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Oh No, Not PowerPoint! By PowerPoint_bot73738

Table of Contents •  Typos

•  Punctuation

•  Citation

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Typos •  Typos = misspelling something, right?

•  Wrong! It’s not that simple.

Error: True Misspelling •  Yeah, sometimes we just flub up and

misspell something.

•  “MRIs Show Adolesent-Adult Differences in Reward Anticipation”

•  Check the source!

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Solution: True Misspelling •  Spellcheck: Yes! •  Grammar Check: No! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Transposition •  Typing is not simple. It’s easy to mix

letters up.

•  “At the time in which the yearbook was supposed to come out, we wree already thinking that we would like to publish more of our work through the Internet…”

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Solution: Transposition •  Spellcheck: Maybe! •  Grammar Check: Maybe! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Homonymy •  English has too many words that sound

alike!

•  “Now tell me, gentlemen, if you have ever considered it, how much fewer are those who have been rewarded by war then those who have perished in it?”

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Solution: Homonymy •  Spellcheck: No! •  Grammar Check: Yes! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Unnecessary Morphology

•  Our brain is faster than our fingers.

•  “I will accepted Disquisitions over e-mail any time…”

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Solution: Unnecessary Morphology

•  Spellcheck: No! •  Grammar Check: Maybe! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Missing Morphology •  As I said, our brain is faster than our

fingers.

•  “Mora rolled a ball he thought was foul off or behind the plate, but it went fair and Sexson got it and stepped on first.”

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Solution: Missing Morphology

•  Spellcheck: No! •  Grammar Check: Maybe! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Missing Words •  Our brain is way faster than our fingers.

•  “He wanted find a use for the wood left over after the car was assembled.”

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Solution: Missing Words •  Spellcheck: No! •  Grammar Check: Maybe! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Error: Phonological Misinterpretation

•  ATTENTION: The English spelling system is broken.

•  “The way I see it, I have two auctions: one, I can stay here; two, I…”

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Solution: Phonological Misinterpretation

•  Spellcheck: No! •  Grammar Check: No! •  Proofread: Maybe! •  Outside Reader: Probably!

Is There a Moral…? •  Professors often demonize typos. But

are they your fault?

•  No!

•  Aside from misspelling, every other typo has to to do with typing efficiency and motor control.

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What’s to Be Done? •  Typos happen to everyone all the time.

•  The best we can do is help each other out.

Table of Contents •  Typos

•  Punctuation

•  Citation

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What Is Punctuation? •  ifyoutypeenglishlikethisyourelosingsome

thingveryimportantwhatisitwellnooneactuallyspeaksthewaythisistyped

•  Writing is an attempt to transcribe speech. Letters get the words okay, but punctuation tells you the intonation.

Important Point •  Two types of rules: mandatory and

observational.

•  “Grammarians” think punctuation is a set of mandatory rules. It is not: it’s a set of observational rules.

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End Punctuation •  Periods, question marks and

exclamation points tell you something about the global intonation of the sentence.

•  Think about how a sentence sounds to figure out what ending punctuation to use.

Three Sentences •  I hate spiders.

•  I hate spiders?

•  I hate spiders!

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The Controversial Comma •  There is no place where there has to be a

comma in prose. (Addresses, yes; prose, no.)

•  Comma = pause in speech; not the end.

•  Common places: before conjunctions, surrounding preposition phrases, after objects, etc.

Semi-colons?! •  There is no trick; using these is rather

difficult. Here are some tips:

1.  Two clauses are connected thematically. 2.  Two clauses can’t stand on their own as

separate sentences. 3.  Lists whose members are long.

•  Practice!

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Colons •  That which follows a colon is either a

list, or something you’ve set up.

•  I want you to do three things: first, clean your room; second, take out the trash; and third, destroy the sun.

Colons Continued! •  Finally, after a long day of sitting

through boring lectures and PowerPoint presentations, I could do the one thing I’d been looking forward to all day: relax.

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The Dash! •  Any time speech is cut off–for any

reason you can think of–you use a dash.

•  Note: Dash = –, — or --. Hyphen = -.

Parentheses •  For something (and by “something”, I

mean “text”) that you don’t want to be a part of the main clause.

•  Note: Parentheses alternate: ( [ ( ) ] ).

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Ellipses •  Any time you want to kind of…trail off…

•  Can be used for effect, e.g., “I wonder if Johnson ever considered what would happen to his precious stapler if he decided to step out of the office for a few days…”

Quote Marks •  First, to quote stuff.

•  Second, to indicate that a word is being used: He said “like” like twenty times!

•  Like Parentheses: “…‘…“…”…’…”

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Hyphens •  For a word break across a line

boundary.

•  Compound words: Don’t tell my brother, though, ‘cause he always tells Mom. He’s the worst teller-on-er I know!

Apostrophes •  Three main uses:

1.  Slang: Wha’cha gonna’ do. 2.  Contractions: I couldn’t’ve’d seen her! 3.  The hapless English genitive.

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The Hapless English Genitive

•  Here they are: •  X’s Y: the boy’s cake •  Xs’ Ys: the girls’ cakes •  Xs’s Y: Cass’s cake •  Xs’(s) Y: Indiana Jones’(s) cake •  Xses’ Ys: The Joneses’ cakes

Italics! •  Italics are used to indicate emphasis

(usually in speech). In formal writing, only use italics for emphasis, not bold or underlining.

•  Italics can also be used for the title of a long work (novel, play, etc.), as opposed to underlining.

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Bold? Underlining? •  Bold is not to be used in academic

prose: Italicize or underline.

•  Underline long works, or italicize them. Never use underlining for emphasis.

What about on the web? •  Generally: Only use italics. Bold

doesn’t show up clearly; underlining is reserved for links.

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The Most Important Rule of All

•  Listen to how your sentence sounds!

•  Once you know how your sentence is supposed to be spoken, just refer to the various punctuation marks and write it so it sounds that way. That’s all.

Table of Contents •  Typos

•  Punctuation

•  Citation

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Rationale 1 (Formal) •  No individual has all the answers.

•  We need to refer to stuff.

•  Citation: Telling your reader what you read; where you got your ideas.

Rationale 2 (Informal) •  Screenshot or it didn’t happen.

•  You write, “Clearly, it’s more environmentally sound for Southern Californians to get their water from up north.”

•  Says who?! You? Who are you?!

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When to Cite Stuff •  Direct quotes. •  Terminology. •  Paraphrases. •  Ideas. •  Summaries of any of the above. •  “For further information…”.

Direct Quotes •  Use sparingly. We’re reading your

paper because we want to hear what you have to say—not someone else!

•  Better add something!

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Terminology •  If it’s a term the author invented, or one

you don’t agree with (“scare quotes”).

•  Example: “Gene Ray claims he has ‘SuperNatural’ wisdom.”

Paraphrases •  Some go so far as to claim that they are

the only ones alive who know the truth (Ray).

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Others’ Ideas •  Some claim that each day on Earth

actually comprises four days at once, rather than a single day (Ray).

Summaries •  On the other hand, there are sites on

the internet that claim that the entire history of the universe, as presented by the education system, is wrong, and that only the site’s author possesses the real truth (Ray).

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Cf. •  There are those who have been vocal in

their disapproval of traditional education (cf. Ray).

When to Use a Citation •  Foreground: With a novel or other work,

it should be clear what you’re talking about.

•  State the author and the text early, refer to and quote them often.

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When to Use a Ci2tion •  Background: When you’re making an

argument, refer to other texts; don’t talk about them.

•  Quotes and direct references are used less often than simple citations after paraphrases or summaries.

Form of a Citation •  What you need: (1) Author name;

(2) page number.

•  No page #? Oh well; leave it out.

•  No author? Use editor. No editor? Use title. No title? Use something.

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Form of a Citation •  “I love ice cream” (Peterson 23).

•  Hawaiian is an Austronesian language (Ball).

•  AAA is an American auto insurance provider (www.aaa.com).

Works Cited: Why? •  A citation without a corresponding

bibliographic entry is like an internet link to a broken page.

•  If you cite, it has to refer to a bibliographic entry. No exceptions.

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Goal •  Allow your reader to find the text you

read.

•  What you’ll need: Author, title, publisher, city of publisher, year published. Sometimes: page numbers, editor, name of journal, url.

THIS IS NOT A TEST!!! •  Refer to the book (Chapter 32 [or 34 in

the 8th edition]); it tells you how to create a works cited page.

•  Don’t know how? Ask me. Please.

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Your Work May Be Done For You

•  Articles cite other articles. Go to scholar.google.com and see if the article you need to cite has been cited. If it has, copy and paste.

•  Note differences between APA and MLA. We use MLA.

An MLA Citation Rodriguez, Richard. “Public and Private

Lannguage.” The Bedford Guide for College Writers with Reader, Research Manual and Handbook. 7th ed. X.J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, Marsha F. Muth, and Sylvia A. Holladay. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005.

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Remember •  First author/editor on first line: Last,

First M. All others: First M. Last. •  Check the punctuation. •  Underline or italicize book titles; put

stories, articles and songs in quotes. •  Don’t indent first line; indent every other

line.

For an Online Source? Ray, Gene. “Time Cube.” 2005. 15 Sep.

2008 <http://www.timecube.com/>.

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Works Cited Page •  Simple: (1) Works Cited (underlined) at

the top, centered; (2) the works you cited in alphabetical order by first word of entry (no space between entries).

•  That’s it! No numbers; no bullets.

Questions? •  First, try it, then ask.

•  Remember: It’s not a quiz. Do it till it’s right.

•  Save your references so you don’t have to write them twice!

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IT’S OVER •  Yay!