Okinawa: the junk heap of the Pacific

8/14/2019 Okinawa: the junk heap of the Pacific

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Okinawa: the junk heap of the PacificDecades of Pentagon pollution poison service members, residents and future plans for the island

InJune,construction workers unearthed more than 20 rusty barrels from beneath a soccerpitch in Okinawa City.

The land had once been part of Kadena Air Base the Pentagons largest instal lation in the Paci fic region but

was returned to civilian usage in 1987. Tests revealed that the barrels contained two ingredients of military

defoliants used in the Vietnam War: the herbicide 2 ,4,5-T and 2 ,3,7,8,-TCDD dioxin. Levels of the highly toxic

TCDD in nearby water measured 280 times the safe limit.

The Pentagon has repeatedly denied storing of defoliants including Agent Orange on Okinawa. Following the

discovery, it distanced itself from the barrels; a spokesperson said the Defense Department was investigating

whether they had been buried after the lands return in 1987, and a U.S. government-sponsored scientis t suggested

they may merely have contained ki tchen or medical waste. However, the conclusions of the Japanese and

international scientific community were unequivocal: Not only did the barrels disprove Pentagon denials of the

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presence of mili tary defoliants in Japan, but the polluted land also posed a threat to the health of local residents

and required immediate remediation.

The Pentagon is the largest polluter on the planet, producing more toxic waste than the top three U.S. chemical

manufacturers combined. In 2008, 25,000 of its properties within the U.S. were found to be contaminated, and more

than 100 of these were classified by the Environmental Protection Agency as Superfund sites, meaning they

warranted urgent cleanup.

Although Okinawas main island hosts more than 30 U.S. bases taking up 20 percent of its land there has

never been a concerted attempt to investigate levels of contamination within them. Unlike other nations with U.S.

bases, such as South Korea and Germany, the Japanese government has no effective powers to conduct

environmental checks; nor does the Pentagon have a duty to disclose to the public any contamination that it knows

exists. To date, most incidents of pollution have only become known when individual service members have

divulged details to the media or, as in the case of the barrels uncovered in Okinawa City, the Japanese authoritieshave conducted tests following the return of military land.

Despite their limited scope, such disclosures offer a disturbing window into the contamination of Okinawa. Over the

past seven decades, the islands sea, land and ai r have been contaminated with toxins including arsenic, depleted

uranium, nerve gas and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium (see the accompanying timeline). These substances have

poisoned Okinawan civilians and U.S. troops al ike and it is highly probable that they are damaging the health of

those living on the island today. But, regardless of these ri sks, the Pentagon continues to do everything it can to

evade responsibili ty for the damage its bases cause.

The history of U.S. pollution on Okinawa is almost as long as its ongoing mili tary presence. Following the end of

World War II, Okinawa earned the nickname the junk heap of the Pacific due to the large volume of surplus

supplies abandoned there. During this per iod, one of the first known instances of contamination occurred when

eight residents of Iheya village were killed by arsenic poisoning from a nearby U.S. compound in 1947.

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The 1952 Treaty of San Francisco granted the Pentagon full control of Okinawa and, as the military seized large

tracts of civilian land to convert into bases, the dangers of pollution grew. Fuel leaks saturated the ground,

industrial-grade detergents flowed from runways into nearby streams and solvents were flushed away without any

regard to where they ended up.

Although such lax environmental controls were common on U.S. military bases al l over the world at this time,

Okinawas problems were exacerbated by the geopolitical gray zone in which it existed. Throughout the 1945-1972

U.S. occupation, the island was not protected by American law or the Japanese Consti tution, so the Pentagon stored

large stockpiles of chemical and atomic weapons there and nuclear-powered submarines made regular pit stops

in Okinawa.

In September 1968, Japanese newspapers repor ted that radioactive cobalt-60 had been detected in Naha Port

believed by scientists to have emanated from visiting U.S. subs. Three Okinawan divers claimed to have been

sickened by their exposure to the substance, which accumulated in mud at the bottom of the harbor.

The next year, the Wall Street Journal broke the news of a leak of nerve gas at Chibana Ammunition Depot, near

Kadena Air Base, that hospitaliz ed more than 2 0 U.S. service members. Precise details of the subsequent mop-up

operation remained hidden until July this year, when U.S. veterans stat ioned on the island at the time descr ibed how

tons of the chemical munitions had been dumped off Okinawas coast (see Exclusive: Red Hats lethal Okinawa

smokescreen, July 27). Experts estimate that the metal containers holding these poisons corrode after 50 years,

threatening the health of fishing crews and coastal communities today.

During the Vietnam War, Okinawa served as the Pentagons primary staging post for the conflict. Led by the U.S.

Armys 2nd Logistics Division, the military channeled the majority of its supplies including ammunition, coffins

and, it now seems, Agent Orange via the islands ports. This transportat ion was a two-way st reet: Surplus and

damaged materiel was also returned from the war zone to Okinawa for reprocessing.

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In 1969, U.S. Army Chemical Corps 2 nd Lt. Lindsay Peterson was the officer in charge of these retrograde supplies

at Hamby Open Storage Area, central Okinawa. In a recent interview with The Japan Times, he recalled how

damaged barrels of Agent Orange were among chemicals shipped to the island.

Agent Orange was processed through the port at Naha and t rucked to the Hamby Open Storage Area, he said.

When I arrived, there were around 10,000 barrels. Most of them were leaking, so we had to empty them into new

55-gallon [208-liter] drums.

Peterson recall s how the re-drumming process saturated his crew with defoliants. He is among hundreds of seriously

ill U.S. veterans who believe their sicknesses were caused by exposure to dioxin-tainted defoliants while serving on

Okinawa. Although the U.S. government has refused to help the majority of these veterans, in 2008 it awarded

compensation to a former marine warehouseman suffering from Hodgkins lymphoma and type-2 diabetes sparked

by handling Agent Orange-contaminated supplies brought back to Okinawa from the Vietnam War in the early

1970s.

Other U.S. veterans and Okinawa civil ians interviewed by The Japan Times recall how surplus stocks of Agent

Orange were sold on the black market to local farmers who valued its potent weed-killing power. The risks of the

unregulated sale of hazardous substances to those lacking the necessary safety training became clear in 1971 when

large volumes of pentachlorophenol herbicides obtained from the U.S. military by a civilian company were

dumped in the Haebaru and Gushikami districts of southern Okinawa. The chemicals leaked into Kokuba River and

the water supply to 30,000 people had to be halted; children attending local schools suffered from abdominal pains

and nausea.

U.S. government correspondence obtained by The Japan Times reveals the reaction of the authorities to such

pollution during this period. In August 1975, following a leak of detergents containing poisonous hexavalent

chromium at Machinato Service Area, the U.S. consulate in Naha sent a series of updates to the State Department in

Washington. Dismissing the spil l as a flap, it concluded that the newspapers and the leftists will cer tainly make

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good use of this issue against us.

In September 1974, the U.S. Consulate had displayed a s imilar tone when Okinawa Gov. Chobyo Yara voiced his

fears to the U.S. military that its aging oil pipelines might leak. In a cable, the U.S. Consulate in Naha brushed off

the governor s concerns, noting the pipeline has now been added to leftist catalogue of evils of U.S. base system.

A little over a year later, in January 1976, Yaras concerns were proven justified when one of the pipelines spilled

14,000 gallons (53,000 liters) of diesel into a local river.

In the 1970s, the Pentagon showed more concern over potential PR damage than the risk to human health; today, its

stance toward the discovery of the dioxin-contaminated barrels in Okinawa City seems identical. Its denials attempt

to protect it s image of a good neighbor but in reality, they potentially sacr ifice the health of local Okinawans, its

own service members and thei r dependents. Although the Okinawa City dioxin site is located adjacent to two

Department of Defense schools, it appears that the parents and teachers there have not been informed.

During the 1970s, such neglect could have been blamed on a lack of environmental awareness. However, today in

2013, such a posture is criminal reminiscent of the contamination of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where tens

of thousands of troops and family members were exposed to toxins including pesticides, benzene and industrial

solvents between 1953 and 1987.

The Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) the foundation, unchanged since 1960, that spells out the rights and role

of the U.S. military in Japan encourages the Pentagons cavalier approach to pollution. SOFA absolves the U.S. of

all financial responsibili ty for cleaning up land it has contaminated and does not allow the Japanese authorities toconduct spot-checks on U.S. military bases.

Given these const raints on access to U.S. installations, Japanese scienti sts have been forced to improvise. Recently,

experts from Ehime and Meio universities conducted tests on seven mongooses whose habitat included U.S. bases.

Announced in August, the results showed the animals were contaminated with high levels of polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCBs) rais ing worries that humans liv ing in the same areas may be poisoned, too.PDFmyURL.com


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U.S. military pollution in Okinawa: a timeline

Mongooses aside, the only alternative has been to conduct tests on military land following its return to civilian

control. As in the case of Okinawa City, such checks often reveal dangerous levels of contamination. In Yomitan

village, for example, levels of arsenic 12 0 times over the legal l imit were found on former U.S.-controlled land in

2008. In July this year, asbestos was discovered at a site that used to be a part of Camp Courtney. In this case, the

U.S. authorities appear to have misled the civilian construction company tasked with the cleanup leading to the

suspected exposure of Okinawan workers.

But even after pollution has been detected, the new problem arises of how to deal with it. In September it was

revealed that 322 tons of PCB-laden slurry from former U.S. military land in Okinawa was to be shipped for

disposal to Iwaki city, Fukushima Prefecture a municipality located 50 km from the stricken No. 1 nuclear power

station. Critics of the plan accused the Japanese authorities of exploiting the prefectures need for money and

worsening its already dire pollution problems.

In the coming years, it is likely such troubles will become more pressing. In October, Japans minister of defense,

Itsunori Onodera, reiterated plans to concent rate the U.S. military presence in the northern half of Okinawa Island

a move that wil l entai l the closure of several instal lat ions including Machinato Service Area, one of the main

bases where defoliants were al legedly stored, and, ult imately, Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. Experts have

estimated the cleanup of Futenma at $600 million but that was before the cost of Agent Orange remediation had

been figured into calculat ions.

Okinawa residents have long protested for a future with fewer bases. But even after their wish becomes a reality, itseems the land theyve fought so hard to retrieve will be uninhabitable for years if not decades to come.

1947:Arsenic contamination at base on Iheya Island kills eight Okinawans.

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1968:Cobalt-60 leaks from nuclear-powered submarine visiting Naha Port .

1969:More than 2 0 U.S. service members sickened by nerve gas at Chibana Ammunition Depot; following the

accident, tons of chemical weapons allegedly dumped off Okinawas coast (see Exclusive: Red Hats lethal

Okinawa smokescreen, July 27).

1971:Surplus U.S. herbicides containing pentachlorophenol contaminate civilian water supplies in Haebaru and

Gushikami districts.

1975:Large leak of hexavalent chromium at Machinato Service Area; contamination reportedly some 8,000 times

safe standards.

1975:Spill of Vietnam War retrograde chemicals (including herbicides and pesticides) ki lls sea li fe near Camp

Kinser.

1976:More than 50,000 liters of fuel leak into stream near Camp Foster.

1981:U.S. Marines unearth cache of over 100 barrels (some suspected of containing Agent Orange) at Marine Corps

Air Station Futenma; top officers apparently hush up the incident (see Agent Orange at base in 80s: U.S. vet,

June 15, 2012).

1995/96:Iwakuni-based U.S. Marine jets fire more than 1,500 shells of depleted uranium at and around Torishima

island; area subsequently declared off-limits due to radiation fears.

1996:Land returned to civi lian usage on former Onna Communication Site found to contain dangerous levels of

mercury, cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

2000:Japan attempts to ship overseas 100 tons of PCBs from U.S. bases; vessel blocked from entry to Canada under

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2002:Over 200 barrels containing unidentified tar-like substance unearthed on former military land in Chatan

Town.

2003:High levels of lead and hexavalent chromium discovered on land in Chatan Town that was previously part of

Camp Kuwae.

2007:Almost 9,000 liters of jet fuel leak on Kadena Air Base.

2013:More than 20 barrels of suspected Vietnam War defoliants unearthed on soccer pitch in Okinawa City;

authorities begin to search field for more buried barrels.

Send comments on these issues and story ideas to [email protected].

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Okinawa: the junk heap of the Pacific