On an English Consonant-Mutation, Present in PROOF, PROVEAuthor(s): S. S. HaldemanSource: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896), Vol. 6 (1875), pp.20-22Published by: The Johns Hopkins University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935756 .

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II.- On an English Consonant-3Mlutation, present in PR OOF, PRO VE.

lB S. S. HALDEMAN,

PROFESSOR OF COMP. PIIILOLOGY IN TIlE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

IN' proof' and 'prove' a surd consonant indicates a noun or an adjective, and a sonant one a verb, a feature wlich is more or less present in the following examples, extending to one hundred and fourteen pails. The mark (*) prefixed indicates archlaic or local forms.

abuse n.,

advice,

anialys-is, ascent,

bath, b,elhoof, belief, benllt n.,

brass,

Ireatlh,

b)ulk, calf,

:-*clhast'?c et,

lcief, choice, cicatrice,

clack, click, cliff, close, (cloth, (con1(ise <t.,

(cran'lilk,

('cross, (llt' (a llliile),

levice, liffulse,

abluse v. advise

ianaly se ascendl hathe 1eItlle

behoove believe belll braze

breathe

bulge calve chastise' achieve lchoose

cicatrise (lanli clink 'lilci

crillngeC cruise deleve ,leCviset (lifftuse

(like,

(Irop, (lieck, juke, excuse,

fros-t,

gilt, girth, glass, gloss,

graff,

grass, grease, grief, grip,

half, halt, hilt, hliss, i;oof,

kerf, leaf, life, lip, loatl a.,

dlig- (lribblle

dodge excuse freeze

gad gild gird glaze gloze (in-grave graze grease grieve grrab

grudge lialve hold holl wiliiz hoov'd house carve leave live blab loatlle

t " As she fromi Collatinus w\if'e of chastice bore tile bell."- Tulbcrcille, in Richardson.

t "'Tli t of tllis land's first coinquest (lid devize."-Spenser. ? "To whom lie bore so fell a grutch,

lie ne'er gave quarter t' any siucl."-'Jludibras.'

II " lis horses hoov'd with flint."--lenry King (1591-1669).

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On an English Consonant-Mutation. 21

loss, lose shafe l, shave

metamorphose n., -oze t sheaf, sheave mouse, mouse sheath, sheathe mouth, mouthe shelf, shelve nip, knab, nibble sign, resign noose, nooze slip, slive ob-tuse, con-tuse smutch, smudge of-fice, suf-fice sniff, snivel

paralys-is, paralyse sooth a., soothe

practice, practise t (sprout), browse prem'iss, premise' staff, stave price, appraise stipe, stab profuse, suffuse strife, strive prom'ise, com'promise stuff, *stive, steve proof, prove swath, swathe purpose, propose teeth, teethe recipient, receive tenth, ti.. the rap-acious, rob thief, thieve reef, reeve tractile, drag ref'use refuse' treat, trade relief, relieve triple, treble remiss a., remise troth, betr6the rent n., rend tussle, touse reproof, reprove tweak, tweag reproof, reprieve use, use rip, rive waif, waive sacrifice?, sacrifice wife, wive safe, save woof, weave scatl, scathe wreath, wreathe serf, serve wreath, writlie

The pairs 'give' 'gift,' 'drive' 'drift,' do not belong here the f being due to the participial t, wlich is also present in ' desced' ' descet,' ' exte ' exted extent,' ' portend ' portent,' alnd many otlers. The noun lold' is often pronounced holt, alid Cllauccr lias ' lolte' for a strong-hold or castle.

The verbs ' bequeathe,' ' crave,' ' drowse,' ' lave,' ' rave,'

t Geo. Edwards, Discourse on Birds, 1795, p. 14.

t "Practized. "-Spelser, 1580. "nought can le more disgusting to the wise,

than pride, wllich none but silly fools practise." -.1. B. Gitclirist, LL.D., 1821.

? Compare 'orifice,' 'benefice,' 'artifice.' . . . . . ." In )ares' stead I offer this,

Eryx ! accept a nobler sacrifice :"-Dryden, AEn. 5, 1. 643.

II As in 'spoke-shafe,' a wheel-wright's implement. 4

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F. Carter, F. Carter,

' please,' 'raise,' 'praise,' 'seize,' 'seethe,' soothe,' 'adver- tise,' and others, are not accompanied by surd nouns.

Many words are used both as nouns and verbs, without a change of form, such as 'glide,' 'rise,' slide,' slice,' scoff,' 'pace,' ' race,' ' revise,' ' exercise.'

In some cases a change of form would cause collfusion with other words, as in 'cease' 'seize,' 'loose' 'lose,' bite' 'bide,' 'rip' 'rib,' ' dose' 'doze,' ' hiss' ' his,' 'lease' 'lees,' where the z-sound as a plural sign adds to the confusion.

III.-On Begem ann's Views as to the Weak Preterit of the Germanic Verbs.

BY FRANKLIN CARTER,

PROFESSOR OF TIlE GERMIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN YALE CO,LEGE.

THE so-called weak preterit in the Germanic verbs lias long been regarded as composed of tle stein of the verb and the past tense of a strong verb fiom the root found in da in tlle Latin condere, i7 ill the Greek rijult, and in tlie Sansklit dhd. This belief dates from tlhe sharp investigations of Grimm, whose influence induced Bopp to abandon his previously adopted view of the derivation of this weak preterit fiom the past participle, and to accept the theory of composition. Bopp's supposition of tlhe derivation of tliese preterits from the participle was doubtless suggested by the resemblance betweenl tlese formns. Tllis resemblance is marked in the regular verbs, but is striking il those verbs which form some- what irregularly their preterit tense and past participle, viz.: the preteritive and a few others. Of the preteritive, magan (preterit mahta, participle mahts) may serve as an example. Of tle others. pcegkjan (preterit thuhta, participle thuhts). This resemblance is at first notice the most striking feature of these forms; and, as we have menctioned, it seemed at first to Bopp neitller accidental nlor incidental, but organic. The sharper siglited Grimm discovered a resemblance between

' please,' 'raise,' 'praise,' 'seize,' 'seethe,' soothe,' 'adver- tise,' and others, are not accompanied by surd nouns.

Many words are used both as nouns and verbs, without a change of form, such as 'glide,' 'rise,' slide,' slice,' scoff,' 'pace,' ' race,' ' revise,' ' exercise.'

In some cases a change of form would cause collfusion with other words, as in 'cease' 'seize,' 'loose' 'lose,' bite' 'bide,' 'rip' 'rib,' ' dose' 'doze,' ' hiss' ' his,' 'lease' 'lees,' where the z-sound as a plural sign adds to the confusion.

III.-On Begem ann's Views as to the Weak Preterit of the Germanic Verbs.

BY FRANKLIN CARTER,

PROFESSOR OF TIlE GERMIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN YALE CO,LEGE.

THE so-called weak preterit in the Germanic verbs lias long been regarded as composed of tle stein of the verb and the past tense of a strong verb fiom the root found in da in tlle Latin condere, i7 ill the Greek rijult, and in tlie Sansklit dhd. This belief dates from tlhe sharp investigations of Grimm, whose influence induced Bopp to abandon his previously adopted view of the derivation of this weak preterit fiom the past participle, and to accept the theory of composition. Bopp's supposition of tlhe derivation of tliese preterits from the participle was doubtless suggested by the resemblance betweenl tlese formns. Tllis resemblance is marked in the regular verbs, but is striking il those verbs which form some- what irregularly their preterit tense and past participle, viz.: the preteritive and a few others. Of the preteritive, magan (preterit mahta, participle mahts) may serve as an example. Of tle others. pcegkjan (preterit thuhta, participle thuhts). This resemblance is at first notice the most striking feature of these forms; and, as we have menctioned, it seemed at first to Bopp neitller accidental nlor incidental, but organic. The sharper siglited Grimm discovered a resemblance between

22 22

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