Old Definitions

8/6/2019 Old Definitions

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Old definitions

Management is the art of getting things done through people- Mary Parker Follett

Management consists of getting things done through others .

A manager is one who accomplishes organizational objectives by directing the efforts of

others- C.S George

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together

to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and

effectively

It does not give the functions which a manager has to perform to get results from others

the needs of the workers have been ignored .the worker are supposed to work like machines

Modern definitions

management is the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise

where individual ,working in groups ,can perform efficiently and effectively towards the

attainment of group goals.

process

effectiveness

efficiency

organizational objectives

Objectives of industrial mgmt.

Manufacturing costs

Selection of machinery and equipments

Materials

Manpower

Product quality

Manufacturing schedule

Applications of industrial mgmt

Design and development

Plant layout and material handing

Method study and work measurement


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Production forecasting

Inventory control

Quality control

Production control

Motivate workers

Functions of mgmt.

planning is the ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and

determining how they will be accomplished. Planning includes both the broadest view of the

organization, e.g., its mission, and the narrowest, e.g., a tactic for accomplishing a specific

goal.

Organizing is establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus

is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the

organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders.
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Staffingis filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the business.

Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific activities included

in the function. In the family business, staffing includes all paid and unpaid positions held by

family members including the owner/operators.

Directing is influencing people's behavior through motivation, communication, group

dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all

personnel to accomplish the organization's mission and objectives while simultaneously

helping them accomplish their own career objectives.

Controlling is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firm's

objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and takingcorrective or preventive action as necessary.

Characteristics of mgmt.

Goal oriented

Mgmt. is the continuous process

Mgmt. is a coordinative force

Mgmt.is the intangiable force

Management is a part of group effort

Management accomplishes result through the cooperations of others

Mgmt is a science as well as an art

Scope of industrial mgmt

The scope of industrial mgmt. can be discussed in two broad areas

Designing of the industrial system and product

Primary task includes preparation of product profile with the help of experts of

technological department and survey

Plant location ,plant layout

Selection of the machine

Research and development activities

Human factors,i.e the impact of production system on the workers operating it
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Analyzing and Controlling the industrial mgmt

production planning

production control

a) control of static inventory such as raw materials, purchased parts, finished goods

and supplies through the inventory control technique

b) control of flow of materials

c) control of work in progress through production control

Quality control

Co-ordination with other departments

Product- In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market

that might satisfy a want or need

Productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For

example, labor productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labor-hour, an input.

Productivity may be conceived of as a metric of the technical or engineering efficiency of

production


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The amount of output per unit ofinput (labor, equipment, and capital). There are many

different ways of measuring productivity. For example, in a factory productivity might be

measured based on the number ofhours it takes toproduce a good, while in the service sector

productivity might be measured based

productivity = output/input

There are two variables

Quantity of production

Quantity of resources

Productivity varies with the quantum of production and the amount of resources used.

Productivity can be increased in various ways like

By increasing production using same amount of resources

By reducing the amount of resources ,while keeping the same production

By keeping the rate of increase of output more as compared to the rate of increase in

input

According to the international labour office the ratio between output and one of the

factors of input is generally known as productivity of the factor considered.

difference b/w production and productivity

production refers to the quantity or value of output of particular goods or service produced in

a given period of time by using a specified amount of input. Productivity is related to the

efficient utilization of input resource into produced in the form of value added goods or

services.

Production is a measure of output produced. The emphasis is Not on how well the input-

resources are utilized. Productivity, on the other hand, puts emphasis on the ratio of outputproduced to the input used. Its focus is on how well the input resource is used for conversion

into output.

Factors of production

A) Internal factors

Technological factors

size and capacity of plant

production design and standardization

Human factors (blue-collar ,white collar)
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Ability to work

Willingness to work

Financial factors

Materials and energy

B)External factors

Natural factors (geographical ,climate ,minerals ,forests fertile land)

Government policy

Sociological factors

Measuring productivity of resources

Productivity of labour

productivity of labour= output no. of workers or no. of Man-hoursMan- hours= no. of workers employed *no.of hours worked

Productivity of capital

Productivity of capital = output/ capital employed

Productivity of other factors

Productivity of materials= output/ materials

Productivity of machine= output/machine hours worked

Productivity of land=output / area of land usedtotal productivityindex

TPI= total output/total inputs

=Total production of goods and services/ labour+ materials+ capital+ power

this index measures the efficiency of the entire organization in the use of all the

resources

importance of productivity

increase in production

reduction in costs


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increasein profits

competitive advantage

better quality of life

increasing industrial productivity

improved raw materials

better technology

scientific selection and training of workers

work study

research and development

good working condition

provision of incentives

Job Production

Associated with small firms (making railings for a specific house, building/repairing a

computer for a specific customer, making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc.)

but large firms use job production too. Examples include:

Designing and implementing an advertising campaign

Auditing the accounts of a large public limited company

Building a new factory

Installing machinery in a factory

Machining a batch of parts per a CAD drawing supplied by a customer

Key benefits of job production include:

work is generally of a high quality

a high level of customization is possible to meet the customer's exact requirements

significant flexibility is possible, especially when compared to mass production

workers can be easily motivated due to the skilled nature of the work they areperforming

Disadvantages include:

higher cost of production

requires the use of specialist labour (compare with the repetitive, low-skilled jobs in

mass production)

slow compared to other methods (batch production and mass production)
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Batch production is the manufacturing technique of creating a group of components

at a workstation before moving the group to the next step in production. Batch

production is common in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes,

pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), inks, paints and adhesives. In the manufacture of

inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is used.

There are several advantages of batch production; it can reduce initial capital outlay because

a single production line can be used to produce severalproducts. As shown in the example,

batch production can be useful for small businesses who cannot afford to run continuous

production lines. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell, then the producer

can cease production without having to sustain huge losses. Batch production is also useful

for a factory that makes seasonal items, products for which it is difficult to forecast demand, a

trial run for production, or products that have a high profit margin.

Batch production also has disadvantages. There are inefficiencies associated with batch

production as equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next

batch can be produced. Idle time between batches is known as downtime. The time between

consecutive batches is known as cycle time. Cycle time variation is a Lean Manufacturing

metric.

Continuous production is used for products that are made in a similar manner. For example, a

certain car model has the same body shape and therefore, many of the same model cars can

be made at the same time without stop, reducing manufacturing cost

Flow production Flow production is also a very common method of production. Flow

production is when the product is built up through many segregated stages; the product is

built upon at each stage and then passed directly to the next stage where it is built upon again.

The production method is financially the most efficient and effective, because there is less of

a need for skilled workers

Intermittent manufacturing

used by mass production

known as large production

mixture of continuous and job production

large variety of products are made in small quantities

both general and special purpose machines are used

sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of

business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal
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distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits (subject to

taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts.

Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the

proprietor's. This means that the owner has no less liability than if they were acting as an

individual instead of as a business. It is a "sole" proprietorship in contrast withpartnerships

features

A cooperative (also co-operative; often referred to as a co-op) is a business organization

owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.[1] Cooperatives are

defined by the International Cooperative Alliance'sStatement on the Cooperative Identity as

autonomous associations of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic,

social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically

controlled enterprises.[2] A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and

controlled equally by the people who use its services or by the people who work there.

Cooperative enterprises are the focus of study in the field ofcooperative economics

A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate to

advance their interests. In the most frequent instance, a partnership is formed between one or

morebusinesses in which partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits or losses

joint hindu family
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Old Definitions