GENERAL DISCUXXION

OF THE

NO YEMENTS OF POPULATION-1790 TO 1880.

Tho t,\vo nccbn~p:bilyil~g sorius of malls of tho TJuitrd St;:~,tos, ~ l lowi l~g b11o i l ~ i ~ s i l ~ y of tllo 1)01)nI~tio11, are il~to~iilcil to cssllilrit tllo incre:~so i t l ~ t l tjlit\ nm\rc!ulont of 1)ol)ulatioli Sroll~ t110 d t~ tu ol' tlro First CCILSUG, ill I'j(30, tt l~yo~igll 1lit1~3 dcct~tlos, to 1SSO. 01'tlir!su nr:y)s, l , l~c lirat nilkc>, lq) to alltI inolnili~r:: that oSt8'itl, ilso royroilnotions l'rom b l t SifiilltistictJ i L l l n s (J'll~a I/il,ilctl Sttsfcs, l)nlrlislrarl in 3 87-1. Tl~c: citrlicr oilcs two on t l ~ u ,uiuno acillo ns t l lo~a ol' t;lro ttllils; t6c ln,Ler orlos :bra ~ ' u t l i ~ ( ~ ~ t l ill s(:;L~P.

Tho iuatl~otl l)y \\~lric!li tliosa nlatps 1~1h\ru 1)0(?11 (:ol~st~l~~i(:l(~(I is tlr:~L I ~ R C ( ~ fi)iv 1110 n t L ~ a :tbo~ro reforroil to, tnlil is ccsl)luirlcd in illlntl \470rl;. This csl)linl:~tio~l is h c ~ o llc:l)votluoctl, \\rill1 M U ( \ ~ L olu~l~gcs ;hntl 111otlilio:~tions :LS :~])l)o:~r~ Lu bo llo(;(>s6:Lry.

Tiloso I ~ ~ I I ~ S , 011(3 foil 0:~:11. COIIHIIS, B ~ I O T V (,It(\ iltwsily or 1)op1~1:ht,ioi1, /. a,, t l ~ o 11rlrnbts~ of iirili\~iilund~ to n s(~u:~l*o mila, nrvttngatl \\ritliin c!cwt,aill gl1o1il)s. Tho soc~outl si\lBies 01' ini~l)s, t,ol~ ill ILIIIII~ICY, I'(~I:ILcH to tllu T011t.l~ UL:LI~~IS, fillo\vil~g tllij tlcrlsity of ~)o l )u l t~ t~io l~ in clottail. 14:1,(!11 covcsrs n scl)ar:bto l)orbtiun o l t l ~ ! l)rosmlt tiwritory of' tllu Uliitctl Mkhtos, :11r(1 (x1iil)ils (,I10 l't~(:t s oI' pop111:htiol~ itt t1~0 tliht~ oC JLII~O 1, IS80.

TILO lnal) of' LIlo 1Jnit;oil Stahtt+~ in uric\ sllaot;, s l~o~ving Lliu clclz~ily of' l)ol)nl:~lion iu ISSO, iu to bu rog:ubi2et1 an a gonc+rirlissatio~~ fro111 i,l~o ton tlol:~ilatl i n :~ , ] )~ ,ju~1; rcfcwrc?il to,

Tllo geiiornl ~ucll;l~otl oC l)lltrpn,lbi~lg blro I1rs1, s c ~ i c s of lillcscs luaps 110s b(v11 nr~ili)l*m, nntl i~ nfi l i ) l lo~v~ : (L'llo ooru~ly IIIIS, ill g i !~~(vi~l , OIL 1;:1~1co11 t h s IL i~nib. 1 bs ~)o l~~~ l ;hL io~~ , it$ tlko p~r io t l io ~vl~iull l , l~(\ 1!1:1~1) r(4iii9s, It:lvil~g 1)t:c11 t~s(:t:rtt~i~l(id, t,llc\ l)ol)izl:ltio~l of dl c:itio~ oi' S,000 iiill:~bil,:i,~~b~, or 1110~0, (~xi~t;iiig :'vit,l~il~ it, 11as 1)(!1111 tl(~t111oiutl tllc~rtf~*olll, tllo ])~)l)rilnlion of nul:l~ c!itios I)oi~lg rcy)rasnl~t;c?tl 1)y oirt:ltw of solit1 oolor, ~cpai';hlo 1ko111 hllc! otltc~i* pol)illttliou, \vllic+ll liLttn(\~~ is i*i~g:hr(livl, Sol* L11cb I ) I ~ Y ~ ) O S C M oC ill~~st~rthbio~~, ;I,S x11ritl 1)ol)l~I:~bioll I I I I ~ S ~ I ~ I I I ~ ~ q)rv:t(l o ~ ~ t ~ r ill(\ s~ii~fi~*i\ or t,l~o c1o~ull.y. Tho rrtr:~l l~oplll:~t;ioa is L ~ L C I ~ cli\~i(Zuil by bllu :~ro:t ol' .Ill(\ tronllty in s q ~ ~ i ~ r o 111ilos, tllu t y~~o t i~ t l t ~ L ? ~ I ~ C S C ? I I ~ ~ I I ~

Illlo rl~\~c~uri,g~+ (101init;y of ~ott1~111i~11t, 111 CLIXOR, 11o\vi\v(!r, \v1~($1'0 (110 (:ozLI~~;,Y W:IH of 11111181ttbI OX t~mt., or ill(r~~o J I ~ S ~ O I L S O ~ I to X)OHOPC! 111111; i l , ~ d011~it;;J' tliSScrct2

grontly in (1il'i'ciron.l; l ) : ~ r t ~ , tllo C O I I I ~ O J ~ \Y;LS 110 1011g::01? l i ~ l i ~ l ~ ~ l l t i ~ ~ o , l)u(i TY:LN ox:~llliil(~d 1)y ~(v : t i o~~s , U I ~ O I ~ s i ~ ( t t , i o ~ ~ ~ :IS

fi111:111 ~ I , Y i t l ~ tow11sllil)~ 01' ol4't1(\~' civil tl ivisiot~~. TI10 I ~ ~ ~ I I ~ X ) U I - of C O I I I L I ~ ( ~ l,Ilils X)~oli(~11 111) ii)ll lrIti\ 1)111'1)ost\ oi' aon1pa~1'i~on 11'0~1(1 ~~t i , t~ t r :~ l ly V ~ I P J ~ ~rothlly, hl solno oou~i1.8 ;yoalls, as ill o:~so of lllo l i l t i ~ orlcs, i t wo~rltl nll~our~l to so\rour~l 11111ltl~ocl; in o l l ~ e r ~ , l):brtti~lil:trI~ b110 ( ! :~~~li( \ r OIICH, to AD:~P(!o~,Y :IS III;III;Y MCOI~CI,

' r l~o ;l\rO1';lg~\ doi~sii~y 01' ~ i~ ( : l l COIIII~~JJ , or ~):LI'II of i1) CO1llli~jr, l l i~~lli~lg :')C\OIL L1111s : I S C ! I \ I ' ~ : L ~ I ~ C ~ ) i11(? N O C ~ i o l i ~ so L;llrt>il ~\~c!rcs glSol~l)c4 t~(!eor(lil~g Lo l i ~ o ( I~gv( ' (~ i 01' ilolr~il~jr, ;IS o?il)lt~il~(!d i l l 1J1o I(\j?;(~~~tls I I ( : ( : ~ ) I ~ I I ) : I ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ :'l1($ III:I]IS, '1'110 g(?il(!L'tltl ll1:lll 0 1 ' gl'Oll])il1g ]l:l,S l)('(!ll ( 0 lll~bl~t3 thS 11kibIlJ' l1bx1gt3 gL1O1l1)M i1X (:0llI(L I)( \ llklt(lC3 \~itllOl~b li~(!l'gillg tLlls ill)~)l'O($i;b~blO l ) ropo~*l io~~ in gronl)s ol' n n~;bl*lctstlly ililrhlbolltl gi*ibilo: l l~us , if 11, rsitlglo coul~tlr ol' s ~ l ~ i ~ l l cs tu~i l~ bc ln~rg i~~g to group 3, dro~lltl btr uu~~ron~lclotl l.)y n1tb11y co~u~bicr; ol' gl8onl) 11 ou ol' grboup 2, it; \\rorlltl ~ l o l 1)o l)ri~s.;c*r\~cvl (li~li~l(:t,, 1)111, \votll{l I illcc lllo nlli1,tliug oL' its gc?llcr~~l sucbt,ioll, c!it,l1chlb 2 or '1, :IS tlic! oir3so nrigbl bcs. 11; Ilowc!\rcr, it, colt111:)r 01' groul) 4 or 5 H ~ O I I ] (1 Itl)])OiItI' L ~ I I I I ( ) I I ~ (;olt11Litb< 01' ~ I ' O ~ I I ) 1 or 2, i110 c~is1~ill(~tjoll I \ r O ~ ~ l ( ~ [)(! sO~~L~(I(XL Ol' s11f~i~:iellL ~ll1l)ul1l i~lI(!o 1 1 i 1 t i 1 1 o 1 , Agibil~, IL ( : ( I I I I I L ~ , ~ wl~oso iL\rolaiIg(> tlu~lcrity b ~ ~ o ~ i g l ~ l il \vill~ili group 4 ~r~ig~llf , 1)o li)nud. wit,ll c!o~uitic:rs ol' grorllr 3 OH 0110 ni(l(3 ;I,IL(L of' gl*oitl) 5 011 t , l~<> ~ t l l i ~ , :&])l)o:l,ring Lll~ts t,u I ) O ~ O I I ~ 10 t~ gr0111) tlhti11(:1, Sro~~t 1)0011~ j ~ t :ITL ~ ~ ~ i l l l l ~ 1 l I ~ ~ ~ ~ O 1 l

il~L,o Lllo il(:llsil,jr 01' i l u c!onslittuc~~~L Lo\~rnshil)~ 11ijg1t1,, :bntl g ' i~~~ci~r~l ly wuultl, <l(l,velol) Ilict J \ ~ c t l Ll~al thoso 1):trt~ oC ~ I I ( ! c:ou~~Ly ~vlliull I ~ o r d ~ r ~ ( L 011 gro11p 3, \PUL'C? rcally ol' l,l~:tl grntltr, \vIlilo tllo ]) iU ' tH .l)ol1tlarit1g 011 gron]) 5 1)01011gi~d i l l LllihI, (:I;IsH. 111 S I I C ~ ~ L it, ~alsi\, tllit divisio~l 01' 1110 co1~11i~,y by :I, C!OII~P:I,~ lilkc, mltl Lllo Ill~owing ol' ptu.1~ ox1 ll~tt olic? xitlo : L I ~ ( L

sol1 1110 otllur, illto tllu ntlj~~oollt grotq)s, moult1 not oi~ly dispolwo wit11 $ 1 ~ noc:ossity li)r prcscrving th ~lllllll N O ] ) ~ I . ~ I ~ ~ , U

groiqr upon tho I I I~I>~) , but mo11ltl 0\~o11 1zosc3 corructly l1o]~scsont; tho f:bcl.s OC t.110 C:~NU tlla,i~ would bo dono I)y rc:l~resi!nCi~ig iIdio ontim connl:y ns ol' gronl) 4. Agiriu, Q tier of c!ounl,icitj :%loilg a river or a rniliao;sil might gic!Icl a quotic?~ll; showing >hi1 n~-arnga l)o],nl:bl,ion of only tl~irtiy to :I styrulro ntilo, ttiltl lllns nltl)ca,r t,o bclol~g in gronl) 3, 7vl~orcos : u ~ oxt~lnilliltioll of tllo tonrnshil)~ ccom1)otiilig illla coizilty ~nigltl sllow illiht, lor :L Ibw 111ilos I~nclc Sro~ri llio l-i\rr~', tlru donsity n r w 1ilno11 groittcr ; whila ill Clla portion h~rt,lleflt t~,~v:ty Sroltr ilia rivcr llio tlclit8uliiy mns ~uuoll ICSR tl1:11l 1110 ibvunlgo, thus sl)liLtiug tho ooiz~d~y, l ~ ~ l ~ i ~ p i , into two groiq)s, viz, 4 t111il 3,

Xl

XIV INTROUUCTIOX-DISCUSSION OF TEE POPULATION

clensity, especidly along tlie coast. North Carolina is now :~lmost c~itirely co~ered with popnlat,ion ; tile monntain region has, generally sl)ealring, been nearly all redaimed to the sei7vice of man. In Houth Caroliua there is a generib1 illcrease in clensit,y of settle~izent, while the south~vestenm bor(2er has been carried ilo~mi, until liow the Altamaha riser is its limit. The incipient sertleluerits in northern JIent~~cIry have spreacl. sonth7va.rd across the state, m1(2 e\ren into Tennessee, forming a jullction vith the little settlement, noted at the date of the last census, on tlle Cluaberland river. The group thus formod has estenclecl cloxvn the Ohio, ~iearly to its junction with the Tennessee aud the Cmuberlancl, ancl across tl:e Ohio river illto the present state of Ohio, where v e note lhe beginl~ing of Cilioiunati. Other infant settlements appear a t this date. On tlle east side of the Nississippi river, in the present stnte of hlississippi, is a strip of settle~lleilt along the bluflk below the Yazoo bottom. Beside the settlemeut ou the preserlt site of St. Lonis, not at this time within the United Btates, is an acljacent settleme~it in what is now Illi~lois, ~vllile a.11 the pioneer settlements l~rerionsly notecl have grown to a greater or less exteut.

From the region eu~bmcecl between the frontier line anti tho Atlantic mnst be cleducted the Adironclack tract, in northern New Yorlr, and the ~wcsettlril region in northern Pcnnsgluania, already referred to; so that the :~ctual area of settlement, bo~lncled by a continnous line, is to be talien at 271,908 square miles. A11 this lies bot\~ecn 300 4ri1 nnil 450 15' north latitude, and G'iO and 880 vest longitncle.

To this slroz~lil be arldecl the aggregate extent of all settleinentfl lyirig outside of the frontier line, which collectively amount to 33,800 square miles, making a total area of settlcmeut ol 305,708 square uiles. As the aggregate popr~latioii is 5,308,483, the average density of settlement is 17.4.

TFe ini'aut settlements of thix periocl have beer1 mnoh ret'arclecl at many points by the ol>positlion of the Indian tribes; bnt in the neigllborhoo(1 of' the more densely settler1 portions of the northern part of the country tlluse obstacles have been of less magnitude than fttrther south. 111 Georgia, esl~ecially, the 1a,rge and powwf~~l tjril>es of Creeks and Cherokees have stubbornly oplIosecl the progress of po2nlation.

During the decacle just past Vermont, formccl i'~,om a pilrt of New York, has been admitted to the U~iion; also Kentnclry and Tennessee, formed from tvhe "Territory south of the river Ohiov; lIississiplsi territory, having, however, very clifforent Iso1znclaiies fro111 the present state of that name, lias been orgmized; while tlie LiTerritory nor th~~est of the river Ohiov has beeu rlividecl aucl Incliana territorz organizer1 from the western portion.

At 1510 nre note grc:l;t ohanges, esl~ecially the extension of the sparse settlemc~lts of the interior. The liills of vesteru NCTV Porlr Iiaw becorlle nllilost elltirely co\rered with l~o~~~llat iol l , which has spreacl along the sonth shore of 1:llce Eric well over into Oliio, auil has effecter1 a junction with the lxaeviously existing body of populatiou about the forks of tlle Ohio ~iver, Icavin::. ~unsettlecl an indllilecl heart-sllapecl area in northern Pe~lnsylraaia, ml~icll comprise8 the mggecl country of the +Ippalat:llian pla tea~~. The occnpation of the Ohio river has now beco~ne cuml)lete, from its head to its montli, mith the exception of small gaps below the mouth of the Tennessee. B~reading in emry clirectiol~ from the L' darli and bloody gro~ulil" of Ke~itnclry, settle~nent coTers z~lmost the entire ~ ta tc , wl~ile tllo southern border line has beell esteudecl to t l ~ e Teuuessec rivcr, in northern Alabama. In Georgia settlemclits are &till lield bacllr by the Creek and tlle Cherokee Inclinns, although in 1802 a treaty mith the ibrmer triberelievcd the soatllrveste~m portion of the state of their presence, a i ~ d left tho ground ope11 for occupancy by tho

In Ohio settlements, st:ti%ing from the Ohio rive^ ancl lruln ~out~h~vestcrn Pennsylvania,, ham worlicil nortllrvarcl a ~ i d ~vestmarcl, ~uztil they cover two-thirds of the area of the state. 3Iichigan and Iucliana are still virgin territory, with the exccptiou of little strip a l so~~t Detroit, in the former state, and a small area in thc sonthmesterli part of the latter. St. Louis, from a f11r.tradiiig post, 11:~s become nn important center of settleruei~t, populatiou havi~ig spreacl northward above the lnolllh of tlle RIissouri arid southwa;rcI along the Mississippi to tlie month of the Ohio. A t the mo~ztlt of the Arkansas, in ~vhnt is now the state of Arkansas, is a similar body of settlement. The transfer of the territory of Louisiana to our juriscliction, which was effected in 1803, has brougllt into the country a large body of 1101)ul:~tion, which stretches along the 3Iississippi river from its mox~th. nearly nl) to tlie present northern limit of the stnte of Louisiana, up the Hecl river ancl the St, Francis, in gcneral occnpyillg tlie nlla~-in1 regions. The incipient settlenlents noted on the last map in Alississippi l ~ a r c eflectecl t~ jiuiction wit11 those of Lonifiiana, whilc in lower Alubsmtl and Mississippi a similar patch appears upon the Mobile and the Pearl rivers.

In this clecade large acliiitionfi have beeu macle to f i e territory of the Uniteil States, and many changes hare been eff'ected in tllc lines of interior division. The purchase of Lonisiana bas adcled 1,124,GSCi square miles, an elupire initself, to the United States, aucI has given to us absolute control of the Mississippi arid its navigable branches. Creorgie, c l~nhg tlie same period, lias ceclecl to the United States tlleportion of its territory mhich now conslitutes the larger part of the states of Alabama and Mississippi, The state of Ohio has been forlned from n orti ti on of wh:~t pre~iously mas liiionlll as the (' Territory north of the Ohio r i~rer? Michigan territory has bee11 erected, co~nprising what is nom the lower pcninsnla of DIichigau; Iucli:~na territory has become restrictecl to the present limits of tile atate of that name j Illii~ois territory comprises a11 of the p?esent state of Illiuois, with that of Wiscousin, ancl Q

ITS DISTRIBUTION I N 1820.

part of l\!innesota; vhiIe fro111 the Louisiana purchase has beell c%rveil, under tIie name of the ((Teilritory of Odeausy), all that part of the present state of Louisiana which lies vest of the Mississippi river, the remaitlder of t'he great territory so chea,l)l~ acclaired from France being lrnowu by tho name of tlie (LLouisiana territory,'.

At this date the frontier line is 2,000 miles long, and includes betmecri itself and the Atlantic 408,895 square miles. From this rn~ist be deducted several large areas of unsettIed land: first, tlle area in northern New Yorlr, now somcwhat srrialler than ten years before, but still by no means jnconsiderable iu. extent; second, the lieart-shaped area in northwestern Pennsylvania, embracing part of the Alleghany plstcm, in size about equal to the unsethllecl area in New York; third, a strip along the central part of mllat is now West Virgiuia, cstcnding from the Potolnac eouthwarcl, taliing in what is riow a part of eastern Kent,~~clcy arid sontlimestern Virginia, and extei~cliug nearly to the border line of Tennessee ; fourth, a compar~~tively small area in nortllern Tennessee, upon tlie C~~rnbe~la i~d plateau. These tracts together comprise 2G,OGO square miles, making the actn;~l area of xcttlument; iuclucleil within tlie frontier line 382,845 square miles. All this lies betnrcen latitude 29030' mil 450 15' uorth, ancl between the meridians of O i O and 880 30' west.

Beyond the frontier there are, in addilioil to the steadily increasing auinber of outposts and minor settlcmcnts, several cooniilerable hodies of population, which have been above noted. The aggregate extent of theso, and of the numerous snlall patcl~es of population scattered over tho west and sontll, may be cstin~ateil a t 25,100 square miles, making the total area of settlement in 1810, 407,045 square miles; the aggregate population being 7,330,881, ant1 the average deusity of settlement E7.7 to the square mile.

Bet~veen 1800 sncl 1810 the principsl territorial changes h a ~ e been as follows: Ohio has been admitted, and the territories of Illinois and Michigan have been formed from parts of Indiana territory.

The decade from 1810 to 1520 11as mitilessed several territorial changes. l?loriiiln at this date (1820) is a bIau11 upon tlio map. The treaty with Spain, ~\-l~ich gives her to LIS, is signecl, bnt the clelivery has riot yet talicn place. Alabalne aucl Mississippi, ~riaile from the iblississippi territory, liars been organize(1 a'nd adlnitted as states. Indiana arid Illinois appear as states, with thcir present liniits. The territory of Louisiana has been ailmitted as a state. The district of Maine has also been erected into a state. Arkansas territoryltas been cut f m n ~ the s o ~ ~ t l l e ~ n portion of the territory of Louisiana. The Indian territory has been constituteil to serve as a reservation ibr tho Iudim tribes. Bfiehigeu territory lias been exteniled to i~lclucle a11 of the present ~ t i ~ t c s of Michigan, 'LVisconsin, and part of Minlresota. That pa'rt of the old Louisiana territory remaining, after cntting ont Arkansas nnc2lnrlicm territory, has received the ]lame of 'CBIiisso~~ri territory".

Agaiu, in 1820, we note a great change in regard to the frontier line. It has become vast'llp more inrolvetl a~lcl . complcx, extencling from southeaster11 Michigan, on lake St. Clair, sonthll.west~~ard into what is now Pllissonri; thence, making a great semi-circle to the eastward, it sweeps west again around a body of population in Lonisia.ne, m(1 ends on the Gulf coast in that state. The area iuoludecl by i t has in~weuselj. inc~reased, but much of this increase is lsalancecl by the greaC extent of nnsettled land iriclnilcrl withill it.

Talring up the changes in detail, wc note, first, khe great increase in tllc pol?ullntion of ceiztrnl New Yorl;, n belt of increased settlement Ilttvillg svept up the Mohawk alley to lake Ontnrio, and along its shore nearly to the Ningara riuer. A sinlflar increase is seen about tile fol=l<~ of the Ghio river, while in northern Pennsy11;zuin tllc llllscttlecl region on the Appalachian l~latean has sensibly dccreasctl in size. The! ~ul&ettlcd area iu ~1resti1nl Virginia and eastern Kentucky has very greatly iliminished, pop~xlation having extcuded :~huost e1itnirely over the Allegha~ly . region in these states. The little settlements about Det'roit hare extended arlil spread alo~lg the shore of 1:llie Erie, until they have joined those in Ohio. The frontier litie ~.II Ohio has crel~t uorthmarcl slid mestmasd, I e a ~ i u g only the nortllwester11 corner of the state ~u~occull>iecl. Popnlation has spread northward from Kcnt~~clry ancl vestward holn Ohio into southernSIudiana, coverjng fiparsely the lo-vver t.hird of that state. The groa],s of populcttion aro~mcl St. Louis, wMch at the time of the previons census mere enjoyi~lg a rapid growth, have extenclecl widely, inaking a junc$ion with the settlements of' Kentucky and Teuncssce, along a, broacl belt in southern fllinclis; Solloving the 111aiv water-co~wses, population has gone many scores of miles up the &Iissis&ippi and the Blisso~lri rivers. The sottlen~t~lts in Alabama,which, up to this time hat2 been very mnch retarclecl by the Creeks, mere rapiclly reinforced and extended, in consequence of the -i5ctoryof General Jackson over this tribe and the slxbseqnent cession of portions of this territory. Immigration to Alabslna has alrearly become consicierable, and in a short time the whole central portioli of the state, embracing a large part of the region drained by the Mobile river and its branches, mill be covered by settlcn~ents, to estend nor th~~ard and effect a junction with the Kentucky and ICen~le~see settle~nents, and ~ e s t ~ t k r i l across the lower part of Blississil)pi, until they meet the Louisiaua settiemeuts. In Georgia the Chcrolrees and the Creeks still hold settlelnent back along the line of the Altamaha river. Tliere are, hovever, scatterail bodies of pol>nlation in varions l3arts of the state, though of small extent. In Louisianave note a graclnal increase of the extent of redeemed territory, which appears to hare been limited almost exactly by the borders of the a;llu~vPal

XVI INTRODUCTION-DISCUSSION O F THE POPULATION.

region, In Arlcansas the settIements, which ~ v e sam a t 1810 a t the montli of the Arkansas river, l ~ m e cxtendeci LIP the bottom Iancls of' that river and of the Bfissiasippi, formiiig a body of poprillation of considerable size. BcsitIe these, a small body is founil in tbe southern-central part of the state, a t the southeastern base of the hill region, and another iu the prairie region in the northern 1)5~l't.

The fi'onticr line now has a length of 4,100 miles, embracing an area, after taking o11t all the unsettlecl regioils incluiledbe.t;mee it, the Atlkbntic, and the Gulf, of 604,517 sqnare miles, a11 lying betmeen 299 30' ancl 45.0 30' north latitude, ailil between-670 ancl930 46' vest lo~lgitucle. Outside t l ~ e frontier liile are some bodies of population 011

the Arkansas, White, and IVashita r i~ers , in Arkansas, as before notecl, as well as some small boclies in t h e northwest. Coiup~~ting these nt 4,200 tiquare miles in the aggregate, me have a to ta l settlecl area of 508,717 square miles; the aggregate l)opalation bei~lg 9,033,882, and the average cli~nsity of settlement; 18.9 to the square mile.

111 the docede froin 1830 to 1830 other territorial cllanges lmve occrrrred. I n t h e early part of the decade the final t~ansfer of ~loricla fro111 S13anisl~ ,jnrisdiction was effected, aucl it became a territory of the United States. Missonri has been cawed holu the aotdheaster~l part of the old Missot~ri territory, nuil admitted as a state. Otller~+-ise the h t e s anci territories l~ave remdnecl nearly ns before. Settlement during the decade has again sprcail greatly. Tho westmaril extc~lsiou of the frontier does not appear to have been so great a? in some former periods, the energies of the pool3lc being nidilly given to filling r q ~ the includeel areas. I n other words, the decade from 1810 to lS2O seems to hme beell ouc rather of blocliillg out morlr which tlle sncceecling decade has been largely occ~tpiecl in completing.

Unriug this period t l ~ u Illdia~ls, csl)ecially in tho soutl.r, have still cielapd settlement to a great extent. Tho Crecbs and the Cherokees in Georgia and Alabarua, clllil the Choctaws md the Chiclrasaws in Mississiypi, occupy large areas of tho best portions of those states, arrcl snccessfiilly resist encroachment upon their territory. Geoilgi:lt, however, hi^^ witnessecl a lasge increasein settlclnent clruling the decacle. The settlements which have heretofore beon staicl on tlle line of the Altn~xah& spread westm:trd across tlie central portion of the state to its western bonliclaqr, where they l ~ n r e struck against the barrier of the Creolc tercitory. Stoppecl a t tliis point, they have moved southwartl down into the soctthn7est coiyler, and over into Florida, extendi~~ g even to the G - L I ~ ~ coast. Westmarel they havu stretched across tlie southem part of Alnb;%ma, ancl joined that body of settlement vltich was previollsly fori~ied i a t l ~ e drainage-basin of the Mobile river. The Louis i~i~a settlcmellts have but slightly inereasecl, and no great cha~lg! .~ appears to h;i,\~e taken 1)lace in Mississippi, owing li~rgely Lo the cause above notecl, viz, the occupancy of the soil by Iudial~s. In Arl~anqas the sl)reatl of sottlenient has been in n, strange and fragmentary may, A liuo reat:hes from Lotrisiaua up the Arka~isas river to the state line, where it is stopyed a b r ~ q ~ t l y by the bounclary of the Tuclinn territory. It extends np t l ~ e Mississippi, nncl. joins the great body of pop~~lation in Tennessee. A branch estenils ~~orthoastvard from ncm Little Roelc to tho norMlerll portion of the state. All these settlements mitliin~Arlrausa~ tcirl.itosy are as get very sparse. I11 Misso~~ri the 1)ri i~ci~al exteilsion of settlement has beeu in a broad belt; u p tJlu BIisson~i river, rei~ching to the present site of Kansas City, a t the mor~th of the Kansas river, where clnito a, ilcr~so body of popn2:~tioil &plleails. Settleme~lt has progressed in IIIinois, from the Mic;8issil)pi river east\trn,rt1 thnd northmaril, covcring inore than h&lf the state. I n Izldiaua i t has follolvecl u p the Wabash river, and tllerlcei 11:~s srreail rmtil it reaches nearly to tho nortli line of the ~ t a t e . But little of Ohio selllains llnsettlecl. The spnrxo settlelne~lts tbborrt Detroit, in AUohignn territory, have broadelled out, extending in to theinterior of the stthtc, while 'isolateil p&tclies hiwe qq)o:lued in variolis other localities.

Turning to the Inore clonscly settled parts of the country, we find that settlement is slow17 making i t s \vny northwnrcl in 3Iaine, altlloagh disconragccl by the poverty of the soil tinil the severity of the climate. The unseti,lc(l. tract i n norfillern New YorB is dccrcnsiug, bnt very slowly, aa is dso the case mitlr the unsettlecl area in ~ i o r t l ~ a ~ ~ l Peune~l.lva~~ia. In vestern Virgiuisl, tho unsettleci tracts are reduced to almost nothing, while the vaer~nt regioa i n easturn Tonliessee, on the Clrlribeslantl 1)lai ean, is rtq)idly diminishing.

At this date, 1530, the frontier line hat.; a length of 5,300 miles, and the aggregate area, now embmcecl betmecn tlie ocean, the Gulf, a11~1 tho frontier liiio is 735,406 squthre miles. Of this, however, not less than 97,359 ~ q u a ~ o miles are coull~rised within the indnclecl ~ ~ a c a n t tracts, l e a v i ~ ~ g only 638,017 sqnare miles as the settled are:b within tlte froutier line, all of wMch lies between Lititucle 890 16/ and 4GO 15' north, nllcl between longittlcla G7o sncl 950 west.

O~rt;sidc tbe body of continuous settlement arc no longer found large groups, but several smaII l>atclzes of pol)nlation appear in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, BIichiigan, aud Wisconsin, aggregating 4,700 square miles, malring 81,

total settled aren, in 1830) of 632,717 sqnare miles. As the aggregate pop~~la t ion is 12,866,030, the arer:\gu dellsity of settlement is 20.3 to the sqlrare mile.

1840. D111'iilg tho decacle ending ill lS4O the state of BIiclligan has been createel with its present limits, the remai~~cler

of Rie old territory being Irnown as Wiscousiu territory. Iowa territory h a s been created from a portion of Nissoi~ri territory, ernbracing the preseiit state of Iowa and the western parlt of aiinnesota, and Arkansas has bc,cll admitted to the Union,

IT8 DISTRI13UTION IN 1840 AND 1850.

111 1840 we flncl, by exa~iiining the mpp of poliulation, tliat the process of filling up and coinpleting t l ~ c worlr bloclrccl out bot\reen 1810 r nd 1820 has beell carried still fi~rther. From Georgia, dl i~bam;~ , ;lad ~Iiss is~ip~r i tiin oh(:rokea, Creclr, Cboctow, and Chickasaiv Inclians, 31-ho, a t the tilne of the prcrioas c e l ~ s i l ~ oeoul~ietl l;xrgt: armls 511 these states, nud formed a very serious obstacle to settlemeut, haso 'Jeen relsoirwl to t l ~ c Indial1 territoq, alld their comltry has beell opened up to settlement. Within tho two or three years which ]lave elapsecl since tho rcino\-:~I of these IrltIiat~s the lands relinquished by thew have beer1 elltirely taliell np, and the couutl .~ has been covered with a con~paratirely dense settlement. In northern Illinois, the Sac and Fox and 1'ott:t~~itolnie tribes Ilfivi~g boon re~iloved to the 1ndia11 territory, their conntq- has l)eeli 1)romptly t a l r a ~ ~ up, and ire filld now settleulel~tx carried o ~ c r tlle wllol@ estenl; of Indiana, IIlinois) and across Miehigar~ rmil TViscollrsil~ as filr north as the 4Yd W"1lld. Popn1,ztion lias crossed tho illississippi river into Ion-a territory, arid occnl)ics :L broad bulb u p a~lcl tlolv11 1,llat strca~n. I11 Jlissonri the fiettlernellts hare spread northrrard from the ~1issorr1-i riser nearly to t I ~ e borxutlnly of iho stntc, a~li l sonthward till they coyer lnost of the fiontbern l)ortiol~, :LIII~ nlstke con~~ectiozl in tn-o places with tile seltler~le~lts of Arlransas. The mlsettlecl area found in sautllern Jfissc~uri, together ~ r i t h that in northwestern Arknnsas, is clue to the liilly aiid r ~ ~ g g e d imture of the country, nliil to the poverty uf the soil, as compared with the rich prairie la1nds all aro~znd. Iu Arkansas the settlements remain sparse, al~cl hare spread wirlely array fro111 tlle streams, co~~ering much of tlie prairie parts of the state. There is, beside the area, in llorth~estern Arliansns jnst inentionecl, n 1arge.aree in the northeastern part of the st:~,tc, comprisetl almost etltircly withill the af lurk~l regions of tho St. Frailcis river, and also one in the so~zt~hern portion, extentling orer illto 11orther11 Lonisian:l, ~vhicli is entirely in the fertile prairie section. The fourth ~ulsettlecl regio~l lies in the soutbn-est 1)z~rt of tlie state.

111 the older statcs TO uote a gra(1ual decrease in tile uzisettlerl areas, as i11 lllail~c and in Fen- Y~orlc. 111

norMeru Peiiiisyl.c.ani;~ the unsettled section 11ns elltirely disappeared. A snlall portion of llle nnsettle(1 l ~ a t c l ~ on the C~linberlanil platean still remains. 111 sonthen1 Georgia the Olieef~~iol;ee s~rainp ant1 the pi11e barrens ntl.jacent have thlis f t~ r repellet1 settlement, although popnlatioii has incrcaserl in Ploritln, passing eutirely aronnrl this area, lo the south. The greater palt of FIoricIi~, however, iiloluding 11e;lrly all the penillsula and se.\-rri~l large areas along the Gulf coast, still remailis I!-itl1011t settlemelit. This is doubtless clue, in part to the nature of the c o l ~ n t r ~ , being alternately smalup ancl linmltlock, and in part to the l~ostilitg of the ~enliuolo Inclian.j, who dill occupy nearly all oF the peninsula.

The froutier li~ie jn 1840 has s length of 3,303 miles. This ~hr inking in its length is clue to its recti1ic:itiou on t l ~ e no~th~vcs t allil southwest, owing to tlie filling out of the entire interior. It iiicloses au area of !jOO,IiZS r;rluare miles, all lying betn-eel1 Il~titndc 2'30 ant1 4GQ 30' north, and longitude G'iO and ' 3 3 30' west* ThP r:bcnnt tracts II:LV(J, as lloteil :ib:)ve, clecreaseil, although they are still quite consitlerable in JIissoari and Arlinrtsas. Tlle total areit of' the meant tracts is 95,5lG square miles. Tlie settled area outside the frontier line is notably small, aud nmo~uits, in tlie nggrcgate, to oilly 3,150 miles, malting the entire settled area 807,393 sqnare miles in 1810. The aggregate population being 17,0G0,453, the average density is 21.1 to the square mile.

I3atween 18-40 rilrl 1860 the liiuits nf our ;ouutrS Lare beoi fi~rtllcr ertenclerl by tlir: aunesation of Clie state of TCX:LS iuld of territory acquired from Mexico by the treaty of Guaclalupe Hidalgo. The states of Iou-\-:I, n'isconsin, and Ploricla lin-cre been adrllittetl to the U~iio~i , and tlie territories of Jlinnesot:l, Oregon, ;nit1 Sc~-c- 3lesico llare l ~ e e ~ l ara~tcd. 8 1 1 examination of tba malls shovrs tbnt the frontier line has changed vrrS little clnriilg tlli:: tlccadi~. At tho rester11 border of Arlrausas tlie estelision of settlelnent is perum1,torilp liinitecl by the boantlar,~ of thp Indian territory; but, curiously cnongh also, the wester11 bomldarg of Alissonri lmts :~lriiost n co~nplete stop to all settlement, n o t ~ ~ i t l i s t : ~ ~ ~ r l i ~ ~ g that sollie of the most clenselypoljulated portions of tlle state lie clirectly on that l)onutlaq-.

111 lowa stlttlelnents harc ~uxile some :~drnncc, m o ~ i n g IID the JIissonri, tlie DCS 3Ioilles, a11tl i ) t h ~ r rivers. Tllc scttle~nelits in 3Iianesot:t fit and zibout St. P:ulil, ~ ~ h i c l i :~lq)c:lrerl in 1840, arch gre:itlg. c~stendell LII) ant1 tlow11 the I\ilir.;sisxil)pi river, while other seattcririg boclies of poljnlatio~i apptl:tr in ~lortlrc~rll TTrisc.onsin. I ~ L thc southenl part of thct sl;tte set t le~n~ii t 118s made coiisirler~~ble acli-ru~ce, csycci;~lIg in n northc~nstern clirectic)~, toward Grcen bay. In Mic:liigan thc change has beell ~'ery sligllt.

Tunling to the solztll~est TF-t-a find Tern.;, for the first time on t l ~ c rnr~l) of the TJuitcil St;~tes, wit11 :I considemble cstelit of settlement; in generid, ~ O W P T P ~ ' , it is T - ~ I ~ J - sparse, most of it lying in the cAnstern part of the state, aild X)ai~lg largely del)eudcnC ul~oii the gn~eing il~dnstrg.

The included uusottlecl areas ]lorn EIre w r y smalI ;uid fev ill number. There still remaills one in ,southern

3lissouri, in tlie hilly conutry; n sn~nll olle in northuastcrn i \ r l ;n~~sa~, in the svarupy nnd a l la~ia l region; and OIle in il1ew,.;imilar cotuitry in the Yazoo bottom-l:iiiils, Along tho c:nnst of Flo~iila are I'onntl tn-o patches of considerJ>lt! fiize? \vhich am co~lfilied to the wampy eonst regions. The a m o i;; tlic ease along the coilst of Louisiana. Tho r;l)nysc sctlltlmellts or q p ~ 3 q are alsn illtcarsl)cysed set-cml lj:~tcIic~s dcroirl of sott1i:nient. I n southern Georgia - ~ . l ~ p ];lr&e v;lc:lllt, f;L,ace hpl~etofore notetl, ertcliililig alco illto ilorther~i F l o ~ i d q 11as ch~ltirt.ly disnpl)ea~d, : ~ l l i l tho l~jori tk~ scttlcm(?nts ] la~c, already rexclled southvast1 to a eoiisitltlralile (1iz;tance in tllr peiiins~lkl, being now fi.cc! to uxtellcl jvilhont fear of hostile Meminoles, the greater 1);lrt of n.llom hare been rclno~-cd to the lllclian teI'ritorJ-,

TI I'

INTBODUCTION-DISCUSSION OF THE POPULATION.

The frontier line, which n o v extencls around a considerable part of Texas and issues on the. 01111' C O ~ S ~ a t tho mo~zth of t,he Nueces river, is 4,500 miles in length. The aggregate area inolucled by i% is 1,005,213 sqllara ~nilcs, from vhicll clednction is to be lnadc for vacaut spaces, iu all, 64,339 square miles. The isolatccl. settlernellts lying outsiile this body in the mesten1 part of the country auo~zut to 4,775 square miles.

Bnf it is no longer by a 1i11e dranvn aroi~iid from the St. Uroix river to the Gulf of 3ilexico that we embrace ,111 the popnlation of the United Stntes, escepting only a few o~~tlyiug posts nnd small sett,lemeents. We may ~ O T V , Do111 the Pacific, run a line around 80,000 miners and adventclrers, the pioneers of Inore than one state of 1110 Ulliou fiooll to arise on that coast. This body of settlemcllt has been formed, in the main, since the acquisition of thn territory by the United States, and, it might e ~ e a be said, vithin the last yem (1S49-,60), clating from the clis~overy of golcl in California, Theso settlements may be computecl rztdely a t 33,600 sqaare miles, making a total area of S C ~ ~ ~ O I ~ I O I ~ ~

a l that datc of 9'79,249 square miles, the aggregate popnlation being 23,101,876, md the avxage clensity of' settleluent 33.7 to the sqnare ~nile.

Between 1850 and 1860 tho t~rrito~iinl cllaniei noted are as follows : Tlrc strip of Arizona and N ~ W ' M P X ~ C O .

south of tbe Gild river has Been acquired from 3Icxico by the Gadsden purchase (1853); Minnesota tel.1.itory llan keen admitted as s fitate; Kansas and Nebraslra territories have been formecl from parts of ~issolll ' i t ~ * l ' i k ~ r ~ j California am1 Orcgou ham been aclmitted as states, while, in the ~ulsettled parts of the Cordilleran region, i~13-o new territories (Utah aucl Washiugton) hare been formed out of paris of that .tee,.~.o iltcog~eitn ~ h i c l l \VO bo~1~1.112; froin Frallce as a part of Lonisiaun, and of that whichwe acquired by conq~zest from Mexico. At this clnto \Vo lloto the first extension of sottlenlents beyond Me lino of the illissonri river. The march of settlelncnb ul3 $110 slollo of the great plains has begun. In Kallsas and Bebraska popnlation is now forzncl beyond the 97th inericli,zn. l!extls has fiUed up wen more r~piilly, its extreme settlelnents reaching to tllelOOth mericlian, while the galls llotccl t11; date of the last census ham all been fillecl by l)op~rlation. The incipient settlements aborzt St. Paul, in 33[iiincsot:t, ham gro~vn like Jonah's gourd, spreading in all directions, ancl follulling a broail band of mion with tlio in:~in body of settlement ilonrn the line of the 3lllississil)pi river. In Iowa settlelnellts have crept steadily northwest\v:~r~l alorig the colurse of the drainage, anti1 the state is ~iearly covereil. Follon7ing np the Missonri, polsnlntion llaa uenttllctl out into the aonthcastcrn corner of the l~resent area of Dakota. In TTisconsin tlie settlemerits ht~vu movucl nl; least one rlegrec farther north, vhile in the lower l>enins-t~ltb of Nichigan t,hey halve spread up tho li~lto sl~aros, nearly encircling it or1 the side next lalie hlichigan. On the upper panirlsula the little settlcu~ents which appc?:ulcil ill 1830 in the copper region on l!eeweeni~w poinL hare extenclecl and increased greatly in ileusity as tll:k& l n i ~ l i l ~ g iuterest has cle~~elol)ed in valno. In northern New Yo& there is, apl~arently, no change in the ansettlocl a13ea. 1 1 1

northern JIaiue we note, for the first time, a cleciclecl movement t o ~ r ~ r d the settleinent of its unoccnpiecl terlbitoqr, in the c.xtension of the settlements on its eastern and northern border up the St. Johll river. The ~1nsett l~(1 r ( h g i o ~ ~ ~ in southern IIissoori, northcastern Arkansas, aucl northmesterli BCississipl~i have become sparsely c:o~~erctL 1p-y population, Along the Gulf coast there is little or no change. There is to be noted a slight ostollsion 01 ee ttlonlcitl; southwarcl in the peuinsula of Plol.irls.

The frontier line now meilsnres 5,300 miles, and embraces 1,136,51S.square miles, lying betn~cen liilituclu 280 :30f and 4'i0 30' nortli, and between longitrtde GCO ancl990 30' west. From this dednction shonlcl be made 031 nocouiht of vacant spaces, amonrting to 39,138 sqnare mies, found mainly in New York and aloug the Gulf oortst. Tllo outlying settlemellts beyond the 100th mericlian are now numerous. They inclt~ile, among others, a strip o s t e ~ ~ i l i n g far up the Eio Grand0 in Texns, embracing 7,475 square miles (a region given over to the raising of shcal,), ~ \ ~ l ~ i l o the I'acific settlements, now com~~rising one sovereign state, are uesrly three times as extensive a s at I8ti0, embracing 00,900 sqnare miles. The total area of settle~lleut in 18GO is thus 1,194,754 sqawe miles; t l ~ a aggrcg:~to population i s now 31,443,321, and the average densitby of settlelnent 26.3 to the square mile.

Dlwiug the decade from 1860 to 1S7O a number of territorial chailges have been effectell i l l t811e extrcll~e west. Airizona, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Wyolning have been orgauize(1 as t e r r i t h x . IC:tn.sns, Kebraslra, and Ncrade ham been admitted as states. West Virginia has been cut off' from the mother comil101~wei~11;1~ and lnacle :I sepn~ate state.

In 1870 we note a gmil~lal and steady extension of the frontier line westward over the p o s t l)ln.ins. ( n ~ o unsettled areas in Maine, Kern Porlr, nlld Bloriila have uot greatly clinlinishetl, bat in Michigan tllc e x t o ~ i s i ~ ~ ~ O C the lumber interests n o r t h 1 snd inwas(l from the li~lie shore has reduced consider;lbly the nusettle(l portion. 011 the upper peninsula the settlements h a w increased somewhat, owing to tbe rliscovery of tho r icj iroll dsgoaita destined to p1.q so importnnt a, part i i tlie man~~factnring industry of the qbuatry.

Settlelneilt 11s qrend ~ e s t n ~ a r d to the bo~ludary of the state iu southem Minnesotz+ ancl 111) tho Dig Sioux rirer ill ~outhe~uteru Dakota. Iowa is entirely reclaimed, excepting a s~ua11 area of 1)erLaps n thowand sgouro

INTRODUCTIOX-DISC USSlON OF THE POPULATION.

hare cnosecl a ral~icl flow of se&tlement, aucl IIOW the frontier line of popalntio~z, instead of ~~etnrning to lalie Niolligsu, as i t (lit1 tell years ago, meets the borzntlnry line of the Gritisb possc.ssions west of the 9'7th nleridinn. Tlle settlements iu 1C:busss tmrl Nebreska have made greet striilcs over the plains, reachiug a t several poiuts t l ~ c l,o~z~~darl.g of the l l~ l~ l l i~ l regio11, so that tl~eir wosLw\~ercl extcilsion 1,syoncl. this point is to be governeil hereafter by

snpl~ly of ~vater in the sl-realus, As a 1 ln t~~ i11 resalt, we see settlements folloming these streams i111011g ribbolls of population. In Nebrt~sl-a tlicse nnwom bclts linvc reached the rvesteni bonnrlary of the state a,t two points: oue npon the South Plattc., auil the otller npo11 tlio ILepnblic::~~ river. 111 Kansas, too, tlie settlements have follo\~ed the E;~nsas riyer aurl its braucIres aucl the Arksnsas ~1earl~- to the ~ e s t e r u boundary of the state. Texas also has nlaae gre;~t stricles, both in the esteusion of' the frontier line of settlement r~ntl in the increase iiz the clonsitr of popidation, due 11otl1 to the l ~ ~ ~ i l ~ l i ~ ~ g 01' ~;%ilroads nl~tl to the development of the cattle, sheep, and agricnlturill interests. '4'11~ hcary popnlationin tlleprniric?1>ortiol~s of thesti&te is esph~ined by the rniIroac1s which now trav(-'rse +&om. 111 Dalrota, besiclo the agric~~ltnrtll. regiull, in the casteru part of the territory, we note tho foriilatioi~ of it body of scttleme~it in tho Blaclc Ilills, in the sonthwest corner, whiali, in 1670, mas a, part of the reservation of the Sious Tndh~is. Thi;s settle~lleut is tllc resnlt of tllc iliscorcr~ of ralntbble golcl cleposits. In llilontalie tliere npl)enrs a great estcnsion of thc settlcil area, which, ns i t is rnt~inly ~ L I C to agrica1tur:bl interests, is fo~znd chiefly along the collrses of the streams. BIining has, however, plt~yed uot a small l ) :~r t ill this iucreaso in settlement. Iclaho, too, ~ h o \ \ ~ s clecitletl gromtfi from t l ~ e snule C ~ U S ~ . ~ . Tho small settlements ~vhicll, iu 1870, were located abont Dois6 City, auci near tlie 11ivrlth of tho Clesrnr;ltc3r, Ilalve riov cstenclccl their areas to many h~unclreds of square uiiles. The settle11~eu.t iu thc sonthcastorn corner of tllc t:li.ritory is almost purely of Mormons, a,~illd has irot inaclc a, lnarlcetl @

incrensc. Of all tllc states t~nd territories of the Oorilillarau region Oolorxtlo has made the grestest; stride dnrillg the

ileentle. Froill n liarrow strip of settleiaent, cste~l~ling along the ilnmecliatc base of' the nocky mo~uitaius, tllc belt lins iticrcaseil so that it co~al)riscs tlie ~vholu lnon~l tain region, beside a great esteusioll orrtmarcl npon the l ) l i ~ i ~ ~ s . This illcrease is the result (if tire discovery of very extdnsive and very rich llliqeral cleposits abont l~eadrille, 1)rotlncing a st:tmpctle" scc01lCl ollly to thnt of '-kg ant1 '30 t o Oalifornia. RIiners hare sl)rencl over the whole ~nomitaiu resiou, till everr mngu ant1 ridge swarms with them. Nem I\Icxiuo shows but little change, although1 tlm recent estensiou of raihot~rls in the territory ;ullrl the opeiliug up of iniuoral resonroes ~vill, no d o ~ ~ b t , in tlle near ftrttzre, ndtl lai.gcly to its popnlation. Arizona, too, although its estellt of settlcruent has iucrcasecl somewhat, is but jnst commencing to ciljoy 3 1)eriod of ra.l)i(l develop~nent, owing to the extension of railroads and to the sn~)prcssion v f hostile 1ndia;lls. Ut:dl preseuts us wit11 B case clissiinihr to nuy other of the territories-a, case of st cad^-, regnlirr growth, due almost elltirely to its :~yricultnraJ capabilities, a s mas noted above: This is due to tlle 1)olicy of the IIorlizoll ch~zrch, wlticb has steidily ~lisconutcuanced ~niliing aud speculation in all forms, and has enconrageit

c ~ ~ c l y wag agricnltural pnrsuits. Nev:~rln shows n sliglit exteusion of settlement, duc mainly to the gradual jimense in Llle agricaltl~ral ii~tcrest. The l~tiuing incl~zstry is probably not more flonrishing a t present in this stato than i t mas toll gears ago, ancl the population clcpcndcnt zlrpon i t is, if anything, less in number. In California, as tlie attention of tho people has become ilevoted more and more to n.gric~~ltnral pursuits, a t the expense of tho inilliiig nncl cattle inilnstries, me note a t,c.ijdency to a Inore even clistrib~~tion of tlzo iuhabitmts. The l?opnlation in soma of the mining regions has clccreased, while over tlir? arcs of tho great valley, 2nd in the fertile relleys of the Coast ranges, i t 11ns increaserl. 111 Oragou the i~ l c~casc 11as bccu m:linly in the section east of the Cascade railge, a regiou drainetl Ly the Dee Chutes and tile Jolr~l Day rivers, a i d by the smaller tributaries of the Snake, a region which, mil11 the co~resl~oniliog sectiox~ in Washington territory, is no^^ coming to the front ns a wl~eat-proclnci17gg district. 111

lnost of tho settled portions liere spoke11 of irrigation is not necessary for tllo cultjvatioil of crops, and conseqnei~lly the~)ossibilities of the region in the ilircctio~l of agricultnral clerelo1)meut are very great. I n IVashington t c ~ ~ i t o q , which in 1870 had bee11 scrtrcely touched by immigration, we find the valley west of the Cascade mo~ultz~ii~s' tolerably re11 settled tl~rougllont, ~vllile the stream of settlen~ellt has poured up tlie Col~~mbia illto the vadleys of the Walla, RTtllle ancl the Snake ~ b i ~ e r s and the great plaiu of the Colmnbin, induceil thither by the ihcilities for mi8ing cattlo nncl by the great j~rofits of' mlieat cultivation.

The length of thc frontier line iiilSS0 is 3,337 miles. The ayes kclucled between the frontier line, tlie Atlantic and the G~llf coast, an(1 the l~or ther~i boundary is 1,398,945 square miles, l j ing between 260 and 490 north latitude and G70 nu(Z 1030 west longit~uie. From t h S mtlst be cleductecl, for unsettled areas, as follows :

Squmo n~ilcs. BInino .................................................................................................... 12,000 Now Polk ..............................................,.,............................---................ 2,200 Aliuhigan ................................................................................................. 10,200 \TTisconuiu ..................................... :.. ........................................................ 10,200 3Iinnesotn ..............~............~............................................-.......-.-............ 34,000 Iflorida.. ................................................................................................. 20,800

lllaking a total of 89,400 square miles, leaving 1,300,645 sclnare miles. To this must be added the isolateci areas of settlement in the Clorrlilleren region and the extent of settlement

on the Pacific co:lst, mhich amomlt;, in the aggregate, to 9G0,095 squaw! ~ililes, lnalring a total settled area of 1,5G9,570 square milcs. Thc po11nla;tion is 80,lfi5,783, and tho arrorage density of set,tlemellt 32 to the square milo.

xx I

!

have c?r 3liclligt Tllc set l)o~zntla tho 8nlr of llol)r olle up1 the lnncle g popnlt~ interes t'h~lll. ,

of sett India11 great r COlll'Sc!

fill0 ITS

City, n Tllc se i11c:rcal

Oi clccnclc Tias in This i l)l'~dlll

iuaunt l'c.ct3lt: fll t uro just cc of 110s Y C ? ~ I I ~ ~ I

of tho in eve incseni than it the at\ :~nrl ca of t l l ~ raugcr clr a1in c tllo co most c the 110 m hicl.1 talern' the yr(i

r,zigjn:f T

and .t;l l~ncl G"

CIIARACTER O F THE UNSETTLED REGIONS. XXI

VACANT SPACES ON TRE MAP O F POPULATION.

Within the scttleil portions of the Unitecl States are several areas -which, for varions reasons, bnl-c thns fkr reu~ainecl ~uiset~tlecl. There are also areas mhich, though long- ago, perhaps early in our llistorg, Irere occnl>ie(l by inhabitants, remain ~parsely settled, notmitl~st,zncliiing the rast increase of l~opulation iu the general regions in which tliey are sitnatecl. The former have been en~uneratecl above. I t inay be instructive to glance at t,heln in iletai1,in orclcr to cliscocer the reasolis why settlerncnt has passecl tliern by.

Tlie ~iorther~i portion of &ilaiae, comprising 12,000 sqmsre miles, or abont two-fifths of the area of tlie state, ie practioally without settlement. Tl~e only inh~bbitants of this region are the occilpauts of loggiiig.canips, \~-lio rem:iin tllerc onlyin thc winter, and ,zhaii~lfi~l of enterprising 8Lulzmer tourists. The co~ultry is a clclisc forest, nlaiuly lerel, but diversified here ant1 there by hills, which in a fom instances rise to the ilig11it.y of mountains. I t is traverseel by n~ui~erous small streams, striung upoti ~vliich are lunny lalies and lalcolets, tho whole forn~ing n irlost coml)liui~tcd system of ~~ratcr comluuuication, navigable, however, oiily by canoes, owing to nunlerons Pdls and rnpitls.

Tlie climate is severe, auel this, ndcled to tlle poverty of the soil and tho labor involrerl in clearing it for agriculture, has prevcutecl its occt~patioii ~vhile rich farming lanas can be obtained for the asking in tlie \vest. Anothol*, auil slightly more remote, ctlnse lias operated, to a cousiderable exte~lt, in preve~lting the spre:id of settlemeat in illis state. This i s the clecli~ie in ship-building, especially of wouclen vessell-;-bnsiuess in wl~ich tliiv state wns largely interested. This has not only checli-ecl the geucral prosperity of the ~ t i ~ t e , but 1i:is iiijnrcd .the lumber business grearly. D~wing recent years there lms been a slight lnovelilent illto tliis region. A liue of mttlemeut has extended nl? tlie eastern border of thestate, and this is now spre~~rliug very grarln:~lllly westwnril. I t is safe to predict, howet~?r, that iiot ~ ~ u t i l all that part of tht: prairie eouutry nrhicli lies east of the limit of the arid region shall hava beeii settled mill popnlation move cleddcdly tolvaril this !section.

A secoud section which has thns far clcfied settlement is the Adirolldaoli region. This presents very scrious obstacles to settlement-so serious that the central portion of i t remailis to-dax without ihhabitants. It eousisls of a groq) of niountains, stantling in short, parallel ranges or ridges, trending, ill general, ~lortlieast alkil soizth~~cst. These ~liotuitaiils rise to lieights of 4,000 to 5,000 fcet, a few peaks esceeiliug tlie latter iig~.nrcs. Tlie ~ralleys arc a11 at a, consiclernble elevatioil. Ou the cast tlle momltnins clescenil abruptly to lakes George ant1 C11aml)lain ;

a 011 the west, tliey fall off iuto a sort of platenu, ostenrling tomc~rcl the St. Lnnrrcilcc and lnlie Outario. On the north ancl sonth the ridges fall off graclnnlly to the lover country. 'l'lie mholc rcgion is cleliscly cororeil"mith forests. I t is vatereil by umizerons n~otuitain torreuts, while the ralluys :tncl t,lm plntcan on the ~ ~ ~ 1 s t are ilottecl with anmberless lalces and ponils. The eletrntioll aiid the conse(~~lo~~t ly scverc ~ l iwa te of tlle ~'alleys, :1nd the colultrg iliimeiliately acljacent, arc such as to ili~courage, if not to preclude, a,gricnlture.

Else~~here in the Appalachia~i regioii thWc? arc. no nusettled %reas of s~~f l i c i~ i l t nlnguitude to be represeliteil on onr I U ~ ) , although in many localities the population is very sparse. Xu I 'e~~i~sylra~nin the narrom riclges of this

. systcln are covered with coal xuil iron ~niners ; in Trirgini:h thc grain-fields extend to a,ntl orer tlieir summits ; iu North Uardlina ancl Teunessee the Mgll monntains arc without ~e t~ t l e~ i~en t s , onling to their ruggcrl character and their great elevation. Bnt tliese areas, althongh liwge in tho aggregate, are seoerrtlly .irriby smnll.

111 northern illichignn and Wisconsin the case is not dissimilar to that of northern JIaiue. Theso are regions of 1ic:~vy foi-eat, lying far to the north, mlder a severe climate. Settlement has, to a certain extent, passecl then1 by, following \vt:stward tlie be,lt of open, fertile prairie. But, 011 the othcr hmltl, inlrnigr:ttioii to these states is still

'

goiug on; the l~nlllser busiuess, mhich is here the pioneer of settlement, is bciug iaclively l)rosecuted, and every yakr settlelne~lt is closing in npou these vacant spaces, alul their area, is constautly n,nil ~aljiclly cliininishiug.

The nusettlcd portion of l\linnesota, is ~lntlcr ca~~t l i t io~ls somewhat similar. With the csc!?ption of the wcstorn part of the lied Bircr valley, the pmiric gortioil of the state is now ocerrl~iecl, arlcl settle~neuts ha re e~icroaohoil to n consider:lblc estcut upon the regioli of forciits. The northern part of this unsettleel regiou, unlilie CT'isconsiu ancl illichigau, is not occupiecl by forests, but is covered with a, scr~lbby growtli of haclrmalack and othcr brush. A largo proportiou of tlie snrface is occnpied by lt~lces an(l cs\v:~i111)s.

Another region of sparse settleluent is fouii:l in southern Cieorgi:~, iilcli~cling the Olreefenokee swamp, and estending thence north\varcl. With the csception of the swamp, illis section is corerccl with clense forests of southeru l)iue,.growing ou n light, s;~ncly oil, forilring the ~vell-hiown pine bal~ens , Of this smanzll Professor It. 11. Loughriclge, formerly of Georgia, gives the follo~ving clescription:

The smmnp lies almost itvholly in Georgia, nncl is xbo~it 40 nlilcs north n11d south by 30 cast a1111 \rest. Its arc& has bce~l roughly astimntc2tl at 500,000 acres. Its elevation is 115 fcet &bore lidu, a, low rcgioll borilcrillg it on the cast, from ~vhich tliere is n r:ipiil dcacelit cnstw:ri~cl to ill0 heat1 of tide-\lrntcr on St. Xarg ' r l rivcr. Tllo easti?rn p:wt of this :we;h is 1no3tly ail ope11 l:~lic, ilotte~l wit11 sr~lall floating islmltlr, nut1 lllo siirfnco of tho \v:iter is underliliil 1,y n tloilvo ~1ioas-r~1i1c7;, so ilcnsc as to br:lr up x mnu's wcight. 7'110 lalie portioll is 12 illlles ill midth ; the itvcstern 1)art iq marshy a~ i i l nlortly covercil wit11 a {lcn~u n~~dergromth, ~nat ted togotllrr with lwiora, lunlciug :b l l

iml)enetrabla tllicliet. There arc scvcral llergc inlautls Iicrrt, t,liroo or fonr 11liles in l r ~ g t l l by OIIC or two in b~cndtll, covcreil mitlltall loilg- leaf pino a1111 snlall l~almetto. On the \rest thcrc is a long strip of mainl:~nil, exteiidiug northward 'iuto tho finram18, linomll as ''Tho Pocltet". On the iiorth :~nd northeast sides of tho sm:tmp several streams ontcr it , ~vhilu the o~ltlet is on tho west by the Bu\t7a~nco river.

XXII INTRODUCTION-DISCUSSION O F THE POPULATION.

A large prol~ortion of the area of thc l ~ e n i ~ i s ~ ~ l a of Florida is practically without settlement. This appears to be clue in part to the clirection of the general movement of poptllation, which has been mestmarc1 from Georgia and the Carolinas; in part to $116 want of gooc1 harbors, and other intlucemcnts to settle upon the coast, and thus to create starting points for the settle~llent of the interior; but also, and very largely, to the fact that a consiclerable portion of the area is swampy and clifiicnlt of access, and, consequently, remote from markets.

The peninsnla is nnclerlaid mainly by a liluestone formation, geologically very recent. Its st~rface consists largely of h~~mmocks ancl ridges, altelxating with belts and patches of smamp and myriads of swampy lakes. The l3~~erglailcs, which occupy an immellse area in the southern portion of the pei~insula, seem to be a cnlmination of the general characteristics of tho peninsula, and the followihg description of them, from the pen of Professor X. A. Smith, illustrates the extreme of these chaxacteristics :

The Everglacles, which form so singulm and uuiqne a feature of FIorida, may be described, in general terms, as consisting of a sl~allow lalre of vast extant, occ1111yiug a basin or dopression in the limestono of the country. From surveys recently made, i t is known that tho mbole bod of the Everglades has considurabIe elovation above the sea, so that tho draining of this arcs is merely a questiou of tilllo and expensc. All the streams mhicIl flow from tho Everglades are in tc r r~~pted by falls or rapids. The Caloosahatcheo is navigable by stcamess to vithin ten xnilcs of Lako Olreechobco, whcro tho rapids begin.

The water over the Everglades varies in dept l~ from six inches to as many feet, aud teoms with aqulatic and semi-aquatic grasscs and other plants. F~~orn this maze of water anil vegetation rise innumerable islands, containing from one acre to one hundrecl acres of lanil. These islands are cor~oret2 with a growth of cypress, sweet bay, crl, moocl, mastic, cocoa, palms, c;il)bage palmetto, and live %nil water oalrs, beneath which bloom flowcrs in almost eiidless variety. Notwithstnuding the sh3;llomness of the matcr in the Everglades, and tho profiiseness of tho vegetation growing in it, i t is oompar&tively pure and cleslr, and abounds in fish, turtles, and alligators. Boi~rs, panthers, wild-cfits, and deer iuhsbit tho islauds.

Lalro Okecchobeo is about 50 ndles long from northwest t o southeast, and about 20 miles broad, and from 8 to 20 feet deep. I ts northoastern and eastern shores are slrirted wit11 a lorn hummock of red-bas, livo oak, watcr oak, and other timber; its western and southwestern shore wit11 a dcnse gromtl~ of saw-grass.

Tho lake has 110 visible outlet, except as its mate1r3 soak through the Everglades, andthe lands around the lako can never bo made ar~ailable till the waters am loyerod by artificial canals.

The folloving tables summarize the above facts regarcling the fiontier line and the extent of the settled areas:

I I Extont of frontier. I Extent of continuous settlement. I Date, Eoturning Rcstingon I I to t h o I the Gulf ( NorthlntiLoclo.

Atlnntic. of Nesico.

1 I Aroe in square miles.

220,085 282,208 .408,805 602,501 725,400 000,058

1,005,213 1, 1?G, 518 1,178, OOR 1,308, Dl5

Data' Population.

Owing to the greet extension of the lo~lrcr grade of settlement (luring the last decaile, the average density of tho population in the settleil area has increased but very little, in spite of the great increase of population.

Arcsembmcod within tho fiontisr.

Vncnnt trnets within tho frontier.

Sottlea trnota mithoutfron- T:k:l,,"!,n$f tier.

TIIE SETTLED AREA I$ 1880. XXIII

Having thas gone through the suctcessivc census years, traciug the course of the outside line of pop~~lation and estimating the settlecl area inclosed between this line a,nd the ocenn, let ns nom go back to l7Q0, and ibllo~v out tile movement of p~pulat~ion along the serernl clegrees of latitude, to note the relative rapidity ancl steailiuess of advance vithiiz each belt of'territory. Owing to the clifficulty of locating with precision the numerous small patcl~es of populetion in the Pacific states and territories, these computations are rc~tricteil to thc country cast of tho 100th meridian.

Before the resnlts of snch computations can be satisfactorily stated, an explanation must be given of the nlethocl followed.

First. The successive parallels are taken as the central lines of zones half a clegree wide; ancl mhorc nlly parallel passes through racant spaces, any bocly of l~opulation lying within a quarfer>legrce, npon either sirlo thereof, is referred thereto, efter being redaced to the ~viclth of half a clegree ill latitude. Whem a solicl body of l ) ~ i l ~ ~ l s l t i ~ l l lies close 1.11) against a pasallel on oue sick, however, no recluction is made on account of tho absence of p ~ p r ~ l s l ~ ~ l l on the other side. The only imljortant exception to the rule is in the case of the 34th parallel, where, after crossing the 04th meriilinn, it runs through the southern portion of the Indian territory, shortly above the northern line of Texas. As the absence of population as Irnown to the census (Inrlians in tribal relations not being recognized by the census law) from the Iine of this paralIel in this pert bf its course is the result of oxpress exclusion by trenty stipulations the pol~.~lation just below is not referrecl to it;. "

Seconcl. The starting point on the coast is tasen, not from the extreme end of any cape or promontory x11?011 vhicli the parallel may chance to emerge from the Atlantic, but from the average projection of the coast-line in tho genert~l neighborhoocl of the l)arallel. In the case of Long Island, the eastern half was takcll to fill np the wester11 ellcl of the sound, ancl the 41st parallel was ass~lmecl, for the purposes of these computations, to begill v i th 7 3 O ~vcsk lougitndc.

Third. The northern lalies and all considerable bqys mere jnmpeil, as dso the Critish l~ossessions when c1'08seiL by the parallels under measurement.

Fourth. A11 spaces vacant of popnlation were slcipped, tile same rule being adopted for rne:lsuring and referring to pariallels spaces which are not directly upon any parallel, as in the case of the populiitecl areas Ijiug above or below a parallel when passing tlirongh vacant 8paces.

The measurements as to all extensive bodies of continuons settlement have been made with n8 much exactness ns the scale of the ma11 woulil allow. Where, bovever, only one or two small parcels of population appear upon any l~arallel, as on the 31st for 1790 md for 1800, the 28th a t 1540, the 27th a t l8GO ancl in 1870, and tlie 26th and 27th and 48th ancl 40th in 1820, these have beell taken rounclllly, as i t is not l>ossiblc to determi110 vi th precision the periphery of such isolated settlements. The measuremeuts, therefore, have a f i ~ r higher rclativo accnrncy lor the more central parallels than for those a t the extreme north or south.

The resnlt of the application of these rules to our measurements is to give the populetecl areas along each parallel either in one contiuuons body or in several gronps, as popnlation is brolicu by foreign territory, by lnlrcs or bays, or by lnrge vacant spaces. Collsolidating all snch, howe~~er, and reducing all t l ~ e populated spaces 011

each par~rallel to a contillt~oas line, we have the folloving as the area of settlement along the snccessive parallels ni; each census from 1790 to ISSO:

T A B L ~ 111.

40. 48. 47. ...... 40. ...... 45.. ..... 44 ....... 43 ....... 42 ....... 41 ....... 40 ....... 30 ....... 38 ....... 37 ....... 36 ....... 35 ....... ....... 34

33 ....... ....... 39

31 ....... 30.. ..... 29.. ..... 28.. ..... 27. ...... 20. ...... -

0 0 30 220 330 234 238 358 270 426 344 462 361 302 1 5 30 10 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

317 252 356 375 300 371 450 500 GOO 533 308 327 192 114 25 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

392 279 425 508 471 584 505 707 700 082 301 302 230 227 240 150 0 0 0 0

0 0

302 27 0 4% 661 548 0la 888 631 74G 751 575 0 10 328 507 3 57 180 0 0 0 0

----------- ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................

0 15 802 290 485 631 083 012

1,038 8il 707 878 DG1 707 564 74'2 034 323 0 0 0 0

0 20 421 308 502 003

1,013 1,134 1,013 1,020 009

1,034 070 010 815 763 073 373 30 20 0 0

70 50 437 404 810 081

1,107 1,140 1,0$3 1,039 1,018 1,O;l 1,030 038 960 020 660 725 265 80 0 0

131 125 521 731

1,001 1,143 1,277 1,220 1,108 1,141 1,018 1,057 1,030

OLB 1,105 1;013

983 763 372 102 25 05

-

200 230 658 777

1,137 1,248 1,325 1,252 1,224 1,103 1,136 1, Obi 1,030 038

1,055 1,008 OD1 7% $72 110 25 GB

37 60 201 385 040 Xi4

1,150 1,310 1,375 1,370 1, :I07 1,278 1,200 1, O W 1,030 039

1,ISG 1,109 1,053 7DO 414 188 47

INTRODUCTION-DISCUSSION O F THE POPULATION.

In 211 this discussion regardil~g. thel~op~~lation knd tlie Area of the Unitecl. States Alnska is illtentiollally omittecl. I'll(> -\vl~ito 1)ol)ulation of the territory is very small. I t is not, as yet, coustitutecl eve11 :L territory of the Uuiteil States, ailtl its area relnaius a matter of col~jecture. The popnlation and the resonrc%s of this latest addition to onr doln~in are now the suUect of a special inrestigation by the Ccnsns Office.

THE SETTLED AIiEA I N 1890.

111 tho followil\g bibles are presented the res111ts of colup~~tations relating t o the clensit,y of the rural, a s distingnished from the nrban, l?opnlrttion at the census of 1880, in comparisou. with the cowespoiiding r e s ~ ~ l t s of 1)rrvious ell1mer.~ti~ns. I u this (lisoussion i t is to be tul(lerstood tl~at, dl cities of 8,000 or more inhabitants are taken out of consiileration, and, as explained previously, in conl~ection with t l ~ e cteusity maps, the deduction of thc 1,opllation of cities sometimes brings the conrlty iuto A lower 1)01~iiIatio11 gro~11) than at the precediug census, not~it11stai~ding.11 tlle actual ii~crease of populatiolz in both ram1 I L I ~ C ~ nrban parts. Thus nre ]nay suppose a co~ultjr, wit11 nu wea of 400 square miles, to have had in 1870 l)opnlatioil of 20,000, its couuty tow11 G,SOO iuhabitants. TI10 comltg ~voulit therefore, if trentecl as a whole, fall illto group 4; that is, tllo group har i r~g a density 45 t o 00 to tlie r;qu;we mile. Sn 1880, however, me will snppose the populc~tion to lla;rTe increr~seil to 24,000, of which 8,800 are now founcl in the county town, vhicI1 thereopon becomes a cit,y within our definition, and is therefore excluded fro111 the runss of' popnlation. The co~ulty the11 silllis into class 3; tlii~i. !s, t110 g r0~1) 11a~~iiig between 1S and 45 inhabitauts a

to tllc square mile. Snch cases are, of coursc, fe~em iu nnmber. The lowest, grade of settlement talren for this disci~ssio~~ is that nhicl~ contaius a l~opnl,zlion of S to the sqnare mile. All the region outside thia line may be ~.egarclctl rts 1)~actic:lllg unsettled territory, l)eopled, if xt all, by a few scattering graziers, wandering prospectors, lumbermen, or linnters.

Upon the definition thus taken the settleil area of ISSO is mai~lljr cornljriseil in one large body, stl1etchil:g fi*om the northern to the socltllern limits of the coluntry, and %om tlle Atlai~tic coast west~~larcl to the plains. Iu this botly ia colnprisecl92 per cent. of tho total pol~ul~tion of the conntrg, Ihc remaiucler bciug in iletnchecl boilies of I $

comparntivcily snlall size, the nlost considerable being on the Pacific slolbe, in Oregoir s~ucl California. d IVitl~in the great ~et t led area ia the eastern half of the country t'here arc, on the other halzcl, s e~e ra l regions,

already fully descTibed, ~vKicll are practically unscttleil; such, for illstance, as the northern par t of Mr~i1-m anil tho Adirondaek regio~~ in northew Ncw Yorlr, the so~zthenl extremity of Floride, and northern Michigan, Wisconsi~~, nil 3liniiesota.

For p~wposes of discnssior~ this region may be divided, accorclii~g to clensity of gopullation, into lire classes, correspondii~g to those upon the general density maps. These are as follows :

1. A populntion of f ~ o m 2 to G to a sq~xare ~uile. 2. From G to 18 to a square mile. 3. Prom 18 to 45to rt srlualoe mile. 4. From 46 to 90 to a square ~uile, G. 90 or more to a square mile.

Of these groups of populat,ioa of ili-fferent density, as they m&y be called, tile first three indicate a llreilou~inantly agriculfxwal conclition. Speakillg I)roaclly, agricult~lYe in t8be United States i s not cai~iecl to ~11~11

a poiuf as to atforcl enqiloyment ancl snpl)ort to a pol)~~lation in csccss of 46 to st scyuare mile; and, coiiseqaentlg, the fourth ant1 fifth g r o ~ ~ p s clo not appear mitall us, except as trado and manufactnrcs wise and the classes rencleritlg persoual and professiont~l services are multiplied, ,

Of the agricnltnral groups, the first re13resents a very sparse polmlation, such a s in our western conntry n i g h t be s~zstaineil by the grazillg iuilustry, without auy cultivation of the 8oil; and accorili~~gly me finil t l~ i s group a t t l ~ a . present time mainly along the frontier, in Florid%, iYXinnesota, Nebraska, TCausas, Texas, (Jnliforuia, Coloraclo, Oregoll, Nevada, arlcl tlle territories. Tliel~oorest tillage regions also si~llc iuto tl~in group, aucl he~loe -\ye Gncl not illconsiderable rortions of sollle of the olcler states in this cl:lss. In 1790, however, No. 1 mas ille largest single group in m-hat iis

now Maine, in New Yo~fr, Penns~~lvauia, Sod11 Caroliua, alicl ill what is uom the state of West Virginia. Tbc 8econd gsonl+-G to 18 illhabitants to the square mile-indicates almost universally the csistence of cleiinecl

f'drms or 1)lautations alld the systematic cul tivdion of the grou~~d, bnt this either in an early stage of settleln~llt o r upoil more or less rugged soill. Thlis we fine1 this group still l ~ s g : ' ~ ill many of the western and sonthwestem ntates fluti in the molultainous regions of the Atlautic slope. I u 1790, liorrerer, this group far esceeiled ill area Nos. 3, 4, and 5 co~nbined.

The third gro111)-1S to 45 to ibe square iilile-allilostl ~inivers.~nlly i~clicates 5 highly SIICC~SS~UI agricnlt~~re. Heye and there tlle presence of petty mechanical industries raises n rlifficult Fanning or ldanting region into this s'rou]~, but in general, mhere mannfactnres exist a t all they iudnce a po1,nlatiou of 45 or lvore to the square mile.

R e shonlil therefore expect to fiud, as is the case, No. 3 the prcclolni~~aut group inAln)3ama, Dellaware,.Qeorgin,

INTRODUCTION-DISCUBSION OF THE POPULATION.

The following table exhibits the proportions existing b e t ~ e e n the several qualltities in Table 1% d- 01,

increase per cent. in the toix~l area of settlement, from decade to decade, and the number of sguarc lnilcs ill each 1,000 fiettled at each censns, occ~~l~iecl by a population of each specified degree of clensity :

TADLE TI.-PROPORTION OF AREA OF EACH GROUP OF POPULATION TO TOTAL AREA' O F ~ETTLEMENT.

Inorrase pcr ecnt. in ) Date 1 total nrei 1 Total. 1 1 I 2 I 1 1 4 of aettlo.

ment.

We find here a relative clecrease, dnring the decs~cle 1870 to 1880, in Nos. 2 anel 3, an increase in Nos. 1 rind 4, ancl no change in No. 5. 111 other words, iill increase i n the sparsely-settled regions and in the area of mamlPCbctnrcs auil trade, at tile expellse of the agr ic~~l turd regions, and especially of the poorer ones.

But we InltJT carry this analpis yet f~~rther , with results still more instructi-cre. The sts%tes and terilitorios group themselms nat~~rallg, in order ancl condition of settlement, as follows :

1. The original thirteen states, with those formed from them, Naine, Vermont, and West Virginia. 2. Kenh~ckg, Tennessee, Ohio, Incliana, Illinois, Nichignn, 3Iissouri, Arkansas, Lonisiana, Mississippi, Alabamal,

and Florida. 3. The remainillg states and territories. The following three tables, numbereel VII, VIII, ancl IX, shorn fi~:,lcts

similar to those in Table IN for each of these gronps :

TABI.E VI1.-AREAS, IN SQUARE MILES, OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SETTLEMENT-@IRST GROUP O F STATI2S.

1 Date. / T ~ ~ l l are* of / 1, settlement. I . % I I I 70,146 105,017 115,462 110,146 115,255 112, 86.5 80, 941 74,392 GO, 440 00, 900

13,031 17,234 ?0,500 30,454 54,340 GO, 351 GG, 221 73,082 70,071 101,370

820 1,103 1,243 1,343 3,418 5,828 11,201 14,224 18,303 20,740

TAB^ VII1.-AREAS, IN SQUARE MILES, OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SETTLEMENT-SECOND GROUP OF XTATEM,

Date.

1700.. ............. 1600.. ............. 1810,.. ............ 1620 .............. 1830.. ............. 1840. .............. 1850.. ............. 1860.. ............. 1870. .............. 1660 ...............

Total nree of settlement.

15,250 80,500 110,277 100,144 282.815 438,355 403,757 510,037 527,027 560,170

11,050 17,750 60,050 01,731 105,215 138,467 114,450 02,450 48,637 50,030

2

4,200 18,250 38,057 07,007 110,030 174,9J4 181, GO7 182,680 107,570 131,065

3

3,000 10,570 31,850 52,861 100,834 160,010 220,~oa 228,450 247,305

4

................................................ 500 900

2,550 11,100 24,100 34 045 64,120 82,064 123,350

6 .

................

................

................

................

................

................

................

................ 3,360

THE SETTLED AREA I N 1850. LWII

TABLm TX.-&EAS, IN SQUARE ,MILES, OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SETTLEMENT-THIRD GROUP OF STATES.

Examination of these tables mill show that the relations of the groups to the several epochs of our national development have essentially changed from whit appeared in Table IT.

I n tho first gronp of states the increase in settled area was marlrecl at each decade up to 1830. From that time (lawn to 1860 the increase mas little more tlzan nominal, the tracts desirable for settlement having, it may be presumecl, been substantially all taken up. But while the increase in the total area of settlement went on until 1830, group 1 did not increase at all, the higher groups not only absorbing all the current growth of settlement, but steaclily encroaching upon No. 1, which has been reducer1 from 72,386 square miles in 1700 to 12,500 in 1880, n~liicll is colnpriscil in Maine, New Eampshire, and Georgia. The increase in group 2 stopped in 1810, when i t reached its maximum a t 116,462 square miles. It has since declined to GO,9OO square miles, comprised, in large ljart, in Georgial, North Carolina, and V e s t Virginia. In group 3 the increase went on uninterrul~tedly until ISGO, since which time there has been a slight falling off. I n groups 4 anil 5 the igcrease has gone on uuinterrupterlly to the present time.

In the second gronp of states the total area of settlement has continued to increase without interruption to tne present clate. Group 1 increased until 1540, but lost hearily until 1870, its area haring fallen off from 138,4G7 to 4S,G37 sqnare miles. Since 1870 i t has increased again, oving mainly to the spread of settlements in Michigan in E'loricla. G r o ~ ~ p 2 increased until 18.50, since ~vhich time i t has decreased. Groups 3 and 4 hare increased steadily since their apl~earance in 1800, and in the recent cenfius group 5 pnts in an appearance for the first time, with an ares of 3,360 square miles, comprised in the states of Ohio, Illinois, anrl Kentucky.

In the third gronp of states there mere no settlements of any note prior to 1840. Since that time the increase in tllo total area of settlenlent and in the sereral groups has gone on uninterruptedly, x i th but one exception. III gronl) 4 there is a falling off from 12,000 to 8,200 between 1870 and ISSO. This is due merely to the subtraction of urban po1)111ation, cities lying mithin this area having reached and exceeded the arbitrary limit assumed for urban population.

The following table presents in cletailed form, by states, the data relating to areas of settlement in ISSO:

T A ~ L N X.-AREAS, I X SQUARE MILES, OF TIIE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SETTLEJIEW I N 1880, BY STATES.

3

mile.

18 to 4.5 to tho squure

554,300

20,040

14,500 5,880 015

1,050 ........................................................

2,000

20,180 .:

41,800 111100 40, ROO

22,330 24,100 13,000 5,600 3,000

4 =

---

States nnd territories. '

Totnl -. ......................................... .......................... Alnbnmn .:. .................................................... ................ Adzonn. A.. ................................................ .................... Arl<nnans.. ...'................-. ............................... ............. Cnlifornio ....................................................................... Golorn40 ........................................................................ Conuocticut. :-. .......................................... ...................... Dnlcotota.. .......................................................................

........................................................................ Doln\ynro District of Columbia.. ....................................................... Florida.. ....................................................................... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ . .--.. ................................................. ................. Idn]lo ...............~......................................................... 1llin0is ........................................................................ Indiana ..... ..:. ............................................................... Iowe ........................................................................... gauans ........... ............................................. .................. ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ k ~ . ---... .... ........................................... .............. ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ~ . .............~........................................................ ~~i~~ .......................................................................... hInrylnnd .......................................................................

45 to 90 to the square mile.

232,010

4,300

.......................................................

4,005 ..........................................

010

6,600 .....................................-..

13,500 24,810 1,100

290 11,000

050 2,595 6, BGO

Totnl nreaof settlkmcnt.

1,569,570

51,510 7,320 53,045 75,060 39,245

4,845 20,400 1,060

65

33,440 56,080 12,500 56,000 35,910 55,473

02, 995 40,000 45,420 17,895 9,860

A~IOTC DO t o the square mile.

24,550

..............

............................

............................

.......................-.... 780

.............. 65

............................ ..............

700 .............. .............. ..............

GOO .............. .............. ..............

4 % i a to to

luile.

384,820

4 000 7,320 900

47,700 34,000

14,200

21,440

5,200 l2,500

2,275

13,830

.............. 10,050 0,000

to l8 to Bi,uare do.

373,880

14,200

37,045 22,400 4,000

.......................................... 6,200

............................

9,000

18,000 ..............

............................

............................ 11,200

26,545 4,300 20,830 3,600

............................

SYVIII INTRODUCTION-DISCUSSION 03' T13E POPULATION.

-

CITIES.

TABLE X.-AREAS, I N SQUARE MILES, &c.-Continued. .

I n the preceding cliscnssion of the settlctl area of the cou~ntrg it will bc rcmelnberecl that all cities of 8,000 inhabitants ancl uprard mere exducled in treating of the popcrlatioll groups. It remains, therefore, to speak of tho urban population, in its progress from 1790 to 1880. In this clisc~~ssion we shall not only inclucle cities clown to 8,000 population, mhicl~ hal-8 been classified for this censns, in order to make a comparative statcmcut with t l ~ c conclition of things in previous years, but in separate tables the dassification of urban l~opulation for 1880 will be carried down to bodies of 4,000, in order to discriminate n~ore closely betveeu urban aucl rnral population.

We meet, home\-cr, a t the outset of this cliscussion with sewral clifficulties. Bor instance: What constitutes a city P In n~ost of the states there is no doubt whaterer on this point. All dense bodies of population, of auy

States an3 temitodes. 41

' & a ~ a c ~ ~ s ~ t t s ................. 5 ................................................ . michignu . .......................-......... ....................................

MfunesotB ...................................................................... a[i8aisaippi ..................~.................................................... llieaouri .............................................. .... ...............~...... Monkana ........................................................................ &%bmsh ........................................................................

......................................................................... Now Hampshire.. ....................... .-- ...........................-.---. New Jorsoy ........... ...............................-.. ...................... Bod Xoxico.. .........................................-......................... Ke~r To&.. ....... -... ....................................................--.- North Cnroline ...............................................-................. Ohio.. ................... .... ................................................... Oregon ......................................................................... ~ ~ n n ~ ~ l ~ f i n i f f . : . ................................................................ nhode Iflhnd.. .................................. .................. South Carolins.. ............................ ....... ........................... Tcnnessco ...................................................................... Tesne. ........................................ ...... .... ......................

............................ Utal~.. ....................................... ... Vermont ........ :. ............................................................. Virsrda. ....................................................................... Wnshington.. ..................................................................

.................................................................. Weat Virginia

Wisconsin ..................................................................... Wyoming .......................................................................

Totnl areaof sottlement.

8,040 47,230

$ - 4 45 10'

40,340 08,735

8,000 88,185 11,740 8,705 7,456

32,100 46,420 48,580 40,700 24, 600

45,000 1,085 30,170 41,750 124,000

10,340 9,135 40,125 20,880 24,015

44,230 0,40d

The following table shows the population and the number of inhabitants per square milc in each of tho tIlreo su~bclivisions treated %hove at the (late of each census:

TABLE XI.

Dnta.

3

18 to 45 to

milo. thosq~inro

300 12, 000 13,005 27,240 40,335

8,800 240

4,700 1,050

0,200 34,380 1,100

ID, 750

25,870 24,550 28,300

780 6,050 29,025

8,500

10,000

-- 4

- 45 to 90 to

milo. tho squnro

4,840 10,030

.......................... 2,200 1,100

........................................................

1,230 2,440

.....................................---.. 33,000 4,700 37,000

.......................................... 20,000

400 2,300 10,200

586 1,000

.......................................... 3,045

0, 000 ........................................................

First group.

dvcrage density

Second group. 1 Third group.

1

.--

5 - Al~ovu 00 to

tbo 8qunr.o milo.

- i, 000

.............. .:

..........--..

............-.

.....................----..

........................... 75

3,005

2,420 ..............

2,000

10,750 086

..............

.............. ............................ ...........................

..............

..............

.............. 450

Popnlntion. . '

!2

Population.

I 11700..-..' 3,810,846

(py:' R ~ I I R T C

Average

- I density ('-'L;Tina ??opulntion. srlnn1.8

..... 1800 1810 -.... 1820..-.. 1830 ..-.. 1840 ..... 1850 ..... 1800 ..... 18i0 ..... laso .....

to to sbunremile.

............................ D, 800 12, ti00 0,500 1,740

8,000 13,385 11,500 I , 300

............................ 24, 600

.............

..............

............................ 20,000

..............

..............

.............. 48,200

11,200 .............. ..............

20,580 .............

7,100 6,400

Avernge density

( p : T y sqnnro

4,022,070 0,161,500 7,417,432 0,158,721 10,038,004 13,218,490 15,818,547 17,004,502 21, es, 111

I - 17.01 100,368

to to t,le stluaro

8,200 19,000 10,400 10,500

10,000 ..............

1,400

7,500 8,800 0, 500

4,500

3,800 .........................................

2,000 7,000 48,4tO

4,300 2,000 4,100 300

12,500

10,800

18.5 20.0 23.8 20.3 30.1 30.7 43.8 60.1

milo).

: .... 4.7 7.1 9.6 12.9 13.4 -

milo).

7.2 9.8 0.8 11.3 13.1 14.8 18.4 21. 3 20.8 BB. I

380,413 1,078,315 2,216,300 3,707,299 0,367,392 0,078,286 12, G37,8&2 15,594,721

........................

........................

........................

........................

................... 74,057 895,092

2,986,802 4,909,058 8, 604, OOG 60.3 I 19,050, OGG

URBAN POPULATION. XXIX

Tho folloming ts~l~lu ~ h o m the nnmber of the ~ ~ r b a s l pol~rlllation, as above clefinoil, at each census, wi th the

consiclerable magnitucle, have municipal chwters. The entire pol)ula;tion of cyery city is mban :, couscpe11tly, the ]ill@ call be sharl~ly drawn. In several of the older states, liome~er, me find cle~lse boclies of popt~lation combinecl \~.itll outlying rnral settlements under one go~~ernment. This is the case in several of the tonrnshil>s in the llcigllborl~ooil of Chicago, Illinois, and around other centers in the prairie states, ancl in New Yo&, New J e r s o ~ , mlil peniisglvanis. It is i11 the New Englanil states, homcvcr, thnt \ire meet with the greatest ilifficullty, for here tile case above-meationecl is the rule and not tlie exception. In Jraclsaclll~setts a r;o.called C L town", mhicl~. is to all intents and pnzposes :I tomiiship, lilay comprise a pol?u~latio~l of 10,000 or 15,000, or even more, awl consist of one or llloro dense boilies of popnlation, mitll a scattering rnral popnlatioii also iuclucleil ulllder the town government. 111 :111 the New Englt~nd states but Oonnecticut a city is similnr to the so-ctllecl L( townv in to population, e9ccl)t tliat generally the proportion between nrbnn and rural population is greater slncl tlie form of gover.umenC sliglitly itiEerent, n mayor, board of al i leme~~, and cornmoil conilcil taking thc place of the boaril of selectmen. 111

c:lses of this kind cliscretion 11:~s beell exercised, aliclcl after what seemed a reasonable clecluction for the rum1 .lparts of the to-\vn or township, the relilaincler has been treated as city population. Again, a t several natuml centers there are, or in tlie past have been, gronps of cities, one of mhicli is commonly ~imcli larger than any other, perhaps tllall all the ot-hers, all of ~ ~ h i c h , ~rllile legally clistinct, mfght be regarded as constitutillg n true unit of resirle~lce :zilil of industry. Shall these be talien separately in our account or aggregated, in disregarcl of lncrely political di~isions8 It is nlore cliffic~~lt to clecide thir; question, in rmclertaking an historical review like ours, thmi if we were lualiillg np ml iude~pcitdent s t t teu~ei~t for a single l~eriocl, inasm~~ch t ~ s these relat'ioils freqnently change-two, three, or four cities nt one ccnsns appearing tengears Inter as one, the growth of city popn1:ltion climillishiag the nurnber of cities. Pliilndelpliia nil'ords the, no st strilring iristazlce of this cllaracter. Nor is it almays clear v h t ~ t is to be regarclecl as tlle w i t of rcsirlence and inclnstry. While it is generally true that the slnall cities ~~rhicli slwrounil a great one on7e their importance, anil wen existence, to it, and therefore that in anllexiiig then1 i t is sirnl~ly clailuing its own, there are instal~ces of cities being closely coterminous, ~ e t each having a clear raisott d'c"tre of its own; vhile in ikloro than onc case the limits of tho ~nodern city e~nbmce the sites of at least two distinct ceriters of population ailil trade. Tho qncstion is quite too largc to be discussed here. These points are menlioncil nierely to show that no plan of treatment is vithont its own clificulties. For sellera1 Teasous it has been tleoidccl to follow the record, ancl a t each census to count thnt as a distinct city vhich was so recoplizecl a t tho time. It mill need to Be boime in mi~icl, tliereforc, that mhila tlze deter~nination of new centers of resiileilce aliil iiidastry in tllc lu~caasing groxrth of population lins constantly tcncleil to increase the number of cities bllown to the census, there has been n movement, 1 . i ~ less considerable ancl very irregular, in the other direction, viz, to n rednctioii of the number of cities tl~rongh a~n~exation aud consoliilation. Thc fullonring table exhibits the nunlber of cities of 8,000 or more inhabitnuts at each census of the Uiiiteil States :

TABLE XI.-NUILIBER OF CITIES, CLASSIFTED ACCORDING: TO SIZE,

percentage of the total pol~ulation: TA~LE XIII.

Dnte.

1700 ..... 1800.. ... 1810.. ... 1830 ..... 1830.. ...

.... 1840. 1850 ..... 1860.. ... 1870 .....

.... 1BRO.

3, 920, 214 5,308,463 7,230,881 9,033,822

13,8GG, 020 17, COO, 45.3 23, IN, 870 31,443,321 38,658,371 !iO,lGS, 783

Popiilation of cities.

0, PO0 to

12, 000.

1 1

Inhnbitnnts of citica in e a c h 100 of t h o toLnl population.

12,000 ""000 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 7 " to to

20,000.. 40,000. 75, 0 ~ 0 . Totnl.

0 a

to 125, 000.

3 ..........

11 1 3 20 44 82

141 226 280 -

0 0 O l 2 5 , W G t o

200,000.

2 2 1 3 3 2 8 D

- - l,UOfJ,OOO

nnd nhoro.

260,000 t o

GOO, 000. ---------

..................................................

................................................. :

2 1 1 3 5 3 7 --

.................... .......... .......... ..........

1

600,000 to

1, OOU, 000.

........................................ I

1 1 1 6 4

-

1 a 3 a 3

10 14 23 30 55

3 12 17 3G G2 92

110 -

.......................................

.............................

1 2 2

'3

1 2

......... 2 1 1 7

1 8 1 4 21

7 11 20 34 G3 70

XXX INTRODUCTION-DISCUSSION OF THE POPULATION.

Bpealring roundly, i t may be said that in 1780 one-thirtieth of the population was found in cities of more than 8,000 l,opolation ; in 1800, one twenty-fifth ; in 1810, and also in 1820, one-twentieth ; in 1830, one-sixteenth; in 1840, one-tselfth; in 1850, one.eighth; in 1860, one-sixth j in 1870, more than om-fifth; alld in 1880, half a a y b e t ~ e e l l one-fifth and one-quarter. One thing needs to be said in explanation of the relation of the tsbles sbove to the

- maps sllowing density of population ; that is, that the pop~llations pf two or more cities situatecl dose to each other hare often been combined, and the aggregate thus obtained will be found represented on the maps by a circle of proportionate size. The scale of tho maps has made i t necessary to do this, insteacl of representing uach city - -

separately. The following table show^, by states and territories, and more exhaustively than the greoeding tables, tho

mban population of the country. In this table all dense bodies of settlement do~vn to a limit of 4,000 are rcgarde> as urban pop~~lation.

Under this definition it mill be seen that nearly 13,000,000 of the population, or more than one-fourth, lllay be classified a's urba;n.

TABLE XIY.

THE CENTER O F POPULATION. XXXL

THE CENTBE OF POPULATION.

The center of population, as clefinecl in the fltutisticcc7; Atlas of 1574, is the point a t which cpilibri~um would be reached were the coui~t~ry taken as a plano surface, itself mit1~oa.t iveight, but cap:~ble of snst:~ining weight, and loaclecl with its inhabitants, in number and position as they arc founcl a t the periocl under consideration, each individual being sssnmed to be of the same g r a ~ i t y as every other, a i d couscquently to exert pressure on the pivotal point directly proportionecl to his distance therefrom." In brief, then, it is tho center of gravity of tllc population of the country.

TEE C E N T E B O F P O P U L A T I O N I N 1880.

The positioll of .the Old Observatory, Mount Aclams, Uincinnati, is : Latitizde, 390 06' 26,ti1'; longitude, 840 201 45".

The center of population for 1880 is, therefore, 2.G miles south of this observatory and S.9 miles west of it. That is, it is 0.3 illilCis west by south from the observkl;tory, or S lniles west by ~011th from the heart of tho city of Cincillnati. This places i t in Rcntncky, one mile from the south bank of the Ohio. river, and onc ancl a half 11lile so~ut~heast of the village of Taylorsville.

METHOD OF DETERXINATION.

A poiizt wns first ass~uned as nearly as possible to the trne position of the centcr. Throng11 this point a, 1~arallel and a mcricliau were clrawn. In this case the center mas assumed :tt the intersection of the parallel of 300 with the meridinn of 840 301, which lines were taken as the axes of moments.

A north or south molllent is the product of tho pol~nlatiou by its distance from tlze assuinecl pa~allel; an east or a 11~est momelzt is the ~worl~zct of tllc population by i ts clistance fiom the ass~uuecl mei4iclian. I n the first case tllo distallces vere mensurecl in minutes of arc; in the second case it was necessary to use miles, 011 account of tho tznecyual length of the clcgrecs ancl millutes in clifferent latitzxcles. The population of the country was then gronlwcl by Rquaro degrees, i. c., by areas included betmen consec~~t i~ .e parallels auil mericliaizs, as they are oollr.enicnt m ~ i t s wit11 which to ~ o s k . The popnlation of 100 of the principal cities mas then clcductecl from t l~n t of their square degroes and treated separately. Then the population of each square degree ~vas assumecl to be at its geographical center, except in cases wrhcre this was ~uallifestly an incorrect assuml~tion, In these cases its position was estimatec2 as llearly as l)ossible. The population of each square (legroe, and of each city north and south of the assnlne(l parallel, TYRS mnltil)liecl by its clistance from that ljarallel, and the sum of the north ancl of the south mo~nents madc np. Thcir cliilcrence, cli~idcil by tho total pol>ulation of tlle countrjr, gave a correction to the latitude, illo sign of the ~orrect~ioll Being positive if north, negative if south. In a similar uanner the east and the west moments

xXXII INTRODUCTION-DIS(IUSSI0N OF THE POPULATION. i

were maclc up, ai~c1 from them the correction in longitucle was made. The following is a summery of the 9'

comp~ztakions. The last two figures, tlrose of tens and units, are onlittecl t h r o ~ ~ g h o ~ ~ t . $ 4

I. TO FIND T E E LATITUDE O F TIIE CENTER. 11 11. TO l I N D TIlE LONGITUDE 01 TIIE CENTER.

............................. North mornouts of cities .............................. East m o m c ~ ~ t s of cities 29,377,483 6

North moments of S ~ U I ~ P O degrees .................... East moments of square clegrees ..................... 67,0'20, sG8 ----

........................... Total north mo~no~its - - 45,973, GR8 ) o s o ........................... 96,398,051 -- I --- -- %

.............................. Soilth n~omonts of cities 2,848,335 .................... South lnoments of sqoaro degrees 41,051,163 --

........................... T o t d south ~nomcnts 43,899,498 -- -- 45,973,688 43,899,498 ---

....................... Excess of no~tl..~ll monlcnts 2,074,190 -- ---

Wcst moments of cities ............................. 11,431,712 West moments of square degrccs .................... 80,308, 520

Total w e ~ t moments.. ......................... 100,740,282 -- --- 100,740,232 96,308,061 ---

Excess of west moments ....................... 4,342,181

The above is, essel~tia,lly, the method heretofore pnrsned for cletermilling the center of population; ancl, for plirposes of comparison, i t has been eml)loycil here.

As, however, we are clealing, not r i t h a plane, but with a spherical surface, the above rnethocl is not strictly correct. The error is in nssnming a parallel of lntitucle as one of the ases throngh the assnn~ecl ce~~ter. To be strictly correct,) both ases should be great circles through tho point at right angles to one another, mhile the moments should be measurecl on arcs of grcat circles por~~enc1iczzl:~r to these axes. A computation basecl upon this method vonld throv the center of population some clistance north of the position as giren abol-e, but woulcl not materialIy alter its position ill longit~~cle.

The center of popnlation a t 1870, as a t the time of the ccnsna preceding, was compute(l by a methotl differing in some details from that above slictched. For this purpose tl point was assumed entirely outside of'thc country, ancl correction made therefrom to the true center. Insteacl of the square degree, the connty was taken as a wit, ancl the lever arm of the population of thc couuty was talccn as the distauce from the geographical center of tlle county to the axes of moments. The labor invol~ecl in this nlethod was much greater than that in the l3rese11t . method, inasmnch as many more units mere nseil, and as the length of the lever arm cliffereil in every case.

A t 1790 no find the center of popnlatior~ a t 390 Ili.5' aortll Iatitnile ~ n c l 760 11.2/ west lougitnde, which a eo~nl~arison of the best imps n~~ilnd)le would see111 to plnae about 23 uiles east of Caltirnore. Dnring the decade qf 1700 to 1800 i t allpears to ham moved ~~rnosti due west to a point %bout 18 miles west of the same city, being i l l

lntitnrle 390 16.1' and longitude 5GO 56.5'. Pr01u 1800 to IS10 it ~uovccln~est~rarcl and slightly sonthmarcl to B point abo~rt 40 miles aorthwest by west from washing to^^, being in lntit~zde 390 11.5' ancl longitude 770 37.2'. Tho so~~tl~waril ~no~ement clruing this clecaile appears to have been clue to the amexation of the territory of Louisiana, which co~ltaiued quite extensive settlements.

Prom 1810 to 1620 it morecl westward, ancl agaiil sligl~tlg sonthmard, to a point about 1 G miles north of Woodstoclr, Virginin, being in l a t i t ~ ~ d e 300 5.7' au(1 longitude 780 33'. This second soothward movement appears to haye beell clue to the estensioll of set4tlement in Mississippi autl Alabama, ancl in eastern Georgia,.

" From 1620 to 1830 it moved still westvmd ancl sonthmarcl to a point abont 10 n~iles southvest of Mooreficlcl, in the grsseut state of T e s t Virginia, being latitndo 360 57.9' and longitacle 790 lf5.9'. This is the most cleeicled souChwar~1 lnore~nellt that it has made cl~lring any clecacle. This appears to have been clue in part to the addition of Florida to onr territory, allcl in part to the great extension of settlements in Lonisiana, Mississippi, and Arkmaas, or gcnerallg, it inag be said, in the southwest.

Froln 1530 to 1640 i t moved still farther westwarcl, but slightly changecl its direction northvarcl) reaching a point 16 miles sourth of Clarksburg, TTTest Virginin, being in latitadc 390 2/ ancl longitncle 800 18/.

Dniing this decade settlement hacl made clecided ~clranccs in the prairie states ancl in the southern portions of JIichigan and Wisconsin, the balance of increasecl settlement e-ridently being in favor of the northwest.

Born 1840 to 1850 i t moved mestmarcl, and sligl~tly southward again, reaching a poiut abont 23 miles sou~theast of Parliersbnrg, West Virginia, Intitncle 380 59' nn(l longi t mile 810 19/, the change of direction sonlhward being {trgely (lno to the annexation of Texns.

Divided by tot i l pol~ult~tion of the Uuitcd Stnttrs7501,55R. I<esnlt= correction to bo applied to the latitndu of tllo assumed

eo~ltel', = +4'-+&=+4' 08'l. L~tituile of center, 3 9 O 01' 08".

Diviilecl by total population of the United States in hundreds= 501,558,

Result;-- co~~ec t ion i o be applied to longitude of ass~~mcd oou tor, =+ 8.66 miles = (for latitude 39O 01') = + 0.161° = + O0 01)' 401'.

Longitude of center, 8 4 O 39' 401'.

TIIE CENTER O F POPULATION. XXX'II I . .

From 1850 to 18GO it luo'ired west, ancl slightly northward, rcaclring a point 20 lniles south of Chillicolhe, Ollie, this beiug iu Iatitucle 390 0.4/, longit[zde 820 4S.S'.

From 1860 to 1870 it movcd westward and shwply northward, reaching a point about 48 miles east by nortli of Cincinnati. This northmarcl inovenlent is due in part to the waste and destruction in the south co~isequent upoll the civil war, arid in part, probably, to the fact; that tho census of 1870 mas defectire in i ts enumert~tiou of tho southern people, especially of the newly enfranchised colorecl population. I n its present position, the center of population has returned southward nearly to the latitude which it hacl in 1860. This southmztrd moveme~lt is, how6ver, dlze only in part to the fact of an imperfect enlulleration at the so~zth in 1870. The sonkllern 8tsteS have made a Iai,ge positive increase during the, decade, both from the natural growth of the existing pop~~lntiorl rbnd from iinmigrstion in tlie southwest:

The closeness with wllioh tho center of population, through such rapid w e s t ~ ~ a r d ~norolneut as ha~j boon recordecl, has clung to &he parallel of 390 of latit~zcle cannot fail to be noticed. The most northern point reached was at the start in 1790; the most southern 11oint mns in 1830, the preceding decacle having mitnessecl a mpicl development of population in the soatllwcst-Alabania, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana having bee11 aclmitted as states, ancl Ploriila annexed and organized as a, territory. The extreme variation h latitnrlu lias bee11 less than 19 minutes, while the liinety years of record have accorul~lidiecl a movenlellt of longitude of nearly S& degrees. Assuming tho 'i~e~tnrarcl mo'i-enleu t to b w e been ~ulifornily dong the paraIIel of 300 Itititucle, tho mestmarcl. lnovement of the several decades has been 11s follows: 1790-1800, 41 miles; 1800-1810, 3G miles; 1810-1820, GO ~niles ; 1820-1830, 39 miles ; 1830-1840, 56 miles ; 1840-1850, 55 miles ; 1SCi0-1860, 81 miles ; 1860-1870, 4Y miles, and 1870-1SSO,58 miles-a total westmarcl movement of 457 miles. The sudden acceleratiozi of movor~leiit betircel; 1850 ntid 1860 was clue to a transfer of a considerable l~ody of population from the Atlantic to tho Pacific coast, t~va11-a inclividaals in San Francisco exerting a s much pressure a t the then pivotal point, vlz, the crossilag of the S3il meridian aucl the 30th parallel, as forty individuals a t Eosto~.

The followiving table, wit11 the i~ccompai~giug nlal), sllows the movement of tho cei~tcr of of)op~llation si~ico l'i!)O ;

T ~ L I G XV.-POSITION O P TI-IE CENTER OF POPULATION.

/ Dnta I N.IntiLvlh 1 w. longitu(10. 1 App1'0ximeto lorntioil by in~portnnt towns. Wcstmard movo.

mrnt during 11'4'- cotling (lccnik!,

- -- .. - - 0 I

30 10. 5 30 16.1 30 11.5 30 5.7 3R 57. 0 30 02. 0 38 5Q. 0 30 0 . 4 a0 12, 0 30 4 . 1

- -- - - --- - - I _ - -_ _._

O 1 I iliilea.

41 30 50 39 56 55 8 1

.................................................. 76 11.2 23 nlilcs c,wt of Beltimoro, Mt~~ylnnd 76 50.5 1R mi lo^ west of Unltinior~, Mnrylnnd .............................. 77 37.2 78 33.0 70 10 0 80 18.0 81 10.0 82 48.8

40 milcs nort11mi.st by wcwL nE Wrlsl~ington, Distr3ict of ColumbL.. . 16 lnilps north of Vnoiletocli, virgin it^. .......... .... ...... .... .. 19 lriilc~ wost-.uoutl~~ust of Bfoarufldd, T o s t Virginia .............. 10 milus south of Clnrkuhlrt'g, TVORL Viqinis . . ......................

................. 23 mileu southoicst of P~rkrraburg, JTrout Vilsgini8.. 20 lliilos 8011th of Ghillicot110, Ohio, ..................-.............

83 35.7 84 39.7

.......................... 48 milos onst by norL11 of Cinoinnzti, Olrio. 4%

......................... 8miloa most by soutll of Cinoinnnti, Ohio I---- 6R ..................................................... Total.. 4M