} lhNnf / :yfg ;d]6]sf] 5 . lzz'sIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf ug{sf] k|f/lDes nIox¿ sIff–! af6 sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ x6fpg' / k|fylds lzIffsf] z}Ifl0fs cEof;x¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg' lyP . tyflk lj:tf/} o;sf ljsf;fTds nIox¿ qmdzM sIff–! df k|j]z u/fpg k"j{–ljBfnodf afnaflnsfx¿ tof/ kfg]{, To;kl5 # b]lv % jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;du| ljsf; u/fpg]tkm{ kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿nfO{ b]ze/L lj:tf/ ug{df lzIff ljefun] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . lzIff ljefun] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdcGt{ut ;d'bfodf / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] -!(((–@))$_ sf] cGt;Dddf hDdf %)@# k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfngdf lyP . ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–)(_sf] klxnf] jif{ b]ze/L yk @))) k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf /flvPsf] lyof] . ;g\ @))& sf] cGtdf lzIff ljefu cGt{ut nueu !& xhf/ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfngdf lyP . afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+Vof k|To]s jif{ al9/x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] ;+Vofdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ;Fu} /fli6«o k|f/lDes afnljsf; kf7Øqmdsf] ljsf;, tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ / k|f/lDes afnljsf;df cfj4 ;ªu7gx¿aLrsf] ;~hfndf lzIff ljefusf] of]ubfg cTolws dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .

sfof{Gjogdf pQ/bfoL d'Vo ;+:yfx¿

g]kfndf k|f/lDes jfnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf pQ/bfoL ;+u7gx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/G5 . -!_ ;/sf/L dGqfno -@_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx¿, / -#_ lghL If]q . ;/sf/L dGqfnox¿ cGtu{t d"ntM lzIff, :yfgLo ljsf;, :jf:Yo dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnox¿ lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] cËsf]¿df w]/} ;+Vofdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

:jf:Yo dGqfnon] o;sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿cGtu{t ljz]if u/L dft[lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx¿n] ue{jtL dlxnf, b'w r';fpg] cfdfx¿ / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] s]xL lhNnfx¿df lj:tfl/t sfo{qmdx¿ cGtu{t # jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf}li6s :yLltsf] klg d"NofÍg ul//x]sf] 5 .

20

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] s]Gb|Lo:t/df cfk\mgf afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ cGo ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ / cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u5{ . :yfgLo :t/df k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng / d"NofÍgdf gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=;=x¿ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ .

dlxnf, afnjflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnon] afnljsf; sfo{qmd xfn ;fn} dfq z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd o;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ 6'x'/f, a]jfl/;] / lj:yflkt afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostfcg'¿k x]/rfxdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf 5g\ .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfocGtu{t o'lg;]km g]kfnn] Psftk{m k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/ / cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ o;n] cfÎgf If]qLo sfof{nox¿åf/f k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L o'g]:sf] sf7df08f}n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] z'¿jftsf nflu ;/sf/ / cGo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfo{fGjodf lzIff ljefunfO{ lbPsf] ;xof]u k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df dxTjk"0f{ sf/s tTj ePsf] 5 . o;sf k|d'v ;xof]ux¿ cGtu{t k|f/lDes afnljsf; /0fgLlt kq lgdf{0f, k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng / lzIff ljefudf k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;|+f]ts]Gb|sf] :yfkgf kb{5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx¿, ljz]if u/L ;]e b lrN8«]g cd]l/sf / gj]{ tyf Knfg g]kfn k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿nfO{ u|fdL0f, b'u{d / ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿;Dd lj:tf/ ug{df ;Da4 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+u7gx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf 5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s]xL cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ cGt{ut Ph's]6 b lrN8«]g, b jN8{ lehg, ;]e b lrN8«]g j]nfot / hfkfg tyf OG6/g]zgn rfON8 l/;f];{ OlG:6Ro'6 kb{5g\ . ;oeGbf a9L /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfj4 ePsf 5g\ . logLx¿ dWo] ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afn ljsf; ;]jf ;a}eGbf k|d'v g]t[TjbfoL /fli6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] .

sfof{Gjogsf /0fgLltx¿

ljBdfg sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ tyf gLltut dfkb08x¿df cfwfl/t eP/ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno / lzIff ljefun] ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] k|f/lDes afn ljsf; ;DaGwL nIo k|fKt ug{ w]/} /0fgLltx¿ ckgfPsf 5g\ . ckgfPsf k|d'v /0fgLltx¿ tn k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

;dGjo, ;~hfn / ;fem]bf/L

;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@))!–@)!%_ / d'Vo b:tfj]h -@))$ @))(_ b'j}n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfngdf ;d'bfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;~hfn / ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . of] /0fgLlt ;]jfx¿sf] bf]xf]/f]kg 36fpg / pknAw ;|f]t÷;fwgx¿sf] pRrtd pkof]usf] nflu ckgfOPsf] xf] . k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df ;dGjon] afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] sfo{s'zntf, sfo{qmdx¿ afF8kmfF8 / sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;fd~h:otfsf] cfwf/df Plss[t cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; tflnd Kofs]hx¿, kf7Øqmdx¿ / l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljljwtf / :yfgLo cfjZstf;Fu d]n vfg] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ .

sfo{qmd ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg / Ps csf{nfO{ pRrtd kmfObfsf nflu 1fg / cg'ejx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ ;xh u/fpgsfnflu ;DalGwt ;+3÷;+:yfx¿aLr ;~hfnsf] z'¿jft ul/of] . g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;df ;dlk{t ;+:yfx¿ / JolQmx¿df ;~hfnsfnflu s]lGb|o :t/df lzIff ljefun]

21

Pp6f d~rsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o :t/df sfo{/t ;a} ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; /fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;b:o x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L lhNnf / uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf txx¿df sfo{/t ;a} ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;~hfndf cfj4 x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf jf ;xof]u k|bfg ul/Psf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿aLr :yfgLo / ;fy;fy} /fli6«o txsf ;~hfnx¿n] ;fd~h:otf u/fpF5g\ .

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] vf]hL ePsf] 5 . ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng / d"NofÍg ug{ / sf]ifsf] k|of]u ug{ cfjZos ;fem]bf/L gLltx¿ / dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ ljsl;t ul/Psf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t;fwgx¿ cfkof{Kt ePsf sfo{qmdx¿df k|fljlws / cfly{s¿kdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ .

lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo:t/df Pp6f /fli6«o k|f/lDes afnljsf; kl/ifb\sf]] u7g ePsf] 5 . kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿df :jf:Yo dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo= lgsfox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ /xG5g\ . lzIff ljefusf] lgb]{zs kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o ;lrj x'G5g\ .

lhNnf :t/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf #% lhNnfx¿df lhNnf afnljsf; kl/ifb\ (DCDB) sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf JolQmx¿ kl/ifbsf ;b:o x'G5g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿l;t ;xsfo{sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ kl/ifb\ lhDd]jf/ 5 . kl/ifb\n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ / sf]if v8f ug{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{5 .

ljs]Gb|Ls[t Joj:yfkg

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf lgk'0ftf / lbuf]kg k|j4{g ug{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿df clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug{'nfO{ Pp6f d'Vo /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo–:jfoQ zf;g P]g cg';f/ lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfox¿ – uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfnfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / :yfgLo ;d"xx¿l;tsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/sf ;fy} OR5's lgsfox¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ clVtof/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof / k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf]nflu lgb]{lzsfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ gu/kflnsfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng] / vf]Ng cg'dlt lbg] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . uf=lj=;=x¿ / gu/kflnsfx¿n] lglZrt :yfgx¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng cg'dlt lbg] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5g\ .

lhNnfdf ljBdfg k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] d"NofÍg ;/sf/sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf of] If]qdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf lhNnfåf/f ul/Psf] 5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] bIftfsf] cfwf/df ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf ;'lDkg] sfd ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ;a} ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ;fem]bf/x¿ k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/sf] nflu ;+o'Qm¿kdf of]hgf agfpg ;xefuL 5g\ .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿n] lzIff ;xhstf{, k|lzIfs, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, k|f/lDes afnljsf;df sfdug]{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ tyf lzIff ljefun] Joj:yf u/]sf ;|f]t;fdu|Lx¿ cflbsf] clen]v /fv]sf 5g\ . of] ;"rgf ;a} k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] kx'Frdf k'Ug] u/L agfOPsf] 5 . s]Gb|sf] Pshgf cleefjssf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .

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;b:ox¿df uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfsf j8f cWoIf tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwx¿, glhs}sf] ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks tyf cleefjsx¿ kb{5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf; Joj:yfkg ;ldlt s]Gb|sf] d'NofÍg, sfof{Gjog / ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] nlfu pQ/bfoL x'G5 . ;+zfwgx¿sf] ljsf; tyf k|fKt ;+zfwgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿sf] g} x'G5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; Joj:yfkg ;ldlt k|f/lDes afnljsf; sf sfdbf/x¿ -;xhstf{ / ;xof]uL_ sf] egf{, tflnd, ;xof]u tyf sfo{bIftfsf] d"NofÍg kf/blz{¿kdf ug{sf] nflu klg lhDd]jf/ 5 . ;ldltsf] Pp6f d'Vo sfo{ eg]sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfngdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{ / Joj:yfkg tyf ljQLo kIfaf6 s]Gb|sf] :jfldTj lng' xf] .

b]zdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljBfnox¿sf] ;~hfn ePsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf of] ;~hfnnfO{ k"j{ k|fylds sIffx¿ jf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;Dej ePsf 7fpFx¿df ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu k|]l/t tyf kl/rfng ul/g] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df k"j{k|fylds sIffx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf ljBfno ;ldltsf] Psd'i6 ;'kl/j]If0f:t/df sfdug]{ cleefjsx¿sf] Pp6f 5'§} pk;ldltn] lnPsf] 5 .

;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf

sfo{qmdsf] z'¿jftb]lv d'NofÍg;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ tyf k"j{k|fylds sIffx¿ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t OsfO{x¿sf] ¿kdf ;d'bfodf :yfkgf x'g] ePsfn] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgdf ;d'bfox¿n] d"Vo e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df lge{/ /x'G5 tyflk ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xof]u / ;xeflutfdf k"j{ k|fylds sIffx¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf ljBfnox¿sf] xf] . b'j} sfo{qmdx¿ nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] l;4fGtdf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ . olb ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] k"j{ k|fylds sIffx¿sf] nflu :yfgLo dfu k|fKt u/]df ljBfnox¿n] nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] pkfox¿ klxrfg ug'{k5{ . ljBfno / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;fem]bf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/Psf] 5 .

cleefjsx¿sf] r]tgf tyf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg laleGg ;+:yfx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf cleefjs cled'vLs/0f tyf lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ z'¿jft ul//x]sf 5g\ . lzIff ljefun] k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] dxTj tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] cfjZostf af/] cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;r]t agfpg cleefjs cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

cleefjsx¿sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ pgLx¿sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afn;]jfx¿ lbg ;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, h:t} ;]e b lrN8«]g cd]l/sf, Knfg g]kfn, o"lg;]km, ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{, tyf jN8{ lehgn] of] sfo{qmd cfÎgf] ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfdf sfof{Gjog u/]sf 5g\ . xfn;fn}sf jif{x¿df lzIff ljefun] kl/rofTds cleefjs lzIff Kofs]hsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5, ;fy} cleefjs lzIffsf] nflu Pp6f /fli6«o ;+/rgf tof/L x'g] qmddf 5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] s]Gb|df egf{ x'g] afnaflnsfx¿sf cleefjsx¿sf] nflu cleefjs lzIff ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, ;fd'bflos l;sfO{ s]Gb|x¿n] klg ltgLx¿sf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf cleefjsx¿sf nflu cleefjs lzIff sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf xfn} dfq z'¿ u/]sf 5g\ .

dfgj ;+zfwgx¿sf] ljsf;

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+zfwg k"lt{ ug{ lgDg /0fgLltx¿ ckgfOPsf lyP . k|f/lDes afnljsf; sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbg] tflndsf] lj:tf/ k|0ffnL nfu' eO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|0ffnLcGt{ut s]Gb|Lo :t/df u'¿ k|lzIfs / k|lzIfsx¿ tof/ ul/G5g\ . To;kl5 k|lzIfsx¿n] clestf{x¿nfO{ tflnd lbG5g\ .

23

k|f/lDes afn;]jf sfo{qmdx¿ z'¿jft ug{ cfjZos dfgj ;+zfwgx¿sf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu dfWolds ljBfnox¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ P]lR5s ljifosf] ¿kdf /fVg] k|fjwfg agfOPsf] 5 .

;"rgf tyf cfd;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] k|of]u

k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] dxTj tyf afnclwsf/sf ;fy} ;fgf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu Jojxf/ ug{ ckgfpg'kg]{ pko'Qm pkfox¿sf] af/]df ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dfem r]tgf hufpg ;"rgf tyf cfd ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ Pp6f d'Vo /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cleefjs lzIff / ;xhstf{x¿sf] tflnd ljleGg ;+:yfx¿ h:t} ;dfg kx'Fr -Equal Access_, ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnljsf; ;]jf / ljsNk 1fg tyf ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljleGg ;dodf cfd ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . cem o'lg;]km g]kfnn] cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf–! df ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ e~HofË rf}tf/L eGg] /]l8of] sfo{qmd z'¿ u/]sf] lyof] .

lzIff ljefun] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] k}/jL ug{ / k|f/lDes afnljsf; sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] nlu b'O{j6f 5'§f 5'§} >Ao–b[Zo Sof;]6x¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] Sof;]6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf, vf;u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx¿sf] nflu nlIot 5 eg] bf];|f] Sof;]6 clestf{ / ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ nlIot ul/Psf] 5 o;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffsf]7fsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] at{dfg gLlt

;/sf/sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt of]hgf tyf gLltx¿ ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] d'Vo b:tfj]h -@))$–@))(_, ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@))!–@)!%_, k|f/lDes afnljsf; /0fg}lts of]hgf -@))$_, cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff u'¿of]hgf -!((&–@))@_, bzf}+ k~r aifL{o of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ gjf}+ k~r aifL{o of]hgf -!((*–@))@_, afnaflnsf tyf ljsf;sf nflu bz aifL{o /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -!((@_ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g -!(((_ df k|ltljlDjt ePsf 5g\ .

;a}sfnflu lzIffdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; M d'Vo b:tfj]h -@))$–@))(_

ljBfnodf cfwfl/t tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t b'O{k|sf/sf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng ug{ lhDdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df /xG5 .

b'j} sfo{qmdx¿ ;du| afnljsf;sf] ;femf p2]Zoåf/f lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ sfo{qmd ;xof]u ;lxt ;a}eGbf gfh's / ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿df :yfkgf ul/g]5g\ h;cGtu{t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] auL{s/0f u/]sf æ3Æ / ævÆ lhNnfx¿ kb{5g\ .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ tyf k"j{k|fylds sIffx¿ :yfkgf, ;xof]u / ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / lghL ;+:yfx¿l;tsf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ;xh agfOg] .

;+1fgfTds ljsf;, kf]if0f, :jf:Yo tyf cleefjs lzIffsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgosfox¿;Fu} cGt/If]qLo ;DaGw :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmd ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ljsf; ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qsf cleefjsx¿nfO{ nlIot u/L cfd;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t la:t[t ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ sfo{qmdx¿ ¿kf+sg tyf k|;f/0f ul/g]5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ nflu ;xhstf{ lgo'lQm ug{ ;Dej eP;Dd ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfo jf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .

24

;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@))!–@)!%_ df k|f/lDes afnljsf;

;a}sfnflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfn] lgDglnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ agfPsf] 5 .

• ;a} k"j{k|fylds pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ slDtdf Ps jif{sf] ljz]if x]/rfx ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . h;n] k|f/lDes laBfno tof/Lsf] cfjZostfx¿sf ;fy} ;du| afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ .

• ;/sf/n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{5, zx/L tyf ;'ud If]qx¿sf nflu c+flzs ;/sf/L ;xof]u tyf lk5l8Psf tyf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu k"0f{ ;/sf/L ;xof]u tyf ;xhLs/0f;lxt dfudf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff ckgfOg] 5 .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ b'j} kIfx¿df lj:tf/ ug{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ a9fOPsf] 5 .

• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|x¿n] ;a} ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ tyf cGo lgsfox¿af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] k|f/lDes afnljsf; kl/ifb\sf] ;xof]udf ;dGjo lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{5 .

• @))& ;Dddf k|To]s uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8fx¿df slDtdf Psb]lv rf/;Dd k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ x'g]5g\ . ;/sf/sf] Psd'i6 cg'bfg tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfx¿n] tL s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfngsf] lhDdf lng] 5g\ . :yfgLo txdf ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] kl/rfng klg ul/g] 5 .

• r]tgf hufpg] sfo{qmdx¿sf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . Pp6f la:t[t ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ sfo{qmdsf] ¿kfÍg tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

• gjLgtd sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; tyf gd"gf k/LIf0f ul/g]5 . gd"gf k/LIf0fn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lqmofsnfknfO{ c¿ lqmofsnfkx¿ h:t} k|fylds lzIfs tflnd, cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ljz]if cfjZostf lzIff sfo{qmdx¿l;t hf]8\b} tL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos /0fgLltx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ 5 .

• afnljsf;sf d'Vo ;Gb]zx¿ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd, 3'DtL :jf:Yo lSnlgsx¿ tyf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo :jo+;]jsx¿df ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .

• :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f ;dfj]z ug]{ Pp6f PsLs[t ljlw cg';/0f ug{ :yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;xhstf{ tyf ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf] ¿kdf tflnd lbOg]5 .

• Ifdtf ljsf; ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd ;fGble{s ;+:yfut ;+/rgf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t d"NofÍg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ;+oGq u7g ul/g]5 / uf=lj=;=, lhNnf tyf /fli6«o :t/sf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 yk ;xof]u vf]lhg] 5 .

cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff u'¿of]hgf -!((&–@))@_ df k|f/lDes afnljsf;

o; of]hgfn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, lzIff, :yfgLo ljsf;, dlxnf ljsf; tyf ;dfhsNof0f, :jf:Yo / ;+rf/ dGqfnosf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] k|f/lDes afnx]/rfx tyf lzIff /fli6«o ;ldlt u7gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;ldltnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfOg' kb{5 .

25

of]hgfn] k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf;n] $–% jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] z}lIfs kf6f]df dfq hf]8 lb]g] s'/f :ki6 kfb}{ o;nfO{ k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx tyf lzIffaf6 5'6Øfpg] sf]lz; u¥of] -k[i7=*!_ . of]hgfn] c¿ s] eg]sf] 5 eg] lzIff dGqfno $+ / %+ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; / k|f/lDes afnlzIffsf] nflu pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 tyf :yfgLo ljsf;dGqfno k|f/lDes afn x]/rfx tyf lZIff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 -k[i7 %^(_ . tyflk of]hgfn] ljleGg dGqfnox¿af6 pko'{Qm b'j} cj:yfx¿df cfjZostf cg'¿k ;xof]u x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf klg hf]8 lbof] . of]hgfn] OR5's uflj;x¿nfO{ cf+lzs¿kdf ljQLo ;xof]u ub}{ k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] :yfkgf ug{ gLlt ckgfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbof] .

o;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf af/]df r]tgf hufpgsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿sf] lj:tf/sf] cfjZostfdf klg hf]8 lbo]f . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] ;Gb]z u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qsf cleefjsx¿;Dd k'¥ofpg cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbO{of] . uf=lj=;=x¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] z'¿jftsf] tof/L ug{ r]tgfsf] ljsf; dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu /0fgLlt kq -@))$_

k|f/lDes afnljsf; /0fgLlt kqn] lgDg k|fjwfgx¿ agfPsf] 5 M

• ;g\ @))& ;Dddf k|To]s uf=lj=;=df slDtdf ! tyf gu/kflnsfdf $ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ x'g]5g\ .

• tL s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L ;xof]usf ;fy} :yfgLo txdf ;+zfwgsf] kl/rfng u/fP/ uflj; / gu/kflnsfx¿n] lng]5g\ .

• lghL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng / ;xof]usf nflu pTk|]l/t ul/g] 5 .

• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] ;DalGwt ;a} dGqfnox¿ tyf cGo lgsfox¿af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{5g\ . lzIff dGqfnon] k|f/lDes afnljsf; kl/ifb\sf] ;xof]udf ;dGjo lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{5 .

bzf}+ of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ df k|f/lDes afnljsf;

bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ k|fylds lzIffdf egf{sf] nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tof/ kfg]{ tyf pgLx¿sf] ;du| ljsf;ug]{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ d'Vo hf]8 lbO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . of]hgfn] lzIfs÷;xhstf{x¿nfO{ plrt tflnd lbg] tyf cleefjsx¿sf] nflu ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug{ klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

gjf}+ of]hgf -!((*–@))@_ df k|f/lDes afnljsf;

• of]hgfn] % jif{ pd]/eGbf d'lgsf aRrfx¿sf]nflu plrt k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbof] . of]hgfdf s] elgPsf] 5 eg] M o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff cjnDag u/]/ nfu" ug]{ / u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qx¿df a;f]af; ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿sf nlfu lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

• /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg h:tf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ aRrfsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;fy} ;du| JolQmTjsf] ljsf;sf nflu afn–s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ kl/rfng ul/g]5g\ .

• ;/sf/, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / cGo ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, ko{j]If0f tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 .

26

• afn clwsf/sf] af/]df r]gtf clej[l4 ug]{ u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cleefjs lzIff sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu bzjif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf;

• of] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfn] k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] :t/df /fVg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

• sfo{of]hgfn] ljleGg If]q tyf lgsfox¿sf] vl08t tyf cnu k|of;x¿ vlr{nf] x'g] ePsf]n] Pp6f cGt/If]qLo ;DaGw;lxtsf] ;dGjofTds tyf PsLs[t ljlw vfFrf] ePsf] s'/f cf}NofPsf] 5 -k[i7=&_ . t;y{ sfo{of]hgfn] k|efjsf/L cGt/If]qLo sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjog / k|ltj4 ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .

• of] sfo{of]hgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] o;n] k"j{44 k|fylds lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] cËsf]¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . sfo{of]hgfn], k"j{k|fylds lzIffnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] cfwf/e"t lzIffdf ;j{JofkL kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

• sfo{of]hgfn] lghL Joj;foL tyf ljBfnox¿n] z'¿ u/sf] k"j{k|fylds lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df sIff ! df egf{ ePsf ;a} sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k"j{ k|fylds lzIff lbg tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k"j{k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdx¿sf] a[l4nfO{ pTk|]l/t tyf ;xh agfpg hf]8lbPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !((( df k|f/lDes afnljsf;

• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfox¿– ufpFx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ / zx/L If]qx¿sf] ;Gbe{df gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{–pgLx¿sf] cfÎg} ;|f]tdf k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno÷s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng tyf o:tf ljBfno÷s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf, ;~rfng / cfof]hgf ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .

gfh's tyf ;'ljwflaxLg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ ;DaGwL gLltx¿

of] ;To xf] ls b]zsf lklN;Psf If]qx¿df z+;fwgx¿sf] cToGt} cefj 5 . o;n] b'u{d If]q tyf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿df cg'bfg tyf ;xof]usf] vfFrf] /x]sf] b]vfpF5 ;/sf/ ;a} If]qx¿df cfwf/e"t ;xof]u tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ yk ;xof]u lbg k|lta4 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;'ud tyf b'u{d If]qx¿sf] ;xof]usf] nflu b'O{ leGg ;xofu]sf t/Lsfx¿ ckgfOPsf 5g\ M zx/L tyf ;'ud If]qx¿sf] nflu cf+lzs ;/sf/L ;xof]u ;lxtsf] dfudf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff; / lk5l8Psf tyf ;'ljwfljlxg ;d'bfox¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf nflu ljz]if ;xof]u .

lk5l8Psf ;d'bfox¿sf nflu cfjZos ljz]if gLltx¿ agfpFbf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljsf; u/]sf] ;'rsfÍn] auL{s/0f u/]cg'¿k rf/ ju{sf lhNnfx¿nfO{ cg'z/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ju{ æ3Æ / æuÆ -sd ljs;Lt_ lhNnfx¿sf gfh's tyf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf:t/df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lalgof]hgsf nflu hgu0fgf tYofÍsf] k|f}9 lg/If/tf / ljBfyL{ egf{sf] k|f]S;L -proxy) nfO{ lgb]{lzsfsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

27

v08–rf/

ljifodf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0f / JofVof

ljifo–! M k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfx

cjwf/0ff / dxTj

g]kfndf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfx;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf af/] ljrf/ ;+sng ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxaf/] gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfof{Gjog txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ cfÎgf] ljrf/ eGg nufOPsf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL k|ltlqmofx¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] d"nk|jfxnfO{ lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ Nofpg' tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfngsf lglDt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'{ / o;nfO{ ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTjsf ¿kdf lng' eGg] b]lvof] . tyflk lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf gLltut txsf clwsf/Lx¿sf] ljrf/ / :yfgLo txdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ km/s b]lvof] . lzIff dGqfnosf pRrtxsf clwsf/Lx¿sf] ljrf/cg';f/ k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq /fVg'sf] ;f6f] :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsf cGtu{t NofOg' kb{5 . uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfleq ah]6sf] Joj:yf / k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| vf]Ng lbg] k|fjwfg g} o;nfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg' xf] . o;sf] kIfdf k|:t't yk ts{n] ljBfnonfO{ ljs]Gb|Lt ug]{ / ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . of] gLlt cg';f/ lzIff ljefuåf/f ljut rf/jif{df b'O{xhf/ ljBfnox¿ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ul/P . cWoogx¿n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿n] sfo{ ;+rfng tyf lgk"0ftfdf t'ngfTds¿kdf /fd|f] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf clw/Lx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg' ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg gLlt ljkl/t x'g] s'/f jtfP . ltgLx¿sf] b'li6sf]0fcg';f/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpgsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] k|To]s uf=lj=;= tyf g=kf=df lglZrt ;+Vofdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ clgjfo{ k|fjwfg /fvL cfjZos sfg"gsf] th'{df ug'{ kb{5 . ltgLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] ah]6nfO{ lhlzsf dfkm{t vr{ ul/g'eGbf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo dfkm{t kl/rflnt ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP . ltgLx¿n] cem s] JoQm u/] eg] k|f/lDes afnlasf; P]gdf lhlj;n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lglZrt /sd 5'6Øfpg] / :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|bfg ug]{ clgjfo{ k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txdf s]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd cGtu{t /fv]/ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f atfP .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffdf ljljwtf ePtf klg /fli6«o, lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg'kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] s'/f jtfP . pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpgsf nflu lgDg lnlvt sf/0fx¿ d'Vo /x]sf] s'/f jtfP M

28

sfo{qmdnfO{ bLuf] agfpg ;xof]u

clwsf+z pQ/bftfx¿n] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+/rgfleq NofP/ ;rfng u/]df bLuf] agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf; JoQm u/] . ltgLx¿n] sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf nUg] / bLuf] agfpg] s'/fdf lgs6 ;DaGw b]v]sf] kfOof] .

ah]6 Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf

w]/} JolQmx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf NofPkl5 lgoldt jh]6sf] k|fjwfg x'g] ljZjf; JoQm u/] .

Go"gtd :t/sf] ;'lglZrttf

pQ/bftfx¿n] ulx/f] ljZjf; JoQm u/] ls d"nk|jfxn] k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|df k|bfg ul/Psf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfsf] Go"gtd :t/nfO{ sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ Psk6s d"nk|jfxdf NofO;s]kl5 k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{nfO{ :t/Lo tflnd sfo{qmd / k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|nfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf x'g] s'/fsf] ljZjf; JoQm u/] .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg]

xfn ;/sf/L, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf lghL ljBfnoåf/f ;+rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] u'0ffTdstf / sfo{ ;+rfngdf d"n ljljwtfx¿ 5g\ . ;/sf/n] k|f/De u/]sf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx¿df ;d]t leGgtf kfOG5 . ;]l/8 -@))$_ åf/f ;Dkflbt Ps cWoogn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|x¿n] afns]Gb|Lt pkfud ckgfPsf], afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] k|z:t k|of]u u/]sf] tyf v]n–ljlw ckgfPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . tyflk ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿df k7g, n]vg tyf ul0ftLo lzIf0f u/]sf] tyf lzIfs–s]lGb|t pkfud ckgfPsf] kfOof] . cem Knfg g]kfn / ;]e b lrN8«]g h:tf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sfnflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g] :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0fsf ;]jfx¿ klg ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOof] . t/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿df o:tf] Joj:yf kfOPg . k|f/lDes afnlasf;nfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpgfn] o:tf] ;]jfx¿df Ps¿ktf x'g;Sg] s'/f pQ/bftfx¿n] ljZjf; JoQm u/] .

lgoldt cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0f k4lt :yfkgfdf ;xof]u

s]xL pQ/bftfx¿ Vff;u/L lhlzsf / z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf k|lzIfsx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf NofPkl5 lgoldt cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0fdf ;'lglZrttf x'g ;xof]u k'Ug] atfP . sfo{qmdnfO{ lhlzsfsf] ;+/rgfcGtu{t NofPdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿df tflndk|fKt clwsf/Låf/f ;~rflnt Pp6f 5'§} PsfOsf] Joj:yf x'g ;S5 .

gfh's afnaflnsfsf] kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf

/fli6«o:t/sf] k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] b'u{d / u|fld0f ;d'bfodf j;f]jf; ug]{ gfh's / ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu u'0ffTds k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] d'2fnfO{ p7fP . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpgfn] o:tf afnafljsfsf] ;]jfdf lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/f klg ltgLx¿n] pNn]v u/] .

29

ljBdfg cEof;x¿

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ kl/of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] gd"gfsf ¿kdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . lzIff ljefuåf/f ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . lhlzsfdfkm{t tL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdåf/f k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] nflu afXo bftfx¿åf/f ljQLo ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . tL s]Gb|x¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, h;df :yfgLo JolQmx¿ / s]Gb|df egf{ ePsf afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa'x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5, åf/f ;~rflnt 5g\ . jf:tjdf ToxfF cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f k4ltsf] s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]t JolQmx¿ tL s]Gb|x¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu pQ/bfoL 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿ ljBfno lg/LIf0f ug]{ / tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ sfdn] ubf{ a9L af]emdf x'G5g\ . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ltgLx¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] cg'udg ug]{ yk lhDd]jf/L lng] cj:yfdf x'Fb}gg\ .

;/sf/n] :yfgLo :jzfl;t P]g -!(((_ sf] sfof{Gjogdfk{mt :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo –uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / Joj:yf ug{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ cfÎg} ;|f]tdf :yfkgf ug{ / o:tf] s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf, sfof{Gjog / ;~rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . tyflk :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgosfon] cfÎgf] dGqfnoaf6 k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd / To;sf nflu sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lgb]{zg kfPsf 5}gg\ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno÷lzIff ljefuåf/f ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{t ah]6 Joj:yf ul/G5 h'g lhlzsf dfk{mt k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|nfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 . lhlzsfdf c¿ lgoldt sfdsf cltl/Qm k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd x]g{sf nflu Pp6f ;Dks{ JolQm (Focal person)sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] k|fjwfg k|efjsf/L gePsfn] o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPg . lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]z gul/Psf] x'Fbf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/Lsf ¿kdf of] sfo{qmdnfO{ lnOPsf] 5}g . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf sf]6fx¿ ljt/0f tyf ;xhstf{sf] tflnd Joj:yf lhlzsfn] ug]{ ePtfklg k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / cg'udg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf eg] ul/Psf] 5}g .

cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfcGtu{t ;~rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿n] :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lnP/ cfÎg} lsl;dn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljQLo Joj:yf, tflnd / cGo ;xof]u k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] g} k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg ;+oGq / k[i7kf]if0f k4lt t'ngfTds¿kdf /fd|f] 5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿df ;+:yfx¿åf/f lgo'Qm k|lzIfs / lg/LIfsn] lg/Gt/¿kdf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg ub{5g\ . lzIff ljefuåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿df o:tf] Joj:yf 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{n] ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf]eGbf a9L kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . ;/sf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o÷/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ .

30

lghL ljBfnoåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ljBfnox¿n] lhlzsfaf6 ;xdlt lnP/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sIffx¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf cfdfafa'af6 k|fKt z'Ns g} To:tf ljBfnosf] sf]ifsf] ;|f]t xf] . ljBfnosf clwsf/Lx¿ g} k|f/lDes afnlasf; sIffx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . lghL ljBfnodf k9fpg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] k|fjwfg gePsfn] oL ljBfnosf clwsf+z lzIfsx¿n] Tfflndsf] kx'Fr kfPsf 5}gg\ .

d"nk|jfxsf jfwfx¿

:yfgLo tx / s]Gb|Lo txsf pQ/bftfx¿;Fusf] nlIot ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtjf{tf{n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxsf] Jojwfgx¿ b]vfPsf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿n] b]vfPsf s]xL Jojwfgx¿ lgDg 5g\ M

sfo{qmddf ljljwtf

lhNnf txsf clwsf/Lx¿n] tLg k|sf/sf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿ – lhNnf lzIff sfof{no dfkm{t lzIff ljefuåf/f ;~rflnt ljBfnodf cfwfl/t, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / lghL¿kdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿ – x'g' k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] d"nk|jfxsf jfwfdWo] Pp6f xf] . sfo{qmdsf c+zx¿ tyf Joj:yfkg / k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ kfl/>ldsdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . s]xL cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5g\ . To;}n] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿df afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / kf]if0fsf ;fy} dgf];fdflhs ljsf;sf c+z Klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ lzIff ljefuåf/f ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx¿df o:tf] k|fjwfg 5}g . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf, Knfg g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt s]Gb| cGtu{t k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ dfl;s kfl/>ldssf ¿kdf ¿= @%)) k|bfg ul/G5 eg] lzIff ljefu÷lhlzsf cGtu{t ;~rflnt s]Gb|sf ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ hDdf ¿ !,))) dfl;s kfl/>lds lbOG5 . lghL:t/df ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿df eg] cem 7"nf] vf8n b]lvG5 . lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L / cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lhNnftxsf clwsf/Lx¿n] sfo{qmd PsfO / k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgdf cfwf/e"t¿kdf Ps¿ktfsf] :t/ sfodug'{sf] dxTj atfP . pQ/bftfx¿dWo] s]xLn] ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx¿df cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/ ;:yfåf/f Jojl:yt s]Gb|x¿df sfo{/t ;xhstf{sf nflu lbOg] kfl/>lds ;/x agfpgsf nflu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o÷/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] cltl/Qm kfl/>lds k|bfg u/]sf] s'/f s]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] klxrfg u/] .

Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] cefj

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf w]/} ;+:yfx¿ -;/sf/L, ctG/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / lghL If]q_ sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ d"nk|jfxsf] afwssf¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . dfly 5nkmn ul/Ph:t} k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ / Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 t/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{qmd / sf]if eg] lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, lzIff ljefudf 5 . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / dlxnf, jfnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf s]Gb|Lo txsf clwsf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ ah]6sf] k|fjwfg ePsf] dGqfnon] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] yfngL ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lzIf tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] k|f/lDes afnlasf;nfO{ lzIffsf] ;+/rgfcGtu{t /fVg' kb{5 . gLltut¿kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 h'g :yfgLo ljsf;

31

dGqfnocGtu{t kb{5 . To;}u/L c¿ lhDd]jf/ dGqfnox¿ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno / :jf:Yo dGqfno 5g\ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g dGqfno lhDd]jf/ x'g] af/] ce}m e|d 5 . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgwf{l/t dGqfno gx'g'nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] afwssf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

lhNnf / :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ sfddf w]/} ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfn] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg x'g uPsf] s'/f atfP . ltgLx¿n] lhlzsfåf/f klxn] g} k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 7fpFdf gofF k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbg gx'g] ts{ k]z u/] .

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df r]tgf tyf ;/sf/df k|ltj4tfsf] sdL

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf clwsf+z pQ/bftfx¿n] cfdfafa' / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] dxTj / o;sf] tfTsflns / bL3{sflns kmfObfsf af/] k"0f{¿kn] ;r]t gePsf] pNn]v u/] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd :yfkgf ug{ / ;~rfng ug{ lqmofzLn b]lvPgg\ . To;} u/L ;/sf/n] of]hgf tyf gLltut b:tfj]hdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ k|fyldstf lbPtfklg, ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; ul/Pg . /fli6«o ah]6df k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ah]6sf] lglZrt k|ltzt 5'6Øfpg] k|of; klg ul/Pg .

;+/rgfTds k|f¿k / sfo{qmd k|f¿kdf ljjfb

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf bLuf] agfpg] ;jfndf p7\g] d'4f eg]sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+/rgfut k|f¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ jf sfo{qmd k|f¿ksf] lj:tfl/t If]qleq sfod /fVg] eGg] ljjfb xf] . bj} u'0ffTds / ;+VofTds pknlAwsf] ljsf; sfo{qmd k|f¿kdf cfwfl/t 5 . sfo{qmd k|f¿kdf ljsf; ug'{sf] kmfObf s] 5 eg] o;n] sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] sf]ifsf lgldQ ljz]if cfsif{0f kfpF5 . o;sf] j]kmfObf s] 5 eg] sfo{qmd Tof] j]nf;Dd dfq rN5 hj;Dd sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpF5 . o; ;DaGwdf *) / () sf] bzstfsf u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu pTkfbg C0f / ;fgf ls;fg kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ePsf] afnx]/rfx s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf;sf /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . To; ;dodf :yflkt ;}of}+ afn:ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿nfO{ bLuf] agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPtf klg ;+/rgfTds k|fjwfgsf cefjdf lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]gg\ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] ;g\ @))) df !) k|ltzteGbf sd s'n egf{b/ ePsf]df a9]/ ;g\ @))& df $! Kf|ltzt s'n egf{b/ x'g'nfO{ klg k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] k|ult sfo{qmd k|f¿kcGtu{t ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . sfo{qmdnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf h:t} ;+:yfut k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿, lgoldt sf]ifsf] Joj:yf, ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf cg'udg ;+oGq ljgf g} lj:tf/ ul/+b}5 . o:tf] ;+/rgfsf] cefjdf ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;+rflnt oL s]Gb|x¿n] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] ;dflKt;Fu} lg/Gt/tf kfpg] 5}gg\ egL s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf w]/} ;xeflux¿n] of] d'2fnfO{ p7fP / o:tf :yflkt s]Gb|x¿nfO{ bLuf] agfpgsf nflu d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ kIfdf ts{ k|:t't u/] .

d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf zt{

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿sf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu s]xL a'Fbfx¿ klxrfg u/] .

32

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿df Ps¿ktf

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf clwsf+z pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf PsfOx¿ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+/rgfdf Ps¿ktf x'g'kg]{ atfP . lhlzsf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu lghL ljBfno nufotsf ;a} ;+:yfx¿n] lzIff ljefun] agfPsf] kf7Øqmd clgjfo{¿kdf nfu" ug]{{ k|fjwfg ug'{kg]{ s'/f atfP . To;}u/L, k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;xhstf{x¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ls6jS; (Kit box) agfpg] / ;a} k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|df ljt/0f ug]{ ;'emfj lbP . s]xL c¿ lhNnf:t/sf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] PsfOx¿ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+/rgfdf Ps¿ktf x'g'kg]{ atfP . lhlzsf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu lghL ljBfno nufotsf ;a} ;+:yfx¿n] lzIff ljefun] agfPsf] kf7Øqmd clgjfo{¿kdf nfu" ug]{ k|fjwfg ug'{kg]{ s'/f atfP . s]xL c¿ lhNnf:t/sf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|To]s uflj;df slDtdf Pp6f gd"gf k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ / k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktfnfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu To; s]Gb|n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jflxt ug]{ / c¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿;Fu ;+of]hg ug]{ sfd ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;'emfP . Ps ¿ktfnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{sf nflu s]xL lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;femf sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf agfpg'kg]{ s'/f atfP .

tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df Ps¿ktf

;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o÷/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{n] b'OxKtfsf] cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt u5{g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t' / k|f¿kdf eg] Ps¿ktf kfOFb}g . cem ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} u'0ffTdstf / ;fGble{stf af/] lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ s'g} cflwsfl/s lgsfo 5}g . o; kl/k|]Ifdf k|lzIfs / ljBfno lg/LIfsn] afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t PsfOx¿ ePsf] :t/Lo tflnd Kofs]hsf] cfjZostf af/] pNn]v u/] . pQ/bftfx¿n] o;nfO{ ;a} lghL ljBfno ;d]tsf ;+:yfx¿n] cfÎgf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu clgjfo{ ul/g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP .

b]zJoflk k|rf/ sfo{qmd

lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] s]Gb|Lo :t/sf gLlt lgdf{tf / :yfgLo txsf cfdfafa' ;d]tsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfsf] kmfObfaf/] ;r]t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v u/] . ltgLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdåf/f afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ hf]8 lbP .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] gS;fÍg

/fhgLlts kfl6{sf lhNnf:t/sf k|ltlglwx¿ / k|f/lDes afnlasf; k|lzIfs;d]t w]/} pQ/bftfx¿n] sf]6f k|0fflnåf/f k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ jt{dfg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L gePsf] s'/f jtfP . sfo{qmd tyf ;]jfsf] If]qdf ePsf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L ;]jfsf] cfjZostf ePsf hg;+Vof;Dd ;]jfsf] ;dfg ljt/0fsf] lglZrttfsf nflu k|To]s

33

lhNnfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] cfjZostfsf] gS;fÍg sfo{ ug{' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . gS;fÍg tyf :yfgLo hgtfsf] dfudf cfwfl/t eP/ gofF k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ul/g'kb{5 .

ah]6 ljlgof]hg

cGt{jftf{ lnOPsf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno tyf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf s]Gb|Lo txsf clwsf/Lx¿ Pj+ lhNnftxsf clwsf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/n] jflif{s /fli6«o jh]6df k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf nflu lglZrt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'{kg]{ atfP . lhNnf:t/df lhlj; tyf ufpF:t/df uflj;n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] If]q tf]Sg] / ltgLx¿sf] jflif{s ah]6df lglZrt ah]6 5'6Øfpg' kg]{ ljrf/ klg ltgLx¿n] JoQm u/] . ltgLx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] ah]6 pknAw x'g] s'/f ;d:of gePsf] t/ ;d:of eg]sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] af/] ;DjlGwt clwsf/Ln] dx;"; ug]{ / ;f] af/]sf] r]tgfdf e/kb{5 eg] .

ejg tyf cfjZos ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nlfu k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] cfÎg} hldg / cfjZos ef}lts ;'ljwf;d]tsf] :t/Lo ejg d"n cfjZostfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;]l/8n] u/]sf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bgn] o:t} lsl;dsf] k|flKt k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . -;]l/8, @))#_

ljifo @ M cGt/–If]qLo ;dGjo

cjwf/0ff / dxTj

cGt/–If]qLo ;dGjo eGgfn] p2]Zosf nflu ;+:yfx¿sf aLr / ;+:yfleq sfdug]{ JolQmx¿sfaLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ k|lqmof eGg] a'lemG5 . g]kfndf ;fgf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, cGt/f{lfi6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf lgsfox¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / lglhIf]q ;+nUg 5g\ . clxn];Dd ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf klg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5}g . ;+:yfx¿sf aLrdf pko'Qm ;+of]hgsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf kl/eflift ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;}n] r]tgf / cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] sdLn] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf pQ/bftfx¿n] jtfPcg';f/ w]/} ;+:yfx¿n] cf–cfÎgf] 9ªun] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng u/]sf x'gfn] ;/sf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsfaLrsf] ;dGjo cfjZos x'G5 . ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;dGjosf] dxTj / cfjZostfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

sfo{qmdsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;

s]Gb|Lo txsf] sfo{zfnfsf ;xeflux¿n] cGt/–;+:yfut ;dGjo k|efjsf/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] :j:y cj:yf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP . k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;dGjon] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmntfsf ;fy ;+rfng ug]{ k|]/0ffbfoL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu klg ;dGjo cfjZos kb{5 .

34

sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ sd ug]{

k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;+:yfx¿sf aLrsf] ;dGjo sfo{ut If]qdf sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ sd ug{ / w]/} JolQmnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;xof]uL x'g]5 .

cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ a9L sfo{d"ns agfpg]

bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] jtfPcg';f/ x/]s sfo{qmddf cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] sdL 5 eg] k|f/lDes afnlasf; o;sf] ckjfb 5}g . cg'udgsf nflu klg ;dGjo h¿/L x'G5 . df]/Ë lhNnfsf] Pp6f nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿n] eg]cg';f/ ;]tf] u'/fF; /lfi6«o afnlasf; ;]jfn] hDdf #% j6f k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] -;/sf/sf] %*% s]Gb|x¿dWo]_ cg'udg ub{5 . of] lhNnfsf nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] cGt/–;+:yfut ;dGjodf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] s'g} k|of; gu/]sf] bfjL u/] . lhNnf lzIff sfof{no g} ;dGjo nufot s]Gb|sf] cg'udgsf s'[/fx¿df hf]8bf/¿kn] cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 . To;}n] cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ a9L sfo{d"ns agfpgsf nflu Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

ljlgdosf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;

gd"gf lhNnfx¿sf pQ/bftfx¿n] s]Gb|, lhNnf / uflj; txdf jlnof] ;dGjosf] cfjZostf ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm u/] . ltgLx¿n] lhNnf / :yfgLo txsf] t'ngfdf s]Gb|Lo txdf ;dGjo k|efjsf/L gePsf] atfP . s]Gb|Lo txdf ;dGjo geP;Dd sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . s]Gb|Lo txsf cGtjf{tf{sf s]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] Pp6} dGqfnosf clwsf/lx¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/] . clwsf+z ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf ljrf/sf] ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] sdL 5 . s'g} gofF ;"rgf /f]ls /fVg'nfO{ zlQm xftdf lng' jf c¿nfO{ k|efj kfg'{ eGg]¿kdf lnOG5 . cf}krfl/s ;dGjosf] ;+oGqn] of] k|j[lQnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

ljBdfg cEof;

ljleGg ;ldltx¿ / klifb\x¿ -;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L_ k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf ;+nUg 5g\ . oL lgsfox¿df s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f kl/ifb\, lhNnf afnsNof0f kl/ifb\, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dGjo ;ldlt, g]kfn k|f/lDes afnlasf; d~r, k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;+hfn, k|f/lDes afnlasf; Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cflb kb{5g\ . s]Gb|Lotxsf d'Vo clwsf/Lx¿n] ljleGg dGqfnox¿, ;+:yfx¿ / ;ldltx¿aLr ;+/rgfut / sfo{ut ;dGjosf] 7"nf] cfjZostf ePsf] /fo JoQm u/] . sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] cGt/–dGqfno txsf] ;dGjoPsfOsf ¿kdf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f kl/ifb\sf] k|fjwfg ePtfklg k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf JolQmx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] k|fjwfg kof{Kt gePsf] s'/f JoQm u/] . lhNnftxsf ;+:yfx¿–lhlzsf÷lhlj;÷u};;sf nlfu lhNnf txdf ;dGjo ug]{ lhlj; ;efkltsf] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{zfnfsf s]xL ;xefuLx¿n] jt{dfg Joj:yf /fd|f] ePtf klg sfo{d"ns gePsf] atfP . jt{dfg lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf (EMIS/SIP) n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg gu/]sf] s'/f klg 5nkmn ul/of] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g .

35

ufpF txsf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ -uflj;÷k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, :yfgLo u};;÷;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf_ aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{sf nflu kl/ifb\sf] lgb]{lzsfn] uflj;gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;+hfn / ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug]{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ;+hfn agfpg] ;DaGwdf ;]e b lrN8«]g o"P;n] uflj; txsf] ;+hfnnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm, ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{n] Onfsftxsf] ;+hfnnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 .

df]/ª lhNnfsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf cg';f/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ ;d'bfosf] dfudf ;~rfng ul/Psf x}gg\ a¿ ltgLx¿s} k|of;df ;~rfng ul/Psf x'g\ . tyflk #% j6f s]Gb|x¿ eg] ;d'bfos} k|of;df ;~rfng ul/Psf x'g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf aLrsf] ;dGjosf] cefjsf sf/0fn] bLuf]kg / cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] ;d:of sfod 5 .

df]/ª lhNnfsf o'lg;]kmsf JolQmx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg ePsf] s'/f atfP . Knfg / jN8{ lehgsf sfo{qmd Pp6} uflj;df bf]xf]/f] k/]sf 5g\ . t/ bft[;+:yfx¿ o;;Fu ;DalGwt 5}gg\ . To;}n] ;/sf/n] g} o; ;DaGwdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 h;sf nflu ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaLr ;dGjo x'g' h¿/L x'G5 / k"0f{¿kdf lhNnfdf ;~rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; zfvfn] of] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;S5 . nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf qmddf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ / ;xhstf{x¿n] lhlzsfaf6 k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf sf]6fx¿ ljt/0fsf qmdddf gu/kflnsfn] s]xL k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf sf]6fx¿ lnof] h'gs'/f ;d'bfonfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/] . ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfonfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf ;lhnf];+Fu kx'Fr gePsf] s'/f ltgLx¿n] atfP . pbfx/0fsf¿kdf, u/Lj ;d'bfon] hf]8sf]if (matching fund) sf] dfu ub}{g h;n] ubf{ u/Lj / b'u{d If]qdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}gg\ . tyflk, k|lzIfsn] k|ltj]bg lbPcg';f/ lhNnf / :yfgLo txsf ;~hfnn] ;d'bfodf sf]6f ljt/0fsf nflu ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o; lbzftkm{ ePsf] k|ultsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

;'g;/L lhNnfsf pQ/bftfx¿ -u};; k|ltlglw, lhlzsf clwsf/Lx¿ / ;xhstf{x¿_n] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rfng ul/g] k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfx¿sf ;DaGwdf lhNnfdf Ps¿ktf gePsf] s'/f JoQm u/] . pbfx/0fsf¿kdf, lghL ljBfnodf ;+rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf cf7 jif{ k"/f ug]{n] sIff ! df egf{ x'G5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; k"/f ug]{n] g;{/L sIffdf egf{ x'G5 / ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sIff ! df egf{ x'G5 . dflysf] 5nkmnaf6 k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf / o;sf] dxTjjf/] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf vf;u/L cfdfafa' b]lv gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ tx;DdsfnfO{ k|jf]lws/0f ug'{kb{5 .

;'g;/L lhNnfsf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf nflu ljs]lGb|t sfo{ (DACAW) sf ;Dks{ JolQmn] :yfgLo tx / /fli6«o txdf ;dGjo gePsf] s'/f b]vfP . tyflk ;|f]tJolQmn] JoQm u/]cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o u};; / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosfaLrdf /fd|f] ;dGjo ePsf] kfP . o; kl/k|]Ifdf lh=lz=cn] ;dGjo ug'{kb{5 .

lhlj; ;'g;/Lsf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ljs]lGb|t sfo{qmd -8sfp_ sf clwsf/Ln] ;d'bfon] lhlzsfdf sfo{qmdsf] dfu ub{5 / 8sfpn] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . of] p2]Zosfnflu lhlzsfcGtu{t lhNnfdf a9L lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL ;Dks{ JolQm /x]sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; zfvfsf] cfjZostf ePsf] s'/f 8sfp clwsf/Ln] atfP . ;'g;/L lhNnfsf lhlzc tyf ;|f]tJolQmn] lhNnfsf $)) s]Gb|x¿nfO{ Pp6f ;Dks{ JolQm, hf] sfof{nosf] c¿ lgoldt sfdsf nflu klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5, åf/f /]vb]v k'¥ofpg sl7g x'g] s'/f atfP . pQm ;do;Dd ;|f]tJolQmåf/f s]Gb|sf] cg'udg ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;a} s]Gb|x¿ cg'udg ug{ ;Dej lyPg .

36

;xhstf{sf nflu cfof]hgf ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf klg lhNnfdf ljljwtf kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf¿kdf, lhlzsfn] tflnd ;~rfng ug{ ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnlasf; ;]jfaf6 k|fljlws JolQmnfO{ Nofpg] ub{5 . Knfg g]kfnsf] cfÎgf] cfjZostfcg';f/ tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ 5'§} k2lt 5 . o;n] lhlzsf tyf ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnljsf; ;]jf dfkm{t tflnd ;~rfng ub{5 .

:jf:Yo dGqfno;Fu ;a} uflj;df cfdf tyf afn:jf:Yo :jod\ ;]ljsfsf] jlnof] hdft 5, :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ltgLx¿sf] lgoldt sfo{ xf]Og . ltgLx¿ :jo+;]js x'g\ t/ jiff}{+b]lv tflnd k|fKt 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] x'gfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbP/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jfsf nflu klg lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :jf:Yo dGqfnosf clwsf/Ln ;'emfP .

cGtIf]{qLo ;dGjosf afwfx¿

ljBdfg cEof;af6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls o2lk s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo txsf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sfaLr ljleGg ;ldltx¿ x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 t/ tL ;ldltx¿ / kl/ifb\x¿n] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]sf 5}gg\ .

tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjosf] ;d:of

k|f/lDes afnlasf; k|lzIfssf] cefj lhNnfdf tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ d'Vo ;d:ofx¿dWo] Pp6f lyof] . lgb]{lzsfdf tflnd nufotsf ;a} s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] ePtf klg k|of]u ePsf] kfOPg . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf JolQmx¿n] s] atfP eg] olb lhlzsfnfO{ tflndsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/ lbOG5 eg] tflndsf] u'0ffTds kIf sfod x'Fb}g, s'g cy{df eg] lhlzsfn] lhNnfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ tflnd k|fKt dfgj ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsfcg';f/ ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnlasf; ;]jf df]/Ë lhNnfdf lhlzsf;Fusf] ;dGjodf k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] tflndlbg] d'Vo ;+:yf xf] . lhNnflkR5] tflnd km/s k/]sf] s'/f klg JoQm ul/of] . tflnddf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zosf nflu lhlzsfn] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿;Fu ldn]/ tflnd lbg'kb{5 .

;ldltx¿df cg'ko'Qm k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;d:of

;dGjosf] csf]{ ;d:of eg]sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] If]qdf sfdug]{ lhNnf:t/sf ;ldltx¿df lzIfs k|ltlglwx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj gx'g' xf] . ljleGg If]qaf6 h:t} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿, ljz]if1x¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj g'x'g' klg sfo{qmdsf] ;d'lrt lj:tf/sf] nflu afwf xf] . nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿, lzIfsx¿ / ;xhstf{x¿n] lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfnosf] ;Ëu7g -KofJ;g_, lzIfs tyf ;xhstf{x¿sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] If]qdf sfdug]{ lhNnf :t/Lo ;+u7gx¿df k+|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP .

sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kg

b]zdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmddf ePsf] bf]xf]/f]kg o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] jfwssf ¿kdf ePsf] s'/f JoQm ul/of] . lhNnf txsf ;/f]sf/jfnx¿n] s] dxz'; u/] eg] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / c¿ :yfgLo lgsfox¿aLrdf ;dGjosf] cefj lyof] . o"lg;]km, ;]e b lrN8]«g gj]{ / ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnljsf; ;]jf afnljsf;sf ;]jfx¿df ;+nUg ePtfklg

37

ltgLx¿sf aLrdf pko'Qm ;dGjo gx'gfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg ePsf] 5 . afnsNof0fsf lqmofsnfksf If]qdf sfo{/t;d"xx¿dWo] lhNnf jfnsNof0f ;ldlt, dlxnf ljsf; ;d"x / cfdf ;d"xx¿ k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmo¿kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] .

ah]6 ljt/0fdf Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] cefj

;'g;/L lhNnfsf] afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ljs]Gb|Lt of]hgf -8sfp_ sf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] lhNnfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] lglDt lglZrt ah]6 ljt/0f gul/g' klg afwf ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/] . 8sfp ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;a} k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{sf nflu ;a} k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/ifb\ cyjf ;ldltsf ¿kdf Pp6} 5ftf cGtu{t Nofpg'kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbP .

sfo{qmdsf] :jfldTjsf] cefj

;d'bfo sfo{qmdsf] :jfldTj lng tof/ 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;dGjo ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ;Fw} cfjZostf kb{5 . uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf] j8fleq k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb||x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug'{ klg ;d:of ePsf] 5 . tLgj6} lhNnfsf ;xhstf{x¿n] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿ ljBfnosf] :jfldTj tyf ;'kl/j]If0fdf ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/] . tyflk ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ /]vb]v ug]{ ;+:yf eg] 5}g . ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] nlIot ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿sf cg';f/ ;d'bfosf] s'g} /fd|f] :t/ ePsf] ljBfnon] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xof]udf ljljwtf

s]xL ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;'ljwf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . oL s]Gb|x¿n] ;/sf/L ;xof]usf cfltl/Qm yk ;'ljwfx¿ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . lhlzsfsf clwsf/Lx¿n] eg]cg';f/ of] cEof;n] c¿ o:t} k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ clek|]/0ffdf sdL Nofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

cGt{If]qLo ;dGjosf cfjZostfx¿

s]Gb|Lo txsf k|d'v clwsf/Lx¿, s]Gb|Lo txsf] sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿, lhNnf txsf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf cfjZstfx¿ klxrfg u/] M

s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;oGq

s]Gb|Lo txdf :yflkt ;dGjo ;GoGqnfO{ uflj; :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g' k5{ . klxnf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] ;'emfPcg';f/ dGqL cyjf pRr:t/Lo JolQmsf] g]t[Tjdf kl/ifbsf] u7g ug'{kb{5 . bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] pTyfgdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjosf nflu lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ ;'emfj lbP . kl/ifb\sf] pQ/bfloTj gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf sfo{If]q Pj+ cEof;sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg] x'g'kb{5 . pRr:t/Lo kl/ifb\df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, k|f/lDes afnlasf; lj1, k]zfsdL{x¿ / lhlj; dxf;+3 tyf uflj; dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿ x'g'kg]{ s'/f klg ;'emfOof] . lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj x'g'kg]{5 . kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿df :jf:Yo dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, Pj+ dlxnf,

38

afnjflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;f] kl/ifb\df ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .

tLdWo] s]xLn] )–* jif{sf jfnjflnsfsf] nflu ;]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu of] zL3| kl/jt{gsf] s'/f ePtf klg 5'§} dGqfno agfpg] ljrf/ klg lbP . o:tf] dGqfno tyf /fli6«o ;+:yfn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL d'2fx¿, lzIff tyf ljsf;DaGwL d'2fx¿ af/] ;dGjofTds gLltx¿ Nofpg ;S5 eGg] cfÎgf ts{ tyf sf/0fx¿ k|:t't u/] . df]/Ë lhNnfsf nlIot ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; lqmofsnfkx¿sf] /]vb]v ug{ /fli6«o txdf Pp6f sfo{sf/L kb l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 eg] . kl/ifb\df kb]g–;b:osf ¿kdf dgf]lgt x'g] ;b:ox¿n] cfÎgf] pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w ub}{gg\ eGg] /fo klg JoQm u/] .

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg Nofpgsf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cWoIftf /x]sf] kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug]{ ljrf/ JoQm u/] .

lhNnf :t/Lo cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo

sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lhNnf txdf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug'{kb{5 . b'j} /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿ / lhNnfsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;xefuLx¿n] ;dfhsf] ljleGg If]qsf] ;xefuL x'g] u/L lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] k|fjwfg ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP . tgx'F lhNnfsf clwsf+z pQ/bftf / ;'g;/Lsf 8sfp clwsf/Ln] lhNnfsf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo Nofpg lhlj;n] pQ/bfloTj lng'kb{5 eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/] . lhlj;sf ;efkltn] kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf ug'{kb{5 . k|lhc pkfWoIf x'g'kb{5 / lhlzcnfO{ lhNnf k|f/lDes afnlasf; kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o ;lrjdf lgo'Qm ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo ljsf; clws[t j8f ljsf; clws[t / hg:jf:Yo clws[tx¿nfO{ ;b:osf¿kdf dgf]lgt ug'{kb{5 . tg'x'F lhNnfsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dGjo ;ldltsf cWoIf, o'lg;]km k|ltlglw / ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnlasf; ;]jfsf k|lzIfsn] lhNnf ;~hfn dfkm{t lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ;dGjo ug]{u/L lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g ug{ hf]8 lbP .

uflj; ;dGjo ;ldlt

k|To]s ufpFdf cfdf ;d"x, jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;ldlt u7g ul/g'kb{5 . ;xhstf{, lzIfs, k|lzIfs / u};; k|ltlglwx¿sfcg';f/ uflj; cWoIfn] ;dGjo ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug'{kb{5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f P]gn] cg'udg, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ;Dks{sf] lgdf{0f ug{ / ;oGqnfO{ ;zQm agfpgsf nflu lhNnfsf ;~hfn ;d"xnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ ufpFx¿df sfo{bn u7g ug{'kb{5 .

uflj;n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; lqmofsnfknfO{ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] ah]6sf] s]xL k|ltzt 5'6Øfpg' kb{5 . nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿n] :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿ h:t} uflj;, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsnfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ ;ldltdf /flvg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbP .

;/sf/L÷u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf u};;sf ;xefuLx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o u};; / gLlt lgdf{tfsfaLr ;dGjosf] cefj ePsf] atfP . cGt/f{li6«o u};;af6 ;xof]usf] cfjZostfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf nflu Pp6f :ki6 gLlt x'g' cfjZos 5 . /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ePh:t} ;/sf/n]

39

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg'{kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]uaf/] Knfgn] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cyjf k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;fdu|Lsf] k|fjwfg, tflnd tyf k|zf;lgs ;xof]u h:t} k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{sf nflu oftfoft ;fwg tyf cf}hf/h:tf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v u¥of] . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / uflj;x¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 -;]l/8, !(((_

;/sf/L ;:yfx¿, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sfaLr ;dGjo sfod ug{sfnflu k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn 5, h'g ;lqmo 5}g . ;/sf/ / oL ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo ug{sf nflu /fli6«o / lhNnf:t/sf k|f/lDes afnlasf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldltx¿df cG/fli6«o / /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] k+|ltlglwTj ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 . /fli6«o kl/ifb\n] /li6«o k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;~hfnsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 / of] kl/ifb\ sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu klg ;xof]uL x'g;S5 .

;d'bfosfnflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u

nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuL ;xhstf{x¿n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nlfu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ s'/f atfP . /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] b]zdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf dxTj /x]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] If]qdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] cg'ejx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿df nufpg ;lsG5 / k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu r]tgf clej[l4 ug{, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;DalGwt pQ/bfoLTjx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Ifd geP;Dd ;d'bfon] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug{' cfjZs x'G5 .

;DalGwt dGqfnodf k|f/lDes afnljsf; PsfO

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|f/lDes afNofJoj:yf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] /]vb]v ug{sf nflu k|To]s ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k|f/lDes afnljsf; PsfO u7g ug]{ k|fjwfg ul/g' kb{5; o;n] ljleGg dGqfno cGtu{ut k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;~hfn / ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/f atfP .

gofF sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sfaLr gofF sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f ;'emfP . Psk6s gofF sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f u/]kl5 o;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f

bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfdf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/n] q}dfl;s / jflif{s¿kdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP . k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] nflu kfFrjif]{ sfo{of]hgf agfpg / of] sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu ah]6 ljt/0fsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug{ klg hf]8bf/ ;'emfj lbOof] .

gLltut lg0f{osf nflu ;xof]ufTds k|of;

40

gLltut lg0f{osf nflu ;dGjosf] h¿/L kb{5 . ;a} k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu sfo{/t ;+3–;+:yfsf] gLlt lgdf{0fsfnflu ;xof]ufTds k|of; x'g'kb{5 . bf];|f] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿n] Psåf/ gLltsf] k|0ffnLsf kIfdf ts{ k|:t't u]/ . o; k|sf/sf] ;xof]ufTds k|of;n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ clek|]l/t ub{5 / sfo{qmddf Ps¿ktf sfod /fVg ;lsG5 .

/fhgLlts k|ltj4tf / k|ltlgwTj

tgx'F / df]/ª lhNnfsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Ln] ;dGjo ;ldltdf /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ s'/f ;'emfP . Knfg g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] dfgj ;+;fwg / ef}lts ljsf;sf] gLltut ljsf;sf nflu of] k|of; ;xof]uL x'g] s'/f atfP . o;n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf rf}xQ/ xhf/ afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;ldltx¿df Jofks k|ltlglwTj

s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿sf cg';f/ k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf lqmofsnfksf] ;~hfn lj:tf/sf nflu lhNnf ;ldltdf lhNnf afnsNof0f kl/ifb\, uflj; dxf;+3 / lhlj; dxf;+3nfO{ ;b:o agfpg] k|fjwfg ug'{kb{5 . of] ;~hfnnfO{ a9L sfo{d"ns agfpgsf nflu sfo{of]hgf / k|lqmof lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 cyjf ;+:yfn] pko'Qm lsl;daf6 sfd u/f];\ eGgsf nflu sfo{ljlw -6Lcf]cf/_ tof/ ug'{kb{5 .

;Ifd ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrfg

lhNnf lzIff sfo{fnon] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ¿kfÍg, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug'{kb{5 / ;xhstf{nfO{ tflnd lbg] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu ;]tf] u'/fF; /fli6«o afnlasf; ;]jf ;Ifd ;+:yfx¿ klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . lhlzcn] cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug'{kb{5 / k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ;Ifd If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . b'u{d If]qdf k|f/lDes jnfljsf;sf sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu ;d'bfodf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ lhlzsfaf6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{ k|0ffnL x'g'kb{5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf v'b egf{b/ nufotsf ;a} tYofÍx¿ pknAw x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'?k cfjZos 7fpFdf s]Gb| ;:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] lhNnfsf] cg'dlt lng'kg]{ k|0ffnL x'g'kb{5 .

lhlzsfdf lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] lgo''lQm

afnljsf; sf]if÷;+o'Qm /fHon] -P;LPkm÷o"P;_n] lhNnfdf k|flDes afnljsf; lqmofsnfksf] /]vb]v ug{sf nflu lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf Pshgf JolQmsf] cfjZostf ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbP . tyflk ToxfF Pshgf dfq ;Dks{ JolQm x'G5g\ hf] c¿ lhDd]jf/Ln] af]lemnf] ePsf] x'Fbf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] x]/rfx ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . df]/ª lhNnfsf lhlzsfsf clwsf/Lx¿ / u};; k|ltlglwx¿n] lhNnfdf k|f/lDes afnlsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dGjo ug{sf lgldQ ;Dks{ JolQmnfO{ a9L lqmofzLn / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ agfpg'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbP . t/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] eg] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ljleGg txdf /]vb]v ug{sf nflu lhlzsf, lhk|sf / uflj;df leGbfleGb} k|f/lDes afnflasf; PsfO u7g ug]{ b[li6sf]0f k]z u/] .

41

;'ljwflaxLg JolQmsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/fug{sf nlfu k|efjsf/L ;dGjo

lhNnfdf ;dGjo k4ltsf] :yfkgf k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;'ljwf b'u{dIf]q;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ / ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"x;Dd k'Ugsfnlfu cfjZos cfwf/ xf] . gd"gf lhNnfdf ;~rflnt nlIot ;d"x 5nkmnsf ;xefuL / lhlzsfsf clwsf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ :yfgLo u};;sf lj1nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu b'u{d If]qdf sfd u/]sf bftfx¿ / :yfgLo u};;sf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . lhNnfsf] ;dGjo ;+oGq gfh's cj:yfsf hgtfx¿sf] lxtdf lhNnfdf sfdug]{ ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo Nofpgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

ljQLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfsf nflu jf:s]6 kml08Ësf] k|fjwfg

:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L / u};; -;]tf] u'/fF;_ sf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf ljQLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfsf nflu jf:s]6 kml08Ësf] Jo:yf ug'{ h¿/L 5 eGg] ljrf/ JoQm u/] . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ ;a} dGqfnox¿n] oxL jf:s]6df k};f hDdf ug'{kb{5 . of] jf:s]6 kml08Ë k|0ffnLnfO{ s]Gb| / lhNnfjLrsf] pko'Qm ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn sfo{d"ns ;dGjosf] cfwf/ jGg ;S5

s]Gb|Lo txsf d'Vo clwsf/Lx¿n] hf]8bf/¿kn] s] l;kmfl/; u/] eg] lhNnfsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf÷;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf tyf k]zfsdL{x¿ -b'j} ;xhstf{ / k|lzIfsx¿_ ;+hfndf /xg'kb{5 / k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] ;]jfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ / pko'Qm sfof{Gjogsf nflu 1fgsf] ljlgdo ug'{ kb{5 . ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{n] lhNnf / ;d'bfosf ;+:yfx¿;Fu sfo{ut ;dGjosf] cfwf/ aGg ;S5 . k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf ;+:yfx¿ / oL ;+:yfx¿sf aLrsf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ugf{n] tflnd Kofs]hsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 h;n] ubf{ Ps¿ktfsf] tflnd Kofs]hsf] ljsf; / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] tflnd k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

ljifo # M k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kg

cjwf/0ff tyf dxTj

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ gofF ultljlw x'g\ . tyflk o; If]qdf w]/} /fd|f pknlAwx¿ ePsf 5g\ . pNn]vgLo ;+Vofdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ vf]lnPsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4 ePsf] 5 / w]/} gjLgtd sfo{qmd, :j¿k tyf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .

• ;d'bfox¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ;/sf/åf/f k|bfg ul/g] hf]8 cg'bfg (matching fund) tyf o'lg;]km g]kfnsf] ;xof]usf;fy k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .

• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]u h:t} ljBfnox¿nfO{ klg k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .

• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cfGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf jf bL3{sfnLg¿kdf vf]Ng tyf ;~rfng ug{ pTk]|l/t ul/Psf] 5 .

42

• gLlh ljBfnox¿nfO{ g;{/L tyf afnpBfg sIffx¿ vf]Ng tyf ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu kf7\Øqmd lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5, tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 tyf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .

tyflk oL ljsf;x¿ ;a}sf nlfu lzIffsf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; nIo tyf /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgfn] lnPsf] nIosf] t'ngfdf ;fgf 5g\ .

cem k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf, k|lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; cflbsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] lbuf]kgsf] nflu o; If]qdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿n] a9\bf] ¿kdf rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

o;/L b]vfOPsf] rf;f]x¿ sfo{qmd jf gd'gfx¿sf] ¿kdf w]/} /fd|f k|of;x¿ ePsf] tYo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmdx¿ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf bftfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿n] ljsf; NofpF5g\ t/ logLx¿ lbuf] 5}gg\ . ;xof]u aGb ePkl5 logLx¿ rNg ;Sb}gg . pbfx/0fsf nflu u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu pTkfbg C0f sfo{qmdx¿n] cfdfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u¥of] / afnjflnsfx¿sf nflu jfnx]/rfx tyf lzIff sfo{qmdn] w]/} rfv / ;xeflutf ;[hgf u¥of] . tyflk ;xof]usf] ;dofjlw ;lsPkl5 k|fjwfgx¿ cGt eP tyf sfo{qmdx¿ /f]lsP . :ki6¿kdf Pp6f ;kmn tyf w]/} dfu ePsf] sfo{qmd lbuf] ¿kdf ;+rfng x'gsf] nflu kmfObf, cg'ej tyf ljrf/x¿dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}gg\ .

sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu :ki6 b]lvg] jf k|ToIf nufgLx¿dfq dxTjk"0f{ x'Fb}gg\ a¿ ;xof]usf ;fy} ;xsfo{ k|0ffnLx¿ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

lbuf]kgn] s]jn s]xL ;dosf]nflu Pp6f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{;Fu dfq ;DaGw /fVb}g, o;n] nIo cg'¿ksf] pTk|]/0ff hf]z tyf dfux¿;lxtsf] lg/Gt/tf;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . :ki6¿kdf lbuf]kgn] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] ef}lts ljsf; dfq} hgfpFb}g t/ Joj:yfkg, ;xeflutf tyf JolQmx¿sf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ klg hgfpFb5 . kl/l:ylt tyf gLlt cGt/x¿ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿dfly 5nkmn u/L lgDg lnlvt k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] klxrfg ul/of] . o:tf kIfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

• ef}lts ;'ljwf÷;fdu|L / jftfj/0f

• kf7Øqmd lgb]{lzsfx¿

• dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; -Ifdtf clej[l4_ ;xhstf{÷k|lzIfssf] ;'ljwf,

• cfly{s ;xof]u,

• d"NofÍg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f, /

• ;xeflutf tyf :jfldTj

43

lbuf]kgsf cj/f]wx¿

clxn]sf] kl/l:yltdf dfly pNn]lvt kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tyf k|fjwfgx¿ lbuf] /xg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/f ;d"xn] cf}+Nofof] . r'gf}tLsf nflu ljleGg tTjx¿ sf/ssf¿kdf /x]sf] s'/f cf}+NofOof] M

• plrt a'emfO{sf] cefj

• cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf :t/x¿sf] sdL,

• lgodx¿sf ;fy} sfg'gL ;+/rgf,

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|fjwfgx¿sf] cfjZostf, If]q tyf ;DefJotf af/] /fhgLlt1 tyf ;DefJo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;r]tgf hgfpg',

• afn–s]Gb|Lt ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf plrt sfo{qmdx¿sf] pknAwtf,

r]tgf / plrt a'emfO{sf] cefjn] ubf{ g} hgtfx¿sf] ;xeflutf lj:t[t k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; tyf lbuf]kgsf] nflu of]ubfg / k"0f{ ;xeflutf eGbf k|fo h;f] k|fjwfgx¿sf] pkof]udf l;ldt /xg] u/]sf] 5 .

;xhstf{x¿sf nflu plrt tfnldsf] cefj k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kgfsf nflu r'gf}tL yKg] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . ;|f]tx¿ JolQmx¿ k|fo h;f] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ hLjGt / cfslif{t agfpg tyf cleefjsx¿sf] Wofg / ;xof]u cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu sd pTk|]l/t ePsf] cjnf]sgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ ljz]if tflnd lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg sxLF klg 5}g . ;fy} ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ cfjZostf ePsf] jvt pknAw u/fpgsf nflu k]zfut ;xof]u / cg'udg sfo{qmdx¿sf] klg cefj 5 .

w]/} cj:yfx¿df s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf; tyf plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt, dfgs tyf :t/sf] cefj, ;xhstf{x¿sf] ;]jfsf] d"NofÍg k4tLsf] cefj k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|fjwfgx¿sf] sdhf]/ u'0f:t/sf sf/s tTjx¿ x'g\ .

sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f s]jn u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df dfq ePsf] k|ltj]bg 5 . ;fy} o:tf ;]jfx¿ cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} sd 5g\ . ;d'bfon] ;~rfng u/]sf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df d"NofÍg ug]{ k|+0ffnL 5}g eg] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df ;/sf/L d"NofÍg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L 5}g . kmn:j¿k k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sdhf]/ u'0f:t/n] ubf{ cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf]] 5}g .

b]zdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cj/f]w eg]sf] cfjZos cfly{s nufgLsf] cefj xf] . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;/sf/L ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf ;fd'bflos tyf ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o÷ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf lghL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] t'ngfdf clt Go"g cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u};;sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+Vof Go"g 5 ;fy} ltgLx¿df ;xof]usf] lg/Gt/tf 6'6\g] r'gf}tL klg ljBdfg 5 . To;}u/L lghL ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ ;DkGg kl/jf/x¿sf] ;]jfsf nflu dfq /x]sf 5g\ h;sf] ;+Vof klg sd 5

44

tyf lj:tf/sf] If]q klg Go"g 5 . w]/}h;f] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;d'bfo jf ;/sf/L cg'bfgk|fKt ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ;j}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd cGtu{t lj:tf/sf] If]q klg To;}df kb{5 . tyflk cfly{s cefjdf ltgLx¿n] cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx¿sf] ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n] Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{ Joxf]/]sf 5g\ . Go"g ;'ljwfx¿sf] sf/0f ;xhstf{x¿ lg¿T;flxt 5g\ tyf ;fdu|Lx¿ v/Lb ug{ cfly{s cefj 5 .

oL r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ clgjfo{ cleefjs lzIff tyf ;/f]sf/jnfx¿nfO{ ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+rfng ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 .

;xhstf{x¿sf] Go"gtd k|fylds txsf] tnj :s]n tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf nflu Go"gtd k|fjwfgx¿ gLltn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ If]qx¿ x'g\ .

ljBdfg cEof;x¿

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lbuf]kgsfnflu cfd rf;f] ePtfklg s]xL dfq k|j{tgfTds pkfudx¿ ckgfOPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfdfx¿, k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;xhstf{x¿aLr lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfx¿df ;xdlt ePsf] 5 .

afnjflnsfx¿ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df /x]sf] j]nf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] pgLx¿sf nflu ;fdu|L / kf]zfs ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf eof] .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df afnaflnsfx¿ cfpFbf / hfFbf nufpg] kf]zfs lgoldt¿kdf kl/jt{g, ;/;kmfO{ tyf ;'/lIft /fVg klg ;xhstf{x¿ ;xdt eP .

• cleefjsx¿ ljz]ifu/L cfdfx¿, ;|f]t JolQmnfO{ lgoldt¿kdf ;xof]u ug{ ;xdt eP . pgLx¿n] kfn}kfnf] @–# hgf cfdfx¿ ljBfnodf pkl:yt eO{ ;|f]t JolQmsf] sfo{ ug'{sf ;fy} kf]zfsx¿ kl/jt{g ug]{, lj/fdL k/]sf] j]nfdf jfnjflnsfx¿sf] x]/rfx ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ rkL{ hfg ;xof]u ug]{ tyf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿df efu lng ;xof]u ug]{ lgod agfP .

• cfdfx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu vfg]s'/f Nofpg klg ;xdt eP . pgLx¿ k|foh;f] aRrfx¿sf]nflu ;fu;AhL / ;'Vvf u/L ksfO{Psf vg]s'/fx¿ Nofpg] uy]{ . pgLx¿n] aRrfx¿sf] nflu vfg]s'/f ksfpg], afF8\g] tyf cfjZostf cg'¿k v'jfpg] sfd klg uy]{ . pgLx¿n] efF8fs'F8f klg ;kmf uy]{ .

• cfdfx¿n] aRrfx¿sf] 3/ kms{g] sfddf klg ;xof]u uy]{ .

of] Joj:yfn] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ /fd|/L ;+Rffng ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] ePtfklg cfjZos sf]ifsf] rfxL+ cefj lyof] . cleefjs tyf ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;n] s]xL xb;Dd ;'/lIft jftfj/0f, cfxf/, Jojl:yt lqmofsnfk tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

;dotflnsfsf] cfwf/df w]/} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df cleefjsx¿sf] ;xeflutf cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L w]/} s]Gb|x¿df aRrfx¿sf] cfxf/sf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] klg cjnf]sg ul/of] .

45

;d'bfo tyf ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lbOg] ;/sf/L ;xof]u k|j4{gfTds sf]if -nueu @%,))) ¿k}ofF_ tyf ;|f]t JolQmsf nflu ;fgf] k|f]T;fxg sfo{df -!))) ¿k}ofF k|lt dlxgf_ /x]sf] lyof] . ;d'bfon] v8fu/]sf hf]8 d'2tL sf]if (matching fixed fund) / lgoldt sf]if (Regular fund) sf] cfwf/df ;xof]u k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;d'bfox¿n] slDtdf ;dfg /fzLsf] sf]if v8f ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . slDtdf %),))) ¿k}ofFsf] d'2tL sf]if ljQLo ;+:yf jf j}+sx¿df hDdf ul/Psf] v08df k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu k|To]s jif{ %,))) ¿k}ofF cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r agfPsf] lyof] .

To;}u/L k|To]sdlxgf !,))) ¿lkofFsf] lgodlt sf]if v8f ubf{ Pp6f ;|f]t JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgf k|f]T;fxg :j¿k @,))) ¿lkofF kfpg ;SYof] . w]/} k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df ;d'bfox¿n] v8f u/]sf hf]8 sf]ifnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] !,)),))) ¿lkofFsf] d'2ltsf]if v8f u/L ;xof]u u/]sf lyP, t/ lgoldlt sf]if rfxLF eljZodf cfpg]vfnsf] lyPg . w]/}h;f] cj:yfx¿df ;d'bfox¿n] Go"gtd d'4tL hf]8sf]if klg v8f ug{ ;s]gg\ . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df lhlzsf / k};f lng hfg] JolQm;Fusf] /fd|f] ;DaGw / r]tgfsf] cefj tyf lhlzsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] k};flng hfg] ;|f]tJolQm / ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ug]{ ;xof]usf] cefjdf !,))) ¿lkofFsf] lgoldt ;xof]u kfpg klg sl7g lyof] . k|foh;f] ;|f]t JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ pgLx¿n] Joxf]g'{kg]{ cd}qL Jojxf/sf sf/0f lhl;sfdf bf]xf]¥ofP/ hfg] rfxgf /fVb}gy] .

;/sf/L ;xof]usf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;jfndf ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] l:ylt /fd|f] 5 lsgeg] k|0ffnL;Fu kl/lrt k|wfgfWofks tyf cGo lzIfsx¿n] lgoldt¿kdf ;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ . ;dod} k};f gkfPtfklg k|0ffnLcGtu{tsf] ljBfno Pp6f cË ePsfn] ljBfnox¿ cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ . o;afx]s Pp6f ;|f]t JolQm lgo'Qm ul/g] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ eGbf km/s w]/}h;f] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df k|f/lDes afnljsf;sIffx¿ lgoldt k|fylds ljBfno lzIfsåf/f g} ;~rfng ul/Psf] kfOof] . k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ lzIfsx¿sf nflu yk k|f]T;fxgsf ¿kdf ;/sf/L ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 . ljBfnodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|x¿ lsg /fd|/L ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . tyflk, k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf] lj:t[t kIfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{, oL sfo{qmdx¿df cEof; cleefjs ;+nUgtfsf] cj;/ b'j}sf] cefj kfOG5 . To;df klg k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;§fdf k|fylds ljBfnosf] tNnf] sIff lj:tf/sf lj:tf/sf ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/G5 .

lgZro g} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lbuf] ¿kdf ;~rfngsf nflu :yfoL ejg tyf tnaL lzIfsx¿ h:tf cfjZos k|lqmofut ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefj lyof] . ;|f]tJolQmx¿sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ oL s]Gb|x¿ sdhf]/ 5g\ lsgeg] o;df ;|f]t JolQmx¿ k|lqmofut¿kdf lgo'Qm geOsg ;d'bfon] tf]s]sf JolQmx¿ x'G5g\ . o:tf s]Gb|x¿ :yfg / ejgsf] cfwf/df klg lkmtnf x'G5g\ . lsgls oL s'/f c:yfoL¿kdf dflg;x¿n] jf ;fd"bflos u'7L jf sfof{nox¿n] k|bfg u/]sf x'G5g\ . tyflk, dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf;df cleefjs ;xeflutfsf] If]q / ;DefJotf /xG5 / s]Gb|x¿nfO{ o;/L ;~rfng ul/G5 ls h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;'/lIft x]/rfxsf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt /x]sf] x'G5 .

46

csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s] 5 eg] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfgsf] cfwf/df ;Ifd, /fd|f] k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cjwf/0ff / kl/sNkgfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;Ifd / cfk;L ;xof]udf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] ljsf;df k|lta4 tyf ;+j]bgzLn / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

lghL ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ eGbf km/s x'G5g\ . lolgx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf cleefjsx¿sf] dfu / ;]jf kfPjfkt z'Ns ltg{ ;Sg] hfu¿stfdf lge{/ u5{ . o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] ljQLo lbuf]kg cleefjsx¿n] lt/]sf] z'Nsdf lge{/ x'G5 . ltgLx¿sf sfo{qmdx¿, k"jf{wf/ / ;fdu|Lx¿ clws¿kdf ;+:yfsf] 1fg tyf lqmofsnfkx¿df lge{/ u5{g\ ;fy} /fd|f kf]zfs, afnaflnsfx¿ cfslif{t ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿, c+u|]hL, efiff / k|ltli7t ljBfnox¿df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9\g ;Sg] agfpg] h:tf k|ToIf b]lvg] cfsif{0faf6 o:tf s]Gb|x¿ k|efljt\ x'G5g\ .

lbuf]kgsfnflu nflu cfjZos zt{x¿

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfngsf] lbuf]kgsf nflu ljleGg If]qx¿ x'G5g\ M

• pko'Qm gLlt

• gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ¿k/]vf ;lxtsf] k|0ffnL

• pko'Qm ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿

• ;xhstf{x¿x¿nfO{ /fd|/L sfddf nufO/fVgsf nflu tflnd / k]zfut ;xof]u

• tnj, ;fdu|L, ljsf; / /]vb]vsfnflu cfly{s ;xof]usf k|fjwfgx¿

• cGo ;]jfx¿, h:t} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / z}lIfs k|fjwfgx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u .

• cGt/–dGqfno, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+:yfx¿, :yfgLo lgsfox¿, cleefjsx¿ / ;d'bfoaLr cfk;L ;xof]u .

b]zdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|fjwfgsf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf o;sf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos cGt/b[i6L / o;sf] ljsf;nfO{ ;/sf/n] ug]{ ;xof]u tyf ;xhLs/0f xf] . t;y{ ;/sf/sf] pko'Qm k|f/lDes afnljsf; gLltx¿sf] lbuf] ;~rfn ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t ;/sf/L gLltx¿sf] klxrfgsf nflu sf7df8f}+df s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] sfo{zfnfx¿ ;~rfng ul/P . sfo{zfnfx¿sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ljz]if u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f, cGt/ If]qLo ;dGjo / k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] lbuf]kgsf] klxrfg ug'{ lyof] . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfngnfO{ Vofn u/]/ lgsflnPsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M

• ;/sf/n] ;d'bfonfO{ d'2tL hf]8sf]ifsf] ¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ cg'bfg / ;xhstf{sf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|f]T;fxgsf] cg'bfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kb{5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf]

47

:yfkgf / ;~rfng sfo{df of]ubfg ug{ ;/sf/ / ;d"bfo b'j} ;xefuL x'g] ePsf]n] of] gLlt ;fd'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ;xof]uL ePsf] 5 . tyflk, cg'bfgsf] dfqfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'sf ;fy} kl/jlt{t cfly{s cj:yfx¿;Fu ldNg] u/L o;nfO{ a9fpg'kb{5 . h:tf] d'4tL sf]ifsf nflu lbOg] bfgsf] lglDt Jofhb/ Go"gtd agfOof] . of] gLlt klxnf]kN6 agfpFbf Jofhb/ !)% lyof], clxn] %% eGbf sd 5 .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj x'g] gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf x'g'kb{5 . t;y{ w]/} ;d'bfox¿n] cfÎgf] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ hf]8sf]if :yfkgf ug{ jf ;xhstf{x¿sf] nflu yk ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'g ;S5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf ;d'bfox¿n] of] k|fjwfgsf] kmfObf lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/L ;xof]usf] nflu gLlt x'g'kb{5 . ;xof]u PsLs[t¿kdf cfpg'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ cleefjsx¿ eljiodf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lbuf] /fVg ;S5g\ .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; gLltsf] cfwf/ afn clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{, ;'/lIft jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, x]/rfx / ljsf;sf] clwsf/ x'g'kb{5 . of] k|f/lDes afnljsf; kf7Øqmd, lzIfs tflnd, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, d"NofÍg / ;'k/l/j]If0fsf] cfwf/ x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] gLltn] lj:t[t¿kdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljljw kIfx¿sf] lbuf] ;~rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|lta4tf x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/ cf}+NofOPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] af:s]6 km08 / :yfgLo sf]if cfh{gsf] k|0ffnL agfpg ;S5 . af:s]6 km08sf nflu 5'6\ØfOPsf] /sd k|f/lDes afnlqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo sf]ifn] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ :yfgLo:t/df k|f/lDes afnljsf; nflu g]t[Tj lng d2t ug]{ 5 . ;+:yfx¿n] ljleGg t/Lsfx¿ h:t} cleefjsx¿n] of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] ;fgf] dfqfsf z'Nsx¿ p7fP/ klg sf]if v8f ug{ ;S5g\ .

;d'bfo k}/jL / k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu sf]if :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ klg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿n] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿df pQ/bfoL / :jfldTjsf] efjgf hufpg]5g\ . o;n] cGttM k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] :yfgLo :t/df lbuf] ;~rfng ug{ d2t u5{ .

k|f/lDes afnljsf;k|ltsf] pQ/bfloTjnfO{ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu :yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ a9L lhDd]af/ agfp5 . >f]t÷;fwfgx¿ a9fpgsf nflu ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfosf ;fy} ;d'bfox¿ k|ltj4 x'g cfjZso 5 .

cGo dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿df ;/sf/n] u/]sf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/sfo{qmsdn] ljBfno ;+/rgfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] ;DaGwdf cGt{b[li6 lbg' k5{ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno / gLltut b:tfj]hx¿n] ug'{kb{5 . o; cy{df k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ ljBfnoIf]q ;'wf/sf] k|fyldstfsf¿kdf ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg]{ / o;nfO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; P]g cGtu{t ljsl;t ul/g'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbOPsf] lyof] .

48

cem s] elgPsf] 5 eg] ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ;~rfng ul/Psf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;jf]{Td cEof;x¿nfO{ o;sf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|fjwfgsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lbuf] ;~rfngsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf¿kdf cTolws hf]8 lbOG5 . u'0f:t/ sfod /fVgsf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;xhstf{x¿ / lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd cfjZos x'G5 . /]vb]v tyf d'NofÍgn] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/fdf yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 .

ljleGg lgsfox¿ / ;+:yfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnljsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f cf}NofOof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jf:Yo dGqfnon] :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿sf] dfWodaf6 clw/fHoe/ afnkf]if0f / :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf tflndk|fKt :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ of] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] sfo{qmdx¿df afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx? 5g\ . o'lg;]km g]kfn, Knfg g]kfn / ;]e b lrN8«]g cnfoG;;Fu afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, lzIff / pgLx¿sf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\ . g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L tyf lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;dGjofTds ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf 5 . /fli6«o cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ;xsfo{ / ;xof]usf lglDt Ps pRr :t/Lo ;dGjofTds lgsfo / Ps gLlt tyf lgb]{zgx¿sf] cfjZostf 5 .

49

v08 kfFr

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|flKt / l;kmfl/z

k|flKt

of] gLltut k'g/fjnf]sg cWoogsf k|flKtx¿ tLg lhNnfdf ul/Psf] :ynut cWoog, s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfx¿sf pQ/bftfx¿sf k|ltlqmofx¿ / ljleGg ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf s]Gb|Lo txsf clwsfl/x¿sf] ljrf/df cfwfl/t 5g\ . o; cWoogsf k|flKtx¿ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f

• a'x';+Vos pQ/bftfx¿n] d"nk|jfxLs/0f eg]sf] k|f/lDes afnlasf;nfO{ o;sf cfÎg} p2]Zodf ;d]6\g] / lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 egL atfP .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ / /fHosf] bfloTjsf¿kdf lng'kg]{ s'/f :jLsf/ ul/of] .

• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] k|/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmddf )–% pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{ s'/f ;'emfP .

• pQ/bftfx¿sf cg';f/ k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] clen]v /fVg] / pko'Qm Joj:yf ug]{, jfnjflnsfsf] kx'Fr a[l4ug]{, afnclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ ;fjf{lË0f ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf lng], hLjgsf] u'0ffTdstfnfO{ clek|]l/t ug]{ / ;d'bfosf] pQ/bfloTj j[l4ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] x'gfn] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] cfjZostf k'li6x'G5 .

• k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgaf/] s] atfOof] eg] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] :t/Lotf sfod ug{ ;|f]tx¿sf] pko'Qm kl/rfngsf] nflu Psåf/ k|0ffnL / sof{Gjogdf Ps¿ktf tyf ;/sf/åf/f lglZrt cfwf/x¿ to ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;'emfOof] .

• k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf]nflu pQ/bftfx¿n] klxrfg u/]sf ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ M -!_ ljBfnodf cfwfl/t, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / lghL:t/df ;+rflnt k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnox¿sf] ;dofjlwdf leGgtf -@_ lghL ljBfnox¿aLr afns]lGb|t ;jf{lË0f ljsf;df cfwfl/t kf7Øqmdsf] k|of]udf pbfl;gtf -#_ :yfgLo kf7Øqmdsf] cefj

• k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf sfo{qmdsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf pQ/bftfx¿n] lgDgfg';f/ gLltut k|fjwfgjf/] ;'emfP M

– cNksflng k|fjwfgsf nflu k|f/lDes jfnlsf; kl/ifb\ / bLw{sflng k|fjwfgsfnflu k|f/lDes afnlasf; dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

– lzIff ljefusf] k|f/lDes afnlasf; zfvfnfO{ s]Gb|Lo :t/ cyjf z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :t/ ;/x agfpg] .

50

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ ef}uf]lns / /fhg}lts ljefhgsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug]{ / :yfgLo cfjZostfcg'¿k ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf nlrnf] agfpg] .

– k|f/lDes afnlsf; s]Gb|sf] gS;fÍg / ltgLx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{, k|f/lDes afnlasf; sf] dxTjjf/] :yfgLo JolQmsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ / k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgsf plrt tl/sf tyf oL s]Gb|x¿sf] :jfldTjsf] cfwf/ ljsf; ug]{ .

– k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf nflu rflxg] ljQLo ;|f]tsfnflu ;zt{ ;xof]u gLlt cjnDjg u/L ah]6 ljt/0f ug]{ .

– uflj;÷gu/kflnsfsf] ah]6df k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf nflu lglZrt k|ltzt /sd 5'6Øfpg] k|fjwfg ug]{ .

– jfnclwsf/sf] jsfnt Pj+ ;'/Iff ug]{ .

– dft[lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{qmdcGtu{t sfo{/t :jo+;]jL jfn:jf:Yo sfo{stf{nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] cfjZos tflnd lbO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{sf ¿kdf lgo'Qm ug]{ .

– k|To]s lhNnfdf tflnd s]Gb| / tflnd lgb]{lzsf ;d]tsf] Joj:yfu/L k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf sfo{stf{÷;xhstf{nfO{ tflndsf] k|fjwfg ldnfpg] .

– :yfgLo txdf k|f/lDes jfnljsf; s]Gb|sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg uflj; / ;d'bfosf JolQmåf/f tyf lzIff ljefu tyf lhlzsfsf of]Uo tyf tflnd k|fKt JolQmåf/f k|fljlws cg'udg u/fpg] .

cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo

• w]/} of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿df cGt/If]qLo ;dGjosf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

• ;DjlGwt ;+:yfx¿aLr cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo sfod ug{sf nlfu w]/} k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo jfnsNof0f kl/ifb\, /fli6«o k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;~hfn, lhNnf jfnsNof0f kl/ifb\ lgdf{0f o;;DaGwL s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

• o;f] ePtfklg s] kfOPsf] 5 eg] s]Gb|Lo jfnsNof0f kl/ifb\df s]Gb|Lo ;dGjosf] lgsfosf¿kdf ljleGg k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] kof{Kt k|ltlglwTjsf] k|fjwfg ePsf] 5}g .

• k|f/lDes afnlasf; kl/ifb\ lgb]{lzsfn] uflj; / gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;~hfnsf nflu sfdug]{ ;ldltx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .

• ;/sf/L;+:yfx¿, cGt/f{li6«o÷/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{sfnflu :yflkt /fli6«o k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;~hfn ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo sfod ug]{ sfo{df k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPg .

• jt{dfg z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfn] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gg\ / k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;DaGwL d'2fnfO{ klg ;Djf]wg u/]sf 5}gg\ .

51

• :yfgLo txdf jfnx]/rfx, lzIff / ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sfaLr sfo{ut ;dGjosf] cefj kfOof] .

• cGt/If]qLo ;dGjosf ;DaGwdf pQ/bftfx¿åf/f lgDgfg';f/sf k|fjwfgx¿ ;'emfOP M

− k|wfgdGqL tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:on] g]t[Tj ul/Psf] kl/ifb\ tyf s]Gb|Lo jf]8{sf] k|fjwfg /fVg]

− ;fgf jfnjflnsfsfnflu :jf:Yo, lzIff / ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu Plss[t gLltsf] ljsf; ug]{

− lhNnf jfnsNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;b:osf ¿kdf k|f/lDes afnlasf;;F+u ;lDalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug]{

− k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{

− /fli6«o ah]6df k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf nflu ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{

− lhNnfsf] afnlasf; ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ /]vb]vsf nflu lhlzsfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf; sf] 5'§} zfvfsf] :yfkgf ug]{

− k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf uflj;, uflz; -ufpF lzIff ;ldlt_, :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿÷;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|fjwfg ug]{ .

k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] bLuf]kg

• s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf pQ/bftfx¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] ljBdfg k|fjwfgn] sfo{qmdnfO{ bLuf] agfpFb}g eGg] s'/f atfP .

• pQ/bftfx¿n] k|ltlqmof lbPcg';f/ k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] bLuf]kg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M Jojxfl/s gLltsf] cefj, k|f/lDes afnlasf; / k|fylds lzIffaLr vf8n, bftfsf] k};fdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd, sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf] :jfldTjsf] cefj, k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfdf dfudf cfwfl/t eGbf cfk"lt{df cfwfl/t pkfud, k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf jfnd}qL jftfj/0f Pj+ pkfudsf] cefj, kof{Kt ef}lts Joj:yfsf] cefj / k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|df jfn;fdu|Lsf] cefj .

• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;+rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] cg'udg t'ngfTds¿kdf k|efjsf/L kfOof] . t/ lzIff ljefuåf/f ;~rflnt clwsf+z k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿ s'g} cg'udg k4lt ljgf g} ;~rflnt kfOP . o;n] s]Gb|x¿sf] ;d'lrt ;~rfngdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

• k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;xhstf{nfO{ lbOPsf] kfl/>flds Go"g kfOof] / ;xhstf{x¿ cfÎgf] k]zfk|lt Go"g¿kn] clek|]l/t kfOP . ltgLx¿df sd of]Uotf, kof{Kt tflndsf] cefj / pko'Qm k[i7kf]if0fsf] cefj ePsf] kfOof] . o:tf] cj:yfn] ubf{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kgsf nflu ;d:of x'g] s'/f jtfOof] .

• Go"g kfl/>ldssf sf/0f jL;b]lv tL; k|ltzt;Dd tflnd k|fKt ;xhstf{n] k]zf 5f]8]sf] s'/f cg'dfg ul/of] .

52

• ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿df ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] Go"g ;xeflutf / kof{Kt sf]ifsf] cefj h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvP . To;}u/L ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks tyf cWofksn] sd Wofg lbg], k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftLo lzIf0fsf] cjnDag / lzIfss]lGb|t lzIf0fljlw h:tf ;d:ofx¿ kfOP .

• ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿df ljBfno clwsf/Ln] lbOPsf] sd rf;f] / cf}krfl/s lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]usf jfjh'b ljBfnodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|x¿ k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf nflu sIffsf]7fsf] pknAwtf, s]Gb|df jfnjflnsfsf] a9L lgoldttf / dfl;s lzIf0f z'Ns gnufOg'n] ubf{ tL sfo{qmdx¿ bLuf] x'g] b]lvof] .

• lzIff ljefu / lhlzsfcGtu{t ;+rflnt k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿df ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof sd ePsf]n] ljBfno :jfut sfo{qmd -Welcome to school program_ sf] Joj:yf u/L ljBfyL{sf] egf{ j[l4 ug]{ cfd hgr]tgf sfo{qmdsf] dxTj /x]sf] kfOof] .

• s]Gb|Lo sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿ / s]Gb|Lo txsf clwsf/Lx¿n] ltgLx¿;Fusf] cGtjf{tfsf qmddf sfo{qmdnfO{ bLuf] agfpgsf nflu lgDg lnlvt cfwf/e"t zt{x¿ pNn]v u/] .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] jftfj/0f M cfGtl/s / jfXo jftfj/0f

– k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] ljifoj:t' M 1fg, ;Lk / k|j[lQ

– s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfo Pj+ cfdfjfj'sf] ;+nUgtf

• sfo{qmdnfO{ bLuf] agfpgsf nflu pQ/bftfx¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf gLltut k|fjwfg ;'emfP M

– b]zdf k|f/lDes ljsf;sf nflu Pp6f bL3{sfnLg gLlt, of]hgf / /0fgLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

– ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f k|fljws tyf ljQLo ;xof]u ug]{ .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|sf] lglDt rflxg] ef}lts ;'jlwfx¿sf] ljsf;sfnflu %)–%) gLlt b]lv ;/sf/n] *) k|ltzt ;Ddsf] nrstf ckgfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / @) k|ltzt ljBfno jf ;d'bfon] Joxf]g]{ .

– ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|df ;jf{lË0f ljsf;df cfwfl/t lgb]{lzsfsf] k|fjwfg ug]{ .

– /fli6«o ah]6df k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf nflu ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg ug]{

– jlnof] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .

– s]Gb|x¿df afnd}qL jftfj/0f agfpgsf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / ls6jS;sf] cfk"lt{åf/f k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

53

– ;fgf jfnjflnsfsf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf dx;'; u/fpgsfnflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] hgr]tgf hufpg] k|rf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

– s]Gb| tyf lhNnfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

– lhNnfsf, uflj; / :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cg'udg k4ltsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

– ;xhstf{sf] clek|]/0ff j[l4 ug{ / pgLx¿nfO{ gf]s/Ldf l6sfO/fVg lgDgfg';f/sf gLltut k|fjwfg ;'emfOPsf] 5 M

;xhstf{sf] k|fl/>lds k'g/fjnf]sg

;xhstf{sf] g}lts / k|fl1s pGgogsf] k|fjwfg

;xhstf{sf] ;fdflhs :t/ psf:g]

z}If0fLs ;fdu|Lsf nflu sf]ifsf] Joj:yf

k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txdf ljz]if ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsfnflu ufpF txdf afn Snasf] :yfkg

cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog h;df lgDgfg';f/sf kIf ;dfj]z x'G5g\ M

afnaflnsfnfO{ rflxg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L

s]Gb|sf] ;'/Iff,

cfglGbt jftfj/0fdf lzIf0f–l;sfO

:jf:Yo / kf]if0f ;]jfx¿

hghflt / hftLo lje]b gug]{

l;kmfl/zx¿

k'g/fjnf]sgsf k|flKtsf cfwf/df d"n ljifosf] k'g/fjnf]sg;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

d"nk|jfxLs/0f

! k|f/lDes afnlasf;nfO{ jfnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ dfWodsf¿kdf /fHon] lng'kb{5, To;}n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;Dd]ngdf elgPh:t} h'g;'s} kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld ePtf klg ;a} jfnjflnsfnfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;]jf k|bfg ug{ /fHon] cfjZos pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kb{5 .

@= k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ # b]lv % jif{sf] jfnjflnsfdf dfq ;Lldt /fVg' x'Fb}g . uef{wfg b]lv % jif{sf] pd]/;Ddsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . To;}n] tLg jif{ d'lgsf jnfjflnsfx¿sf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

#= k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] p2]Zosf nflu ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿n] k|f/lDes afnlasf;;Fu ;DalGwt P]g / sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf nflu d:of}bf gLlt tof/ u/L

54

;+;bdf k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . d'Vo -nodal_ dGqfno klxrfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / k|To]s dGqfnosf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ kl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 .

$= rf/j6f dGqfnox¿ – lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :jf:Yo dGqfno / dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sfnflu ;dGjo sfod ug'{kb{5 / cfjZos gLltx¿ th'{df ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu b'Oj6f ljsNkx¿ x'g;S5g\ . Pp6f lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{; / csf]{ :yfgLo dGqfnocGtu{t sfg"gL k|fjwfg u/L uflj; / gu/kflnsfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] thjLhdf k|f/lDes jfnljsf; ug]{ s'/fnfO{ jfWofTds agfpg] sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog .

%= dfudf cfwfl/t afnlasf; s]Gb| sfof{Gjog of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfodf jsfnt ug]{ / hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

^= ljBdfg /fli6«o k|f/lDes afnlasf; kf7ØqmdnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug]{ kof{Kt k|fjwfg /flvg' k5{ .

&= k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sfnflu lglZrt gLltut k|fjwfg ul/g' kb{5 .

*= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu pRr:t/Lo clwsf/Ln] ;efkltTj ug]{u/L k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] pRr:t/Lo kl/ifb\ agfpg' kb{5 .

( /fli6«o ah]6df k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf nflu lglZrt jh]6 5'§ofpg' kb{5 .

cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo

!= k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| dfkg ugf{n] ef}uf]lns If]qsf ;fy} hfltut / ;'ljwfljlxg ;d"xsf nflu k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] If]q klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfodf a:g] jfnjflnsfnfO{ nlIot u/]/ pko'Qm gLltx¿ agfpgsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'[/f ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] sfofGjog u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] bf]xf]./f]kg sd ug{sf nfu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / :yfgLo txdf ;dGjo ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u u5{ .

@= ljleGg tx – s]Gb|, lhNnf, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf / :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cGt/If]qLo ;dGjo ;+oGq agfpg' kb{5 .

#= ;/sf/L dGqfnox¿ / ltgsf lgsfox¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf lgsfox?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf aLrdf sfo{ut ;dGjo :yfkgf ul/g'kb{5 .

$= ljBdfg If]qut¿kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf sfo{qmd, h:t} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ PsLs[t k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t Nofpg' kb{5 .

%= ;dGjo ;ldltdf ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] Jofks If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] k|fjwfg ug'{kb{5 .

^= z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf k|f/lDes afnlasf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd / d'2fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|fjwfg ug'{kb{5 .

55

k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kg

!= k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo ;xeflutfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{, ;+nUg u/fpg] / ;'lglZrt u/fpg] s'/fdf hf]8lbg' kb{5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf JolQmsf] ;+nugtfljgf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf ;'lglZrt x'g ;Sb}g .

@= k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf] sfo{qmdsf] dxTj / k|efjsfl/tfk|lt ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpgsfnflu jsfnt sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

#= k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] dft[lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{qmd;Fu ;Da4 ubf{ sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kg tyf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f ;]jfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ /0fgLlt aGg ;S5 .

$= ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] :jfldTj lngsf nflu tof/ ug'{kb{5 .

%= sfo{qmdsf] bLuf]kg ;]jfsf] u'0ffTdstfdf e/kb{5 . ;]jfsf] u'0ffTdstfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf sbd rflng' dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 M

– tflnd sfo{qmdsf] u'0ffTdstfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xhstf{sf] tflndsf] dfgs / 9fFrf agfpg] .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{sf ¿kdf k]zfdf k|j]z ug'{k"j{ clgjfo{ tflndsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ s8fOsf;fy cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .

– ljleGg txdf sfd ug]{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{nfO{ /fli6«o tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb| ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; sf] Go"gtd :t/ / dfgs ljsf; ug]{ / tL dfgs / :t/nfO{ sfod /fVg] k|fjwfg ug'{kb{5 .

– sfo{qmdsf] u'0ffTdstfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f Pj+ k|of]u ug]{ .

– k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ vf;u/L ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ lbOPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L Go"gtd cfjZos kfl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{stf{sf] g}lts / z}lIfs k[i7e"ldsf] pGgogsf] k|fjwfg ug]{ .

– lhNnf tyf uflj;÷:yfgLo txdf k|efjsf/L cg'udg ;+oGq ljsf; ug]{ .

56

v08–^

/fd|f cEof;x¿, l;lsPsf kf7x¿ / efjL sfo{lbzf

/fd|f cEof;x¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo /0fgLltsf ¿kdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f kb{5 . k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ clwsf/ lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ cEof;nfO{ /fd|f] rngsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;sf] yfngL ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof eGbf klg cufl8 ePsf] xf] .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;~hfn tyf ;xsfo{ csf]{ ;kmn /0fgLlt xf] . o:tf] /0fgLltsf] cjnDjg u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] txdf ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/, cg'udg / u'0ffTdstfsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fli6«o of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+bf o;sf] lj:tf/nfO{ hf]8 lbg ;3fPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L cfdf ;d"x tyf jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt h:tf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] kl/rfng csf]{ ;kmn /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;sf] k|of]u b]zel/ g} ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;lsPsf kf7x¿

k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf ;]jfx¿sf] dxTj / ltgjf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf jf/]df cleefjs ;lxt hg:t/df hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ of] sfo{qmddf :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ Hofb} k|efjsf/L l;4 ePsf] 5 .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] lbuf] ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug{ ljsf;sf] sfo{qmdd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+/rgfd'vL b[li6sf]0ftk{m cu|;/ x'g h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|f/lDes afnlasf; s]Gb|x¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s ljBfnox¿;Fu cfj4 ubf{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} vfn] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;sf/fTds k|efjsf¿kdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu sIffsf]7fx¿ pknAw u/fP/ sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;3fpg ;lsG5 . h:t}, k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf jfnjflnsfx¿ cfÎgf bfh', lbbL;Fu cS;/ ;Fu} ljBfno cfpg] x'Fbf o:tf jfnjflnsf ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t s]Gb|x¿df k9g] jfnjflnsfeGbf a9L lgoldt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds kf6f] s] 5 eg] ljBfno kl/jf/sf] Wofg / rf;f] cGttM c¿ sIffx¿df hfg] x'gfn] k|f/lDes jfnclwsf/ sfo{qmdn] sd k|fyldstf kfpg] ub{5 . o;sf] cnfjf cf}krfl/s ljBfno sIff lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ a9L cf}krfl/s / ;+/lrt x'g] x'gfn] lzIfs / ;xhstf{x¿n] jfnd}qL z}nL eGbf leGg vfnsf pxL ljlwx¿ k|f/lDes afnflasf; s]Gb|sf sIffx¿df k|of]u ul/lbG5g\ .

ljBdfg k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmdsf] gLlt hlt;Sbf] a9L afnjflnsf;Dd ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdn] cfd;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 cleefjs lzIff / jsfnt sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L cleefjs / ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] hgr]tgf clej[l4 dfkm{t ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfsf] jsfnt u/]sf] 5 .

57

k|f/lDes afnlasf; sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ljleGg dGqfnox¿, /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo Nofpg] / ;~hfn sfod ug]{ s'/fnfO{ gLltut b:tfj]hx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf] ePtfklg ck]lIft ;dGjo sfod ug{ 7f]; k|of;x¿ ePsf 5}gg\ . k|f/lDes afnlasf; gLlt ljleGg ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ / cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . gLltnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpgsf nflu ;/sf/sf] P]g / lgodfjnLdf k|ltljlDat x'g'kb{5 .

sfof{Gjogsf] bLuf]kgsf nflu ;]jfsf] u'0ffTdstfnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs¿kdf sfod /fVg' kb{5 .

efjL sfo{lbzf

g]kfndf k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] If]qdf ePsf] pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0f / leGgtfnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes afnljsf; gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg eflj sfo{lbzfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sbd lyof] . ljleGg cj;/x¿df ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ 5nkmn ;q, sfo{zfnf / cGtjf{tfdf ;+nUg u/fP/ k|f/lDes afnlasf;sf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg ;lDalGwt clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . tyflk k'g/fjnf]sgsf k|flKtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ s]xL ;'emfj lb+b}df k'g/fjnf]sg /f]lsg' x'Fb}g . ;'emfjb]lv gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf k'Ugsf nflu jt{dfg gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;DkGg ePkl5 klg lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfpg' k5{ M

• sfo{ut cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ / s]xL gLltut ;'emfjnfO{ k/LIf0f ug]{ .

• ;~hfn ;d"xx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|f/lDes afnlasf; ;~hfn ;d"xdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .

• k'g/fjnf]sg k|ltj]bgnfO{ s]Gb|Lo Pj+ If]qLo txsf j}7s÷sfo{zfnf÷;]ldgf/df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{

• ;+;b ;b:o / /fhgLlts kfl6{x¿sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|ltj]bg k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .

• g]kfnL efiffdf ;f/f+z k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / Jofks k|rf/df Nofpg] .

• kqsf/x¿df k|ltj]bg k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .

• o;nfO{ ;a}sfnflu lzIff dWo bzs d"NofÍg lqmofsnfk;Fu ;Da4 ug]{ / lgoldt ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• ;Dj4 dGqfno cyjf kl/ifb\;Fu k|f/lDes afnlasf; P]g Pj+ ljlgod nufotsf gLltut b:tfj]h ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

58

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