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On Sharp Moves
Saori KANENOBU
Kobe University
Dec. 25, 2014
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Contents
I Introduction.
I Background.
I Main theorem.
I Proof of the theorem.
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Introduction.
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Crossing change [H. Wendt (1937)]
The crossing change is a local move for a knotdiagram:
crossing change
u(K ): the minimum number of crossing changesmaking K into the trivial knot
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Theorem. [M.G. Scharlemann (1985)]
u(K ) = 1 =⇒ K : prime.
Example. The trefoil knot is unknotted by a singlecrossing change.
Crossing change
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
∆ move [H. Murakami, Y. Nakanishi (1989)]
The ∆ move is a local move for a knot diagram:
Δ - move
u∆(K ): the minimum number of ∆ moves makingK into the trivial knot
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Example. The trefoil knot is unknotted by a single∆ move.
Δ - move
Question. u∆(K ) = 1 =⇒ K : prime?
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
# move [H. Murakami (1985)]
The # move is a local move for an oriented knotdiagram:
#
u#(K ): the minimum number of # moves makingK into the trivial knot
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Example. The trefoil knot is unknotted by a single# move.
#
Question. u#(K ) = 1 =⇒ K : prime?
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Background.
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Theorem [H. Murakami-S. Sakai (1993)]
K : trefoil knot, Jn: 2-bridge knot C(4,2n),u#(K ) = 1
=⇒ u#(K ]Jn) = 1.
K J n
2n crossings
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Proof.
#
nK # J2n crossings
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Local moves generated by a # move
# #
##
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
# gordian distance [H. Murakami (1985)]
K ,K ′: oriented knotd#
G (K , K ′): the minimum number of # movesmaking K into the K ′
Theorem. K ,K ′: oriented knotd#
G (K , K ′)=1 =⇒ Arf (K ) 6= Arf (K ′)
Remark.d#
G (K ,©)=u#(K )
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Example.
Arf( )=1
Arf( )=0
Arf( )=1Arf(O)=0
Arf( )=1
(1)
(1)
(1)
31
51
52 41
(4)
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Main theorem.
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Theorem [H. Murakami-S. Sakai (1993)]
K : trefoil knot, Jn: 2-bridge knot C(4,2n),u#(K ) = 1
=⇒ u#(K ]Jn) = 1.
K J n
2n crossings
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Main Theorem
Let n be 3 or an even integer.Then there exist two infinite families of knotsJ1, J2, . . . , Jp, . . . and K1, K2, . . . , Kq, . . .such that:(1) Jp, Kq: n-bridge knots,(2) u#(Jp]Kq) = 1 (p, q = 1, 2, . . . ).
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Jp, Kq (n = 2)
Jp: C(-4,2p − 1) Kq: C(4,−2q),
-2q2p-1
J Kp q
Theorem. p = 1 =⇒Theorem[H. Murakami-S. Sakai]
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Jp, Kq (n = 3)
J Kp q
-2p
2p+1
q+1
-q q -q-1
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Jp, Kq: (n = 4)
2p-1
J Kp q
2q
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Proof of the theorem.
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Lemma
2n
2n
2n-1#
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Proof of main theorem (n = 2)
2p-1
2q -2q
#
J p
K q
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
Main Theorem
Let n,m be 3 or an even integer.Then there exist two infinite families of knotsJ1, J2, . . . , Jp, . . . and K1, K2, . . . , Kq, . . .such that:(1) Jp, : n-bridge knots,
Kq,: m-bridge knots,(2) u#(Jp]Kq) = 1 (p, q = 1, 2, . . . ).
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves
2-bridge knot # 4-bridge knot
2q
2p-1
#J p
K q
2q
Saori KANENOBU On Sharp Moves