RESEARCH BULLETIK OF THE

HIROSHIMA INSTITUTE OF TECH

VOL. 27 (1993) pp. 31-51

P A P E R

On Reporting Exp-ressions of

The History 01 Tom Jones， a Foundling

C 1 J

Tadashi TUJIYA *

(Received Sept. 30， 1992)

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to describe the “reporting expressions" of The Histoη101 Tom

]ones， a Foundling， which is an interesting series of papers on “On Reporing Expressions of

English Prose after the 17th century" which author has been researching. It contains ten types

of reporting expressions， three of which (NP-RPj， RS， RV2-NP， RS.; RS， RVj-NP， RS， R九 NP，

RS.; NP-RVj， RS， RV2-NP， RS， RV3-NP， RS.) make the novel more vivid and real than before.

Key W ords: Style， Reporting Expressions， 18th century English Prose.

1. Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to describe the “reporting expressions" of The History 01 Tom

]ones， a Foundling， the well-known 18th century novel by Henry Fielding， because it forms one

of the interesting features of “On Reporting Expressions of English Prose after the 17th Cen-

tury" series which the author has been researching. (See References) It has been indicated in

the articles on The Pilgrim's Progress (Part 1)， Oroonoko， Robinson Crusoe that Type 1 (NP-RV，

RS.) is gradually decreasing in number， whereas Type 4 (RS， RV-NP， RS.) is increasing. The

same is true of Tom ]ones; additionally， several new types of “reporting expressions，" which will

be referred to later in detail， appear in it. They undoubtedly make the expressions of the

characters vivid and real， and bring about a new style in English prose. They spread into ten

branches with further small divisions so that they may trace more clearly the reporting expres-

sions of To例 ]ones.

11. Classification

Ten branches of the reporting expressions and their frequencies are as follows:

Type 1. NP-RV， RS. ・・ー・・・ ・・・一 一・・・ ・・・・ ・・・・・・・・・… 393

Type 2. NP-VP， RV間 g，RS. ・・・…・・・・・・…・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・…… 79

Type 3. RS， RV-NP. ・・ ・・・・・ ・・・・・ ・・-一 …・・ ・・・・・ ー・… 158

Type 4. RS， RV-NP， RS. ・・・・・・・・・・・・…・・・……・・・・・・……… 1604

Type 5. NP-RVj， RS， RV2-NP， RS. 一 …ー ……・・-………・..……… 40

Type 6. RS， RVj-NP， RS， RV2-NP， RS. ……・・・……・・・・・・……………… 8

Type 7. NP-RVj， RS， RV2-NP， RS， RV3-NP， RS. ...・ H ・.....・ H ・..…...・ H ・.....・ H ・ 7

Type 8. NP， RS. …………・・・………………… 4

Type 9. RS-be-NCI.

* Department of General Studies， The Hiroshima Institute of Technology

-31-

T. TUJIYA

Table 1. Frequency

¥ki噛¥of¥Typ¥凶¥¥¥¥RV's 。ω門同門r、。白巳巳

同EaおEuE'Lam 白2〈R F-4

a口問垣市司3

，.0 ロP同門g 白Hキ・

匂℃ ミ白ー〈坦浜白g ぞ'1tb 主h井j 向Z 5・1 恒常r T

円gP口C FD 守 ミ円よ「33 i; 巾ロ"巾白け可.，. 。己門

匡門o

1 I NP-RV， RS. 1 1 2 281 1 5 1 1 1 110 51 1 l

2 IADV-NP-RV， RS l

3 INP-ADV-RV， RS 6 2 1 1 21 1

4 I NP-RV-ADV， RS 1 5

5 IPP-NP-RV， RS 10 1 51 4

6 INP-PP-RV， RS 3

7 INP-RV-PP， RS， 1 13 1 l 2

8 IADV-NP-ADV-RV， RS

9 IADV-PP-NP-RV， RS l

10 ADV-NP-PP-RV， RS

11 PP-ADV(C)-NP-RV， RS

12 NP-ADV-RV-PP， RS

13 NP-RV-ADV-PP， RS

14 PP-NP-ADV-RV， RS. 4

15 PP-NP-PP-RV， RS

16 PP-NP-RV-PP， RS.

17 NP-PP-RV-PP， RS. l

18 ADVC， NP-RV， RS. 2 l

19 ADVC， NP-RV-ADV， R5. 2 l 1

20 ADVC， NP-(AD竹-RV-PP，RS l

21 V i，，，， NP-RV， R5. 31 1

22 ADV-Vi，，，， NP-RV， R5. 5

23 PP-V

24 (PPJVi噌，NP-RV-ADV， RS. 1

25 Vi，，，， NP-RV-PP， RS l 1

26 ADV-Ving(，) PP， NP-RV， RS.

27 ADV-Vi，，，， NP-RV-PP， R5.

28 V問 J[-ADV， PP， NP-RV， RS 29 ADV-PP-Vi，g> NP-RV-PP， RS

30 PP-NP-Vi，，，， NP-RV， R5.

31 NP-V吋 ，RV， RS 2 31 2

32 NP-V，"" RV-PP， RS l

33 ADV-NP-Vi，p RV， R5. 2

34 NP-ADV-Vi四 RV， RS l

35 PP-NP-Vi，，，， RV， RS

36 NP-ADV-Vi'li' RV-PP， R5. l

37 NP-VP， and(buf) RV， RS l 2 2 3 1 4 1 1

38 NP-VP， and ADV-RV， RS 2

39 NP-VP， and RV-ADV， RS. l

40 NP-VP， and PP-RV， R5. 31 3

41 NP-VP， and RV-PP， R5. l

42 NP-VP and ADV-PP-RV， RS

43 NP-VP， and ADV-RV-PP， RS l

44 NP-VP， and ADV← RV-ADV， RS

45 NP-VP， and PP-ADV-RV， RS 1

46 NP-VP， and PP-RV-ADV， RS l

47 NP-VP， and PP-RV-PP， RS 2

48 NP-VPand V 2 21 2

49 NP-VP， and ADV-V川'"RV， RS. l

50 l'i~= V~and Vi，，，， RV-ADV， RS 51 NP-VP， and Vi，，，， PP， RV， R5. 52 NP-VPand V

53 NP-VP， and RV-Vi，g> RS 54 NP-VP" (and)PPz， and(but) RV， RS l 21 2

55 (CON) RV-NP， RS RS l

TOTAL 2 1 4 2 1 1 86 111 8 1 1 1 115 1 1 3 111 45 32 3 1 1 1 1

32ー

On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

of Type 1.

:;;; 問。F a炉曲ロ司3唱

E C FPm '唱+ 『p 。ロUff3b D 2 a てfEo r司コD 3 f同0 Hcロ，t唱3 》

巾r巾ー〈rhu コt • 巾自民間4 官印

℃ 可巾ー恒唱 fUg B rド唱3 fZ B 炉Dt 問::l口t ・

'印u f白RTD a ぴ唱g 司3 f円-ーD

5己ロE巾p・+合L a ili 2 〈】ドfHapfDb +唱+ a 、・

。<巧宮田宅=司デ 〈Z hロ弓同ト『巾コ4 。ロ TOTAL

湾 依ロ巾ミ g 門

1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 8 7 21 5 1 3 1 4 115 1 l 7

14

9 4 7 31 l 1 6

l 19

1

l

2 2 l 1 1 1 4

2 2

4

l

l

2 5 8

4 l 2

4 9 4 9 2 2

2

3 2 3 2 l 3

l

l

1 I

1 5 14

l

3 2 3 2 2

1 1 151 1 1 31

2 6 12 1 l 4

8 16 l 2

l

l l 3 1

1

2 5 11 4 5

2 I

5

1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 113 1 1 1 1 1 3 131 1 111 105 6 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 3 111 1 1 1 1 1 4 393

33

T. TUJIYA

Type 10. No RC.

TOTAL

nvqJ

q屯u

n《U

内《

unru

-

-

•• •• •. •. •. •• •• •• •• •. •. •• •• •• •. • •

•• •• •• •• •. •. .• •• •• •• •• •• .• .• •• •• •• •• .• .• ・・

Types 5， 6， and 7 are not found at all in the statistics which the author has ever given: they

are the first in English prose.

Tables 1 and 2 show the frequencies of Type 1 and Type 2 respectively.

Abbreviation

RC = Reporting Clause R V = Reporting Verb RS = Reported Speech NP = N oun Phrase

VP = Verb Phrase P = Preposition CON = Conjunction

AD V = Adverb (Sometimes， induding Adverbial

Phrase)

AD VC = Adverbial Clause PP = Prepositional Phrase V-ing = Present Participle V-ed = Past Participle

III. Types and Illustration

Type 1. NP-RV， RS.

Table 1 shows how each of the reporting verbs is distributed in Type 1， which decreases to

17.2%， a litt1e more than half of Robinson Crusoe， whereas the number of RV's increases to 23，

which is 17 more than it is in Robinson Crusoe.

Type 1-1. NP-RV， RS.

The RV's used here are 24: add (1)， address (2)， answer (28)， acquaint (1)， ask (5)， assure (1)，ωn-

tinue (1)， cη (10)， cry out (5)， declare (1)， entreat (1)， go on (1)， harangue (2)， inform (1)， mutter (3)，

obse仰 e(2)，ρroαed (8)， re.ρか(7)，say (21)， speak (1)， tell (5)， thunder (3)， vow (1)， V -NP (4). This

type is characterized by the most frequent use of answer.

The following examples are the illustrations typical of Type 1-1.

RV=answer:

She answered，‘she had never seen the gent1eman before.' (BK.VIII， Ch.8.)

RV=cry :

A second cry' d，‘See what it is to be a favorite.' (BK.I， Ch.9.)

Here is a solitary and unique instance， that is， NP-RV-ing， RS， VP.:

…and the squire crying，‘She's gone， she's gone! Damn me if she is not gone!' instant1y

clapped spurs to the beast，… (BK.XII， Ch.2.)

RV=say:

1 REMEMBER a wise old gent1eman， who used to say，‘When children are doing nothing

they are doing mischief.' (BK.XV， Ch.2.)

These may be a style new to reporting expressions， in which RS is the predicate of a sentense.

..， which， she said，‘was so charming in so pretty a creature.' (BK.lV， Ch.14.)

.， which， she said，‘was delivered by a porter for Mr Jones.' (BK.XIII， Ch.6.)

Note that‘he says，' RC with RV in the present tense， occurs once in this type.

RV=VP-NP:

VP-NP= begin the following speech

…， who， after some formal introduction， began the following speech，‘1 am very sorry， sir， to

wait upon you on such an occasion;…， (BK.XV， Ch.3.)

VP-NP=bring a message

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoηof Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

.， whence the maid presently brought a message to Mr Jones，‘that her mistress hoped he

would excuse the disappointment.…， (BK.XIV， Ch.6.)

Others: break forth intoαn ejaculation (BK.V， Ch.lO.)， burst forth intoαη exdαmation (BK.XIV，

Ch.8.)， fall a bellowing (BK.XII， Ch.5.)

Type 1-2. ADV-NP-RV， RS.

R V' s used here are aρρly (1)，的 (1)，inform (1)， resume (1)， ring (1)， sayω(1) and swear (1).

ADV's are here (1)， then (2) and thus (1); the non-restrictive relative adverbs: when (2) and where

(1).

This type is characterized by no adverbs of manner at the front.

RV=cry :

.; when Nightingale cried，一‘Nay，prithee don't turn me into ridicule.…， (BK.XIV， Ch.4.)

RV=resume:

Thus then Mrs Fitzpartrick resumed her narrative. ‘My husband now took a second

journey to England， where he continued upwards of three months.…， (BK.XI， Ch.7.)

Type 1-3. NP-ADV-RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer (6)， begin (2)， cη(1)， cη out (2)， declare (1)， ρroceed (1) and scream out (1). ADV's before RV are then (4)， thus (2)， noω(2) and as foU，ω (1); the adverbs of manner:

eagerly (1)， gravely (1)， immediately (1)， ρresently (1) and readily (1). The adverbs of manner occur

more commonly after answer， cry out. Begin has a tendency to take thus， then，ωfollows from

the nature of its meaning.

RV=answer:

.; and Jones present1y answered，‘1 am very sorry， sir， for your unhappiness， whatever is

the occasion of it.' (BK.VII， Ch.10.)

RV=begin:

Mr Edwards then began as follows:‘The fault is not mine， madam， it lies in the dulness of

the age， that doth nothing worth talking of.…， (BK.XV， Ch.3.)

Type 1-4. NP-RV-ADV， RS.

RV's used here are accost (1)， answer (1)， begin (5)， internψt (1) and say (1). ADV's after RV are

thus (5)， as follows (2); the adverbs of manner: very coolly (1) and surlily (1). ADV's after begin are

thus (3) and as follows. Begin followed by thus takes at the same time at last， at length and then

at the front.

RV=begin:

.; at last he began thus:‘1 cannot express， madam， how much 1 am shocked at what 1 have

read;…， (BK.XIV， Ch.6.)

RV=say:

.; but Thwackum said surlily，‘1 believe， the cause is not far off; if you beat the bushes

well you may find her.' (BK.V， Ch.5.)

Type 1-5. PP-NP-RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer (10)， blubber out (1)， cη(5)， cη out (4)， reply (4) and say (7). PP's are

PP with a relative pronoun， to which (13) and upon which (10); PP that functions as adverbial， at

last (1) and after this (1); PP with gerund after a preposition， upon-one' s V-時 (1)and instead of

35 -

T. TUJIYA

V-ing (1); PP of manner， after much entreaか(1)，in an interrupted voice (1)， with a most disdainful

aspect (1) and with much disdain in one's countenance (1). It is very interesting that when RV is

answer or reρly， to which predominates in PP's; however， when it is CJツorsay， upo叩 whichdoes

so.

RV=answer:

To which Jones answered，‘That it was one of the most famous burial-places about town.'

(BK.XVI， Ch.5.)

RV=c:η:

Upon which the aunt cried，‘Mr Blifil， ay Mr Blifil， of whom else have we been talking?'

(BK.VI， Ch.5.)

RV=reρly: And with much disdain in his countenance， he replied，‘Very probably， sir， that may be your

opinion;…， (BK.XII， Ch.5.)

Type 1-6. NP-PP-RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer (3)， ask (1)， rePly (1) and say to (1). All the PP's between NP and

RV indicate manner， as exemplified below.

RV=answer:

… and Sophia， (with the tears streaming from hers) answered，‘Indeed， my dear papa， 1

know you have loved me tenderly，…， (BK.XVI， Ch.2.)

Other PP's : after a moment's hesitation， without giving him time to form a speech for the pur‘

ρose. RV=ask:

Jones had no sooner quitted the room， than the petty-fogger， in a whispering tone， asked

Mrs Whitefield，‘if she knew who that fine spark was? (BK.VIII， Ch.8.)

RV=reρly: The captain， with some indignation， replied， '1 see， sir， you are below my notice， and 1 shall

inform his lordship you are below his. -1 am sorry 1 have dirtied my fingers with you.'

(BK.XVI， Ch.2.)

RV=say:

， who， with a face all pale and full of terror， said to him，‘O! sir， 1 find this wicked woman

hath been with you， and you know all;…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-7. NP-RV-PP， RS. RV's used here are add (1)，仰 swer(13)， attack (1)，ωntain (1)， cηout (2) and voc併rate(1).

RV=add:

， she added， with a look full of inexpressible softness，‘And is it possible my papa can be

so good to place all his joy in his Sophy's happiness?' (BK.VI， Ch.7.)

RV=answer:

Molly answered with great spirit，‘And what is this mighty place which you have got for me，

father?' (BK.IV， Ch.9.)

Other PP's preceded by answer: in a stammering voice (1)， in a these words (1)， in the following

words (1)， with much 1うassion(1)， with a sigh (2)， with some hesitation (1)， with great impetuosi砂

(1)， with a smile (2)， with some sPirit (1) and ωall this (1).

…; and he cried out in triumph:‘Oh， ho! This is your mistaken notion of honour! This is

- 36一

On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

the boy who was not to be whipped again!' (BK.III， Ch.4.)

CηI out is also followed by with Thisbe， in Shakespeare; attack by in the following strain; contain

by as follows; vociferate by in the followiη:g ma冗冗er.

Type 1-8. ADV-NP-ADV-RV， RS.

This type occurs once as follows :

And then J ones very briskly cried out:‘Since it is absolutely impossible for me to pursue

any farther the steps of my angel-I will pursue those of glory.…， (BK.XII， Ch.3.)

Note that ADV at the front is a conjunctional adverb， and ADV followed by RV is an adverb

of manner.

Type 1-9. ADV-PP-NP-RV， RS.

This type occurs once as follows :

However， after a short hesitation， he answered，‘Indeed， madam， it is true， everybody doth

not know him to be Squire Allworthy's son;…， (BK.X， Ch.4.)

Type 1-10. ADV-NP-PP-RV， RS.

This type occurs once as follows :

…; when Sophia at length，…， said;一‘Sure，sir， you are the most fortunate man in the world

in this discovery.' (BK.XVIII， Ch.12.)

ADVat the front is a non-restricted relative adverb， and PP is one that functions as advervial.

Type 1-11. PP-ADV(C)-NP-RV， RS.

This type occurs twice as follows. Each of them has say.

Instances:

With an affected smile， therefore， she said一‘Indeed，Miss Western， you have had very good

luck in recovering your money.…， (BK.XIII， Ch.ll)

… upon which， when Allworthy remonstrated， he said，‘Sir conceal nothing from you:…'

(BK.XVIII， Ch.19.)

The first instance where PP is indicative of manner has not been observed before.

Type 1-12. NP-ADV-RV-PP， RS.

R V' s used here are cηout (1)， be expressed (1)， reason (1) and receive (1); ADV's are immediately

(1)，ρresently (1)， then (1) and thω(1); PP's are from SoPhia (1)， in a ra.ρture (1)， in English (1) and

仇 thefoU，ω何 manner(1).

RV=cry out:

He immediately cried out in a rapture，‘Oh， sir! Heaven hath at last heard my prayers.…'

(BK.VIII， Ch.10.)

RV=reason:

Sophia then began to reason with her aunt in the following manner;‘Why， madam， must I of

necessity be forced to marry at all?…， (BK.XVII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-13. NP-RV-ADV-PP， RS.

This type occurs twice， in which only say is used， and ADV's and PP's are of the same nature

respectively.

37ー

T. TUJIYA

Instances:

He said， therefore， with some warmth，‘That Mr Allworthy had too much respect to the dir-

ty consideration of property.…， (BK.IV， Ch.4.)

Allworthy then， with the most solemn voice， said，‘Look you， Mr Dowling， as you value my

favour， or your continuance a moment longer in my service， do not hesitate nor prevaricate;…'

(BK.XVIII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-14. PP-NP-ADV-Ry' R広

This type occurs four times， in which all the RV's are answer; PP's are at last， upon which， to

all such wit and to which; ADV's are calmly， coldly and immediately (2).

Instance:

To which he immediately answered，‘He hopped his honour would not think of giving him

less than five.' (BK.XII， Ch.12.)

Type 1-15. PP-NP-PP-RV， RS. Only one instance is observed in this book. As shown below， PP at the front and PP before

RV belong to a different category.

Instance:

After a short pause， Jones， with faultering accents， said， -'1 see， madam， you are surpriz-

ed.' (BK.XIII， Ch.11.)

Type 1-16. PP-NP-RV-PP， RS.

This type occurs once， where to which is placed at the front to put emphasis on it.

Instance:

To this he answered， with some appearance of indignation at the question. ‘The king

without doubt.' (BK.XVI， Ch.5.)

Type 1-17. NP-PP-RV-PP， RS.

RV's used in this type are advance (1) and conclude (1)， which occur very uncommonly in RC.

RV=advance :

Mrs Waters， without paying any regard to what Partridge said， and almost without taking

any notice of him， advanced to Mr Alworthy. 1 believe， sir， it is so long since 1 had the

honour 01 seeing you， that you do not recollect me.' (BK.XVIII， Ch.6.)

RV = conclude :

， she at last conc1uded with this serious exhortation:‘For heaven's sake， madam， consider

what you are about， and whither you are going.' (BK.X， Ch.9.)

Type 1-18. ADVC， NP-Ry' RS.

RV's used here are answer (2)， c1ヲIout (1) and say (5); ADVC's are the adverbial c1auses in-

troduced by when (6)， while (1) and as soon as (1).

RV=answer:

When Mrs Western had finished， Sophia answered， 'That she was very incapable of arguing

with a lady of her aunt's superior knowledge and experience， especially on a suhject which

she had so very little considered， as this of matrimony.' (BK.VII， Ch.3.)

RV=say:

- 38一

On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling [ 1 J

As soon as Mr Western was gone， Mrs Waters said，‘I see， sir， the squire hath not the least

remembrance of my face.…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-19. ADVC， NP-RV-ADlうRS.

RV's used here are answer (2)， begin (1) and cηout (1); ADVC's are the adverbial clauses in-

troduced by when (4); ADV's are graveか(1)， most heroical.か(1)，only (1) and as foU，仰 s(1).

RV=answer:

When Lady Bellaston had heard the whole， she answered gravely，‘Indeed， madam， this is a

matter of great consequence.…， (BK.XIII， Ch.3.)

RV=cry out:

…; which when Jones has heard， he cried out most heroically，‘Well， my friend， I am now in-

different as to what shall happen， at least with regard to my life;…， (BK.XVII， Ch.9.)

Type 1-20. ADVC， NP-(ADη-RV-PP， RS.

R V' s used here are cηout (1) and go on (1); ADVC's are the advervial clauses introduced only

by while. ADV and PP are as follows:

RV=cηI out:

While the fellow was lighting the upper candles， he cried out to Mrs Mi11er，‘Look， look，

madam， the very picture of the man in the end of the Common-Prayer Book， before the Gun-

powder-Treason service.' (BK.XVI， Ch.5.)

RV=go on:

While Mrs Honour， in pursuance of the commands of her mistress， ordered a bowl of punch，

and invited my landlord and landlady to partake of it， Mrs Fitzpatrik thus went on with her

relation. ‘Most of the officers who were quartered at a town in our neighbourhood were of

my husband's acquaintance.…， (BK.XI， Ch.7.)

Here go on means “to continue talking， esp. after stopping or in order to pass to a new sub-

ject" (Longman Ditionaη ザ ContemporaηEnglish).

Type 1-21. V-ing， NP-RV， RS.

RV's used in this type are answer (1)， cη(3)， cηout (1)， and say (4) ; the participles function as

an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstance (3)， cause or reason (1) and time (1).

RV=cη:

… and starting up， he cried，‘Well then， 1 will give Mr Allworthy the only instance he re-

quires of my obedience.…， (BK.VII， Ch.2.)

RV=say:

Curt'sies， and the usual ceremonials between women who are strangers to each other， being

past， Sophia said，‘1 have not the pleasure to know you， madam.' (BK.XVII， Ch.6.)

Type 1-22. ADV-V-ing， NP-RV， RS.

RV's are cη(5) and say (4); ADV's are th仰 (8)and where (1) as a non-restricted relative

adverb. The participles preceded by then (7) function as adverbial modifiers of attendant cir-

cumstance; on the other hand， the pariciple with where at the front does as that of time.

RV=cη:

Then turning to the men， she cry'd，‘What， in the devil's name， is the reason of all this

disturbance in the lady's room?' (BK.X， Ch.2.)

39

T.TU]IYA

RV=say:

…， where having recovered her breath， she said-'You see， sir， when women have gone one

length too far， they wi1l stop at none.' (BK.XIV， Ch.2.)

Type 1-23. PP-V-ing， NP-RV， RS.

Two instances occur in this type， in which say is used as RV; PP's at the front are at least and

at length.

Instance:

At length recovering so far from her transport as to be able to speak， she cried，‘And is my

dear Mr Jones then your nephew， sir?…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-24. (PP) V-ing， NP-RV-ADV， RS.

As the instances show， both participles are of attendant circumstance; two ADγs are tas-

sionately and affectionat，めん

RV=cry :

…， and catching him hold by the hand， she cry'd passionately，‘o my dear sir， 1 am almost

frightned to death; 1 hope to Heaven no harm hath happened to you.' (BK.XVI， Ch.2.)

RV=sayω: … for after a short silence， taking Mrs Mi1ler by the hand， he said very affectionately to

her: 'Come， madam， let us consider a little about your daughter.…， (BK.XVII， Ch.7.)

Type 1-25. V-ing， NP-RV-PP， RS. RV's used here are cry (1)， discourse (1) and internψt (1); PP's are after a loud holla (1) and in

the following manner (2).

RV=cη:

..; and addressing himself to his intended son-in-law in the hunting phrase， he cry'd after a

loud holla， 'Follow her， boy， follow her; run in， run in， that's it， honeys. D回 d，dead， dead.…'

(BK.VII， Ch.6.)

RV = discourse :

.， and having placed himself at his right hand， his majesty began to discourse our heroe in

the following manner:‘Me doubt not， sir， but you have often seen some of my people， who

are what you call de parties detache:…， (BK.XII， Ch.12.)

Type 1-26. ADV-V-ing (，) PP， NP-RV， RS.

RV's used here are cη(1) and say (2); ADV's are then (2) and now (1); PP's are with a smile (1)，

with a stern look to one (1) and with a stern ω:pect (1). RV=cη:

Then turning to Mrs Mil1er， with a smile which would have become an angel， he cry'd，

‘What say you， madam; shal1 we take a hackney-coach， and al1 of us together pay a visit to

your friend?…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.5.)

RV=say:

But now turning to the ensign with a stern aspect， he said，‘Pray， sir， chuse some other sub-

ject for your wit:…， (BK.VII， Ch.12.)

Type 1-27. ADV-V-iゅ NP-RV-PP，RS.

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

RV's used here are say (2) and u"ρbraid (1); ADV's are all then (3); PP's are with tears gushing

from one's eyes (1)， with great gravity， and with a seeming surtrize (1) and in the following words (n

RV=say:

…， and then embracing J ones， he said with tears gushing from his eyes，‘o my child! to

what goodness have 1 been so long blind!' (BK.XVIII， Ch.11.)

RV=uρbraid: .， and then bursting into a flood of tears， she began to upbraid him in the following words:

‘And this is your love for me， to forsake me in this manner， now you have ruined me?…'

(BK.V， Ch.5.)

Type 1-28. V-i噌 -ADV-PP-NP-RV， RS.

This type occurs once.

interrupting her therefore， without making any answer to it， she said，‘Honour， 1 am

determined to leave my father's house this very night;…， (BK.VII， Ch.7.)

Type 1-29. ADV-PP-V-ing， NP-RV-PP， RS. This type occurs once. When is a non-restricted relative adverb.

…， when after a pause of a few moments， recollecting herself with admirable presence of

mind， she said， -tho' with sufficient indications of surprize both in voice and

countenance一‘1thought， Miss Western， you had been at the play?' (BK.VII， Ch.7.)

Type 1-30. PP-NP-V-ing， NP-RV， RS. A single instance is given to this type， in which PP is unto which and RV is say to.

Instance:

Upon which Jones fetching a deep sigh， Nightingale said to him:‘My dear Tom， why should

you afflict yourself so upon an accident， which， whatever be the consequence， can be attend-

ed with no danger to you， and in which your conscience cannot accuse of having been in the

least to blame.' (BK.XVII， Ch.5.)

Type 1-31. NP-V-ing， RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer (2)， begin (1)， cη (3)， cη out (2)， reρeat (1) and say (5). RV=answer:

A country fellow， scratching his head， answered him:‘1 don't know measter un't 1;…'

(BK.IV; Ch.8.)

RV=cη:

Sophia starting up， cried，‘1 hope my father hath not overtaken us.' (BK.X， Ch.5.)

RV=say:

His lordship was no sooner gone， than Lady Bellaston coming up to Mr Western， said，

‘Bless me， sir， what have you done?…， (BK.XV， Ch.5.)

Type 1-32. NP-V-ing， RV-PP， RS. RV used here is answer; and PP is with some hesitation.

Instance:

Sophia looking down on the ground， answered with some hesitation， Indeed， Mr Jones， 1 do

not wish you ill.' (BK.V， Ch.6.)

41ー

T. TUJIYA

Type 1-33. ADV-NP-V-ing， RV， RS.

R V' s used here are cη(2) and unbosom (1); ADV's are then (1)， here (1) and now (1).

RV=cη:

Here ]ones starting up， cη，'d，‘1 really must be excused; 1 wish you would leave me.'

(BK.VII， Ch.10.)

R V = unbosom :

…; and now Mr Nightingale taking the old gentleman with him upstairs into the apartment

he had lately occupied， unbosomed himself as follows:‘As you have been always the best

and kindest of unc1es to me， and...' (BK.XIV， Ch.9.)

Type 1-34. NP-ADV-V-ing， RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer (1) and say (2); ADV's are again (1)， now (1) and then (1).

RV=answer:

]ones now， looking on Thwackum with inconceivable disdain， answered，‘And doth thy mean

soul imagine， that any such considerations could weigh with me?…， (BK.V， Ch.9.)

RV=say:

His majesty then turning towards ]ones， said，‘Sir， you have hear what dey say， what punish-

ment do you tink your man deserve?' (BK.XII， Ch. 12.)

Type 1-35. PP-NP-V-iゅ RV，RS.

This type occurs twice， in which RV's are say and ADV's are uρon which. Instance:

Upon which Sophia， trembling， said，‘Am 1 really to conceive your lordship to be out of your

senses?…， (BK.XV， Ch.5.)

Type 1-36. NP-ADV-V-ing， RV-PP， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is answer， ADV is then and PP is with much sPirit as ex-

emplified below.

Sophia then forcibly pulling away her hand from his， answered whith much spirit，‘1 promise

you， sir， your world and its master， 1 should spun from me with equal contempt.' (BK.XV，

Ch.5.)

Thpe 1-37. NP-VP， and (but) RJうRV.

RV's are add (1)， answer (2)， ask (2)， cり (3)，cηout (4)， declare (1)， rePly (1)， say (15)， say to (1) and

tell (1).

RV=cη out:

Here the lady affected a laugh， and cried，‘My dear lord， sure you know us better than to

talk of reasoning a young woman out of her inc1ination?…， (BK.XV， Ch.2.)

RV=say:

Mrs Bridget blessed herself， and said，‘For part， she should never hereafter entertain a good

opinion of any woman.' (BK.I， Ch.6.)

As a curious instance the following may be given:

Tom's success in this affair soon began to ring over the country， and various were the cen-

sures past upon it. Some greatly applauding it as an act of good nature; others sneering，

and saying，‘No wonder that one idle fellow should love another.' (BK.IV， Ch.5.)

42←

On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling [ 1 J

Type 1-38. NP-VP， and ADV -RV， RS.

RV's are answer(2)， begin(l)， cη(1)，ρroceed (2) and say (6); ADV's are then (11) and thus (1).

RV=ρroceed Here ]enny expressing great concern， Allworthy paused a moment， and then proceeded:‘I

have talked thus to you， child， not to insult you for what is past， and irrevocable，…， (BK.1，

Ch.7.)

Type 1-39. NP-VP， and RV-ADV， RS.

RV's used here are accost (1)， begin (1)， re，ρeat (1) and speak (1); ADV's are as follows (1)， eagerly

(1) and thus (2)

RV=repeat:

Sophia turned pale at these words， and repeated eager1y，‘To-morrow morning!' (BK.VII，

Ch.7.)

Type 1-40. NP-VP，αnd PP-RV， RS.

RV's used here are answer(1)， cη(3)， Clッout(3)，ρroαed (1) and say (8); pP's are at last (3)， after

a short ρause (1)， after a short salutation (1)， after many kind and friendly exhortation (1)， after much

congratulation (1)， ajter some hesitation (1)， with an affrightedωuntenanα(1)， with a smiたfullof

sweetness (1)， with a trembling low voice (1)， with a sagacious look (1)， with a voice full of tenderness

and terrour (1)， with great graviかofas，ρect，αnd all the concern (1)， with much indignation (1) and

with one's hunting voice and phrase (1).

RV=cη:

He present1y ran to her， and with a voice full at once of tenderness and terrour， cried，‘O

my Sophia， what means this dreadful sight!' (BK.VI， Ch.8.)

RV=say:

.; she at last collected all the spirits she could raise， and with a trembling low voice， said，

‘My lord， you must be yourself conscious whether your former behaviour to me hath been

consistent with the professions you now make.' (BK.XVII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-41. NP-VP， and RV-PP， RS. This type occurs twice， in which RV's are add and repeat; pP's are in a muttering voice and

with a smile.

RV=add:

The doctor had acquainted his brother with what had past between Mr Allworthy and him;

and added with a smile，‘1 promise you， 1 paid you off;…， (BK.I， Ch.13.)

RV=repeat:

.， which submission he instant1y applied to what had principally netted him， and repeated，

in a muttering voice，‘To be sure， sir， your knowledge may be superior to mine in some

things;…， (BK.XII， Ch.13.)

Type 1-42. NP-VPαnd ADV-PP-RV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is remark; ADV is then; PP is with great gravity of

countenance.

Instance:

; he suffered her to leave the room; and her with great gravity of countenance remarked，

- 43-

T.TU]lYA

‘That it was better to see a daughter over-modest， than over forward;' (BK.IV， Ch.lO.)

Type 1-43. NP-VPαnd ADV-RV-PP， RS. RV's used here are begin (1) return (1) and say to (1); ADV's are presently (1) and then (2); PP's

are at one' s departure (1)， in the following hesitating manner (1) and with an answer (1).

RV=return :

Mrs Miller went out muttering something to herself， and present1y returned with an answer，

‘That Mr Dowling was gone; but that the t'other， as she called him， was coming.' (BK.X-

VIII， Ch.5.)

RV=begin:

After which he remained silent above a minute， and then began in the following hesitating

manner.‘Yesterday! she would have left me her estates yesterday!…， (BK.VII， Ch.5.)

Type 1-44. NP-VP and ADV-RV-ADV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is proceed; ADV before RV is then; ADV at the end is

thus， as shown in the following.

Instance:

Here her tears flowing apace， she stopped a few moments， and then proceeded thus， 'In-

deed， sir， your kindness overcomes me; but 1 will endeavour to deserve this good opinion:…'

(BK.I， Ch.7.)

Type 1-45. NP-VP，αnd PP-ADV-RV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is begin; PP is with a modest look， and decent voice; ADV is

then.

Instance:

Jenny now first lifted her eyes from the ground， and with a modest look， and decent voice，

thus began: 'To know you， sir， and not love your goodness， would be an argument of total

want of sense or goodness in anyone.…， (BK.I， Ch.7.)

Type 1-46. NP-VPαnd PP-RV-ADV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is begin; PP is without any ceremony; ADV is as follows.

Instance:

…， when -Mr Western broke abrupt1y in upon them， and without any ceremony began as

follows. ‘There， you have done a fine piece of work truly，…， (BK.VI， Ch.10.)

Type 1-47. NP-VP and PP-RV-PP， RS.

RV's used here are all conclude; PP's before RV are at last (1) and after many vめlentassevera-

tions (1); PP's at the end are with a declaration (1) and in those words (1).

Instance:

This he bound by an oath too shocking to repeat， and after many violent asseverations， con-

c1uded in those words;‘1 am resolved upon the match， and unless you consent to it， 1 will

not give you a groat， not a single farthing;…， (BK.VI， Ch.7.)

Type 1-48. NP-VPαnd V-ing， RV， RS.

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hit，仰 01Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

RV's used here are answer (2)， Cη(2)， Cη out (2) and say (5).

RV=cη:

…， when her maid entered the room， and running directly to the bed， cried，

‘Madam-madam-who doth your ladyship think is in the house?' (BK.X， Ch.5.)

RV=say:

Here she stopt， and looking earnestly at Sophia， said，‘Methinks， my dear， 1 read something

in your eyes which reproaches me of a neglect in another place， where 1 should have met

with a kinder return.' (BK.XI， Ch.7.)

Type 1-49. NP-VP and ADV-V-ing， RV， RS.

RV's used here are cry (1)， say (4); ADV's are all then (5).

RV=say:

Allworthy stood a minute silent， lifting up his eyes， and then turning to Dowling， said，‘How

came you， sir， not to deliver me this message?' (BK.XVIII， Ch.8.)

Type 1-50. NP-VP and V-ing， RV-ADV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is speak， and ADV is as follows.

Instance:

She stopt short， and calling aloud to all who f1ed， spoke as follows:‘Ye Sommersetshire

men， or rather ye Sommersetshire women， are you not ashamed， thus to f1y from a single

woman;…， (BK.lV， Ch.8)

Type 1-51. NP-VP and V-ing， PP， RV， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is say， and PP is in a flood of tears.

Instance:

He had scarce spoke words， when Mrs Miller， who heard them all， suddenly threw open the

door， and coming out to him， in a f100d of tears， said，‘o Mr Jones， you are certainly one of

the best young men alive.…， (BK.XIV， Ch.6.)

Type 1-52. NP-VPαnd V-ing， RV-PP， RS.

RV's used here are begin (1) and whisper (1); PP's are in the following manner (1) and at the

same time， in the ear (1).

RV=whisper:

Whilst he was talking with one of these last， (who was in the habit of a shepherdess) a lady

in a domino came up to him， and slapping him on the shoulder， whispered him， at the same

time， in the ear，‘If you talk any longer with that trollop， 1 will acquaint Miss W estern.'

(BK.XIII， Ch.7.)

Type 1-53. NP-VP and RV-V， RS.

This type occurs once as follows:

To which the landlady consented， and said smiling，‘she was glad to see him so well

recovered;' (BK. VIII， Ch.4.)

Type 1-54. NP-VPh (αncl) VP2， and (but) RV， RS. RV's used here are answer (1)， cη(2)， and cηout (2)， two of which are preceded by V-ing. In

- 45

T.TU]IYA

this type RV's take no ADV or PP at the end at all.

RV=ω1swer:

Jones shook him veηT heartily by the hand， and gave him many thanks for the kind offer he

had made; but answered，‘He had not the least want of the kind.' (BK.XVIII， Ch.2.)

RV=cry out:

At the mention of the world ruin he started， let drop her hand， which he had held for some

time， and striking his breast with his own， cried out，‘Oh， Sophia， can 1 then ruin thee? No;

by heavens， no!…， (BK.XIII， Ch.ll.)

Type 1-55. (CON) RV-NP， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is answer. It is true of RV of Robinson Crusoe.

Instance:

And， says he，‘We have found only this partridge， but the Lord knows what mischief they

have done.' (BK.III， Ch.2.)

Table 2. Frequency of Type 2

孟孟i?一一」f'sadd ask

cηr dedare say to tell TOTAL cηr

out say

1 I NP-VP， RVing> RS 3 3 1 14 21

2 I AD V -NP-VP， RVing， R5. 2 2

3 I NP-ADV-VP， RVing， RS. 3 1 2 6

4 I NP-VP， ADV-RVing， RS 2

5 I PP-NP-VP， RV岬 RS 2 2 5

6 I NP-PP-VP， RVing， R5. 2 2

7 I NP-VP-PP， RV 問'g'RS 2 2

8IADV-NP-VP-PP， RVing， RS l

9 I NP-ADV-VP-Pp， RVing> R5. 2 3

10 NP-VP-PP， ADV-RVing> RS

11 PP-ADV-NP-VP， RV問'g'R5.

12 PP-NP-VP-Pp， RVing， R5.目

13 NP-VP-PP， RVing-PP， RS

14 PP-NP-Ving， RVing， RS.

15 NP-ADV-VP-ADV; RVing> RS 1 I

16 Vi時，NP-VP， RVing， R5. l 1

17 NP， Ving> R5. l 2

18 NP-VPj， and VP2， RVing， R5. 2 2 5 9

19 NP-VPj， and(but) VP2， and VP3， RVing， R5. 1 2 3

20 NP-VP-P-RVing， RS 1 10 14

TOTAL 7 14 8 46 2 79

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling [ 1 J

Type 2. NP-VP， RV-ing， RS. Tom Jones gives 157 instances to Type 2， which occurs commonly in The Authorized Version，

less commonly in Oroonoko， and not in Robinson Crusoe at all. RV's amount to 8 in Tom fi仰 es，

though mostly say in the others.

Type 2-1. NP-VP， RV-ing， RS.

RV's used here are add (3)， cry (3)， declare (1) and say (14).

RV=cry :

…， and he fell upon his knees， crying，‘Oh! sir， you are too good to me. 1ndeed you are. 1n-

deed， 1 don't deserve it.' (BK.III， Ch.2.)

RV=say:

Mrs Honour insisted sti11 to have him called， saying，‘she was sure， instead of being angry，

that he would be to the highest degree delighted when he knew the occasion.' (BK.X，

Ch.5.)

Type 2-2. ADV-NP-VP， RV-ing， RS.

Two instances are given to this type， in which RV's are say， and ADV's are here.

1nstance:

Here Jones interrupted him， saying， '1 will be so far from making any words with you， that 1

will give you a shi11ing more than your demand.' (BK.VII， Ch.14.)

Type 2-3. NP-ADV-VP， RV-ing， RS.

RV's used here are cη(3)， cηI out (1) and say (2); ADV's are absolutely (1)， constantly (1)， greatly

(1)， immediately (1)， soon (1) and veryρ'athetically (1). RV=cη.

.; which the surgeon observing， greatly wondered at， crying，‘What is the matter， sir? 1

am sure it is impossible 1 should hurt you.' (BK.IV， Ch.14.)

RV=say:

.; but Jones absolutely refused， saying，‘He had already drank more than he ought;

(BK.VIII， Ch.5.)

Type 2-4. NP-VP， ADV-RV-ing， RS.

Two instances are given to this type， in which RV's are cry and cry out; ADV's are eagerly and

ρresently. RV=cη out:

While Western began to caper and dance about the room， presently crying out，一‘Where

the devil is Allworthy? He is without now， a talking with that d-d lawyer Dowling， when

he should be minding other matters.' (BK.XVIII， Ch.12.)

1n the following instance， the adverb eagerly modifies the verb embrace :

Then running to Jones， she embraced him eagerly， cηTing，‘My dearest friend， 1 wish you

joy a thousand and thousand times of this blest day;' (BK.XVIII， Ch.11.)

Type 2-5. PP-NP-VP， RV-ing， RS.

RV's used here are add (1)， cry (2) and say (2); PP's are at which (1)， in which (2)， upon which (1)

and instead 01 (1).

47 -

T. TUJIYA

RV=add:

; upon which she affirmed the truth of it， adding，‘By the most extraordinary accident in

the world 1 lodge at the same house， and have seen the gentleman;…， (BK.XVII， Ch.9.)

RV=cη:

…; and， instead of finishing his speech， he sunk down into a chair， crying，‘It is so， 1 am con-

vinced it is so!' (BK.XIII， Ch.10.)

Type 2-6. NP-PP-VP， RV-ing， RS. Two instances are given to this type， in which RV's are say， and PP's are at last and with great

joy in one's countenance.

Instance:

…， who， with great joy in his countenance， shook the landlord by the hand， saying，‘All's our

own， boy， then thousand honest Freshman are in Suffolk.…， (BK.XI， Ch.2.)

Type 2-7. NP-VP-PP， RV-ing， RS.

Two instanes are given to this type， in which RV's are say and PP's are in the a.庁irmativeand

for the ρresent. Instance:

The landlady answered in the affirmative， saying， 'There were a great many very good quali-

ty and gentlefolks in it now.…， (BK.X， Ch.4.)

Type 2-8. ADV-NP-VP-PP， RY-ing， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is cry out; ADV is the non-restricted relative adverb when;

AD V is like one drunk with j，のん

Instance:

， when Partridge came dancing and capering into the room， like one drunk with joy， cry-

ing out，‘She's found! She's found-Here， sir， here， she's here， -Mrs Honour is upon the

stairs.' (BK.XIV， Ch.2.)

Type 2-9. NP-ADV-VP-PP， RY-ing， RS. R V' s used here are cη(2) and tell (1); ADV's are now (1)， immediately (1) and therefore (1); PP's

are in the usual way of one' s daughter (1)， i初ηα vzωOlentpassion (1) and on the 0仰q句le〆内，、S 1仰y刀'oc~俳f冷erati，仰(1υ).

RV=cryツ1:

… he therefore entered the room in a violent passion， crying，‘D-n me then if shatunt

ha'un， d-n me if shatunt， that's all-D-n me if shatunt.' (BK.VII， Ch.3.)

RV=tell :

; which he now demanded in the usual way of his daughter; telling her，‘he expected she

was ready to take the part of everybody against him， as she had always done that of the

b-her mother.' (BK.VII， Ch.5.)

Type 2-10. NP-VP-PP， ADV-RV-ing， RS.

One instance is given to this type， in which RV is cηout; PP is with great impatience; AD V is

ザ'ten.

Instance:

Which Western observed with great impatience， often crying out to them，‘Why do'st not

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling [ 1 J

talk， boy! Why do'st look so grave!…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.Last.)

Type 2-11. PP-ADV-NP-VP， RV-ing， RS.

One instance is given to this type， in which RV is say; PP is at last; ADV is however.

Instance:

At last， however， she interrupted her， saying， '1 never can believe this; some villain hath

belied him.…， (BK.X， Ch.5.)

Type 2-12. PP-NP-VP-PP， RV-ing， RS. One instance is given to this type， in which RV is say; at one's departure begins the sentence;

PP is in one's behaviourωone.

Instance:

At Mr Allworthy's departure， Western promised to follow his advice in his behaviour to

Sophia， saying，‘1 don't know how 'tis， but d-n me， Allworthy， if you don't make me

always do just as you please，…， (BK.XVIII， Ch.9.)

Type 2-13. NP-VP-PP， RV-ing-PP， RS.

This type occurs once， in which PP after crying out is in a shrill voi，α. Instance:

Mrs Deborah no sooner observed this， than she fell to squeezing and kissing， with as great

raptures as sometimes the inspire the sage dame of forty and five towards a youthful and

vigorous bridegroom， crying out in a shrill voice，‘o the dear litt1e creature， the dear sweet，

pretty creature! Well， 1 vow， it is as fine a boy as ever was seen!' (BK.I， Ch.5.)

Type 2-14. PP-NP-V-ing， RV-ing， RS. In this type is found a single instance， in which RV is cry; PP is at these words.

Instance:

At these words little Besty came running into the room， crying，‘Dear Mamma， for Heaven's

sake come to my sister， for she is in another fit， and my cousin can't hold her.' (BK.XIV，

Ch.6.)

Type 2-15. NP-ADV-VP-ADC， RV-ing， RS. This type occurs once， in which RV is say; ADV is hence.

Instance:

.， who hence took occasion to abuse poor Jones to her mitress the moment they were alone

toge出er，saがng，‘thathe must be a very pitiful fellow， and could have no love for a 1ady，…， (BK.X，

Ch.9.)

Type 2-16. V-ing， NP-VP， RV-ing， RS.

This type occurs once， in which RV is say.

.， and having looked at her for near a minute， he came up to her， saying， '1 ask pardon，

madam， but 1 am certain 1 am not deceived， you can be no other person than Captain

Waters's lady.' (BK.IX， Ch.4.)

Type 2-17. NP， V-ing， VP， RV-ing， RS.

- 49

T. TUJIYA

RV's used here are add (1) and say (1).

RV=add:

DR DOWLING， pouring out of glass of wine， named the health of the good Squire Allwor-

thy; adding，‘If you please， sir， we will likewise remember his nephew and heir， the young

sqmre:…， (BK.XII， Ch.10.)

Type 2-18. NP-VPt.αnd VP2， RV-ing， RS. RV's used here are add (2)， cry out (2) and say (5).

RV=cry out:

Mrs Partridge， upon this， immediately fell into a fury， and discharged the trencher， on which

she was eating， at the head of poor ]enny， crying out，‘Y ou imprudent whore， do you play

tricks with my husband before my face?' (BK.II， Ch.3.)

RV=say:

Mrs Western then took up the book， and immediately after threw it down， saying-'Yes， the

author is of a very good family;…， (BK.VI， Ch.5.)

Type 2-19. NP-VPt.αnd(but) VP2，αnd VP3， RV-ing， RS.

R V' s used here are cη(1) and say (2).

RV=cry :

He then took two or three disorderly turns about the room， and at last begged pardon， and

flung himself into his chair， crying， '1 thank Heaven 1 have escaped that.' (BK.VIII， Ch.11.)

The following is a unique instance of saying followed by PP.

Mrs Miller immediately obeyed the summons; but first ordered Besty to stay with Mr ]ones，

and begged him to entertain her a few minutes， saying， in the most pathetic voice，‘Good

Heaven! let me preserve one of my children at least.' (BK.XIV， Ch.6.)

Type 2-20. NP-VP-P-RV-ing， RS.

This type has never been observed before. P-RV-ing used here are by asking (1)， by cηing (1)，

from c:ηing out (1)， by saying (3)， from saying (1)， with saying (6) and by telling (1); VP-P's are con-

clude by (2)， conclude with (4)， refrain from (2) and others. Two RV-ing'S follow PP's: with great

horror of accent as well as look and with a smile.

Instance of conclude by asking:

He then concluded by asking ‘who that Partridge was， who he had called a worthless

fellow.' (BK.II， Ch.5.)

Instance of refrain from cηing out:

nor could she refrain from crying out， with great horror of accent as well as look，‘My

good sir! what's to be done?' (BK.I， Ch.3.)

Types 3， 4， 5， 6， 7， 8， 9 and 10 will be described in the next number owing to the limits of

space.

(To be concluded in the next)

Text

R. P. C. Mutter， ed.， THE HISTORY OF TOM jONES， Penguin English Library， 1966.

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On Reporting Expressions of The Hitoη01 Tom Jones， a Foundling C 1 J

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