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Only the Critter Paper and Lab Paper may Only the Critter Paper and Lab Paper may be be ***REVISED*** ***REVISED*** ffor a better grade (the or a better grade (the Plagiarism Paper and Bibliography are not Plagiarism Paper and Bibliography are not
revisable). revisable).
Your paper revision will Your paper revision will NOTNOT be be accepted without the graded original. accepted without the graded original.
If you want maximum credit on the If you want maximum credit on the revision, you must make all revision, you must make all
corrections! (whether points were corrections! (whether points were taken off for them the first time or taken off for them the first time or
not!)not!)
It should be noted that **REVISE** means It should be noted that **REVISE** means correct marked mistakes, NOT rewrite the correct marked mistakes, NOT rewrite the
paper!paper!1Source: Basic Formatting!
““The rapid development The rapid development as far as we can judge of as far as we can judge of
all the higher plants all the higher plants within recent geological within recent geological times is an abominable times is an abominable
mystery.”mystery.”
-- letter from C. Darwin to J. Hooker -- letter from C. Darwin to J. Hooker 2 July 1879
3
Putative Angiosperm Putative Angiosperm AncestorsAncestors
Bennettiales?Bennettiales? Flowerlike, bisexual strobiliFlowerlike, bisexual strobili
Separate ovulate and pollen-bearing Separate ovulate and pollen-bearing sporophyllssporophylls
4
Putative Angiosperm Putative Angiosperm AncestorsAncestors Conflicting hypothesesConflicting hypotheses
Remains an “abominable mystery”Remains an “abominable mystery”
5
Unique characteristics of Unique characteristics of AngiospermsAngiosperms
FlowersFlowers Seeds enclosed in carpelSeeds enclosed in carpel Double fertilization Double fertilization endosperm endosperm Much reduced microgametophyte Much reduced microgametophyte Reduced megagametophyte (7 cells; 8 Reduced megagametophyte (7 cells; 8
nuclei)nuclei) Stamens with paired pollen sacsStamens with paired pollen sacs Sieve-tube elements & companion cellsSieve-tube elements & companion cells
6
Earliest Angiosperm Earliest Angiosperm FossilsFossils
Pollen grains from 135 myaPollen grains from 135 mya Whole plant – Whole plant – ArchaefructusArchaefructus
~ 125 mya~ 125 mya Semi-aquaticSemi-aquatic
Middle Cretaceous – many Middle Cretaceous – many lineages presentlineages present
End Cretaceous – End Cretaceous – angiosperms dominantangiosperms dominant
7
Phylogenetic Phylogenetic RelationshipsRelationships
Monocots and Monocots and EudicotsEudicots – 97% of – 97% of angiospermsangiosperms Monocots -- monophyleticMonocots -- monophyletic
o Synapomorphy – single cotyledonSynapomorphy – single cotyledon Eudicots – monophyleticEudicots – monophyletic
o Synapomorphy – triaperturate pollenSynapomorphy – triaperturate pollen
Remainder – multiple different evolutionary Remainder – multiple different evolutionary lineslines Some arose before monocot/dicot splitSome arose before monocot/dicot split
o Monoaperturate pollen Monoaperturate pollen MagnoliidsMagnoliids
8
Major Angiosperm Major Angiosperm GroupsGroups
Basal AngiospermsBasal Angiosperms MesangiospermsMesangiosperms
MagnoliidsMagnoliids MonocotsMonocots Basal EudicotsBasal Eudicots EudicotsEudicots
o RosidsRosidso AsteridsAsterids
9
Basal AngiospermsBasal Angiosperms ANITA grade ANITA grade
Amborella (shrub from New Caledonia) (shrub from New Caledonia) Nymphaeales (water lilies and some (water lilies and some
other aquatic plants) other aquatic plants) Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic (woody aromatic
plants including star anise). plants including star anise). ANITA stands for the genera ANITA stands for the genera
AmborellaAmborella, , NymphaeaNymphaea, , IlliciumIllicium, , TrimeniaTrimenia and and AustrobaileyaAustrobaileya..
Sister to all other angiospermsSister to all other angiosperms11
Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopoda
DioeciousDioecious UndifferentiaUndifferentia
ted stamensted stamens Drupes Drupes No vesselsNo vessels Embryo sac – Embryo sac –
8 celled and 9 8 celled and 9 nucleatenucleate
12
The Rest of ANITAThe Rest of ANITA Nymphales – water liliesNymphales – water lilies Austrobaileya scandensAustrobaileya scandens
13Plantsystematics.org
MagnoliidsMagnoliids Numerous, spirally arranged floral Numerous, spirally arranged floral
partsparts Magnoliales Magnoliales (Magnolia),(Magnolia), Laurales Laurales
(Calycanthus),(Calycanthus), Piperales ( Piperales (Piper Piper and and AristolochiaAristolochia), Canellales), Canellales
Many AustralasianMany Australasian Essential Oils – nutmeg, pepper & Essential Oils – nutmeg, pepper &
bay leavesbay leaves
14
MonocotsMonocots
Monoaperturate pollenMonoaperturate pollen 3-merous floral parts3-merous floral parts
15
EudicotsEudicots Tricolpate pollenTricolpate pollen 4- and 5-merous floral parts4- and 5-merous floral parts
16
Major Major Groups of Groups of AngiosperAngiosper
msms Rosids Rosids
2 integuments2 integuments Nucellus with Nucellus with 2 2
layers of cellslayers of cells AsteridsAsterids
Single ingegumentSingle ingegument Nucellus with 1 Nucellus with 1
layer of cellslayer of cells
18
Earliest AngiospermsEarliest Angiosperms Flowers lacking a perianthFlowers lacking a perianth 125 mya125 mya Leefructus Leefructus ArcharfructusArcharfructus
Resemble Resemble
AAmborellamborella
not not MagnoliaMagnolia
19
Evolution of the FlowerEvolution of the Flower
Perianth – no distinct sepals and petalsPerianth – no distinct sepals and petals Some petals derived from sepalsSome petals derived from sepals Sepals derived from leavesSepals derived from leaves
Other petals apparently derives from Other petals apparently derives from stamensstamens
Sepals – same number vascular strands as Sepals – same number vascular strands as leavesleaves
Stamens – 1 vascular strandStamens – 1 vascular strand Petals – 1 vascular strandPetals – 1 vascular strand
20
Evolution of the FlowerEvolution of the Flower Stamens – diverse structure and Stamens – diverse structure and
functionfunction Woody magnoliids – broad, colored and Woody magnoliids – broad, colored and
scentedscented High degree of differentiationHigh degree of differentiation
21
Evolution of the FlowerEvolution of the Flower Unspecialized carpelsUnspecialized carpels
Extinct angiosperms – leaflike carpelsExtinct angiosperms – leaflike carpels Most extant angiosperms – Most extant angiosperms –
differentiated carpelsdifferentiated carpels Variation in placentationVariation in placentation
22
Major Evolutionary Major Evolutionary TrendsTrends
Different pollination vectorsDifferent pollination vectors Bisexual/ unisexual flowersBisexual/ unisexual flowers Differentiated perianthDifferentiated perianth Specialized pollinators developSpecialized pollinators develop Fruit dispersal vectorsFruit dispersal vectors
23
Generalized Evolutionary Generalized Evolutionary TrendsTrends
1.1. Flowers with indefinite merosity Flowers with indefinite merosity definite merositydefinite merosity
2.2. Floral axis shortened; floral parts Floral axis shortened; floral parts often fusedoften fused
3.3. Ovary inferior; differentiated Ovary inferior; differentiated perianthperianth
4.4. Actinomorphic symmetry Actinomorphic symmetry zygomorphiczygomorphic
24
Specialized FamiliesSpecialized Families
Asteraceae and Orchidaceae – 2 Asteraceae and Orchidaceae – 2 largest familieslargest families
Among the most specializedAmong the most specialized One monocot – one eudicotOne monocot – one eudicot
26
AsteraceaeAsteraceae
Disk Flowers & Ray FlowersDisk Flowers & Ray Flowers Any combination thereof!Any combination thereof!
27
OrchidaceaOrchidaceaee
Highly Highly specialized specialized flowersflowers
Often intricate Often intricate pollinator pollinator relationshipsrelationships
28
PollinatorsPollinators Primative -- WindPrimative -- Wind
Indistinct & ineffectiveIndistinct & ineffective Flowers much reducedFlowers much reduced Copious amounts of pollenCopious amounts of pollen
29
Animals Agents of Floral Animals Agents of Floral EvolutionEvolution
Plants can’t move around (DuH!) – Plants can’t move around (DuH!) – depend on “animals”depend on “animals” Co-evolution Co-evolution Perfect flowers – each visit more Perfect flowers – each visit more
efficient!efficient!
30
Beetle PollinatedBeetle Pollinated Flowers openFlowers open Dull coloredDull colored Strong (usually) fruity odorStrong (usually) fruity odor Floral parts thickFloral parts thick
31
Fly pollinatedFly pollinated Carrion (or fruity) smellCarrion (or fruity) smell Reddish to purple-brownReddish to purple-brown No nectar guidesNo nectar guides
32
Bee pollinatedBee pollinated
Flowers openFlowers open Colored but not redColored but not red Sweet odorSweet odor Nectar guidesNectar guides
33
Bee Pollination: Bee Pollination: milkweed leg milkweed leg traptrap
Bee Pollination: Bee Pollination: milkweed leg milkweed leg traptrap
Pollen sacs [pollinium]
Butterfly PollinatedButterfly Pollinated
Flowers produce nectarFlowers produce nectar Various colors – redsVarious colors – reds Sweet odorSweet odor Nectar guidesNectar guides Often landing platformsOften landing platforms
35
Nocturnal Moth Nocturnal Moth PollinationPollination
Open at nightOpen at night Usually white (or light)Usually white (or light) Strong/ sweet odorStrong/ sweet odor Lots of nectarLots of nectar
37
Deception PollinationDeception Pollination
False food rewardFalse food reward Sweet smellSweet smell NectarNectar Mimic food-rewarding flowersMimic food-rewarding flowers
Sexual deceptionSexual deception Pseudo-copulation Pseudo-copulation Prominent in orchidsProminent in orchids
38
Bat pollinatedBat pollinated
Flowers open at nightFlowers open at night WhiteWhite Strongly scentedStrongly scented Lots of pollenLots of pollen
39
Bird PollinatedBird Pollinated
Copious, thin nectarCopious, thin nectar Little odorLittle odor Colorful – often redColorful – often red Tubular Tubular
40
Important PigmentsImportant Pigments Small number of pigmentsSmall number of pigments
CaretonoidsCaretonoids Flavinoids -- Block UVFlavinoids -- Block UV
o Anthocyanins Anthocyanins o Water solubleWater solubleo pH determines colorpH determines coloro Colors can change post pollinationColors can change post pollination
o FlavonolsFlavonolso Colorless – white/ivory pigmentsColorless – white/ivory pigments
BetalainsBetalainso Only in CaryophyllidsOnly in Caryophyllids
41
Marsh MarigoldMarsh Marigold
Outer yellow – UV absorbing Outer yellow – UV absorbing carotenoidscarotenoids
Inner yellow – UV reflective flavinoid Inner yellow – UV reflective flavinoid calchonecalchone
42
FruitsFruits Ripe ovary and associated structuresRipe ovary and associated structures Fruit dispersal fundamental aspect Fruit dispersal fundamental aspect
of radiationof radiation Parthenocarpic -- without Parthenocarpic -- without
fertilization and seed development fertilization and seed development (e.g., banana, pineapple, citrus …)(e.g., banana, pineapple, citrus …)
43
Fruit TypesFruit Types
Simple FruitSimple Fruit One of more fused carpels from single flowerOne of more fused carpels from single flower
Aggregate FruitAggregate Fruit Individual carpels in a single flowerIndividual carpels in a single flower
Multiple FruitMultiple Fruit Derived from an inflorescence (e.g., many Derived from an inflorescence (e.g., many
flowers)flowers) Accessory FruitAccessory Fruit
Tissue not from ovaryTissue not from ovary
44
Simple FruitsSimple Fruits Fleshy or Dry at maturityFleshy or Dry at maturity FleshyFleshy
Berries – 1 –many seeds; all parts fleshyBerries – 1 –many seeds; all parts fleshy Drupes – 1 seeded; fleshy mesocarp; stony Drupes – 1 seeded; fleshy mesocarp; stony
endocarpendocarp Pomes – compound inferior ovary – accessory Pomes – compound inferior ovary – accessory
fruitfruit DryDry
Dehiscent – multiple seedsDehiscent – multiple seedso Legume, silique, follicle, capsuleLegume, silique, follicle, capsule
Indehiscent – only one seedIndehiscent – only one seedo Achene, samara, cypselsAchene, samara, cypsels
45
Fruit DispersalFruit Dispersal WindWind
Dandelions – cypselasDandelions – cypselas Maples – schizocarpMaples – schizocarp
WaterWater CoconutCoconut
AnimalsAnimals Ingestion Ingestion AdheringAdhering
Self-dispersalSelf-dispersal
46
Biochemical EvolutionBiochemical Evolution
Secondary MetabolitesSecondary Metabolites Alkaloids – morphine, cocaine, caffeine, Alkaloids – morphine, cocaine, caffeine,
nicotinenicotine Terpenoids – taxol, rubber, cardiac Terpenoids – taxol, rubber, cardiac
glycosides, isopreneglycosides, isoprene Phenolics – flavonoids, tannins, lignins, Phenolics – flavonoids, tannins, lignins,
catechols, salicylic acidcatechols, salicylic acid Quinones – coqnzyme QQuinones – coqnzyme Q Raphids – Calcium oxalateRaphids – Calcium oxalate
47
Secondary MetabolitesSecondary Metabolites
Protect against herbivoryProtect against herbivory Reduce palatabilityReduce palatability Total avoidanceTotal avoidance
Mustards – cabbage, horseradish, Mustards – cabbage, horseradish, mustardmustard Avoided by most herbivorous insectsAvoided by most herbivorous insects Attractants for others (e.g., cabbage Attractants for others (e.g., cabbage
butterfly)butterfly) Insects that do feed often brightly coloredInsects that do feed often brightly colored
They are also protected from predationThey are also protected from predation
48