Oil Sludge and Tapioca Addition in Production of Jatropha Biopellet

8/14/2019 Oil Sludge and Tapioca Addition in Production of Jatropha Biopellet

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Oil Sludge and Tapioca Addition

in Production of Jatropha Biopellet

DWI SETYANINGSIH

Kampus IPB Baranang Siang, Jl. Pajajaran No. 1 Bogor,Phone. (0251) 330 970, Fax. (0251) 330 977,

E-mail : [email protected]

Surfactan and Bioenergy Research Center



Background

Oil crisis gives opportunity for

allternative fuels

Market starts with medium scale

boillers (0.5 to 5 MW), domestic

heating and district heating

Status of BioPellet Industry in U.S.• Approx. 800,000 homes heated(primary or back‐up) with biopellet fuel;approximate annual growth 10%• Represents 1/6th of 1% ofresidential heating market in U.S.• Total consumption approaching 2million TPY (EU 10 million TPY)

Mitsubishi Corp., a majorJapanese trading company,

will manufacture and distribute woodpellets for co-firing with coal in coal-fired boilers. The annual capacity of25,000 tons, the largest in Japan.



Biopellets : a solid fuel made of usually discarded biomass

resources. These feedstocks are broken into fragments, dried,compressed, and then formed into cylindrical pellets measuring 6–

8 millimeters in diameter and 20–30 millimeters in length.

Biopellets have : higher energy density,

grindability,

easier to handle,

local economic benefit

reduces CO2 emissions

Difficulties : pellet delivery

Background

Gambar 5 Biopellets bungkil jarak

pagar



Biopellet standard quality



Background• From jatropha oil production, jatropha seedcake and oil sludge can be

utilized in producing biomass solid fuel (biopellet)• Because of the lack of lignin in the biomass, expensive additives such as

starch may be required to bind the biomass in producing biomass pellets

• However, addition of tapioca as cheaper-binder will decrease gross

energy of biopellets

• Jatropha oil sludge can be added to increase the gross energy

Jatropha curcas seed

Jatropha seedcake

Filtration

biomass solid

fuel

Industry

Biopellets

Crude Jatropha oil

Sludge

Filtered Oil



Objective

The aims of this study is to know the characteristicsof jatropha seedcake biopellet, and morespecifically:

• To know how jatropha oil sludge and tapioca

addition will affect the characteristic of theBiopellet

• To get the best composition of biopellet whichthe highest gross energy value



Biomass pellet

Biomass pellet is a product from biomass pressed with high pressure anda rising temperature (Bulk density 60 kg/m3 & Water content < 10 %) (ElBassam and Maegaard 2004)

The smaller dimension of biopellet and the coarser particle of biomasswill produce the better characteristics of biopelets (Saptoadi 2006)

The raw material : sawdust, straw or vine shoots

new biomass feedstocks: grass crops, willow hybrid, agriculturalresidues (corn stover, rice hulls etc.), jatropha seedcake



Jatropha curcas seedcake

Yield of Jatropha oil extraction with single

screw press is about 27 %, twin screw press

30 % (Hambali and Mujdalipah 2006)

Composition (% db) Jatropha seedcake

Crude Protein 56.4 – 63.8

Fat 1.0 – 1.5

Ash 9.6 – 10.4

Neutral Detergent Fiber 8.1 – 9.1

Acid Detergent Fiber 5.7 – 7.0

Lignin 0.1 – 0.4

Gross Energy (MJ/kg) 18.0 – 18.3

(Makkar et al. 1997)

Screw press

Jatropha seedcake



Oil Sludge

Oil Sludge



Tapioca

Tapioca is very popular to be used as binder because of itsabundance and cheaper than the others.



Calorific value

Calorific value is the important parameter to measurebiomass solid fuel quality (Grover et al. (eds) 2002)

Calorific value of fuel represents energy that is bondedchemically on fuel with standard environment (Palz 1985)

Calorific value is measured with two different bases:

• Gross calorific value (total energy that is discharged

during combustion of fuel. It depend on fuel weight)

• Net calorific value (energy which is available during

combustion and it isn’t include energy to evaporatewater)

(Leach dan Gowen 1987)



Research Method

Raw material characterization

Producing biopellets withmechanical press

Analysis of biopellets calorific value

Quality comparisan betweenbiopellet with additive versus

biopellet made from pure jatrophaoilcake

Equipmentpellet mill, calorimeter combustion bomb, hammer mill, furnace, oven,

crucibles, desicator dan balance.

Parametergross calorific value, moisture, volatile content, ash content, fixed carbon content



Production flow chartCrushed with

Hammer mill

Uniform

raw material

Jatropha seedcake

Jatropha seedcakeflour (4 kg)

Biopellets material

mixtureTapioca(40, 120, 200 gram)

Oil Sludge(80, 160 and 240 grams)

ProducingBiopellets

with

Pelletingpress

300 kg/hr

drying biopellets with

blower in drying basin

Tapioca + waterHeating 75oC, 30 min



Research design

Two Factor Randomized Design with two replicationFactors :1. percentage of sludge addition, taraf 2%, 4% and 6%2. percentage of tapioca addition as a adhesive agent,

taraf 1%, 3% dan 5%.

Linear Model

Yijk = + i + j + ( )ij + ijk i = 1, 2, 3; j = 1, 2, 3; k = 1, 2

Yijk = Nilai pengamatan pada satuan percobaan ke-k yang memperoleh

kombinasi perlakuan ij (taraf ke-i dari faktor sludge dan tarak ke-jdari faktor tapioka)

= Nilai tengah populasi (rata-rata yang sesungguhnya)

i = pengaruh aditif taraf ke-i dari faktor sludge

j = pengaruh aditif taraf ke-j dari faktor tapioka

( )ij = pengaruh interaksi taraf ke-i faktor sludge dan taraf ke-j faktor

tapioka

ijk = pengaruh galat dari satuan percobaan ke-k yang memperoleh

kombinasi perlakuan ij.



Raw material characteristics

Parameter Unit Value

Gross calorific value kcal/kg 4,473.00

Water content % (wb) 12.11

Volatile content % (wb) 77.78Ash content % (wb) 5.80

Fixed carbon content % (wb) 4.31

Oil content % 16.48

Particle size 0,710 mm 0,710 – 0,401 mm 0,400 – 0,101 mm < 0,101 mm

%%%%

41.7027.6030.23

0.47

• Physical characteristic of jatropha seedcake



Jatropha seedcake biopelletproperties:

• Cylindric form (0.50 cm in diameter) with almostuniform dimension

• Average height 1.64 cm (between 1.43 – 1.90 cm)

• Average weight is 393 mg (between 339 – 493 mg)

• Average density is 1.22 g/cm3 (between 1.16 – 1.33g/cm3

Characteristics Value

Gross calorific value 4652,67 kcal / kg

Water content 8,97 % (db)

Volatile content 78,09 % (db)

Ash content 5,36 % (db)

Fixed carbon content 16,55 % (db)

Karosene 9,000 kcal/liter, coal 5,400 kcal/kg



Research resultTable 1 Influence of treatment on water content (%db)

10.00 0.16 abc9.82 0.01 dc9.27 0.22 eSludge 6 %

10.13 0.02 ab9.95 0.04 bc9.58 0.08 dSludge 4 %

10.26 0.11 a10.12 0.11 ab9.96 0.16 bcSludge 2 %

5 %3 %1 %

TapiocaSludge

Keterangan : huruf superscript yang sama menunjukkan rataan yang tidak berbeda nyata.

8.6

8.8

9

9.2

9.4

9.6

9.8

10

10.2

10.4

tapioca 1 % tapioca 3 % tapioca 5 %

Sludge 2 %

Sludge 4 %

Sludge 6 %



Table 2 Influence of teatment to volatile content (%db)

74.40 0.88 ab75.74 1.20 a72.96 0.42 bSludge 6 %

75.00 1.48 ab74.24 0.28 ab74.40 0.79 abSludge 4 %

74.73 1.05 ab74.28 0.21 ab73.42 0.57 bSludge 2 %

5 %3 %1 %

Tapioca

Sludge


71.5

72

72.5

73

73.5

74

74.5

75

75.5

76


Sludge 2 %

Sludge 4 %

Sludge 6 %



Table 3 Influence of treatment ash content (%db)

6.02 0.24 bc5.59 0.39 c6.50 0.04 abSludge 6 %

5.48 0.02 c5.54 0.08 c6.58 0.76 abSludge 4 %

5.45 0.21 c5.52 0.16 c6.98 0.29 aSludge 2 %

5 %3 %1 %

Tapioca

Sludge


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Sludge 2 %

Sludge 4 %

Sludge 6 %



Table 4 Influence of treatment to fixed carbon content (%db)

19.59 0.64 ab18.68 0.81 b20.59 0.46 aSludge 6 %

19.53 1.46 ab20.23 0.35 ab19.02 0.03 abSludge 4 %

19.83 0.85 ab20.21 0.05 ab19.61 0.86 abSludge 2 %

5 %3 %1 %

Tapioca

Sludge


17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21


Sludge 2 %

Sludge 4 %

Sludge 6 %



Table 5 Influence of treatment to gross calorific value (kcal/kg)

4346.00 5.66 a4914.00 39.60 a4617.00 172.53 aSludge 6 %

4508.50 444.77 a4673.50 137.89 a4348.00 394.57 aSludge 4 %

4564.00 35.36 a4542.00 117.38 a4410.50 808.22 aSludge 2 %

Pati 5 %Pati 3 %Pati 1 %

Pati

Sludge


4000

4100

4200

4300

44004500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000


Sludge 2 %

Sludge 4 %

Sludge 6 %

S



Nilai Satuan

Harga bahan baku

Bungkil jarak 250.000 Rp/ton

Harga jual

Biopellets 500.000 Rp/ton

Kapasitas produksi (2 Shift) Maks 4,2 Ton/hari

Tahun ke – 1 340 Ton/bulan

Tahun ke – 2 1.277 Ton/bulan



Tahun ke –

5 1.941 Ton/bulan

Biaya produksi

Biaya langsung 42,82 % harga jual

Biaya tak langsung

Tahun ke-1 96.000.000 Rp/Tahun





Investasi 362.500.000 Rp

Aset 314.500.000 RpModal kerja (6 bulan) 48.000.000 Rp



Conclusion• Combination of 6% oilsludge and 3% tapioca increased

gross calorific value to 4,914 kcal/kg. It means 5.6%increase compare with control

• Combination of 6% oilsludge and 1% tapioca canincrease fixed carbon to 20.6%. It means 24% increasecompare with control

• Oi sludge addition has positive effect abut tapioca

addition has a negative effect to the biopellet grosscalorific value. The best composition is 6% oilsludge and3% tapioca

The calorific value of biopellet could be increased with waste oiladdition. Other waste oil such as waste cooking oil, waste lubricantand waste from oil factory could be tried to increase the value

Suggestion



Thank you

Documents

Oil Sludge and Tapioca Addition in Production of Jatropha Biopellet