OIL AND FAT OIL AND FAT TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

LECTURES LECTURES I I

(Classification of Oil-Bearing Materials)(Classification of Oil-Bearing Materials)

Prof.Dr.Aytaç SAYGIN GÜMÜŞKESENProf.Dr.Aytaç SAYGIN GÜMÜŞKESEN

Yrd.Doç.Dr.Fahri YEMİŞÇİOĞLUYrd.Doç.Dr.Fahri YEMİŞÇİOĞLU

FAYDALI LİNKLERFAYDALI LİNKLER

http://www.bysd.org.tr/http://www.zae.gov.tr/http://www.eurofedlipid.org/http://www.aocs.org/http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/http://www.kkgm.gov.trhttp://www.tagem.gov.trhttp://www.rapanelli.ithttp://www.alfalaval.comhttp://www.lurgi.comhttp://www.desmetgroup.comhttp://www.polatmakina.com.trhttp://www.engelhard.comhttp://www.sud-chemie.com

KAYNAKLAR

Bernardini, E. (1973). Oil and Fat Technology. II.Revised edition. Publishing House “Technology” s.r.l., Rome, 763 s.

Brennar, J.G., Butters, J.R., Cowell, N.D., Lilly, A.E.X. (1976). Food Engineering Operations. 2nd edition. Applied Science Publishers Ltd. 700 s.

Hoffmann, G. (1989) . The chemistry and Technology of Edible Oils and Fats and Their Fat Products. Academic Press, USA, 384 s.

Keskin, H. (1981). Besin Kimyası. Fatih Yayınevi Matbaası, Istanbul, 656 s.

Patterson, H.B.W. (1983). Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils. Applied Science Publishers, Ireland, 310 s.

Patterson, H.B.W. (1989). Handling and Storage of Oilseeds, oils, fats and meal. Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, 394 s.

Swern, D. (1982). Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Vol.1,2,3. John Wiley & Sons, Canada, 841 s., 603 s., 353 s.

Wan, P.J. (1991). Introduction to Fats and Oils technology. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, USA.

Raw materialsRaw materials

Oil bearing materials used as raw

materials in fats and oils manufacturing

may be of either plant (seed or fruit) or animal (land or marine animal) origin.

Plants used to produce edible Plants used to produce edible products:products:

Soybean, cottonseed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, corn germ, peanut, olive, rice bran, rapeseed,canola, coconut, palm fruit, and carob.

Plant sources for ind. oils:Flax (linseed), castor bean, tung nut, and jojoba seed.

Animal sources and animal fat products:

Cattle, sheep, pigs, fishButter, lard, tallow, whale oil and fish oil.

In TURKEYIn TURKEY

Main raw materials used for oil manufacturing process are:

cottonseed sunflower seed

rapeseed (canola) olive

SUNFLOWER SEEDSUNFLOWER SEED

Healthy, natural sunflower oil is produced from oil type sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is light in taste and appearance and supplies more Vitamin E than any other vegetable oil. It is a combination of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats with low saturated fat levels.

There are three types of sunflower oil available; mid-oleic,, linoleic and high oleic sunflower oil. All are developed with standard breeding techniques. They differ in oleic levels and each one offers unique properties.

Mid-oleic sunflower oilMid-oleic sunflower oil

It is lower in saturated fat (less than It is lower in saturated fat (less than 10%) than linoleic sunflower oil and 10%) than linoleic sunflower oil and has higher oleic levels (55-75%) with has higher oleic levels (55-75%) with the remainder being linoleic (15-the remainder being linoleic (15-35%).35%).

Linoleic sunflower oilLinoleic sunflower oil

Linoleic sunflower oil is the original sunflower oil and until recently Linoleic sunflower oil is the original sunflower oil and until recently has been the most common type of sunflower oil. has been the most common type of sunflower oil.

It is a polyunsaturated oil with low saturated fat levels. It is a polyunsaturated oil with low saturated fat levels. This This type of sunflower oil is predominantly type of sunflower oil is predominantly (65%) polyunsaturated.(65%) polyunsaturated. The type of polyunsaturated oil it contains is linoleic acid (an The type of polyunsaturated oil it contains is linoleic acid (an omega-6 acid) and is one of two essential fatty acids. Our bodies omega-6 acid) and is one of two essential fatty acids. Our bodies need this essential nutrient but can’t make it. It must be supplied by need this essential nutrient but can’t make it. It must be supplied by food sources. food sources.

The balance of this sunflower oil is The balance of this sunflower oil is monounsaturated fats (oleic) monounsaturated fats (oleic) at 21% and a low saturated fat level of 11%. at 21% and a low saturated fat level of 11%.

Linoleic sunflower oil is available as a Linoleic sunflower oil is available as a liquid salad oil and is used liquid salad oil and is used in margarine and shortening applications.in margarine and shortening applications. Because of the Because of the high levels of polyunsaturated fats in linoleic sunflower oil, the oil is high levels of polyunsaturated fats in linoleic sunflower oil, the oil is susceptible to oxidation during commercial usage, especially frying. susceptible to oxidation during commercial usage, especially frying. Like other highly polyunsaturated oils, such as soybean and canola, Like other highly polyunsaturated oils, such as soybean and canola, it can be hydrogenated to a more stable form.it can be hydrogenated to a more stable form.

High oleic sunflower oilHigh oleic sunflower oil

High oleic sunflower oil is very high in oleic (monounsaturated) acid. High oleic sunflower oil is usually defined as having a minimum 80 percent oleic acid.

The oil provides excellent stability without hydrogenation. High oleic sunflower oil offers a trans free oil solution for customers. The oil has many uses including bakery applications, spray coating oils for cereal, crackers and dried fruit; it is used in non-dairy creamers, many types of frying and other uses.

COTTONSEEDCOTTONSEED

Like the name suggests, cottonseed oil is extracted from cottonseed. Cottonseed is mainly an unsaturated oil, as 70% of this oil is unsaturated (18% monounsaturated (oleic acid), and 52% polyunsaturated (from linoleic acid).

Cottonseed oil is often preferred over many other oils that would have to be hydrogenated (like soybean oil).

SOYBEANSOYBEAN

The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean (UK) (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia.

The oil and protein content together account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ.

Types of Sunflower Oil and Their Types of Sunflower Oil and Their Fatty Acid ProfilesFatty Acid Profiles

C 18:1 C 18:2 C 18:0C 18:1 C 18:2 C 18:0

Linoleic Linoleic 20% 69% 11% 20% 69% 11%

High-oleicHigh-oleic 82% 9% 9% 82% 9% 9%

Mid-oleic Mid-oleic 65% 26% 9% 65% 26% 9%

Soybean compositionSoybean composition

Protein 40 %

Oil (dry basis) 20 %

Cellulose and hemicellulose 17 %

Sugars 7 %

Crude fiber 5 %

Ash (dry basis) 6 %

RAPESEEDRAPESEEDTraditionally, rapeseed is used for birdseed or industrial

purposes.Industrial varieties of rapeseed contain about 55 percent erucic

acid and are used to make lubricants and diesel fuel substitutes and to manufacturer plastics.These varieties have high levels of toxic glycosinolates along with high erucic-acid levels, which renders the processed meal unsuitable for human or livestock consumption.

New varieties of rapeseed, developed in Canada and Europe, are low in erucic acid and glycosinolates. These varieties are the so-called “double low” types and sometimes are marketed as Canola. The extracted oil is used as an edible vegetable oil. Domestic markets are expected to increase because previousrestrictions are being relaxed.

CORN GERMCORN GERM

Corn oil is Corn oil is oiloil extracted from the extracted from the germgerm of corn ( of corn (maizemaize). Its main use ). Its main use is in cooking, where its high is in cooking, where its high smokesmoke pointpoint makes it a valuable makes it a valuable fryingfrying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarinesmargarines. .

One One bushelbushel of corn contains 3% of oil. Corn of corn contains 3% of oil. Corn agronomistsagronomists have have developed high-oil varieties, however, these varieties tend to developed high-oil varieties, however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers. Refined corn oil is 99% growers. Refined corn oil is 99% triglyceridetriglyceride, with proportions of , with proportions of approximately 59% polyunsaturated approximately 59% polyunsaturated fattyfatty acidacid, 24% , 24% monounsaturated fatty acid, and 13% saturated fatty acid.monounsaturated fatty acid, and 13% saturated fatty acid.

Corn oil is also one source of Corn oil is also one source of biodieselbiodiesel. Other industrial uses for . Other industrial uses for corn oil include corn oil include soapsoap, , paintpaint, , rustproofingrustproofing for metal surfaces, for metal surfaces, inksinks, , textilestextiles, and , and insecticidesinsecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug . It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in molecules in pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical preparations. preparations.

HAZELNUTHAZELNUT

Hazelnuts are rich in Hazelnuts are rich in proteinprotein and and unsaturatedunsaturated fatfat. Moreover, they contain significant . Moreover, they contain significant amounts of amounts of thiaminethiamine and and vitamin B6vitamin B6, as well , as well as smaller amounts of other B vitamins.as smaller amounts of other B vitamins.

Hazelnut Hazelnut oiloil, pressed from hazelnuts, is , pressed from hazelnuts, is

strongly flavoured and used as a strongly flavoured and used as a cookingcooking oil. oil.

In the fatty acid composition of In the fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil, there is around 71-91% of hazelnut oil, there is around 71-91% of oleic acid. oleic acid.

Hazelnut oil also contains linoleic acid Hazelnut oil also contains linoleic acid at a rate of around 2-21%. at a rate of around 2-21%.

Hazelnut oil is rich in calcium and Hazelnut oil is rich in calcium and vitamin E. vitamin E.

OLIVESOLIVES

The The OliveOlive ( (Olea europaeaOlea europaea) is a ) is a speciesspecies of small of small treetree in the in the familyfamily OleaceaeOleaceae, , native to coastal areas of the eastern native to coastal areas of the eastern MediterraneanMediterranean region, from region, from SyriaSyria and the and the maritime parts of maritime parts of AsiaAsia MinorMinor and northern and northern IranIran at the south end of the at the south end of the CaspianCaspian SeaSea. . Its fruit, the Its fruit, the oliveolive, is of major agricultural , is of major agricultural importance in the importance in the MediterraneanMediterranean region region as the source of as the source of oliveolive oiloil..

1-2% Epicarp1-2% Epicarp

63-86% Mesocarp63-86% Mesocarp (pulp)(pulp)

%10-30 Endocarp (stone)%10-30 Endocarp (stone)%2-6 Kernel%2-6 Kernel

PALM FRUITSPALM FRUITS

Palm fruit Palm kernel Palm fruit Palm kernel

Palm pulp

Palm oil is a form of edible Palm oil is a form of edible vegetablevegetable oiloil obtained from the obtained from the fruitfruit of the of the oiloil palmpalm tree. tree.

The palm fruit is the source of both palm oil (extracted The palm fruit is the source of both palm oil (extracted from palm fruit) and palm kernel oil (extracted from the from palm fruit) and palm kernel oil (extracted from the fruit seeds). Palm oil itself is reddish because it fruit seeds). Palm oil itself is reddish because it contains a high amount of contains a high amount of beta-beta-carotenecarotene. It is used as . It is used as cookingcooking oiloil, to make , to make margarinemargarine and is a component of and is a component of many processed foods. Boiling it for a few minutes many processed foods. Boiling it for a few minutes destroys the destroys the carotenoidscarotenoids and the oil becomes and the oil becomes colourless. Palm oil is one of the few vegetable oils colourless. Palm oil is one of the few vegetable oils relatively high in relatively high in saturatedsaturated fatsfats (such as (such as coconutcoconut oiloil) and ) and thus semi-solid at room temperature.thus semi-solid at room temperature.

It is also an important component of many It is also an important component of many soapssoaps, washing , washing powders and personal care products, and has powders and personal care products, and has controversially found a new use as a feedstock for controversially found a new use as a feedstock for biofuelbiofuel..

Fatty acids compositionFatty acids composition Palm oil Palm kernel oil

C8 3

C10 6

C12 50

C14 1 16

C16 50 6

C18 3 1

C18:1 40 17

C18:2 6 1

Palm oil is rich in carotenoids and its deep red color. The major component of its glycerides is the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid.

Oleic acid content of vegetable oil

OilOil Oleic acid (%)Oleic acid (%)

Sunflower 14-39

Soybean 17-26

Sesam 35-42

Coconut 5-8

Cottonseed 14-21

Corn germ 20-42

Olive 65-85

Whole seed

Oil Extraction

Oil Meal (Crude protein 48 %)