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Old Testament SurveyMinor Prophets
The Pentateuch
(Judaism: Torah) Old Testament History
Wisdom and Poetry
The Major and Minor Prophets
The Gospels and Acts
Writings of the
Apostles
I. Pentateuch (The Law)
II. Historical Books
III. Poetical Books (Wisdom/Poetry)
IV. Major Prophets
V. Minor Prophets
Five Literary Categories of
the Old Testament
What distinguishes a Major
Prophet from a Minor Prophet?
It is simply the size or amount of material
in each book that makes the determination.
Major Prophets contain more material
than the Minor Prophets.
• Prophet in Hebrew = navi (pl nevi’im)“One who is called” or “one who announces”
• The prophet is a link between the people and God.
• This is a strong contrast to Canaanite practice of seeking help from mediums who call up the dead.
• Their responsibility is to know and announce God’s will in the immediate situation in a way that the original audience can understand and respond to.
• Their job is to bring people back to obedience to the Torah, and failing that, to specify the punishment for their disobedience.
Historical Era Historical Books Prophetic Books
Division 1 Kings 12 - 2 Kings 17
2 Chronicles 10 - 28
Hosea, Amos,
Joel, Micah,
Obadiah, Jonah
Judah 2 Kings 18 - 24
2 Chronicles 29 - 35
Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah
Exile 2 Kings 25
2 Chronicles 36
Esther
Return Ezra
Nehemiah
Haggai,
Zechariah
Hardness Malachi
Minor Prophets
I. Hosea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE6SZ1ogOVU&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse: “My people are destroyed for lack of
knowledge; because you have rejected
knowledge, I reject you from being a priest to
me. And since you have forgotten the law of
your God, I also will forget your children”
(Hosea 4:6 ESV).
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name: Hosea, the eight
century prophet to the northern kingdom of
Israel, has given his name to this book as its
composer. His name means “Salvation”” in
Hebrew.
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Unfaithfulness”
The marital unfaithfulness to Gomer, Hosea’s
wife, became a symbol that Hosea used to
proclaim his message. The people of the
northern kingdom had become unfaithful to
the Lord by aligning with Baal, yet God
longed to take them back.
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Hosea 1:1 identifies the
author as “Hosea son of Beeri.” Hosea’s
mission was to the northern kingdom, and he
was probably from that area as well. His
many illustrations drawn from agriculture
suggest he may have been a farmer. His
name means “Salvation."
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
E. Date and Location: Hosea’s ministry
probably began c. 760 B.C. and ended c. 720
B.C., two years after the northern kingdom’s
fall. It is likely that he is one who escaped. He
may have fled to the southern kingdom and
completed his writings there.
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
F. Recipients: Though he mentions Judah
as well, Hosea addressed his prophecies
primarily to the northern kingdom, which he
often referred to as “Ephraim,” the dominant
tribe.
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: To warn of God’s impending judgment on
Israel while showing the balance between justice and his
love:
(1) God’s love does not mean he can forget sin. Sin must be
punished;
(2) On the other hand, God’s justice does not mean that he
desires to completely end his relationship with his wife
(Israel). God constantly tries to draw Israel back to himself.
Even in the wake of judgment he will preserve a remnant.
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
H. Meaning of Children’s Names:Jezreel = “may God scatter” or “may God sow”
Lo-ammi = “not my people” or “no kin of mine”
Lo-ruhamah = “not beloved” or “had not obtained
mercy”
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
I. Outline:I. A Case Study of Adultery: Gomer (1-3)
II. A Case Study of Adultery: Israel (4-14)
A. The charges against Israel (4-7)
B. The coming judgment of Israel (8-10)
C. The final restoration of Israel (11-14)
I. Hosea
Minor Prophets
II. Joel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQLazbgz90c&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“I will restore to you the years
that the swarming locust has eaten,
the hopper, the destroyer, and the cutter,
my great army, which I sent among you”
(Joel 2:25 ESV).
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name: Joel, an otherwise
unknown Israelite prophet to Judah, has
given his name to this book as its composer.
His name means: “The LORD is God” in
Hebrew.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Locusts”
Joel described a locust swarm that devoured
the crops of Judah. He understood them to
be an army sent by God to judge His people
for their sins.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Nothing is significantly known
about Joel except his father’s name (1:1) and
his familiarity with Jerusalem. Although there
are numerous Joels in the Old Testament, the
prophet bearing his name is known only from
this book. He only identified himself as “the son
of Pethuel” and did not name his hometown or
the kings of his ministry.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
E. Date: Determining the date of this book is
difficult because Joel names no Israelite kings. It is
apparent, however, that he was an early prophet:
(1) Joel’s order of placement within the 12 minor
prophets would suggest a date before 800 B.C.,
since these books are in rough chronological order;
(2) There are thematic similarities with other
prophets of this era such as Amos and Isaiah.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
F. Location: Joel ministered to the southern
kingdom of Judah, as seen by his reference to that
area:
(1) The “Temple of the LORD” (1:9, 14);
(2) “Zion” (a hill in Jerusalem, mentioned seven
times);
(3) Several references to Judah and Jerusalem.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
G. Background: Swarms of locusts were a constant
threat to farmers of the ancient Near East. Perhaps it was
during the reign of Joash (835-796 B.C.), that a terrible
plague of locusts struck Judah. The prophet Joel called his
people to repentance and pleaded with God to end the
plague. Yet he saw in the disaster a foreshadowing of a far
greater future plague: God’s final judgment on sin in the
Great Tribulation. Looking still farther into the future, he also
saw the blessings of the Millennium. Assuming he wrote
during Joash’s reign, Joel was among the earliest of the
writing prophets.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: The people of Judah living
in Jerusalem. The first hearers were people
and priests living in Judah, perhaps about
800 B.C. or about 500 B.C.
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
I. Outline:I. The Day of the Locust (1:1-14)
A. Divine Displeasure Expressed (1:1-5)
1. A Word for the Prophet (1:1)
2. A Word for the People (1:2-5)
a. The Descendants (1:2-4)
b. The Drunkards (1:5)
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
I. Outline “Continued”:B. Divine Displeasure Expands (1:6-14)
1. Desecration (1:6-7)
2. Desolation (1:8-12)
3. Desperation (1:13-14)
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
I. Outline “Continued”:
II. The Day of the LORD (1:15-3:21)
A. The Day of Assyria (1:15-20)
1. A Day of Destruction (1:15-20)
2. A Day of Darkness (2:1-10)
3. A Day of Deliverance (2:11-32)
a. A Call for Repentance (2:11-19)
b. A Call for Rejoicing (2:20-27)
c. A Call for Revival (2:28-32)
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
I. Outline “Continued”:B. The Day of Antichrist (3:1-16)
1. The Gathering of the Hebrew People (3:1)
2. The Gathering of the Heathen Peoples (3:2-16)
a. A Gathering of the Wicked (3:2-8)
b. A Gathering of the Warmongers (3:9-13)
c. A Gathering of the World (3:14-16)
II. Joel
Minor Prophets
I. Outline “Continued”:C. The Day of Anticipation (3:17-21)
1. A Wonderful Coming (3:17-18)
2. A Woeful Contrast (3:19)
3. A Welcome Conclusion (3:20-21)
II. Joel
Major Prophets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGgWaPGpGz4&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“I will plant them on their land,
and they shall never again be uprooted
out of the land that I have given them,”
says the LORD your God” (Amos 9:15 ESV).
III. Amos
Major Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Amos, the eighth-century prophet from Judah
to the northern kingdom of Israel, has given
his name to this book as its composer. His
name means: “Burden Bearer” in Hebrew.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
C. Key Term: “Injustice”Amos proclaimed God’s disgust with both the
pagan nations and the people of Israel
because of their many acts of injustice.
God holds all people everywhere, even those
who do not recognize him, responsible for
practicing social justice.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
D. Authorship: Amos, a shepherd (1:1; 7:14-15) from Tekoa, a
small hilltop town overlooking the Dead Sea, 10
miles south of Jerusalem.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
E. Date and Location:1:1 states that Amos prophesied during the reign of Jeroboam II (793-
753 B.C.) and the southern king Uzziah (Azariah, 790-740), and that
God’s message came to him “two years before the earthquake.”
Josephus dates this earthquake at the time of Uzziah’s apostasy, c. 750.
Amos prophesied at Bethel, where Jeroboam had erected one of his
golden calves. He may have ministered at the north’s capital city of
Samaria as well. His prophecies were probably compiled and recorded
at Bethel, Jerusalem, or Tekoa, perhaps shortly after the earthquake.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
F. Recipients: Although Amos was
concerned about the whole house of Jacob
(3:1, 13), his message was mainly for the
northern kingdom, especially those
associated with its idol worship at Bethel (7).
III. Amos
Major Prophets
G. Purpose: To call Israel to repent of:
(1) Outward actions such as violence, social
injustice, and idolatry;
(2) Inward attitudes such as pride and
heartless worship.
Amid his denunciations, Amos proclaimed the
coming messianic age.
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline:I. Introduction (1:1-2)
II. The Vigilance of the Prophet (1:3-2:16)
A. Lands Near to God’s People (1:3-2:3)
1) Those Always Considered as Gentile
Foreigners by Israel (1:3:10)
a. Damascus (1:3-5)
b. Gaza (1:6-8)
c. Tyre (1:9-10)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):2) Those Always Considered as Genetic
Family by Israel (1:11-2:3)
a. Edom (1:11-12)
b. Ammon (1:13-15)
c. Moab (2:1-3)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):B. Lands Native to God’s People (2:4-16)
1) The Doom of Royal Judah (2:4-5)
2) The Doom of Rebellious Israel (2:6-16)
a. The Formula (2:6a)
b. The Facts (2:6b-12)
c. The Future (2:13-16)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):III. The Voice of the Prophet (3:1-6:14)
A. As to the Present (3:1-15)
1) The Lord’s Questions to Israel (3:1-9)
2) The Lord’s Quarrel with Israel (3:10-15)
B. As to the Past (4:1-13)
1) The Lord’s Scorn (4:1-5)
2) The Lord’s Scourge (4:6-13)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):C. As to the Prospect (5:1-6:14)
1) The Distress of the Lord (5:1-15)
2) The Day of the Lord (5:16-20)
3) The Disgust of the Lord (5:21-27)
4) The Determination of the Lord (6:1-14)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):IV. The Visions of the Prophet (7:1-9:10)
A. Judgment Restrained (7:1-6)
1) The Devouring Locust (7:1-3)
2) The Devouring Flame (7:4-6)
B. Judgment Required (7:7-17)
1) The Plumbline (7:7-9)
2) The Priest (7:10-17)
III. Amos
Major Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):C. Judgment Restored (8:1-9:10)
1) The Solemn Sign (8:1-3)
2) The Sobering Sermon (8:4-14)
3) The Startling Sight (9:1-4)
4) The Sudden Stroke (9:5-6)
5) The Sifting Sieve (9:7-10)
III. Amos
Minor Prophets
H. Outline (Continued):V. The Vindication of the Prophet (9:11-15)
A. Israel’s Privileges Restored (9:11-12)
B. Israel’s Prosperity Restored (9:13-14)
C. Israel’s Protection Restored (9:15)
III. Amos
Minor Prophets
IV. Obadiah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4ogCrEoG5s&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Map:
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
B. Key Verse:
“For the day of the LORD is near upon all the nations.
As you have done, it shall be done to you;
your deeds shall return on your own head”
(Obadiah 15 ESV).
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
C. Meaning of Name:
Obadiah the sixth-century Israelite prophet
against Edom, has given his name to this
book as its composer. His name means:
“Servant of the LORD” in Hebrew.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
D. Key Term: “Edom”
The people of Edom were descendants of
Esau who lived southeast of Israel. God’s
wrath against Edom for its sins is the single
concern of this book.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
E. Authorship:Obadiah (1:1) Biographical details unknown.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
F. Date:Perhaps around 590 B.C. however, dating is uncertain.
Obadiah did not mention the name of his father or any king,
and he left no personal traces in his prophecy. If the
Babylonian invasions of Judah are indeed the context for
Obadiah’s ministry, he was a contemporary of Jeremiah.
Scholars can only make a reasonable judgment about the
date of composition. The year 590 would fit the evidence.
This was the period after the first two Babylonian invasions,
but before the final disaster of 586 B.C.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: This books preserves the divinely
inspired prophecies Obadiah made during his (perhaps)
brief ministry. These prophecies served a twofold purpose:
(1) To warn the people of Edom of their coming doom;
(2) An encouragement to the people of Judah to believe that
God would punish one of their enemies for their sins against
God’s people.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
H. Themes: “Judgment on Edom; triumph of God’s kingdom”
Obadiah was the only prophet whose message focused
extensively on Edom’s coming judgment. Others, however,
pronounced God’s judgment against Edom as a secondary
theme. Ultimately God will judge all his enemies and his
kingdom will triumph. Thus, this book has an ongoing
message for God’s people when their enemies seem to be
in control. In the end, “there shall be holiness” (17).
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
I. Unique Feature:
Obadiah contains the Old Testament’s most
detailed prophecy about the relationship
between the descendants of Esau and those
of Jacob, a topic that appears repeatedly
throughout the Old Testament.
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline:I. The Doom of Edom (1-16)
A. The Doom Declared (1-2)
1. The Name of the Prophet (1a)
2. The Nature of the Prophecy (1b-2)
a. Its Subject (1b)
b. Its Substance (1c-2)
i. Battle (1c)
ii. Belittlement (2)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:B. The Doom Described (3-9)
1. Edom’s Territory Subdued (3-4)
a. The Hollowness of Edom’s Pride (3b)
b. The Height of Edom’s Pride (3b)
c. The Humbling of Edom’s Pride (4)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:2. Edom’s Treasures Stolen (5-6)
a. The Indolent Greed of the Common Thief (5)
b. The Insatiable Greed of the Coming Thief (6)
3. Edom’s Treaties Scorned (7)
a. The Treachery of Edom’s Allies (7a)
b. The Triumph of Edom’s Allies (7b)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:4. Edom’s Troops Slaughtered (8-9)
a. The Death of Her Sages (8)
b. The Death of Her Soldiers (9)
C. The Doom Deserved (10-14)
1. Edom Encouraged Judah’s Foes (10-11)
a. Participating in the Spread of Violence (10)
b. Participating in the Spoils of Victory (11)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:
2. Edom Enjoyed Judah’s Fall (12-13)
a. Finding Pleasure in It (12)
b. Finding Profit in It (13)
3. Edom Enslaved Judah’s Fugitives (14)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:
D. The Doom Dated (15-16)
1. A Fixed Day (15a)
2. A Fearful Day (15b-16)
a. A Partial Fulfillment: The Downfall of the
Edomite Nation (15b)
b. A Postponed Fulfillment: The Downfall of
the End-Time Nations (16)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:
II. The Deliverance of Zion (17-21)
A. The Character of the Deliverance (17)
1. Rescue (17a)
2. Regeneration (17b)
3. Recovery (17c)
B. The Completeness of the Deliverance (18-20)
1. Judah’s Revenge (18)
2. Judah’s Revival (19-20)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
J. Outline “Continued”:
C. The Consummation of Deliverance (21)
1. Edom’s Salvation (21a)
2. Edom’s Sovereign (21b)
IV. Obadiah
Minor Prophets
V. Jonah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLIabZc0O4c&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse: “Then Jonah prayed to
the LORD his God from the belly of the fish, saying,
‘I called out to the LORD, out of my distress,
and he answered me; out of the belly of Sheol I
cried, and you heard my voice” (Jonah 2:2 ESV).
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Jonah, the eighth-century Israelite prophet
against Nineveh, has given his name to this
book as its central character and composer.
His name means: “Dove” in Hebrew.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Fish”
Although this book is not about the fish,
clearly Jonah’s being swallowed by the fish is
the most exciting and memorable incident in
the book. This is what keeps interest in the
book alive and makes the best known of all
the minor prophets.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: The book is anonymous. On
the other hand, according to uniform Jewish
and early Christian belief, Jonah wrote this
narrative of which he was the central human
figure. If so, he likely wrote down the account
of his ministry shortly after completing it.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
E. Date: The language of 2 Kings 14:25
suggests that Jonah was a contemporary of
Jeroboam II, and the events reported in his
book were most likely recorded soon after
they occurred (794 B.C. – 753 B.C.).
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
F. Background: Jeroboam II, king of Israel’s northern
kingdom from 794-753 B.C., was not only Israel’s longest-reigning king
but also one of its most successful, expanding Israel’s borders back to
what they had been more than 200 years before in the time of David and
Solomon (see 2 Kings 14:23-29). At the same time, however, Assyria
was growing in strength and pushing its way southward toward Israel,
which it would conquer in 722 B.C. Jonah, from the northern town of
Gath-hepher, had been used by God to predict Jeroboam’s military
successes (2 Kings 14:25). Now, however, the Lord had another mission
for him: to travel to Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, and call that mighty
and threatening nation to repentance. Although Nineveh would later
repent at Jonah’s preaching, its conquering Israel some 30 years later
suggests the revival did not endure. Nineveh would itself fall in 612 B.C.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: Jonah is not the story of a man and a fish. Rather,
it is the story of a man and his God. It has much to teach about the
personal relationship between God and believers:
(1) Jonah was nationalistic in his faith, but God wanted him to see that
God’s compassion extends to non-Israelites as well (4:11);
(2) Jonah’s nationalistic zeal was probably selfish, as he saw Assyria as
a threat to Israel’s prosperity. God wanted to show Jonah that
compassion for sinners was more important than prosperity;
(3) Jonah was selfish on an individual level as well. If he could not
control world events, at least he would try to control his shade plant (4:5-
10)! God sought here as well to counter Jonah’s attitude of control and
anger.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: Since Jonah was from the
northern kingdom, the book is usually
considered to have been written to the north.
Since Assyria was clearly a threat to both
kingdoms, however, Jonah’s story would
have been interesting reading for all
Israelites.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
I. Themes: “God’s Mercy” and
“God’s Sovereignty Over Nature”
The mercy of God to those who do not deserve it is
one of the great themes of the Bible. In this book it
is cast in a new light. God’s sovereignty is seen
explicitly in four things. God prepared in the book:
(1) a great fish; (2) a gourd;
(3) a worm; (4) a vehement east wind.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
J. One Sentence Summary: After Jonah’s disobedience to God’s
command for him to preach in Nineveh
resulted in his being swallowed by a fish, he
then obeyed God and preached in Nineveh,
with the result that the entire city repented
and turned to God.
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
K. Map:
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline:I. The Word of God (1:1-16)
A. Jonah’s Secret Rejoicing (1:1-2)
The inescapable missionary challenge of:
1. The Man (1:1)
2. The Multitude (1:2a)
3. The Message (1:1:2b)
B. Jonah’s Swift Rebellion (1:3-5)
1. The Prophet Paying (1:3)
2. The Pagan’s Praying (1:4-5)
a. The Mariners were Alarmed (1:4-5a)
b. The Missionary was Asleep (1:5b
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):C. Jonah’s Sudden Realization (1:6-9)
1. Jonah’s Shame (1:6)
2. Jonah’s Blame (1:7-8)
3. Jonah’s Claim (1:9)
D. Jonah’s Stubborn Resolve (1:10-16)
1. His Decision (1:10-12)
a. The Sailor’s Questions Asked (1:10-11)
i. Why? (1:10)
ii. What? (1:11)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):b. The Sailor’s Questions Answered (1:12)
2. His Doom (1:13-16)
a. What the Sailor’s Did (1:13)
b. What the Sailor’s Desired (1:14)
c. What the Sailor’s Discovered (1:15-16)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):II. The Word with God 1:17-2:10)
A. Jonah’s Dreadful Prison (1:17)
B. Jonah’s Desperate Prayer (2:1-8)
1. What Jonah Reaped (2:1-6)
a. A Feeling of Horror (2:1-3)
b. A Flash of Hope (2:4)
c. A Foretaste of Hell (2:5-6)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):2. What Jonah Remembered (2:7)
3. What Jonah Realized (2:8)
C. Jonah’s Dying Promise (2:9-10)
1. His Surrender (2:9)
2. His Salvation (2:10)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):III. The Word for God (3:1-10)
A. Revelation (3:1-4)
1. The Prophet (3:1-2)
2. The Prophecy (3:3-4)
a. A Word about the Place (3:3)
b. A Word about the Proclamation
(3:4)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):B. Revival (3:5-10)
1. Faith (3:5)
2. Fasting (3:6-9)
a. Its Vast Extent (3:6-7)
b. Its Vital Expression (3:8)
c. Its Valid Expectation (3:9)
3. Forgiveness (3:10)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):IV. The Word about God (4:1-11)
A. Jonah’s Displeasure with God (4:1-9)
1. Jonah and His God (4:1-4)
a. Jonah’s Rage (4:1)
b. Jonah’s Resentment (4:2)
c. Jonah’s Request (4:3-4)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):
2. Jonah and His Gourd (4:5-8)
a. His Decision (4:5)
b. His Discomfort (4:6)
c. His Dismay (4:7-8)
3. Jonah and His Grudge (4:9)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):
B. Jonah’s Discovery about God (4:10-11)
1. An Appeal (4:10)
2. An Application (4:11)
V. Jonah
Minor Prophets
VI. Micah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFEUEcylwLc&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“He has told you, O man, what is good;
and what does the LORD require of you but to
do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk
humbly with your God?”
(Micah 6:8 ESV).
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Micah, the eighth-century Israelite prophet
from Judah, has given his name to this book
as its composer. His name is a short form of
Micaiah, meaning “Who Is Like the LORD” in
Hebrew.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Idolatry”
The essential sin of Judah was idolatry, a
rejection of the “First Table” of the Ten
Commandments (the first four
commandments). This brought about
corruption, violence, and many other sins, a
rejection of the “Second Table” (the last six
commandments)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Micah was from Moresheth
in Judah, about 20 miles southwest of
Jerusalem. His identity is verified by
Jeremiah, who quoted him and named his
hometown (compare 1:1; 3:12; Jeremiah
26:18).
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
E. Date:
Micah prophesied during the reigns of Jotham,
Ahaz, and Hezekiah (1:1), c. 740 B.C. – 690
B.C., the same time span as Isaiah’s ministry.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
F. Background: About 10-20 years before
the northern kingdom of Israel fell to Assyria
in 722 B.C., Micah was called to prophesy to
both the northern and southern kingdoms.
Judah itself would barely escape destruction
by Assyria in 701 B.C.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: (1) To pronounce judgment for continual apostasy
and insincere religious observance (3:8; 6:6-7);
(2) To show that true faith has practical
manifestations, such as social justice and honesty
in business (6:8); (3) To proclaim God’s ultimate
plans for His people (2:12-13; 7:11-20).
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: The people of Judah living during Micah’s
lifetime. The first hearers were people living
in Judah during the end of the 700s B.C.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
I. Themes:
• True religion;
• Social justice;
• Future restoration.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
J. One Sentence Summary: Although Micah also prophesied against
Israel, his main message was against Judah,
who must repent of idolatry and injustice or
else go into exile – but then be restored to
divine blessing under the Ruler from
Bethlehem.
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
K. Map:
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline:I. The Prophecy of Retribution (1:1-3:12)
A. The Calamity 1:1-16)
1. The Coming forth of Jehovah (1:1-2)
2. The Coming focus of Judgment (1:3-16)
a. The Salient Points of Focus (1:3-9)
i. The Sin of Samaria was Spiritual (1:3-8)
ii. The Sin of Samaria was Spreading (1:9)
b. The Subsidiary Points of Focus (1:10-16)
i. The Advancing Foe (1:10-15)
ii. The Advertised Woe (1:16)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):B. The Cause (2:1-3:12)
1. The People (2:1-3:12)
a. The Robbers (2:1-5)
b. The Revilers (2:6-7)
c. The Resisters (2:8-9)
d. The Repudiators (2:10-11)
e. The Remnant (2:12-13)
2. The Princes (3:1-4)
3. The Prophets (3:5-12)
a. The Lying Prophets (3:5-7)
b. The Lord’s Prophets (3:8-12)
i. His Claim (3:8)
ii. His Courage (3:9-12)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):II. The Promise of Restoration (4:1-5:15)
A. Restoration Depicted (4:1-8)
1. Exaltation of the Kingdom (4:1)
2. Extent of the Kingdom (4:2)
3. Excellence of the Kingdom (4:3-5)
4. Exiles of the Kingdom (4:6-8)
a. Restored in Weakness (4:6)
b. Ruling in Power (4:7-8)
B. Restoration Delayed (4:9-5:6)
1. The Times of Israel’s Misery (4:9-13)
a. The Babylonian Empire (4:9-10)
b. The Beast’s Empire (4:11-13)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):2. The Times of Israel’s Messiah (5:1-6)
a. The Insult (5:1)
b. The Incarnation (5:2)
c. The Interval (5:3)
d. The Investiture (5:4-6)
C. Restoration Described (5:7-15)
1. The Remnant (5:7-8)
2. The Recovery (5:9)
3. The Revival (5:10-14)
4. The Revenge (5:15)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):III. The Plea for Repentance (6:1-7:20)
A. Israel’s Sins (6:1-16)
1. The Lord’s Controversy with Israel (6:1-8)
a. The Word of the Lord as Declared on the Hills (6:1-2)
b. The Warmth of the Lord as Displayed to the Hebrews (6:3-4)
c. The Will of the Lord as Discerned by the Heathen (6:5-8)
2. The Lord’s Condemnation of Israel (6:9-16)
a. Sin’s Deceptions (6:9-12)
b. Sins Disappointments (6:13-15)
c. Sin’s Distortions 6:16)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
L. Outline (Continued):
B. Israel’s Sorrows (7:1-6)
1. Blight (7:1-3a)
2. Bribery (7:3b-4)
3. Betrayal (7:5-6)
C. Israel’s Savior (7:7-20)
1. Israel’s Forgiveness (7:7-11)
2. Israel’s Foes (7:12-17)
3. Israel’s Future (7:18-20)
VI. Micah
Minor Prophets
VII. Nahum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y30DanA5EhU&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“The LORD is good,
a stronghold in the day of trouble;
he knows those who take refuge in him”
(Nahum 1:7 ESV).
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Nahum, the seventh-century Israelite prophet
against Nineveh, has given his name to this
book as its composer. His name means
“Comfort” in Hebrew.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Nineveh”
Nineveh was the capital of Assyria, the world
superpower of the 600s B.C. God’s wrath
against Nineveh for its sins is the concern of
this book. Nahum, the prophet of God’s
judgment, followed Jonah, the prophet of
God’s mercy, to Nineveh.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Nahum. Biographical details
are unknown. Even the location of his
hometown, Elkosh (1:1), is uncertain.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
E. Date: The fall of Thebes (also called “No-amon,” 3:8),
which occurred in 663 B.C., had already taken place by
Nahum’s time. Assuming that Nineveh’s fall in 612 (the focus
of Nahum’s prophecy) was yet to come, Nahum’s ministry
would be dated sometime between those two events The zeal
for feasts and vows (1:15) may indicate a time after Josiah’s
reforms had reached their climax with the rediscovery of the
law in 621 B.C.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
F. Background: The end of the seventh-century was an
exciting time for Judah, as the great reformer Josiah (640-609) ruled in
Jerusalem. Over this time of blessing, however, loomed the threat of
invasion by Assyria. Nineveh, Assyria’s capital, had been the site of a
great revival in Jonah’s day, nearly 150 years before in about 750 (Jonah
3:4-10). But the revival had faded quickly, and Assyria destroyed Israel’s
northern kingdom in 722 B.C. and nearly destroyed Judah in 701 B.C.
Now Assyria had set its sights on Judah once again, so God called
Nahum to proclaim His final judgment against Nineveh. Nineveh’s doom
would come soon after Nahum’s warnings, when the rising Babylonian
empire defeated it in 612 B.C. Babylon would go on to win victories
against Judah in 605 B.C. and 597 B.C., finally defeating it in 586 B.C.
Zephaniah and Jeremiah were Nahum’s contemporaries.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: 1) To announce Nineveh’s doom, but in a larger sense to
affirm that God punishes all sin. Though He is “slow to
anger,” He will not let wickedness go unpunished (1:3); (2)
To affirm God’s sovereign control over history. Nineveh’s
destruction was not coincidence or simply the transition from
one human empire to another. It was the direct result of
God’s judgment; (3) To assure Judah that God cares for His
own.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: The first hearers of Nahum may
have been the Ninevites themselves. Possibly the
prophet traveled there to deliver his message, just
as Jonah had done for an earlier generation.
Ultimately, however, this was a message for God’s
people. Nahum was preserved by the people of
Judah in their canon of Scripture at least partly
because it contained a message important to them.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary: Nahum prophesied that God would destroy
Nineveh because of its wickedness and
violence, never to rise again.
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
VII. Nahum
Minor Prophets
K. Outline:
VII. NahumI. Nineveh’s Doom Declared (1:1-15)
A. The Lord’s Patience (1:1-3a)
B. The Lord’s Power (1:3b-5)
C. The Lord’s Presence (1:6-8)
D. The Lord’s Purpose (1:9-14)
E. The Lord’s Protection (1:15)
II. Nineveh’s Doom Described (2:1-13)
A. The Siege of Nineveh (2:1-8)
B. The Sack of Nineveh (2:9-13)
III. Nineveh’s Doom Deserved (3:1-19)
A. The Fierceness of Nineveh (3:13)
B. The Filthiness of Nineveh (3:4-7)
C. The Folly of Nineveh (3:8-10)
D. The Fear of Nineveh (3:11-13)
E. The Fall of Nineveh (3:14-19)
Minor Prophets
VIII. Habakkuk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPMaRqGJPUU&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:“Though the fig tree should not blossom,
nor fruit be on the vines,
the produce of the olive fail and the fields yield no food,
the flock be cut off from the fold and there be no herd in the
stalls, yet I will rejoice in the LORD;
I will take joy in the God of my salvation”
(Habakkuk 3:17-18 ESV).
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name: Habakkuk, the
seventh-century Israelite prophet to Judah,
has given his name to this book as its
composer. His name is possibly related either
to the verb “embrace” in Hebrew or to an
Assyrian plant called the “hambakuku.”
His name means “Love’s Embrace.”
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Dialogue”
The book opens a dialogue between the
prophet and God. The prophet asked God
questions about his ways, and God
answered. The book shows one righteous
way to bring concerns to God when his ways
appear incomprehensible.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Habakkuk (1:1) was
apparently a Levite with experience in the
music ministry of the Temple (3:1, 19).
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
E. Date: It is likely that the book of Habakkuk was
written sometime between 610 B.C. and 605 B.C. The
prominence of Babylon in Habakkuk indicates a post-612
B.C. date, but Babylon apparently had not yet invaded Judah,
placing the book before 605 B.C. Though no kings are
mentioned, the nation’s sad spiritual condition suggests a
date near the end of Josiah’s reign, perhaps after the wicked
Jehoiakim replaced him in 609 B.C. (see 2 Chronicles 36:8;
Jeremiah 22:18-19).
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
F. Background: Israel’s northern kingdom had fallen to
Assyria in 722 B.C, leaving only the tiny southern kingdom of Judah in
the Promised Land. In 612 B.C., Assyria was itself conquered by
Babylon, the new masters of the ancient Near East. Now, Babylon was
threatening to invade Judah. Even worse, the reforms of the good King
Josiah, begun in 621 B.C., were losing their influence, and Judah’s
spiritual condition was at an all-time low (see 1:2-4). Into this situation
came Habakkuk, recording for his people what God taught him about his
coming judgment of both Judah and Babylon, his sovereignty over
human affairs, and his loving faithfulness toward his own.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose: To announce that:
(1) the sinful in Judah will be punished;
(2) though Babylon will be God’s instrument for
punishing Judah, it too will be punished in due time;
(3) God will preserve Judah’s faithful remnant (2:4).
To help Habakkuk himself (as well as his readers
be patient with God’s sovereign working in history.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: The people in Judah living
during Habakkuk’s lifetime. The first hearers
were the kings and people living in the land
of Judah during the years before the
Babylonian captivity.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary: When Habakkuk asked God questions about
the nature of evil and its punishment, God
answered by revealing his righteousness and
sovereignty, and the prophet then responded
with worship and faith.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
K. Outline: I. Perplexity of the Prophet (1)
A. 1st Problem of the Prophet (1:1-4)
“Why does God permit evil?”
B. God’s Answer (1:5-11)
“God was raising up Chaldeans to punish Judah” (v. 6).
C. 2nd Problem of the Prophet (greater than the first) (1:12-17)
Why would God permit His people to be punished by a nation
more wicked than they? Why did He not destroy the
Chaldeans?
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued): II. Perspicuity of the Prophet (2)
A. Practice of the Prophet (2:1)
He took the secret problem to the secret place.
B. Patience of the Prophet (2:2-3)
He waited for the vision.
C. Pageant of the Prophet (2:4)
The great divide in humanity: One group, which is crooked, is
flowing toward destruction; the other group, by faith, is moving
toward God. This is inevitable.
D. Parable to the Prophet (2:5-20)
The application is self-evident from the vision. The Chaldeans,
in turn, would be destroyed. God was moving among the
nations.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued): III. Pleasure of the Prophet (3)
A. Prayer of the Prophet (3:1-2)
The prophet, who thought God was doing nothing about evil,
now asks Him to remember to be merciful. Was he afraid that
God was doing too much?
B. Program of God (3:3-15)
God rides majestically in His own chariot of salvation (v. 8).
C. Position of the Prophet (3:16-19)
He will rejoice (v. 18). He has come from pain to pleasure.
VIII. Habakkuk
Minor Prophets
IX. Zephaniah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFZknKPNvz8&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“The LORD your God is in your midst, a
mighty one who will save;
he will rejoice over you with gladness; he will
quiet you by his love;
he will exult over you with loud singing”
(Zephaniah 3:17 ESV).
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Zephaniah, the seventh-century prophet from
Judah, has given his name to this book as its
composer. His name means “The Lord hides”
in Hebrew.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Day of the Lord”
Zephaniah predicted the future day of the
Lord as a time of ruin for Jerusalem. The
initial coming of the day of the Lord was
manifested by Judah’s fall to Babylon; its final
fulfillment lies in the future in the context of
Christ’s return.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship:
Zephaniah. Descended from King Hezekiah
(1:1) and therefore related to Josiah,
Zephaniah may have well influenced the
young king as he sought the Lord and tried to
promote spiritual revival.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
E. Date:Perhaps around 625 B.C. While Zephaniah’s
ministry is said only to have taken place in the days
of Josiah (1:1), it may well have been during the
years between the beginning of Josiah’s personal
awakening (632 B.C.) and the onset of his more
public revival efforts in 621 B.C.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
F. Background: After the enlightened reign of Hezekiah (728-686
B.C.), Judah had endured 55 years under two of its worse kings, Manasseh and
Amon, before Josiah was made king as age eight in 640 B.C. As he grew into
adulthood, Josiah proved to be the most godly of Judah’s kings. He experienced
a personal spiritual awakening in 632 B.C. at age 16 (2 Chronicles 34:3), and
after the law was rediscovered in 621 B.C., he led a nationwide revival (2
Chronicles 34:14-18, 29-33). Despite Josiah’s reforms and the initial positive
response of the people (2 Kings 23:3), many in Judah remained lukewarm in
their faith. Into this situation came Zephaniah, warning of the impending invasion
by Babylon and of the “day of the Lord,” the final and universal judgment as the
end of human history (1:1-3:7). Looking still further into God’s plans for his
people, he foretold Judah’s return from Babylon and the final, triumphant page of
human history, the glorious millennial kingdom of God (3:8-20). Nahum and
Jeremiah were Zephaniah’s contemporaries.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose:(1) To warn of the coming “day of the Lord” and
correct misconceptions about it. Many Israelite
thought it would be a day for rejoicing, but
Zephaniah revealed that idolatrous Israelites were
considered God’s enemies just as the Canaanites
had been. It is not nationality but spirituality that
counts; (2) To hold out hope for a remnant that will
survive God’s judgment (3:9-20).
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients:
The first hearers were the kings and people
living in Judah some forty years before the
Babylonian captivity.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary:
Although Zephaniah prophesied coming
judgment against the nations, his main
message was against Judah, whose sins
were so serious that they would go into exile
on “the day of the Lord,” but later they would
be restored to righteousness.
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
K. Outline:
I. A Sad Day Coming (1:1-3:8)
A. Judah and Jerusalem Judged (1:1-2:3)
B. Enemy Nations Judged (2:4-15)
C. Judah and Jerusalem Judged (3:1-8)
II . A Glad Day Coming (3:9-20)
IX. Zephaniah
Minor Prophets
X. Haggai
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juPvv_xcX-U&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“The latter glory of this house shall be greater
than the former, says the LORD of hosts.
And in this place I will give peace, declares
the LORD of hosts” (Haggai 2:9 ESV).
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Haggai, the sixth-century prophet who
returned to Judah from Babylonian exile, has
given his name to this book as its composer.
His name means “Festive” in Hebrew.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Rebuilding”
The primary focus of this book is rebuilding
the Jewish temple in Jerusalem after the
return from Babylonian captivity.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship: Haggai. Both Haggai and
Zechariah are named by Ezra (Ezra 5:1; 6:14). Like
Nehemiah, who would come to Jerusalem much
later to rebuild its walls, Haggai was a man of
action: After the Temple had sat unfinished for 15
years, it took Haggai just 23 days to inspire the
people to resume the work. (The work would finally
be completed in about 515 B.C. – see Ezra 6:15.)
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
E. Date: 1:1 dates Haggai’s ministry in “the second year of King
Darius’s reign,” or 520 B.C. (compare Ezra 4:24). The book can be divided
into three separate prophesies, each given on a specified day of that year:
- First prophecy (1): first day of the sixth month, Elu (August-September)
(1:1);
- Second prophecy (2:1-9): 21st day of seventh month, Tishri (September-
October) (2:1);
- Third prophecy (2:10-23): 24th day of ninth month, Chislev (November-
December) (2:10, 20).
Haggai probably recorded his prophecies soon after giving them.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
F. Background:The first group of Jews returned from Babylonian
exile in 538 B.C. (Ezra 1), and in 536 B.C. began
rebuilding the Temple (Ezra 3:8-13). In about 535
B.C., however, deeply discouraged and under
intense opposition, their work had ground to a halt
(Ezra 4:24). 15 years later, in 520 B.C., God raised
us Haggai and Zechariah to encourage them in the
rebuilding and in personal holiness.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose:
(1) To encourage the rebuilding of the temple;
(2) To give instruction in holiness;
(3) To show God’s faithfulness.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: The Jews who had returned
from exile in 538 B.C.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary: When Haggai proclaimed God’s command to
rebuild the temple, giving God’s promises
that the glory of the second temple would
exceed that of the first temple, the people
obeyed with a willing heart.
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
K. Outline: I. The Call to Build (1:1-15)
A. The Background (1:1-2)
1. The Period (1:1a)
2. The Prophet (1:1b)
3. The Problem (1:2)
B. The Burden (1:3-11)
1. Its Context (1:3-4)
2. Its Content (1:5-11)
a. The Jews Condition Exposed (1:5-6)
b. The Jews Condition Explained (1:7-11)
i. The Cause (1:7-9)
ii. The Consequences (1:10-11)
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued): C. The Blessing (1:12-15)
1. The Response (1:12)
2. The Reassurance (1:13)
3. The Revival (1:14-15)
a. The Truth (1:14)
b. The Time (1:15)
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued): III. The Call to Behave (2:10-19)
A. The Blessing That Was Wanted (2:10-14)
1. The Principle of the Law (2:10-13)
a. Virtue Cannot Be Caught (2:10-12)
b. Vileness Cannot Be Contained (2:13)
2. The People of the Lord (2:14)
a. Unclean in Their Souls (2:14a)
b. Unclean in Their Sacrifices (2:14b)
B. The Blessing That Was Withheld (2:15-17)
1. The Neglected House (2:15)
2. The Negligent Heart (2:17b)
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued):
C. The Blessing That Was Waiting (2:18-19)
1. The Ground of Blessing (2:18)
2. The Greatness of Blessing (2:19)
IV. The Call to Believe (2:20-23)
A. God Will Manifest His Power (2:20-22)
1. By Shaking the Elements (2:20-21)
2. By Shattering the Enemy (2:22)
B. God Will Magnify His Prince (2:23)
X. Haggai
Minor Prophets
XI. Zechariah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_106IfO6Kc0&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“Who are you, O great mountain?
Before Zerubbabel you shall become a plain.
And he shall bring forward the top stone amid
shouts of ‘Grace, grace to it!” (Zechariah 4:7
ESV)
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Zechariah, the sixth-century prophet who
returned to Judah from Babylonian exile, has
given his name to this book as its composer.
His name means
“The Lord Remembers” in Hebrew.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Jerusalem”
This book focuses on the city of Jerusalem,
which still lay in ruins in Zechariah’s day.
Both the near-term rebuilding of the city and
the ultimate, everlasting destiny of Jerusalem
as the city in which God delights are in view.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship:Zechariah (1:1), who along with Haggai encouraged the
rebuilding of the Temple (see Ezra 5:1; 6:14). Zechariah was
a priest as well as a prophet. His grandfather was Iddo (1:1),
a priest who returned from the exile with Zerubbabel
(Nehemiah 12:4). Apparently Zechariah succeeded his
grandfather as head of that priestly family (Nehemiah
12:16). Zechariah would later be martyred on the Temple
grounds (Matthew 23:35). The Bible mentions 34 men
named Zechariah!
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
E. Date: The prophecies of 1-8 probably
would have been given between 520 B.C.,
when Zechariah and Haggai began
encouraging the rebuilding of the Temple, and
515 B.C., when the rebuilding was completed.
His final prophecies (9-14) are from later,
probably about 480 B.C.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
F. Background: Zechariah described his
prophetic call as simply “the word of the Lord.” For
more that fifteen years the Jews had been back in
Jerusalem, but the city was still in physical disarray.
The walls were still ruined, and the people were
questioning the future of the city. God raised up
Zecariah to encourage these Jews with a vision of
Jerusalem’s glorious future. He did not tell what
prompted the collection of his writings.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose:
(1) To encourage the rebuilding of the
Temple; (2) To give instruction in holiness
(rebuilt lives result in a rebuilt Temple!); (3) To
provide specific information concerning both
the first and second coming of Christ.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients: Israelites in Jerusalem after
they returned from exile. The first audience
was the people of Jerusalem that had
returned from exile. In particular Zerubbabel
the governor and Joshua the high priest
received some of Zechariah’s messages of
encouragement.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary:
Through night visions and prophetic oracles,
Zechariah predicted the welfare of Jerusalem
as God’s beloved holy city into which the
King would enter riding on a donkey, the one
also called God’s Servant and Branch.
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
K. Outline: I. Apocalyptic Visions (Messianic and Millennial) (1-6)
A. Introduction and Message of Warning (1:1-6)
B. Ten Visions (all in one night) (1:7-6:15)
1. Riders Under Myrtle Trees (1:7-17) 6. The Branch (3:8-10)
2. Four Horns (1:18-19) 7. Lampstand and Two Olive Trees (4)
3. Four Smiths (1:20-21) 8. Flying Roll (5:1-4)
4. Man with a Measuring Line (2) 9. Woman in Ephah (5:5-11)
5. Joshua and Satan (3:1-7) 10. Four Chariots (6)
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
K. Outline (Continued): II. Historic Interlude (7-8)
A. Question Concerning a Religious Ritual (Fasting) (7:1-3)
B. Threefold Answer (7:4-8:23)
1. When the Heart is Right, the Ritual is Right (7:4-7)
2. When the Heart is Wrong, the Ritual is Wrong (7:8-14)
3. God’s Purpose Concerning Jerusalem – Unchanged by Any Ritual (8)
III. Prophetic Burdens (9-14)
A. 1st Burden: Prophetic Aspects Connected w/ 1st Coming of Christ (9-11)
B. 2nd Burden: Prophetic Aspects Connected w/ 2nd Coming of Christ (12-
14)
XI. Zechariah
Minor Prophets
XII. Malachi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPGShWZ4Jvk&ab_channel=BibleProject
Note: This link is provided as a supplemental resource only. The instructor does not necessarily agree
with nor condemns the overall teachings of The Bible Project.
Minor Prophets
A. Key Verse:
“Bring the full tithe into the storehouse, that
there may be food in my house. And
thereby put me to the test, says the LORD of
hosts, if I will not open the windows of
heaven for you and pour down for you a
blessing until there is no more need”
(Malachi 3:10 ESV).
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
B. Meaning of Name:
Malachi, the fifth-century prophet of Judah,
has given his name to this book as its
composer. His name means “My Messenger”
in Hebrew.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
C. Key Term: “Messenger”
Malachi, God’s messenger, noted that while
true priests of God served as his messengers
(2:7), God would one day send “my
messenger” (3:1, John the Baptist) to prepare
the way for “the messenger of the covenant”
(3:1, Jesus).
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
D. Authorship:
Malachi (1:1). Biographical details unknown.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
E. Date: About 430 B.C.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
F. Background:With encouragement from the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, the first
group of Jews return from captivity had finished rebuilding the Temple in
about 515 B.C. As the second and third waves of exiles returned in 457
B.C. and 445 B.C., Ezra and Nehemiah led the nation in spiritual revival.
In about 432 B.C., Nehemiah returned to Babylon for a while, and when
he returned to Jerusalem found that spiritual conditions had deteriorated
(see Nehemiah 13). It is generally thought that Malachi ministered at
about this time, reminding the people of God’s love for them, calling
them to repentance, warning of judgment, and foretelling great blessings
for those whose hearts were right.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
G. Purpose:
(1) To rebuke the profaning of that which is
holy; (2) To rebuke the abuse of proper
human relationships; (3) To announce both
the judgment and the blessing of the coming
“day of the Lord.”
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
H. Recipients:
Israelites in Judah after the Babylonian exile.
The first audience was the people of Judah of
the second or third generation after the return
from captivity that had become lethargic in
their relationship to God.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
I. One Sentence Summary: Malachi rebuked God’s people for specific
violations of the covenant, such as laws
concerning sacrifices, divorce, and tithes, but
he also prophesied the coming of the
Messenger who will set all things right.
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
J. Map:
XII. Malachi
Minor Prophets
K. Outline: I. God’s Love Stated (1:1-5)
II. God’s Love Scorned (1:6-3:18)
A. The priests’ contempt for God (1:6-14)
B. The priests’ contempt for the priesthood (1:6-14)
C. The people’s contempt for marriage (2:10-17)
D. The coming of John the Baptist and Christ (3:1-5)
E. Robbing from God (3:6-12)
F. No Benefit from godliness (3:13-15)
G. The Benefits of godliness (3:16-18)
III. God’s Love Shown (4)
XII. Malachi
Sources:
Easley, Kendell H. Holman QuickSource: Guide to Understanding the Bible, Nashville, TN:
Holman Bible Publishers, 2002.
Holman Study Bible NKJV, Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 2015.
Journeying with God: A Survey of the Old Testament, Purposeful Design Publications.
McGee, J. Vernon. Briefing the Bible: Outlines to Encourage Reading the Bible Through in a
Year, Pasadena, CA: Thru the Bible Books, 1978.
Phillips, John. Exploring the Minor Prophets: The Book of the Twelve, Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux,
1998.
Wilmington, Harold L. Wilmington’s Bible Handbook, Wheaton, Ill: Tyndale, 1997.
Ancient Israel Map: www.thebiblejourney.org (Accessed: 02-28-2021).