Upload
dblattok
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
1/41
OKLAHOMA BUDGET OVERVIEW
Trends and Outlook
REVISED February 15, 2010
David Blatt
Oklahoma Policy [email protected] - (918) 794-3944
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
2/41
Oklahomas Path to Prosperity
OUR STARTING POINTWe invest our tax dollars in
our public structures to support
our common goals as a state
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
3/41
Oklahomas Path to Prosperity
We Already Lag Behind Oklahoma already underfunds most of our publicstructures and falls short of our common goals as a state
We rank 50th among the states in per capitaexpenditures on state and local government
We need renewed investment in our public structuresto meet our common goals as a state.
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
4/41
Budget Trends: FY 02 FY 09
Annual Appropriations Totals,FY 00FY 08(Includes Supplementals thru FY 08 and Rainy Day spillover Funds for
Recurring Agency Expenditures) - in $millions
FY 02 FY 08: Bust and BoomState budget suffered steep downturn, deep cuts, 02 - 04
Strong economy led to robust revenue growth and increased stateappropriations between FY 06 and FY 08
$4,981
$5,389 $5,491$5,191 $5,145
$5,459
$6,217
$6,760$7,043
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
$5,500
$6,000
$6,500
$7,000
$7,500
FY'00 FY'01 FY'02 FY'03 FY'04 FY'05 FY'06 FY'07 FY'08
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
5/41
Where did the growth revenue go?
Covering rising costs of basic services and
supporting targeted investments for shared goals
Increased State Appropriations, Selected Agencies,FY 06 FY 08
Dept. of Education: $453M
Health Care Authority: $289M
Higher Education: $271M
Human Services: $129M
Corrections: $80M
Transportation: $72.5M*
Budget Trends: FY 02 FY 09
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
6/41
Lost Revenues from Select Tax Cuts Enacted 2004 - 2006FY'05 through FY'10 (in $ millions)
$18.7$144.8
$333.3
$561.8$651.1
$776.9
$0.0
$200.0
$400.0
$600.0
$800.0
FY'05 FY'06 FY'07 FY'08 FY'09 FY'10source : Oklahoma Tax Commission
Tax Cuts had a long-term impact Most of the cuts were to the personal income tax
Tax cuts were stretched out over several years; full impactwill not be felt until FY 11
Budget Trends: FY 02 FY 09
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
7/41
Budget Trends: FY 02 - FY 09
FY07 FY08: Revenue Slowdown
As tax cuts kicked in, General Revenue collections werealmost flat in FY 08 compared to FY 07 (+%0.9, $54million)
-6.6%-5.3%
10.6%
7.6%
14.8%
4.0%
0.9%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
FY '02 FY '03 FY '04 FY '05 FY '06 FY '07 FY '08
Annual % Change in General Revenue Collections, FY '03 - FY '08
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
8/41
Budget Trends: FY 02 - FY 09
FY 09 Budget: Tightening the Screws Most agencies appropriations frozen from FY 08
No funding for benefit cost increases teacher salary increases, stateemployee raises
FY 09 excludes supplementals and mid-year budget cut
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
9/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
10/41
Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Budget Trends: FY 10
Things Are Tough All Over
All but two states are experiencing the state fiscal crisis
Combined state budget gaps for FY 09 FY 12 estimated tototal more than $465 billion
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
11/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
This is As Bad as Its Ever Been
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Annual General Revenue Collections, in $ millions,FY '82 - FY '11 (FY '10 & FY'11 based on Dec. 2009
certification)
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
12/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
The Recession Hit Oklahoma Late
See OK Policy, Numbers You Need, at:
http://okpolicy.org/numbers-you-need-key-oklahoma-economic-and-budget-trends
7.1%
10.2%
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
Oct-07 Apr-08 Oct-08 Apr-09 Oct-09
UnemploymentR
ate(%)
Monthly Unemployment Rate,National and Oklahoma, Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2009
Oklahoma National
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
13/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
The Recession Hit Oklahoma Late
-5.0%
-4.0%
-3.0%
-2.0%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
2007.3 2007.4 2008.1 2008.2 2008.3 2008.4 2009.1 2009.2 2009.3
% Change from PriorQuarter
Quarterly Change in Personal Income,Oklahoma and National,
3rd Quarter 2007 to 3rd Quarter 2009
U.S. Oklahoma
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
14/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 09: A Tale of Two Half-Years FY 09 revenue collections went from $224.8 million above
estimate (July-Dec) to $672.0 million below estimate (Jan-Jun)
11.1% 10.8%
1.3%
10.4% 12.8%
7.1%
-8.5%
-21.5%-19.1%
-21.1%
-27.7%-30.1%
-35.0%
-30.0%
-25.0%
-20.0%
-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Change in Monthly General Revenue Collections,
FY '09 Compared to Same Month, FY '08
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
15/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 Budget: Revenues on the Skids
5,407.2
5,649.2
5,981.1 5,946.45,902.7
5,710.0
5,356.6
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
FY '06 Actual Fy '07 Actual FY '08 Actual FY '09 June FY '09
December
FY '09
February
FY '10
Feburary
General Revenue Collections,FY '06 Actual - FY '10 Estimated (in $million)
In February, FY 10 revenues estimated to come in >$600million below FY09 ;
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
16/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 Budget
NOTE: FY 09 totals do not include June budget cuts
$7,231.2 million total, including $641 million ARRA (stimulus)
Increase in total appropriations of $106 million (1.5 percent)compared to FY 09
State dollars only: $500 million less than in FY 09
$4,981
$5,389$5,491
$5,191 $5,145
$5,459
$6,217
$6,760
$7,043
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
FY'00 FY'01 FY'02 FY'03 FY'04 FY'05 FY'06 FY'07 FY'08 FY'09 FY'10State Appropriations ARRA
$30ARRA
$7,125 $7,231
$641ARRA
$7,095State
$6,590State
State Appropriations History, FY '00 - FY '10 in $millions)(includes supplementals, excludes one-times from Rainy Day Spillover funds)
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
17/41
FY 10 State Appropriations10 Largest Agencies: $6.3 billion (88%)
Agencies (75 agencies): $829 million (12%)
Budget Trends: FY 10
Common Ed.,$2,572.0 , 36%
Higher Ed.,$1,070.7 , 15%
OHCA (Medicaid),$979.8 , 13%
DHS,$550.7 , 8% Corrections$503.07%Transportation,$208.7 , 3%
Mental Health,$203.3 , 3%Career Tech,$157.8 , 2%Juv. Affairs,$112.4 , 1%
Public Safety,$93.3 , 1%All OtherAgencies,$779.4 ,11%
TotalAppropriations:$7,231.2 millionIncludesAmerican
Recovery andReinvestmentAct (ARRA)
Total TenLargest: $6,451.8,89.2 %
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
18/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 Budget Stimulus funds made it possible to minimize cuts orprovide small increases to ten largest state agencies andsome smaller ones
Funding for 10 largest agencies up $161 million, 2.6
percent Most smaller agencies took cuts of 5 to 7 percent
No funding to address rising employee benefit costs orinflation (e.g. utilities, transportation, food)
Demands for some state services increase due to thedownturn
See: OK Policy FY 10 Budget Review at:
http://okpolicy.org/fy-10-budget-information
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
19/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : Off to a Very Rough Start July-Jan revenue collections down 27.0 percent from FY09
Not clear when well hit bottom or how long it will taketo recover
11.1% 10.8%
1.3%
10.4%12.8%
7.1%
-8.5%
-21.5%
-19.1%-21.1%
-27.7%
-30.1%
-26.3%
-31.6%
-30.1%
-23.7%
-30.5%-29.1%
-16.7%
-35.0%
-30.0%
-25.0%
-20.0%-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov Dec Jan
Change in Monthly General Revenue Collections, Compared to Same Month Prior Year,July '08 - Jan '10
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
20/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : Off to a Very Rough Start Four consecutive quarters of worsening collections
Revenue drops more than twice as steep as during thelast downturn
-12.1%
9.9%
-29.5%-40.0%
-20.0%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
Q1
FY
'02
Q3
FY
'02
Q1
FY
'03
Q3
FY
'03
Q1
FY
'04
Q3
FY
'04
Q1
FY
'05
Q3
FY
'05
Q1
FY
'06
Q3
FY
'06
Q1
FY
'07
Q3
FY
'07
Q1
FY
'08
Q3
FY
'08
Q1
FY
'09
Q3
FY
'09
Q1
FY
'10
Quarterly Year-over-Year Change in GR Collections,Oklahoma, FY '02 - FY'10
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
21/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : Off to a Very Rough Start Collections through January are $863.6 million 24.9 percent- below the estimate
-$401
-$180 -$200
-$11-$72
-$864-$1,000
-$900
-$800
-$700
-$600
-$500
-$400
-$300
-$200
-$100
$0
Net Income Tax Gross Production Sales Tax Motor Vehicle Other Sources Total Gen.
Revenue
General Revenue Collections compared to Estimate, by Tax, FY '10 thru
December (in $millions)
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
22/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : Off to a Very Rough Start January collections were just 77 percent of the averagemonthly collections of the previous 5 years the 2nd worsemonth of the downturn
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
Jul
'08
Aug
'08
Sep
'08
Oct
'08
Nov
'08
Dec
'08
Jan
'09
Feb
'09
Mar
'09
Apr
'09
May
'09
Jun
'09
Jul
'09
Aug
'09
Sep
'09
Oct
'09
Nov
'09
Dec
'09
Jan
'10
Monthly Total General Revenue Collections as % of Prior Five-Year Same-Month Average, July 2008 - Jan. 2010
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
23/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : Off to a Very Rough Start OSF cut agencies GR allocations by 5 percent throughNovember and by 10 percent since December.
Cuts are across-the-board based on GR allocations
Since some agencies are partly or fully appropriated fromother funds (i.e. 1017 Fund, State Transportation Fund,Lottery, ARRA), agencies are not all affected equally
Cuts limited to less than shortfall through transfers of cashreserves ($233.8 million since start of year) that must be repaid
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
24/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
Budget Outlook Gov. Henry: Unfortunately, the cuts we have been forcedto implement to date are already taking their toll on stateprograms and services (Nov. 10, 2009)
Even at 5-10 percent monthly cut level, the toll is growing:
DHS has cut senior nutrition services by $7.2 million;
OJA has cancelled youth detention and gang prevention programs,cut providers 5 percent, authorized 22 furlough days;
OHCA has cut some Medicaid benefits and reduced provider rates byan initial 3.5 percent, set to increase to 6.75 percent April 1st.
Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services hasannounced closure of childrens behavioral health center in Norman,lay-offs cuts in contracts to providers;
School districts eliminating programs, some going to 4-day weeks
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
25/41
Budget Trends: FY 10
FY 10 : How Large a Shortfall? February certification projects a $669 million (13.0percent) shortfall in FY 10 GR collections.
$109 million projected shortfall in HB 1017 Fund as well
Total mid-year shortfall of $778 million
$5,415
$5,145
$4,476
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
$5,500
100% Estimate - June Appropriation (95%) February Projection
FY '10 General Revenues - Original vs.Revised Projections
$669million
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
26/41
Budget Outlook: What Response?
Shortfall Options Rainy Day Fund is filled to maximum amount of $597million
Left untouched for initial FY 10 budget
$157.5
$340.9
$72.3
$0.1
$217.5
$461.3$496.7
$571.6$596.6
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Rainy Day Fund Balances, FY '01 - FY '09(opening balance in $ millions)
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
27/41
Budget Outlook: What Response?
Shortfall Options Full RDF potentially available for shortfalls in FY 10
Rainy Day Fund can be accessed as follows:
3/8th for a mid-year shortfall in GR collections; ($224M)
3/8th for a projected decline in GR collections for thecoming year compared to the current year ($224M);
1/4th upon declaration of an emergency and legislativeapproval ($149M)
Current Year
Revenue
Failure, 37.5% -
$224M
Forthcoming
Year Shortfall,
37.5% - $224M
Emergency,
25.0% - $149M
Uses of Constitutional
Reserve Fund
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
28/41
Budget Outlook: What Response?
FY 10 Shortfall AgreementAgreement announced by Governor, Speaker and PresidentPro Tem in late January
Main components:
Continued 10 percent monthly cuts to GR for rest of year
Averages out to 7.5 percent of GR for full year
Supplemental funding to Common Ed of $104 million to offsetpart of GR and 1017 shortfalls
$25.6 M to Higher Ed; $33M to OHCA; $7.2M to Corrections;$1.2M to Rehab Services and $10M unspecified
Agreement requires $515 million in additional revenue tobalance.
No formal agreement on revenues
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
29/41
Budget Outlook: What Response?
FY 10 Shortfall Agreement Agencies funded in whole or in part with non-GR fundsactually absorb less than full 7.5 percent cut
7.5% 7.3% 7.3%7.2%
5.7%5.3%
3.7%3.1%
2.7%
1.1%
0.0%0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
FY '10 Mid-Year Budget Cuts, Top Largest StateAgencies
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
30/41
Budget Outlook: FY 11
FY 11: More of the Same FY 11 revenue collections projected to grow onlyslightly from FY 10 and to remain almost 25 percentbelow pre-downturn (FY 08) levels
$5,714
$5,928 $5,981
$5,519$5,415
$ 4,475
$4,579
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
$5,500
$6,000
FY '06 Actual FY '07 Actual FY '08 Actual FY '09 Actual FY '10 (June
estimated)
FY '10 (Feb
projected)
FY '11 (Feb
estimated)
General Revenue Collections,FY '06 Actual - FY '11 Estimated (in $ millions)
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
31/41
Budget Outlook: FY 11
FY 11: More of the Same Final FY 11 certification provides $1.8 billion lessrevenue for next year than this years initial budget
$7,043 $7,124$7,231
$6,452$6,967
$5,294 $5,415
$6,797
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
FY'08 FY'09 FY'10 -initial
budget
FY '10 -projected
revenues
(Feb)
FY '10 -Leadership
agreement
FY '11 -Certified
State $
(Dec)
FY '11 -Certified
State $
(Feb)
FY '11 -Gov Budget
State Appropriations, FY'08-FY '11(includes all revenues; includes FY '08-FY '09 supplementals; in $ millions)
$1.36B
$515M
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
32/41
Budget Outlook: FY 11
FY 11: More of the Same To budget the balance, Gov. Henry proposes:
Annualizing and increasing FY10 cuts by an additional 0.5
percent to 3 percent for all agencies.
Using remaining stimulus funds and a portion of remaining
Rainy Day Funds. Savings from consolidating agencies and IT services.
New bond issues.
Enhanced tax collection proposals, particularly increased salestax collections on Internet sales and automated enforcement of
vehicle insurance;
Eliminating and suspending various tax credits;
Increases in fees and permits.
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
33/41
Budget Outlook: FY 11
FY 11: More of the Same Many of the revenue enhancements and savings in theGovernors budget proposal are unlikely to gain legislativeapproval or have the full estimated fiscal impact .
Even under the Governors proposals, the cuts to agencyprograms and services would be deep and widespread
Most agencies face FY 11 funding 10 to 17 percent below theirbudgets for FY 09.
Even those core agencies in education, health, human services,and public safety that are partially protected will take cuts in FY10 and FY 11 and are not funded in FY 11 to deal with rising
operating costs and caseloads.
However, the combined FY 10 FY 11 shortfall is $170million in the February certification than in December.
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
34/41
Budget Outlook: Looking Ahead
Budget Outlook: No Quick Recovery Time-released tax cuts still kicking in
Top rate will fall from 5.5% to 5.25% as soon asrevenues are projected to grow 4%... Even if revenuesremain below pre-downturn levels
Additional revenues automatically allocated for ROADSand OHLAP
Use of one-time funds in FY 10 and FY 11 createssignificant problems for FY 12
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
35/41
Budget Outlook: Looking Ahead
Budget Outlook: No Quick Recovery Revenues unlikely to recover to pre-downturn nominallevels prior to FY 13
$5,928 $5,981
$5,544
$4,439
$4,735
$5,275
$5,945
$4,000
$4,500
$5,000
$5,500
$6,000
$6,500
FY 07 (act.)FY 08 (act.)FY 09 (act.)FY 10 (est.)FY 11 (est.)FY 12 (est.)FY 13 (est.)
R
n$mio
Fiscal Year
Historical and Projected Revenue, FY'07-FY'13General Revenue Fund
Estimates by OKPolicy - not based onFeb 2010
certification
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
36/41
Budget Outlook : Beyond FY 10
Short-Term Recommendations1. Develop and share greater information about impact ofactual and potential cuts, possible solutions
2. Use the RDF to minimize the magnitude of budget cuts
3. Defer additional tax cuts until revenues fully recover
4. Suspend and cap some tax breaks and incentives
5. Change the RDF rules to allow reserve funds to be used anytime revenues remain below their pre-downturn peak and toallow for larger reserves
6. Consider new revenue streams for the Medicaid program
7. Expand and improve forecasting capacities
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
37/41
Structural deficit: Asituation that occurswhen a states normal
growth of revenues isinsufficient to financethe normal growth ofexpenditures year afteryear
(CBPP, Faulty Foundations: State Structural
Budget Problems)
Long-Term Fiscal Outlook
Oklahoma like most states and the federal government faces a looming structural budget deficit
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
38/41
Long-Term Fiscal Outlook
Projected Annual Budget Surpluses and Deficits
Before and After 2004-2006 Tax Cuts (2007 to 2035)
(2,500)
(2,000)
(1,500)
(1,000)
(500)
0
500
1,000
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035Y e a r
Mion$2005
B e f o r e T a x C u t s
A f t e r T a x C u t s
Oklahomas Structural Deficit
Source: Projections conducted in 2007 by Dr. Kent Olson, Professor ofEconomics, Oklahoma State University
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
39/41
Long-Term Recommendations1. Modernize the Tax System
2. Preserve a Balanced Tax Structure
3. Scrutinize our programs and spendingcommitments
4. Make the tax system fairer
Long-Term Fiscal Outlook
8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
40/41
For More Information
Updated Budget Information:okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-
11budget-information
Oklahoma Policy Institutes OnlineBudget Guide
www.okpolicy.org/online-
budget-guide
http://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://www.okpolicy.org/online-budget-guidehttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-informationhttp://okpolicy.org/fy-10-fy-11budget-information8/14/2019 Oklahoma Budget Trends and Outlook (Feb 16, 2010)
41/41
Contact Information
Oklahoma Policy InstituteP.O. Box 14347Tulsa, OK 74159-1437
(918) 794-3944
Oklahoma Policy Institute provides timely and credible analysis of state policy issues
Better Information, Better Policywww.okpolicy.org
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]