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Online Supplement: Study Details, Including Authors, Participants, and Neuropsychological Tests for Articles included in the Meta-
Analysis
Authors and Year
Country Where Study
Conducted
First Episode Group Control GroupMatching
of FE and
Control Samples
Neurocognitive Tests Included in
Meta-Analysis
N Age %
Male
Diagnosis
% Treated
with
antipsychotic
medication
N Age %
Male
Addington,
Saeedi, &
Addington,
2005
Canada 213 24.3 68.1 1,2 98.0 66 22.7 57.6 1, 2, 3 COWAT – (L,C); LM (Im, Del), LNS subtests from WMS-R; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); ROCFT (C, Im); WCST (C, PE); TMT - A, B; CPT- DS
Addington
&
Canada 50 25.1 60 1,2 82.0 55 21.7 60 1, 2, 3 AIPPS
Addington,
2008
Albus et al.,
1996
Germany 40 30.9 60 1 100 40 30.7 60 1, 2, 3, 7 CPT (Rosvold) (FA, DP)
Albus et al.,
2006
Germany 71 29.7 50.7 1 100 71 29.9 50.7 1, 2, 3, 7 COWAT – (L, C); I, S, BD, DS, DSym, PC subtests from WAIS-R; LM (Im, Del), VPA, VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R/CMS; WCST (C, PE); Stroop (CW); TMT - B
Ayres et al.,
2007
Brazil 98 30.6 57.1 1,2 N/A 383 32.1 47.3 N/A COWAT – (L); DS subtest (forward & backward) from WMS-III
Bertrand et
al., 2007
Canada 36 22.8 64.0 1, 2, 3 89.0 25 24.2 52.0 1, 2, 7 FSIQ & DS subtest from WAIS-III; Stroop (C, W, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); TMT – A, B; Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence; Hinting Task
Bilder et al.,
2000
U.S. 94 25.7 58.5 1, 3 90.0 36 25.3 66.7 1, 2, 5 WAIS-R; COWAT – (L, C); BNT; WRAT-R; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, LDF); ROCFT (Del); FT; GP; WCST (PR); TMT – A, B
Boksman et
al., 2005
Canada 10 22.0 90.0 1 0 10 23.0 90.0 1, 2, 5, 8 Letter Fluency (experimental modification for fMRI)
Brickman et
al., 2004
U.S. 18 15.6 50.0 1 0 17 16.9 52.9 1, 2 NAART; COWAT – (L); BNT; FT; BD, DS subtests from WISC-III; ROCFT (C); Stroop (CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PR)
Caspi et al.,
2003
Israel 44 22.5 75.0 1 100 44 23.2 75.0 1, 2, 9 A, S (Israeli-adapted translations)
Chan et al.,
2006
China 78 28.5 62.8 1 0 60 27.9 31.7 2, 3, 4 WAIS-III short form; LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III/CMS; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; HSCT
Cosway et
al., 2002
Scotland 15 N/A 66.7 1 100 30 N/A 50.0 1, 2 CPT-IP; NART
Eastvold,
Heaton, &
Cadenhead,
2007
U.S. 14 21.5 53.0 1 73.0 35 21.8 53.0 1, 2, 5, 8, 10
Stroop (C, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); WCST (PR); BD, V subtests from WAIS-III
Edwards,
Pattison,
Jackson, &
Wales, 2001
Australia 29 22.3 75.9 1 86.2 24 21.5 62.5 2, 3 WAIS-R; Facial Affect Recognition Task; Prosody Task
Fitzgerald et
al., 2004
Australia 53 19.2 69.8 1, 2 89.0 31 17.1 51.6 3, 4 WRAT-3 (WR); Conners’ CPT; TMT – A, B; FSIQ & DS (forward), BD subtests from WAIS-III/ WISC-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III; WCST, ROCFT (C, Del);
COWAT – (L, C)Galinska et
al., 2007
Poland 30 22.5 66.7 1 96.7 19 22.5 68.4 1, 2, 3 WCST (C, PE, TE)
Goldberg et
al., 2007
U.S. 104 23.9 72.0 1, 2, 3 23.0 84 27.9 41.0 N/A WRAT-3 (WR); CVLT (SUM); LM (Im), VR (Im), DS subtests from WMS-R; DSym subtest from WAIS-R; JOLO; COWAT – (C); WCST (PE); CPT-IP
Gonzalez-
Blanch et
al., 2007
Spain 77 26.3 61.0 1 100 28 25.9 46.4 1, 2 V, S, I, C, DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); ROCFT (C, Im, Del); GP; FT; CPT-DS; TMT – A, B; COWAT – (C)
Herbener,
Hill,
Marvin, &
U.S. 13 N/A N/A 1 0 13 N/A N/A 1, 2, 8 WASI; Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery
Sweeney,
2005
Hill, Beers,
Kmiec,
Keshavan,
& Sweeney,
2004
U.S. 62 26.3 58.1 1, 3 0 67 28.0 55.2 1, 2, 4, 7 CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Ammons’ Quick Test
Hoff et al.,
1998
U.S. 58 28.1 70.7 1 N/A 74 28.2 75.7 1 WRAT-R (WR); VIQ & I, S, V subtests from WAIS-R; COWAT – (L); BNT; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R; CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Stroop (W, C, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); FT; BVRT
Holthausen
et al., 2003
Netherlands 118 23.3 73.7 1, 2, 3 85.0 45 24.0 84.4 1, 2 Stroop (C, W, CW); TMT – A, B; ROCFT (Im, Del);
CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF); Double stimulus CPT; Category Fluency
Hong et al.,
2002
South Korea 17 29.9 52.9 1 0 24 27.6 45.8 1, 2, 3, 4 V subtest from KWAIS-R; Continuous Attention Test; Vigilance Test; Reaction Unit Test
Hutton et
al., 2004
U.K. 109 25.3 78.9 2 87.0 59 26.1 71.2 1, 2, 4 NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R (4 subtest short form)
Ilonen et al.,
2000
Finland 27 33.0 37.0 1 78.0 27 33.0 63.0 2, 3 FSIQ from WAIS-R (Finnish translation); WCST (C, PE)
Joyce et al.,
2002
U.K. 136 25.7 78.7 2 90.0 81 26.1 60.5 2 CANTAB – Spatial Span; NART
Krieger, Lis,
Cetin,
Gallhofer,
& Meyer-
Germany 12 24.6 50.0 1, 2 0 12 25.8 50.0 1, 2, 3, 5 N-Back Choice Reaction, Continuous Delayed Reaction and Continuous Matching tasks
Lindenberg,
2005
MacDonald
et al., 2005
U.S. 18 27.5 72.2 1, 3 0 28 25.4 64.3 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10
Modified version of AX-CPT
Mathes et
al., 2005
Australia 55 22.0 72.7 2 87.3 56 25.0 71.4 1, 5 NART
Mendrek et
al., 2004
Canada 8 30.0 75.0 1 100 8 28.0 75.0 1, 2, 4, 7 Ammons’ Quick Test; Experimental N-Back Working Memory task
Mohamed,
Paulsen,
O'Leary,
Arndt, &
Andreasen,
1999
U.S. 94 26.1 56.4 1 22.0 305 25.5 53.1 2, 8 Stroop – (CW, CWI); WAIS-R; TMT -A; WCST (C, PE); Experimental auditory CPT; ROCFT (C, Im, Del); FT; BVRT; RAVLT (T5, LDFR, H/D); COWAT – (L); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R
Moritz et Germany 30 28.6 70.0 1, 2 100 30 32.3 66.7 1, 2, 3 COWAT – (L); MWT-B; Stroop
al., 2002 (CWI); WCST (C, PE); RAVLT (T1, T5, LDFR); DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; Creative Verbal Fluency
Nuyen,
Sitskoorn,
Cahn, &
Kahn, 2005
Netherlands 43 25.4 81.4 1, 2 81.0 43 25.0 76.7 1, 2, 4, 5, 8
FSIQ estimate from V & BD subtests from WAIS-R; NART; CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF)
Ohrmann et
al., 2007
Germany 15 27.0 66.7 1 0 20 28.1 65.0 2 V subtest from WAIS-R
Pedersen et
al., 2008
Germany 37 28.3 78.0 1 95.0 37 30.0 76.0 1, 2, 3, 4 RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); MWT-B
Pinkham et
al., 2005
U.S. 23 22.7 56.5 1, 2 N/A 21 24.6 52.4 1, 2, 5, 10 Face Emotion Discrimination Task
Pukrop et Germany 86 29.8 60.5 1 35.0 179 29.2 44.7 2 WCST (TE); RAVLT (T1);
al., 2006 Spatial Working Memory Delayed Response task; CPT-IP; Pattern Recognition (visual backward masking); MWT-B
Riley et al.,
2000
U.K. 40 24.6 N/A 1, 2, 3 62.5 22 26.7 N/A 1, 2, 5, 7, 10
DSym subtest from WAIS-R; CPT-IP; Stroop (W, CW); COWAT – (L, C); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); JOLO; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; RAVLT (T1, SUM, LDFR, H/D)
Rodriguez-
Sanchez et
al., 2005
Spain 80 25.7 68.8 1, 2, 3 100 22 26.1 54.6 1, 2, 3, 4 VIQ & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-III; COWAT – (L)
Rybakowski
&
Borkowska,
Poland 21 22.0 57.1 1 0 20 49.0 50.0 1 Stroop (W, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (PE)
2002
Salgado-
Pineda et
al., 2003
Spain 13 23.8 100 1 0 13 23.4 100 1, 2, 8 CPT-IP (Salgado-Pineda modification)
Saykin et
al., 1994
U.S. 37 28.6 62.2 1 0 131 27.1 58.1 2 COWAT – (L, C); WRAT-R (WR); BNT; WAIS-R; CPT (Gordon Systems); Sentence Repetition; LM (Im, Del), VPA (Im), VR (Im, Del) subtests from the WMS-R; CVLT (SUM); FT; CPT; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; Stroop (C, W, CW)
Schuepbach,
Keshavan,
Kmiec, &
Sweeney,
2002
U.S. 21 27.7 N/A 1, 3 0 24 24.5 62.5 1, 2, 7, 8, 10
WRAT-R (WR); DS, DSym subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; JOLO; GP; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC,
H/D); COWAT – (L)
Tan, Choo,
Fones, &
Chee, 2005
China 11 25.0 45.5 1 100 11 25.9 45.5 1, 2, 3 Working Memory Maintenance of Letters Task
Wang et al.,
2007
China 112 22.5 53.6 1 0 452 34.0 48.9 5 CPT-37
Wood et al.,
2002
Australia 37 21.3 73 2 100 41 28.7 63.4 1 CANTAB Spatial Span; NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R
Wood et al.,
2007
Australia 33 21.4 85.0 2 100 47 22.7 66.0 1 NART; LM (Im) subtest from the WMS-R; FSIQ (4 subtest short form) & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-R
Note:
N/A = Data was not available in the study article.
For Diagnoses, coding is as follows: 1 = Schizophrenia, 2 = Schizophreniform Disorder, 3 = Schizoaffective Disorder
For Matching of FE and Control Samples, coding is as follows: 1 = Gender, 2 = Age, 3 = Education, 4 = IQ or estimates, 5 = Handedness, 6 = Family History, 7 = Parental SES, 8
= Parental Education, 9 = Country of Birth, 10 = Race
Test Names : A = Arithmetic; AIPPS = Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving; BD = Block Design; BNT = Boston Naming Test; BVRT = Benton Visual Retention Test;
CANTAB = Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CCIM = Comprehension of Complex Ideational Material; CMS = Children’s Memory Scale; COWAT (L,
C) = Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Letter and Category Fluency); CPT = Continuous Performance Test; CPT-DS = Continuous Performance Test - Degraded Stimulus;
CPT-IP = Continuous Performance Test – Identical Pairs (Cornblatt); CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); = California Verbal Learning Test (Trial 1, Trial 5,
Sum of Trials 1-5, Semantic Clustering, Short Delay Free Recall, Short Delay Cued Recall, Long Delay Free Recall, Long Delay Cued Recall, Hits/Discriminability Index); DMS
= Delayed Match to Sample; Dot Test = Dot Test of Visual-Spatial Working Memory; DS = Digit Span; DSym = Digit Symbol; FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; FT =
Finger Tapping; GP = Grooved Pegboard; HAWIE-R = German version of the WAIS; HSCT = Hayling Sentence Completion Test; HVLT-R(SUM) = Hopkins Verbal Learning
Test – Revised (Sum of Trials 1-3); I = Information; JOLO = Benton Judgement of Line Orientation; KWAIS-R = Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised; LM (Im,
Del) = Logical Memory, Immediate and Delayed Recall; LNS = Letter Number Sequencing; MR = Matrix Reasoning; MWC – Mesulam-Weintraub Cancellation; MWT-B =
Multiple Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; NAART = North American Adult Reading Test; NART = National Adult Reading Test; NAT
= Numerical Attention Test; OA = Object Assembly; PC = Picture Completion; QLS = Quality of Life Scale; RAVLT (T1, T5, SUM, LDFR, H/D) = Rey Auditory Learning Test
(Trial #1, Trial #5, Sum of Trials 1-5, Long Delay Free Recall, Hits/Discriminability); ROCFT (C, Im, Del)= Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test, Copy, Immediate and Delayed
Recall; RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices; S = Similarities; SB-WF = Stanford Binet Word Fluency; SFS = Social Functioning Scale; SPAN = Span of Apprehension; SS =
Spatial Span; Stroop (C, W, CW, CWI) = Stroop (Color, Word, Color/Word, Color/Word Interference); TFST = Thumb Finger Sequential Touch; TMT – A, B = Trail Making
Test, forms A and B; TT = Token Test; V = Vocabulary; VIQ = Verbal Intelligence Quotient; VPA = Verbal Paired Associates; VR (Im, Del) = Visual Reproduction, Immediate
and Delayed Recall; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WAIS – R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised; WAIS – III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –
Third Edition; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WCST (C, PE, TE, PR) = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Categories Achieved, Perseverative Errors, Total
Errors, Perseverative Responses); WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale; WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; WMS – III
= Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition; WRAT-R (WR) = Wide Range Achievement Test – Revised (Word Reading subtest); WRAT-3 (WR) = Wide Range Achievement
Test – Third Edition (Word Reading subtest).
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