Editorial

H. J. Caulfield, Editor

On Originality

I recently corresponded with an author on the topic of originality.Optical Engineering seeks to publish "original papers." Over 90% ofthe paper submitted to us was taken verbatim from a prior paper bythe same author (a discovery by a referee that was not volunteered bythe author). The author says he thought he had exceeded somethreshold of originality. This raises, in a somewhat exaggerated manner,a more general question of what constitutes your editor's definition ofan original paper. Unfortunately, I can offer no clear definition. Thus Imust ramble through some special cases hoping that my readers cansense the pattern and spirit of my decisions on this matter.

First, an original paper must not have appeared in print in a refereedjournal. This seems simple enough, but it causes seemingly endlessconfusion. Conference proceedings are not refereed journals, so it isaltogether proper to submit proceedings papers for possible publica-tion in Optical Engineering. An obvious correlate is that referenceshould be given to the conference proceedings. Another question iswhether publication in a trade magazine preempts publication inOptical Engineering. My answer is, "No." Trade magazines and scien-tific and technical journals have different paper requirements. Neitherwould publish a paper suitable for the other. It is customary (and, tomy way of thinking, appropriate) to publish the technical paper beforepublishing a popularized version in a trade magazine.

Second, a review can be original. It must be clearly labeled as areview. The review must cite prior reviews and clearly state why a newreview is needed and what is new about this review.

Third, all verbatim quotations from previously published materialshould be clearly labeled. In the case of a paper based on a confer-ence proceedings, a simple footnote suffices. In the case of a ref-ereed paper, I would like to see quotation marks used. This wouldessentially eliminate abuses such as the one referred to earlier in thiseditorial. Not abiding by such rules is being somewhat dishonestwith the readers.

Fourth, it is important to label the new, original material in a paper.Background material should take no more than a third of a paper, andusually less, to avoid confusing the reader between the old and thenew material.

Fifth, the new material should be surprising or clever as opposed toobvious but never -before -published. The object is not to publishmany papers but to publish useful papers. Usefulness and unavailabil-ity elsewhere in books or refereed journals are the two primary criteriaI use in accepting papers for publication.

SR -116 / OPTICAL ENGINEERING / September /October 1982 / Vol. 21 No. 5

OPTICAL ENGINEERINGEDITORIAL SCHEDULE

November /December 1982Conical Optical Element Metrology

T. R. FergusonAFWL /ARAOKirtland AFB, NM 87117505/844-0226

January /February 1983

Obscuration Effects on Electro- Optic, Infrared,and Millimeter Wave Systems Performance

Richard B. GomezChief of Engineers, Research

and Development OfficeATTN: DAEN -RDM20 Massachusetts Ave., N. W.Washington, D. C. 20314202/272 -0259

March /April 1983Submicron Lithography

Phillip BlaisWestinghouse Research and Development

CenterBuilding 501, Room 2D201310 Beulah RoadPittsburgh, PA 15235412/256 -7585

May /June 1983

Raman Spectroscopy

Stanley M. Klainer1140 -90

Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBerkeley, CA 94720415/486 -6729

July/August 1983Laser Damage in Materials

Theodore T. SaitoFGRL /NHUSAF Academy, CO 80840303/472 -3133

September /October 1983Fluorescence

Stanley M. Klainer1140 -90

Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBerkeley, CA 94720415/486 -6729

Editorial

H. J. Caulfield, Editor

On Originality

I recently corresponded with an author on the topic of originality. Optical Engineering seeks to publish "original papers/' Over 90% of the paper submitted to us was taken verbatim from a prior paper by the same author (a discovery by a referee that was not volunteered by the author). The author says he thought he had exceeded some threshold of originality. This raises, in a somewhat exaggerated manner, a more general question of what constitutes your editor's definition of an original paper. Unfortunately, I can offer no clear definition. Thus I must ramble through some special cases hoping that my readers can sense the pattern and spirit of my decisions on this matter.

First, an original paper must not have appeared in print in a refereed journal. This seems simple enough, but it causes seemingly endless confusion. Conference proceedings are not refereed journals, so it is altogether proper to submit proceedings papers for possible publica­ tion in Optical Engineering. An obvious correlate is that reference should be given to the conference proceedings. Another question is whether publication in a trade magazine preempts publication in Optical Engineering. My answer is, "No." Trade magazines and scien­ tific and technical journals have different paper requirements. Neither would publish a paper suitable for the other. It is customary (and, to my way of thinking, appropriate) to publish the technical paper before publishing a popularized version in a trade magazine.

Second, a review can be original. It must be clearly labeled as a review. The review must cite prior reviews and clearly state why a new review is needed and what is new about this review.

Third, all verbatim quotations from previously published material should be clearly labeled. In the case of a paper based on a confer­ ence proceedings, a simple footnote suffices. In the case of a ref­ ereed paper, I would like to see quotation marks used. This would essentially eliminate abuses such as the one referred to earlier in this editorial. Not abiding by such rules is being somewhat dishonest with the readers.

Fourth, it is important to label the new, original material in a paper. Background material should take no more than a third of a paper, and usually less, to avoid confusing the reader between the old and the new material.

Fifth, the new material should be surprising or clever as opposed to obvious but never-before-published. The object is not to publish many papers but to publish useful papers. Usefulness and unavailabil­ ity elsewhere in books or refereed journals are the two primary criteria I use in accepting papers for publication.

OPTICAL ENGINEERING EDITORIAL SCHEDULE

November/December 1982

Conical Optical Element Metrology

T. R. FergusonAFWL/ARAOKirtland AFB, NM 87117505/844-0226

January/February 1983

Obscuration Effects on Electro-Optic, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave Systems Performance

Richard B. Gomez Chief of Engineers, Research

and Development Office ATTN: DAEN-RDM 20 Massachusetts Ave., N. W. Washington, D. C 20314 202/272-0259

March/April 1983

Submicron Lithography

Phitlip BlaisWestinghouse Research and Development

CenterBuilding 501, Room 2D20 1310 Beulah Road Pittsburgh, PA 15235 412/256-7585

May/June 7983

Raman Spectroscopy

Stanley M. Klainer1140-90Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBerkeley, CA 94720415/486-6729

July/August 1983

Laser Damage in Materials

Theodore T. SaitoFGRL/NHUSAF Academy, CO 80840303/472-3133

September/October 1983

Fluorescence

Stanley M. Klainer1140-90Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBerkeley, CA 94720415/486-6729

SR-116 / OPTICAL ENGINEERING / September/October 1982 / Vol. 21 No. 5Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering on 31 Aug 2020Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use

Book Reviews jSolar Heating and Cooling: Active andPassive DesignJan F. Kreider and Frank Kreith, 479 pp., illus.,index, references. ISBN 0 -07 -035486 -3. Hemi-sphere Publishing (McGraw -Hill), Washington,D.C., second edition (1982) $29.95.

Reviewed by Robert E. Jones, Jr., University ofColorado, Department of Physics and EnergyScience, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80933 -7150.

Solar Heating and Cooling covers the applicationof solar energy to heating and cooling of build-ings. It provides the necessary information anddesign tools to enable engineers, architects, andbuilders to design and size the common active andpassive solar energy systems. Much of the infor-mation is presented in graphic or tabular forms aswell as by equations in order to be useful todesigners with differing mathematical back-grounds. This book stresses applications and formany topics the fundamentals are only touchedupon. Its primary use is as a design manual. It alsomay be suitable as a solar applications text fortechnologists or even for engineering studentsprovided the necessary fundamentals are coveredelsewhere in the curriculum.

The introductory chapter discusses the rela-tion of solar energy to the overall energy situation.Basic concepts and components for solar energysystems are treated in the next three chapters.Chapter 2 covers solar radiation calculations. Thediscussion of the use of sun path diagrams andshadow angle protractors is one of the best avail-able. The usually messy conversion of averagedaily horizontal insolation data to insolation on atilted plane is handled primarily by tabular infor-mation so minimal math skills are required. Here,as in a number of instances throughout the book,the technically oriented reader is referred to theauthors' more advanced book' for the analyticalexpressions. As a design manual this approach isacceptable. However, for engineers and engineer-ing students, I wonder about presenting a diffuseradiation tilt factor in tabular form without iden-tifying it as a radiation view factor and withoutgiving the simple parametric form (1/ 2) (1 -I- cos/3)where ß is the tilt angle. Collectors and collectorefficiency and testing are described in the thirdchapter. The next chapter covers thermal storage,and the detailed but straightforward designmethod for rock bed storage is especiallyappreciated.

Chapter 5 deals with the all- important solarenergy economics. Life cycle costing, presentworth, capital recovery, and other economicconcepts are well presented in both analytical andtabular form. The well -selected examples illus-trate both the concepts and the method of calcula-tion. Differences between residential andcommercial applications are recognized. Thematerial is organized so that designers of residen-tial systems can perform optimizations with thesimpler material at the beginning of the chapter.

The major solar heating systems are treated inthe following group of three chapters. Chapter 6discusses solar service hot water and swimmingpool heating systems. System and component siz-ing are well covered. The advantages and disad-

vantages of different approaches are discussedwith the proper emphasis on durability. The trou-bleshooting and corrosion of materials tables arehighly useful. Direct gain, solar storage wall,attached greenhouse, and roof pond passive sys-tems, as well as a hybrid solar heating system, arediscussed in the following chapter. The P -chartsizing and performance prediction monograph ispresent. The P -chart is based on the solar loadratio method developed at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory. The next chapter deals with bothair -and water -based space heating systems. A worksheet for system sizing is included. The informa-tion on system controls and sizing of pumps, pipesand fittings, fans, ducts, and heat exchanges willallow designers to avoid some of the mistakesmade in the early days of solar application.

Chapter 9 treats solar cooling, a less developedtechnology at present, but one with great potentialbecause of the better coincidence of demand andsolar availability. This chapter is at a higher tech-nical level than the others and includes pressureversus enthalpy curves and various thermo-dynamic cycles. This is reasonable given the stateof the art. Solar cooling system design usuallyrequires a significant engineering input today.

Chapter 10 introduces the application of solarcells, solar panels, and wood stoves. The last chap-ter is a fairly extensive discussion of present solarlegislation in each of the 50 states. This is followedby over a hundred pages of useful appendices anda subject index. The appendices include a glos-sary, conversion factors, sun path diagrams, inso-lation maps, clear -sky insolation tables, solar andclimatic data for U.S. locations, thermal proper-ties of materials, P -chart factors, and a list offederal and state information sources.

Kreider and Kreith have again demonstratedtheir ability to write readable, clear, and correcttechnical literature. This second edition offersconsiderable updating from the first. Significantnew material includes the P -chart passive sizingtool, solar energy economics, and the discussionof legal aspects. Overall it is one of the best solarheating and cooling design manuals available. It isintended to address applications, and the treat-ment of the fundamentals of heat transfer andoptics in solar energy are quite limited. Anyoneinterested in solar engineering optics would dobetter to read the authors' other solar book' orother advanced solar energy books.2,3 As a uni-versity text its usefulness is limited by the lack oftheory and lack of a uniform mathematical levelas well as by the absence of problems. It is moreappropriate as a text for a short course for designprofessionals or for two- and four -year technol-ogy degrees.

ReferencesI . Frank Kreith and J. F. Kreider, Principles

of Solar Engineering, Hemisphere Publish-ing (McGraw -Hill), Washington, D.C.(1978).

2. J. A. Duffle and W. A. Beckman, SolarEngineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley -Interscience, New York (1980).

3. Sol Wieder, An Introduction to SolarEnergy for Scientists and Engineers, Wiley,New York (1982).

SR -118 / OPTICAL ENGINEERING / September /October 1982 / Vol. 21 No. 5

Master Optical TechniquesArthur S. Devany, 600 pp., illus., index, references.ISBN 0- 471 -07720 -8. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158 (1981) $55.

Reviewed by Frank Cooke, Frank Cooke, Inc.,59 Summer Street, North Brookfield, Massachu-setts 01535.

The book is good. It should be studied by all whoaspire to become optical technicians. Even theexperienced worker will find much interest in itsperusal.

The text is in four well -delineated parts, thefirst being fundamental operations. It is pointedout that the most precise optical machinery has afinite accuracy and that the optician must achievecloser tolerances largely by handwork. Many ofthe contemporary optical machines are illustratedand their functions described. The elementarymathematics needed to run these machines is wellcovered, and comments on hand polishing aremade by a person who knows whereof he speaks.

The testing of glass -a subject often ne-glected-is very well covered. This brings home tothe optician the importance of knowing the qual-ity of his raw material.

The book's second part, devoted to the fabri-cation of prisms and lenses, is very technical andwill require serious study -but then it should.

Measuring angles by means of the autocol-limator is covered better than we have seen before.The errors observed and what to do about themare well described. It would take the student muchtime and labor to discover the facts so clearlyshown here.

Working of newer optical materials, scarcelyknown a few years ago, is carefully described.Hard and soft crystals as well as metal mirrors getadequate treatment.

Part three, devoted to telescope systems, iscomplex for the amateur but not for a seriousworker. Such difficult work as off -axis parabo-loids and Schmidt cameras with their mathemat-ics and suggestions as to manufacture are inabundance. Illustrations on the use of cutaway orprofiled pitch polishers to make aspheric surfacesare excellent. John Brasher, the famous earlyoptical worker, described this technique almost acentury ago. As with so many facets of opticalwork "what's past is prologue."

In light of this writer's experience, modern opti-cal technology should mention single -point dia-mond turning of metal mirrors, the use of planetarytappers to polish both sides at the same time,achieving great flatness and parallelism, and the useof single -face polishing. The mention of this omis-sion is not meant to be critical of this book.

Each chapter has a bibliography which cer-tainly covers the subject. Throughout the book,information is given as to where items can bepurchased. What a blessing this is to one duplicat-ing the work.

In summation, the book is excellent and veryscholarly. It is not for the beginner, but if he aspiresto advance he should own a copy.

Book ReviewsSolar Heating and Cooling: Active and Passive DesignJan F. Kreider and Frank Kreith, 479 pp., illus., index, references. ISBN 0-07-035486-3. Hemi­ sphere Publishing (McGraw-Hill), Washington, D.C., second edition (1982) $29.95.

Reviewed by Robert E. Jones, Jr., University of Colorado, Department of Physics and Energy Science, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80933-7150.

Solar Heating and Cooling covers the application of solar energy to heating and cooling of build­ ings. It provides the necessary information and design tools to enable engineers, architects, and builders to design and size the common active and passive solar energy systems. Much of the infor­ mation is presented in graphic or tabular forms as well as by equations in order to be useful to designers with differing mathematical back­ grounds. This book stresses applications and for many topics the fundamentals are only touched upon. Its primary use is as a design manual. It also may be suitable as a solar applications text for technologists or even for engineering students provided the necessary fundamentals are covered elsewhere in the curriculum.

The introductory chapter discusses the rela­ tion of solar energy to the overall energy situation. Basic concepts and components for solar energy systems are treated in the next three chapters. Chapter 2 covers solar radiation calculations. The discussion of the use of sun path diagrams and shadow angle protractors is one of the best avail­ able. The usually messy conversion of average daily horizontal insolation data to insolation on a tilted plane is handled primarily by tabular infor­ mation so minimal math skills are required. Here, as in a number of instances throughout the book, the technically oriented reader is referred to the authors' more advanced book 1 for the analytical expressions. As a design manual this approach is acceptable. However, for engineers and engineer­ ing students, I wonder about presenting a diffuse radiation tilt factor in tabular form without iden­ tifying it as a radiation view factor and without giving the simple parametric form (1 / 2) (1 + cos 0) where ft is the tilt angle. Collectors and collector efficiency and testing are described in the third chapter. The next chapter covers thermal storage, and the detailed but straightforward design method for rock bed storage is especially appreciated.

Chapter 5 deals with the all-important solar energy economics. Life cycle costing, present worth, capital recovery, and other economic concepts are well presented in both analytical and tabular form. The well-selected examples illus­ trate both the concepts and the method of calcula­ tion. Differences between residential and commercial applications are recognized. The material is organized so that designers of residen­ tial systems can perform optimizations with the simpler material at the beginning of the chapter.

The major solar heating systems are treated in the following group of three chapters. Chapter 6 discusses solar service hot water and swimming pool heating systems. System and component siz­ ing are well covered. The advantages and disad­

vantages of different approaches are discussed with the proper emphasis on durability. The trou­ bleshooting and corrosion of materials tables are highly useful. Direct gain, solar storage wall, attached greenhouse, and roof pond passive sys­ tems, as well as a hybrid solar heating system, are discussed in the following chapter. The P-chart sizing and performance prediction monograph is present. The P-chart is based on the solar load ratio method developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The next chapter deals with both air-and water-based space heating systems. A work sheet for system sizing is included. The informa­ tion on system controls and sizing of pumps, pipes and fittings, fans, ducts, and heat exchanges will allow designers to avoid some of the mistakes made in the early days of solar application.

Chapter 9 treats solar cooling, a less developed technology at present, but one with great potential because of the better coincidence of demand and solar availability. This chapter is at a higher tech­ nical level than the others and includes pressure versus enthalpy curves and various thermo- dynamic cycles. This is reasonable given the state of the art. Solar cooling system design usually requires a significant engineering input today.

Chapter 10 introduces the application of solar cells, solar panels, and wood stoves. The last chap­ ter is a fairly extensive discussion of present solar legislation in each of the 50 states. This is followed by over a hundred pages of useful appendices and a subject index. The appendices include a glos­ sary, conversion factors, sun path diagrams, inso­ lation maps, clear-sky insolation tables, solar and climatic data for U.S. locations, thermal proper­ ties of materials, P-chart factors, and a list of federal and state information sources.

Kreider and Kreith have again demonstrated their ability to write readable, clear, and correct technical literature. This second edition offers considerable updating from the first. Significant new material includes the P-chart passive sizing tool, solar energy economics, and the discussion of legal aspects. Overall it is one of the best solar heating and cooling design manuals available. It is intended to address applications, and the treat­ ment of the fundamentals of heat transfer and optics in solar energy are quite limited. Anyone interested in solar engineering optics would do better to read the authors' other solar book 1 or other advanced solar energy books. 2 ' 3 As a uni­ versity text its usefulness is limited by the lack of theory and lack of a uniform mathematical level as well as by the absence of problems. It is more appropriate as a text for a short course for design professionals or for two- and four-year technol­ ogy degrees.

References1. Frank Kreith and J. F. Kreider, Principles

of Solar Engineering, Hemisphere Publish­ ing (McGraw-Hill), Washington, D.C. (1978).

2. J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley- Interscience, New York (1980).

3. Sol Wieder, An Introduction to Solar Energy for Scientists and Engineers, Wiley, New York (1982).

Master Optical TechniquesArthur S. Devany, 600 pp., illus., index, references. ISBN 0-471-07720-8. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158 (1981) $55.

Reviewed by Frank Cooke, Frank Cooke, Inc., 59 Summer Street, North Brookfield, Massachu­ setts 01535.

The book is good. It should be studied by all who aspire to become optical technicians. Even the experienced worker will find much interest in its perusal.

The text is in four well-delineated parts, the first being fundamental operations. It is pointed out that the most precise optical machinery has a finite accuracy and that the optician must achieve closer tolerances largely by handwork. Many of the contemporary optical machines are illustrated and their functions described. The elementary mathematics needed to run these machines is well covered, and comments on hand polishing are made by a person who knows whereof he speaks.

The testing of glass a subject often ne­ glected is very well covered. This brings home to the optician the importance of knowing the qual­ ity of his raw material.

The book's second part, devoted to the fabri­ cation of prisms and lenses, is very technical and will require serious study but then it should.

Measuring angles by means of the autocol- limator is covered better than we have seen before. The errors observed and what to do about them are well described. It would take the student much time and labor to discover the facts so clearly shown here.

Working of newer optical materials, scarcely known a few years ago, is carefully described. Hard and soft crystals as well as metal mirrors get adequate treatment.

Part three, devoted to telescope systems, is complex for the amateur but not for a serious worker. Such difficult work as off-axis parabo­ loids and Schmidt cameras with their mathemat­ ics and suggestions as to manufacture are in abundance. Illustrations on the use of cutaway or profiled pitch polishers to make aspheric surfaces are excellent. John Brasher, the famous early optical worker, described this technique almost a century ago. As with so many facets of optical work "what's past is prologue."

In light of this writer's experience, modern opti­ cal technology should mention single-point dia­ mond turning of metal mirrors, the use of planetary lappers to polish both sides at the same time, achieving great flatness and parallelism, and the use of single-face polishing. The mention of this omis­ sion is not meant to be critical of this book.

Each chapter has a bibliography which cer­ tainly covers the subject. Throughout the book, information is given as to where items can be purchased. What a blessing this is to one duplicat­ ing the work.

In summation, the book is excellent and very scholarly. It is not for the beginner, but if he aspires to advance he should own a copy. 0

SR-118 / OPTICAL ENGINEERING / September/October 1982 / Vol. 21 No. 5

Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering on 31 Aug 2020Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use