Ontogeny Ontogeny Recapitulates Recapitulates

PhylogenyPhylogeny

How We Classify and Why!How We Classify and Why!

ONTOGENYONTOGENY

DEVELOMENTDEVELOMENT

VARIATION, CHANGE, SELECTION,VARIATION, CHANGE, SELECTION,SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTIONSURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION

WHAT IS A SPECIES?WHAT IS A SPECIES? A SPECIES IS A GROUP OF A SPECIES IS A GROUP OF

ORGANISMS THAT BREED ORGANISMS THAT BREED TOGETHER UNDER NATURAL TOGETHER UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS AND HAVE VIABLE CONDITIONS AND HAVE VIABLE OFFSPRING. THEY ARE OFFSPRING. THEY ARE ISOLATED IN SOME WAY FROM ISOLATED IN SOME WAY FROM OTHER SUCH GROUPSOTHER SUCH GROUPS..

DIFFERENT SPECIESDIFFERENT SPECIES

THERE IS NO SUCH CATEGORY THERE IS NO SUCH CATEGORY CALLED SPECIE. THE WORD CALLED SPECIE. THE WORD SPECIES IS USED IN A SPECIES IS USED IN A SINGULAR FASHION, AS WELL SINGULAR FASHION, AS WELL AS FOR MORE THAN ONE. – ONE AS FOR MORE THAN ONE. – ONE SPECIES, TWO SPECIES, ETC.SPECIES, TWO SPECIES, ETC.

ALL MEMBERS OF A SPECIES ALL MEMBERS OF A SPECIES FORM A FORM A POPULATIONPOPULATION. A . A POPULATION IS A GROUP OF POPULATION IS A GROUP OF ORGANISMS REPRESENTED BY ORGANISMS REPRESENTED BY A SINGLE SPECIES.A SINGLE SPECIES.

POPULATIONPOPULATION

POPULATIONS OF DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS MAKE UP A ORGANISMS MAKE UP A COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY..

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

ORGANISMS IN NATURE HAVE A ORGANISMS IN NATURE HAVE A TOUGH LIFETOUGH LIFE

THEY MUST FACE THEY MUST FACE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESCHANGES

THEY MUST CONTEND WITH THEY MUST CONTEND WITH PREDATION AND PARASITISMPREDATION AND PARASITISM

THEY MUST UNDERGO THEY MUST UNDERGO CHANGECHANGE - - THROUGH MUTATIONSTHROUGH MUTATIONS

THROUGH ALL OF THIS, THEY MUST THROUGH ALL OF THIS, THEY MUST STRIVE TO STRIVE TO SURVIVE AND SURVIVE AND REPRODUCEREPRODUCE

YES, IT’S TRUE. THERE IS NO YES, IT’S TRUE. THERE IS NO ONE EXACTLY LIKE YOU. YOU ONE EXACTLY LIKE YOU. YOU ARE AN INDIVIDUAL THAT IS ARE AN INDIVIDUAL THAT IS UNLIKE ANY OTHER UNLIKE ANY OTHER INDIVIDUAL.INDIVIDUAL.

Dr. H.R.HermannDr. H.R.Hermann

SOME TYPES OF VARIATIONSOME TYPES OF VARIATION ANATOMICALANATOMICAL PHYSIOLOGICALPHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORALBEHAVIORAL

CHANGES ARE CONSTANTLY OCCURING IN THE CHANGES ARE CONSTANTLY OCCURING IN THE PHYSICAL WORLDPHYSICAL WORLD

GLOBAL WARMING – OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME, CHANGES GLOBAL WARMING – OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME, CHANGES SEA LEVEL AS WELL AS CLIMATESSEA LEVEL AS WELL AS CLIMATES

GLOBAL COOLING GLOBAL COOLING CONTINENTAL DRIFT – SEPARATES SOME GROUPS OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT – SEPARATES SOME GROUPS OF

ORGANISMS AND BRINGS OTHERS TOGETHERORGANISMS AND BRINGS OTHERS TOGETHER CHANGING WIND CURRENTSCHANGING WIND CURRENTS CHANGING OCEAN CURRENTSCHANGING OCEAN CURRENTS CHANGING CLIMATE – ALTERS COMMUNITIESCHANGING CLIMATE – ALTERS COMMUNITIES POLAR SHIFTSPOLAR SHIFTS VOLCANIC ACTIVITY – DESTROYS ENVIRONMENTSVOLCANIC ACTIVITY – DESTROYS ENVIRONMENTS EARTHQUAKES – QUICKLY CHANGES AN ENVIRONMENTEARTHQUAKES – QUICKLY CHANGES AN ENVIRONMENT MOUNTAIN FORMATION – PROGRESSIVE, LONG-TERM CHANGES MOUNTAIN FORMATION – PROGRESSIVE, LONG-TERM CHANGES

THAT OFTEN RESULT FROM CONTINENTAL DRIFTTHAT OFTEN RESULT FROM CONTINENTAL DRIFT EROSION – NEW CHEMICALS ARE ADDED TO THE ENVIRONMENTEROSION – NEW CHEMICALS ARE ADDED TO THE ENVIRONMENT RAINFALL – PROVIDES WATER, FACILITATES LIFE, FACILITATES RAINFALL – PROVIDES WATER, FACILITATES LIFE, FACILITATES

DECOMPOSITION, CHANGES ENVIRONMENTS – HYDROGEN DECOMPOSITION, CHANGES ENVIRONMENTS – HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES OFFERS CERTAIN BONDING BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES OFFERS CERTAIN FEATURES THAT ARE USED BY ORGANISMS, E.G., SPIDERS, FEATURES THAT ARE USED BY ORGANISMS, E.G., SPIDERS, INSECTS, LIZARDS, ETC.INSECTS, LIZARDS, ETC.

RIVERS, LAKES, PONDS, LAKES FORM AND DISAPPEARRIVERS, LAKES, PONDS, LAKES FORM AND DISAPPEAR

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESCHANGES

THESE CHANGES IN OUR THESE CHANGES IN OUR EARTH PUT PRESSURES ON EARTH PUT PRESSURES ON POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS, SUBJECTING THEM TO SUBJECTING THEM TO STRESSES THAT WILL MAKE STRESSES THAT WILL MAKE POPULATIONS CHANGE.POPULATIONS CHANGE.

ALONG WITH THESE CONSTANT ALONG WITH THESE CONSTANT CHANGES, VARIATION WITHIN ALL CHANGES, VARIATION WITHIN ALL POPULATIONS TENDS TO CHANGE THE POPULATIONS TENDS TO CHANGE THE POPULATIONS OVER TIME. FEATURES POPULATIONS OVER TIME. FEATURES POSSESSED BY CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS POSSESSED BY CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A POPULATION MAY HELP WITHIN A POPULATION MAY HELP THEM SURVIVE BETTER THAN THEM SURVIVE BETTER THAN OTHERS. THOSE INDIVIDUALS THAT OTHERS. THOSE INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE BEST SUITED TO THE CURRENT ARE BEST SUITED TO THE CURRENT CONDITIONS ARE THE ONES TO CONDITIONS ARE THE ONES TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.

THIS IS WHAT NATURAL THIS IS WHAT NATURAL SELECTION IS ALL ABOUT – THE SELECTION IS ALL ABOUT – THE POSSESSION OF CERTAIN POSSESSION OF CERTAIN TRAITS THAT HELP AN TRAITS THAT HELP AN INDIVIDUAL SURVIVE AND INDIVIDUAL SURVIVE AND PASS ON ITS GENES TO PASS ON ITS GENES TO SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS.SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS.

SUMMARY OF SOME IMPORTANT SUMMARY OF SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES IN POPULATIONSFEATURES IN POPULATIONS

VARIATION – ALL POPULATIONS VARIATION – ALL POPULATIONS SHOW VARIATIONSHOW VARIATION

CHANGE – CHANGES ARE CHANGE – CHANGES ARE CONSTANTLY OCCURING. NOTHING CONSTANTLY OCCURING. NOTHING IS STATIC.IS STATIC.

SELECTION OF INDIVIDUALS THAT SELECTION OF INDIVIDUALS THAT BEST SUIT THE ENVIRONMENT – BEST SUIT THE ENVIRONMENT – NATURAL SELECTION – BIOLOGISTS NATURAL SELECTION – BIOLOGISTS SPEAK OF MAXIMIZATION.SPEAK OF MAXIMIZATION.

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHYHISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BEFORE THE 1700S, BOTH SCIENCE AND BEFORE THE 1700S, BOTH SCIENCE AND

PHILOSOPHY WERE INFLUENCED BY RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY WERE INFLUENCED BY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.BELIEFS.

DURING THE 1500S, PHILOSOPHERS BEGAN TO DURING THE 1500S, PHILOSOPHERS BEGAN TO THINK ON THEIR OWN AND BEGAN TO LOOK THINK ON THEIR OWN AND BEGAN TO LOOK CRITICALLY AT THE NATURAL WORLD.CRITICALLY AT THE NATURAL WORLD.

IT WASN’T UNTIL THE 1800S THAT SCIENCE IT WASN’T UNTIL THE 1800S THAT SCIENCE BEGAN TO TAKE OFF AND MAKE IMPORTANT BEGAN TO TAKE OFF AND MAKE IMPORTANT BREAK-THROUGH DISCOVERIES.BREAK-THROUGH DISCOVERIES.

BY THE MID 1800S EARLY 1900S, BIOLOGY HAD BY THE MID 1800S EARLY 1900S, BIOLOGY HAD BECOME INTERESTING TO NATURALISTS.BECOME INTERESTING TO NATURALISTS.

SINCE THAT TIME, BIOLOGISTS AND OTHER SINCE THAT TIME, BIOLOGISTS AND OTHER SCIENTISTS HAVE BECOME SPECIALISTSSCIENTISTS HAVE BECOME SPECIALISTS

Dr. H. R. HermannDr. H. R. Hermann

Evolution, Genetics Evolution, Genetics Embryo's and our Common Embryo's and our Common

Ancestor's Ancestor's http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=h3Lkac890c0v=h3Lkac890c0