Ontology-based Cooperation of Information Systems

Ontology-based Cooperation of Information Systems

Contributions to Database-to-Ontology Mapping and XML-to-Ontology Mapping

Raji GHAWI

15/03/2010

15/03/2010 2

Outline

Introduction State of the Art OWSCIS System Database-to-Ontology Mapping

Mapping Specification

Mapping Process

Query Translation XML-to-Ontology Mapping

Mapping Specification

Mapping Process

Query Translation Conclusion

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Introduction

Cooperation of Information Systems:

sourcesource

source

query

answer

Share, combine and exchange

information from distributed and

heterogeneous sources in a

transparent way to the end-users

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Introduction

Heterogeneity structural

syntactic

system

semantic

scaling & units naming

language model

schema

representation

hardware

operating system

synonymy homonymy

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State of the Art - Approaches

Semantic Approaches

FederationFederation MediationMediation

Source 1 Source 2 Source 1 Source 2

Mediator

Wrapper

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State of the Art – Ontologies

Ontologies promised technology to solve the semantic heterogeneity explicit specification of a conceptualization

conceptual model for information sources

Ontology-based cooperation of information systems

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Ontology-based Cooperation of Information Systems

Features Information Sources (RDBs, XML, …)

Ontology Use (Single, Multiple, Hybrid)

Representation Language (RDF/S, OWL)

Architecture Type (agent-based, wrapper-mediator)

…

Existing Systems

BUSTER, COIN, DOME, InfoSleuth, KRAFT, MOMIS, …

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Objectives of the Work

Propose an architecture for cooperation of information sources

Taking into account the semantics of information

Ontologies

Specify methods and tools

Allowing a transparent querying of the cooperation by users Mapping of information sources to ontologies

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Our Proposal: OWSCIS

Support RDBs and XML Hybrid Ontology Approach OWL language

Mediation-based Architecture GAV approach at site level LAV approach at global level

Ontology & Web Service based Cooperation of Information Systems

Global Ontology

Local Ontologies

Information Sources

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OWSCIS Architecture

Global Ontology

MappingDirectory

Knowledge Base Module

End User

Querying Web Service

ResultsRecomposition

Query Decomposition

VisualizationWeb Service

sub-queriespartial results

Relationaldatabase

XML data source

Data Providers

DB2OWLX2OWL

Local ontology

Data Source toLocal Ontology

Mappings

Local Ontology to Global Ontology

Mappings

Mapping Web Service

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Database-to-Ontology Mapping Mapping Specification

Mapping Process

Query Translation

XML-to-Ontology Mapping Mapping Specification

Mapping Process

Query Translation

Database-to-Ontology Mapping XML-to-Ontology Mapping

Mapping Specification Mapping Process Query Translation

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



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Database-to-Ontology Mapping

OntologyDatabase

Mappings

Tables

Columns

Primary Keys

...

Concepts

Datatype Properties

Object Properties

...



Associations with SQL statements DOML language

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Associations with SQL Statements

Ontology components are associated with SQL statements

Concept Association the SQL statement retrieves the primary key of corresponding table



SELECT Paper.paperId AS DOM FROM Paper

PaperPaperCPaper

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Object Property Association the SQL statement retrieves the primary keys of tables corresponding

to the domain and range concepts

Datatype Property Association the SQL statement retrieves the primary key of table corresponding to

the domain concept and the column of range value



publishedBypublishedByOP

SELECT Paper.paperId AS DOM, Publisher.publisherId AS RNG FROM Paper, Publisher WHERE Paper.publisher = Publisher.publisherId

Paper PublisherPaper.publisher Publisher.publisherId

SELECT Paper.paperId AS DOM, Paper.title AS RNG FROM Paper

titletitleDPPaperPaper.title

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Advantages simple and easy to edit directly exploited in query translation

Drawbacks poor

limited to SQL syntax can not express 1-m mappings



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DOML Language

Semantic bridges relate ontology components to database components

based on RDF (Resource Description Framework)

Combination of existing languages: D2RQ, R2O, Relational.OWL



Database to Ontology Mapping Language

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DOML Language

Concept bridge relates an ontology concept with a DB table possibly, contains a condition

Object property bridge relates an object property with a join of DB tables belongs to a concept bridge (domain) refers to another concept bridge (range ) condition



student-cb ont:Studentont:Student personperson person.status="student"person.status="student"

concept table condition

works-for-opb ont:works-foront:works-for emp.deptId = dept.deptIdemp.deptId = dept.deptId employee-cb department-cb

object property join domain concept bridge range concept bridge

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DOML Language

Datatype property bridge relates a datatype property with a DB column or transformation belongs to a concept bridge (domain) possibly, contains a condition



person-age-dpb ont:ageont:age person.ageperson.age person-cb

person-name-dpb ont:nameont:name CONCAT(person.firstName,person.LastName)CONCAT(person.firstName,person.LastName) person-cb

datatype property column transformation domain concept bridge

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DOML Language

Advantages rich and powerfull

abstract description of DB schema conditions and transformations 1-1, 1-m, m-1 and m-m mappings

portable and extendable – based on RDF

Drawbacks difficult to edit can not directly be exploited in query translation



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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



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Mapping Process



OntologyDatabase

Mapping Document

MetadataMetadata RulesRules

TablesColumnsPrimary Keys...

ConceptsDatatype PropertiesObject Properties...

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Particular Table Cases

Identification of the different particular table cases Ontology components are created according to these cases

PK1

...

T1

PFK1

PFK2

T

PK2

...

T2

PK1

...

T1

PFK1

...

T

...

...

TCase 3

Case 1

Case 2



Primary key Foreign key Integrity Constraint

m-m relationship

1-1 relationship

other tables

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Example DB Schema

studentId

diplomaId

studentNumber

Student

diplomaId

diplomaName

Diploma

moduleId

diplomaId

moduleName

Module

studentId

sessionId

Presence

sessionId

moduleId

lecturerId

Session

time

hallId

lecturerId

room

Lecturer

hallId

building

hallName

Hall

personId

lastName

firstName

PersonCase 1 (m-m relationship)Case 2 (1-1 relationship)Case 3 (others)



Primary key

Foreign key

Integrity Constraint

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Rules for Ontology Generation

...

...

T

C

case 3

PFK1

...

T

PK1

...

T1

C C1case 2

PK1

...

T1

PFK1

PFK2

T

PK2

...

T2

op2

op1

C1 C2

...

NK

T

dp

C

...

FK

T

PK1

...

T1op

C C1



Object property

subClassOf Class

Datatype property

Primary key Foreign key


Database component Ontology component

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presence-session

presence-student

module-diploma

session-lecturer

Person

Object property

subClassOf

Class

Datatype property

Hall

StudentLecturer

DiplomaModule

Session

firstName

lastName

room

hallNamemoduleName diplomaName

studentNumbertime

student-diplomasession-modulesession-hall

building



Primary key

Foreign key


personId

lastName

firstName

Person

sessionId

moduleId

lecturerId

Session

time

hallId

hallId

building

hallName

Hall

diplomaId

studentNumber

Student

studentId

lecturerId

room

Lecturer

moduleId

diplomaId

moduleName

Module

diplomaId

diplomaName

Diploma

studentId

sessionId

Presence

Database Schema

Generated Ontology

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Generated Mappings using Associations with SQL Statements

Concept Associations

Datatype Property Associations

Object Property Associations

SELECT person.personId AS DOM FROM personPersonPerson

SELECT lecturer.lecturerId AS DOM FROM lecturer, person WHERE lecturer.lecturerId = person.personId

StudentStudent

SELECT student.studentId AS DOM FROM student, person WHERE student.studentId = person.personId

LecturerLecturer

SELECT person.personId AS DOM, person.FirstName AS RNG FROM person

firstNamefirstName

SELECT student.studentId AS DOM, student.studentNumber AS RNG FROM student

studentNumberstudentNumber

student.diplomastudent.diploma

session.lecturersession.lecturer

SELECT student.studentId AS DOM, diploma.diplomaId AS RNG FROM student, diploma WHERE student.diplomaID = diploma.diplomaId

SELECT session.sessionId AS DOM, lecturer.lecturerId AS RNG FROM session, lecturer WHERE session.lecturerId = lecturer.lecturerId

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student-diploma-opb

session-lecturer-opb

person-cb ont:Personont:Person personperson

student-cb ont:Studentont:Student studentstudent

lecturer-cb ont:Lectureront:Lecturer lecturerlecturer

person-firstName-dpb ont:firstNameont:firstName person.firstNameperson.firstName person-cb

student-studentNumber-dpb ont:studentNumberont:studentNumber student.studentNumberstudent.studentNumber student-cb

ont:student.diplomaont:student.diploma

session.lecturerId = lecturer.lecturerIdsession.lecturerId = lecturer.lecturerId

student-cb diploma-cb

ont:session.lectureront:session.lecturer

student.diplomaID = diploma.diplomaIdstudent.diplomaID = diploma.diplomaId

session-cb lecturer-cb



Generated Mappings using DOML language

Concept Bridges

Datatype Property Bridges

Object Property Bridges

datatype property column domain concept bridge

concept table

object property

join

domain concept bridge range concept bridge

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



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Query Processing



sub-query

local query Local Ontology

Data Provider

rewrite

translate

SQL results

SPARQL results

reformulate

solve

SQL query

Querying Web Service

Data Source to Local Ontology

Mappings

Local Ontology to Global Ontology

Mappings

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SPARQL-to-SQL Query Translation



SPARQLquery

SQLquery

Ontology Database

Mapping Document

Translation


Associations with SQL Statements DOML LanguageDOML Language

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



Associations with SQL Statements DOML Language

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SPARQL-to-SQL Translation using Associations with SQL Statements

Mapping document

SELECTvariables

SPARQLquery

Concept Associations

Property Associations

Build

SELECT FROM WHERE

Simplification

SQLstatements

SQL query

SQL results

Formulation

SPARQLquery results XML format

Mapping Parsing Query Parsing

BasicGraphPattern

FILTERs

Translation

simplified SQL query

1

2

3



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presence-session

presence-student

module-diploma

session-lecturer

Person

Hall

StudentLecturer

DiplomaModule

Session

firstName

lastName

room

hallNamemoduleName diplomaName

studentNumbertime

student-diplomasession-modulesession-hall

building

SELECT ?modName

WHERE {

?mod ont:moduleName ?modName.

ont:module-diploma ?dip.

?dip ont:diplomaName ?dipName.

FILTER(?dipName = "BDIA")

}

SPARQL query



Example

Ontology

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SELECT S1.RNG AS modNameFROM ( SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Module.moduleName AS RNG FROM Module) AS S1, ( SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaId AS RNG FROM Module, Diploma WHERE Module.diplomaId = Diploma.diplomaId) AS S2, ( SELECT Diploma.diplomaId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaName AS RNG FROM Diploma) AS S3WHERE S1.DOM = S2.DOMAND S2.RNG = S3.DOMAND S3.RNG = "BDIA"

S1.RNG AS modNameS1.RNG AS modName

S3.RNG = "BDIA"S3.RNG = "BDIA"

S1.DOM = S2.DOMS1.DOM = S2.DOM

S2.RNG = S3.DOMS2.RNG = S3.DOM

SELECT

SQL

AS S1

AS S2

AS S3

FROM

WHERE

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Module.moduleName AS RNG FROM Module

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Module.moduleName AS RNG FROM Module

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaId AS RNG FROM Module, Diploma WHERE Module.diplomaId = Diploma.diplomaId

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaId AS RNG FROM Module, Diploma WHERE Module.diplomaId = Diploma.diplomaId

SELECT Diploma.diplomaId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaName AS RNG FROM Diploma

SELECT Diploma.diplomaId AS DOM, Diploma.diplomaName AS RNG FROM Diploma

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Generated SQL query

Simplified SQL query

SELECT S1.RNG AS modName

FROM (

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM,

Module.moduleName AS RNG

FROM Module

) AS S1, (

SELECT Module.moduleId AS DOM,

Diploma.diplomaId AS RNG

FROM Module, Diploma

WHERE Module.diplomaId = Diploma.diplomaId

) AS S2, (

SELECT Diploma.diplomaId AS DOM,

Diploma.diplomaName AS RNG

FROM Diploma

) AS S3

WHERE S1.DOM = S2.DOM

AND S2.RNG = S3.DOM

AND S3.RNG = "BDIA"

SELECT Module.moduleName AS modName

FROM Module, Diploma

WHERE Module.diplomaId = Diploma.diplomaId

AND Diploma.diplomaName = "BDIA"

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



Associations with SQL Statements DOML Language

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DOML mapping

document

SQL results

Formulation


FILTERs SELECTvariables

Translation

Concept Bridges



Transformations

Conditions

Preprocessing

variable-to- Concept mapping

1 2

3

4

BasicGraphPattern

SPARQL-to-SQL Translation using DOML Language

SPARQLquery


SQL query

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SELECT ?nameWHERE { ?stud a ont:Student; ont:name ?name; ont:studies-in ?dept. ?dept ont:dept-name ?deptName. FILTER (?deptName = "IEM").}

SPARQL query



Example

name

email

year

dept-name

works-for studies-in

salary

Person

Department

Employee Student

Ontology

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Extract main components of the DOML mapping document



1. Mapping Document Parsing

DOMLMapping

Document

Mapping Document Parsing

Concept Bridges



Transformations

Conditions

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2. Query Parsing

SELECT variables = { ?name }

FILTERs = { (?deptName = "IEM") }

SELECT ?name

WHERE {

?stud a ont:Student;

ont:name ?name;

ont:studies-in ?dept.

?dept ont:dept-name ?deptName.

FILTER (?deptName = "IEM").

}

SPARQL query

ont:name

?stud

ont:Student ?dept

?deptName

ont:deptName

ont:studies-inrdf:type

?name

BGP

Extract main components of the query: SELECT variables Basic Graph Pattern (BGP) FILTER conditions

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Compute an auxiliary mapping between variables and concepts Serve to choose suitable mapping bridges



3. Preprocessing

SELECT ?name

WHERE {


ont:name ?name;




}

?stud?stud ont:Studentont:Student

?dept?dept ont:Departmentont:Department

conceptvariableSPARQL query

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4. Query Translation – Analysis of Mapping Bridges

SELECT ?name

WHERE {


ont:name ?name;




}

Mapping Bridges

conditionstables join

WHEREFROM

?name?name CONCAT(firstName,lastName)CONCAT(firstName,lastName)

variable to column auxiliary mapping

?deptname?deptname dept.deptNamedept.deptName

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4. Query Translation – SELECT Construction

SELECT ?name

WHERE {


ont:name ?name;




}

?name?name CONCAT(firstName,lastName)CONCAT(firstName,lastName)

variable-to-column auxiliary mapping

SELECT CONCAT(firstName,lastName) AS nameSELECT CONCAT(firstName,lastName) AS name

SELECT

Replace variables by their correspondingcolumns or transformations

…

…

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4. Query Translation – FILTER Translation

SELECT ?name

WHERE {


ont:name ?name;




}

dept.deptName = "IEM"dept.deptName = "IEM"

WHERE

Replace variables by their correspondingcolumns or transformations

?deptName?deptName dept.deptNamedept.deptName

variable-to-column auxiliary mapping

…

…

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4. Query Translation

person.status="student"person.status="student"personperson

dept.deptName = "IEM"dept.deptName = "IEM"SELECT CONCAT(firstName,lastName) AS nameSELECT CONCAT(firstName,lastName) AS name

deptdept

person.deptId = dept.deptIdperson.deptId = dept.deptId

SELECT CONCAT(person.firstName, person.lastName) AS name

FROM person, dept

WHERE (person.status = 'Student')

AND (person.deptId = department.deptId)

AND (dept.deptName = 'IEM')

SQL query

WHERE

SELECT

FROM

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<sparql> <head> <variable name="fn"/> <variable name="ln"/> <variable name="dipName"/> </head> <results> <result> <binding name="fn"><literal>Raji</literal></binding> <binding name="ln"><literal>Ghawi</literal></binding> <binding name="dipName"><literal>Master 2 3I</literal></binding> </result> <result> <binding name="fn"><literal>Thibault</literal></binding> <binding name="ln"><literal>Poulain</literal></binding> <binding name="dipName"><literal>Master 2 3I</literal></binding> </result> <result> <binding name="fn"><literal>Guillermo</literal></binding> <binding name="ln"><literal>Gomez</literal></binding> <binding name="dipName"><literal>Master 2 BDIA</literal></binding> </result> </results></sparql>

Result Reformulation



fn ln dipName

Raji Ghawi Master 2 3I

Thibault Poulain Master 2 3I

Guillermo Gomez Master 2 BDIA

SQL Results

SPARQL Results (XML format)

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



15/03/2010 49


Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



15/03/2010 50

Similar to DOML language

Semantic bridges relate ontology components to XML nodes (expressed using XPath)



XOML Language XML to Ontology Mapping Language

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Concept bridge relates an ontology concept with an XML node possibly, contains a condition

Datatype property bridge relates a datatype property with an XML node (or a transformation) belongs to concept bridge (domain) possibly, contains a condition

XOML Language



student-cb StudentStudent /univ/student/univ/student

concept XML node

student-name-dpb namename student-cb/univ/student/name/text()/univ/student/name/text()

datatype property XML node domain concept bridge

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Object property bridge contains an object property belongs to a concept bridge (domain) refers to another concept bridge (range) possibly, contains a condition

XOML Language



studies-in-opb studies-instudies-in student-cb university-cb

object property domain concept bridge range concept bridge

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



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XML-to-Ontology Mapping Process

OntologyXML Schema

Mapping Document

XSGXSG RulesRules

TypesElementsAttributes...

ConceptsDatatype PropertiesObject Properties...

XML Schema Graph

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XML Schema Graph (XSG)

PurchaseOrderType

@orderDate

(anonymous)

Address USAddress

@country@weightKg @shipBy

purchaseOrder

item

billTo shipTo

state zipstreet cityname

price productName

shipAndBill

ItemDelivery

Attribute Group

Element Group

Attribute

Complex Type

Element

Type Derivation

Containment

Nodes

Edges

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Rules for Ontology Generation

object property

MIXED

restriction

extention

complex type

element group

attribute group

containment relationship

simple element

attribute

text of mixed complex type

subClassOf

Class

datatype property

XML schema component result ontology component

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hasItem hasItemDelivery

hasShipTo

hasBillTo

ItemPurchaseOrderType ItemDelivery

USAddress

ShipAndBill

orderDate

name

street

city

country

productName

price

weightKg

shipBy

zip

USstate

Addressobject property

subClassOf

OWL class

datatype property

PurchaseOrderType

@orderDate

(anonymous)

Address USAddress

@country@weightKg @shipBy

purchaseOrder

item

billTo shipTo

state zipstreet cityname

price productName

shipAndBill

ItemDelivery



Example

hasShipAndBill

XML Schema Graph

Ontology

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Refinement

Remove invalid mappings Reuse of types and elements within XML schema Use of different representations to denote the same entity

lead to invalid XPaths expressions

Ontology restructuring Humans may not admit automatically genenerated structure of ontology

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Refinement – Use of Different Representations

<shipmentorder orderid="889923"> <orderperson>John Smith</orderperson> <items> <item> <title>Empire Burlesque</title> <quantity>1</quantity> <price>10.90</price> </item> <item> <title>Hide your heart</title> <quantity>1</quantity> <price>9.90</price> </item> <item> <title>Hearts of Fire</title> <quantity>1</quantity> <price>10.50</price> </item> </items> <shipments> <shipment> <date>12-01-2009</date> <item title="Empire Burlesque" /> <item title="Hide your heart" /> </shipment> </shipments></shipmentorder>

(anonymous)

@orderidorderperson

(anonymous)

(anonymous)

(anonymous)

(anonymous)

@title

shipmentorder

items shipments

shipment

date

pricetitle quantity

itemhasItem

Shipments

Item

Items

orderId

orderPerson

date

title

quantity

price

hasShipments

hasItems

hasShipment

Shipment

ShipmentOrder

Example

XSGXML DocumentOntology

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Refinement – Removing of Invalid Mappings

<shipmentorder ...> <items> <item> <title>Empire Burlesque</title> ... </item> ... </items> <shipments> <shipment> <item title="Empire Burlesque" /> ... </shipment> </shipments></shipmentorder>

dpb2 titletitle cb3/shipmentorder/items/item/@title/shipmentorder/items/item/@title

dpb4 titletitle cb3/shipmentorder/items/item/title/text()/shipmentorder/items/item/title/text()

dpb7 titletitle cb6/shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title/shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title

dpb9 titletitle cb6/shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/title/text()/shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/title/text()

Valid Mappings have valid XPaths with respect to XML document

XML Document

Mapping Bridges of « title » property

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Mapping Process

Query Translation


Mapping Process

Query Translation



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SPARQL-to-XQuery Translation

SPARQLquery

XQueryquery

Ontology XML Data Source

Mapping Document

(XOML)

Translation

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XOML mapping

document

SPARQLquery

XQuery query



FILTERs SELECTvariables

Building XQuery

Concept Bridges



Preprocessing

1 2

3

4

BasicGraphPattern

XML Data Source

Suitable Mapping Graph

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SELECT ?date ?title

WHERE {

?ship ont:date ?date;

ont:hasItem ?item.

?item ont:title ?title.

}

SPARQL query

Example



hasItem

Shipments

Item

Items

orderId

orderPerson

date

title

quantity

price

hasShipments

hasItems

hasShipment

Shipment

ShipmentOrder

Ontology

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Extract main components of the XOML mapping document

1. Mapping Document Parsing

Mapping Document Parsing

Concept Bridges





XOML mapping

document

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2. Query Parsing

SELECT variables = { ?date, ?title }

FILTERs = { }

Extract main components of the query: SELECT variables Basic Graph Pattern (BGP) FILTER conditions

SELECT ?date ?title

WHERE {

?ship ont:date ?date;

ont:hasItem ?item.

?item ont:title ?title.

}

SPARQL query

?ship

?date ?item

?title

ont:title

ont:date ont:hasItem

BGP

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3. Preprocessing

?ship ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment

?date ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/date/text()

?item ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item

?title ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title

Suitable Mapping Graph

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<sparql>

<head>

<variable name="..." />

...

</head>

<results>

{

for ...

let ...

where ...

return

<result>

<binding name="...">{ ... }</binding>

...

</result>

}

</results>

</sparql>




4. Building Target XQuery

XQuery Template

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?ship ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment

?date ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/date/text()

?item ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item

?title ~ /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title

for $ship in /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment

let $date := /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/date/text()

for $item in /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item

let $title := /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title

non-leaf vertex for statement

leaf vertex let statement

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Abbreviation of absolute XPath expressions into relative expressionsReplace common parts of XPaths by corresponding variables


let $date := /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/date/text()

for $item in /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item

let $title := /shipmentorder/shipments/shipment/item/@title


let $date := $ship/date/text()

for $item in $ship/item

let $title := $item/@title

Absolute XPaths

Relative XPaths

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<sparql>

<head>

<variable name="date" />

<variable name="title" />

</head>

<results>

{

for $ship in /shiporder/ships/ship

let $date := $ship/date/text()

for $item in $ship/item

let $title := $item/@title

return

<result>

<binding name="date">{$date}</binding>

<binding name="title">{fn:data($title)}</binding>

</result>

}

</results>

</sparql>

XQuery

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<sparql>

<head>

<variable name="date"/>

<variable name="title"/>

</head>

<results>

<result>

<binding name="date">12-01-2009</binding>

<binding name="title">Empire Burlesque</binding>

</result>

<result>

<binding name="date">12-01-2009</binding>

<binding name="title">Hide your heart</binding>

</result>

</results>

</sparql>

SPARQL Results (XML format)

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Implementation

DB2OWL Tool generate ontology from DB map a DB to existing ontology translate SPARQL to SQL

Oracle, MySQL Associations with SQL, DOML language

X2OWL Tool generate ontology from XML data source translate SPARQL to XQuery map XML to existing ontology

Jena JDBC Zql

JDOM

XSOM

JUNG NUX

Java programming language

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Conclusion and Contributions

OWSCIS: Ontology-based framework for cooperation of information sources

Mapping of information sources to local ontologies Mapping Specification

Associations with SQL, DOML language XOML language

Ontology Construction from Database from XML

Query Translation SPARQL-to-SQL SPARQL-to-XQuery

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Publications Building Ontologies from XML Data Sources, Raji Ghawi and Nadine Cullot. 1st

International Workshop on Modelling and Visualization of XML and Semantic Web Data -

MoViX '09, held in conjunction with DEXA 2009, Linz, Austria, September 2009.

Building Ontologies from Multiple Information Sources, Raji Ghawi and Nadine Cullot.

15th conference on Information and Software Technologies (IT2009), Kaunas, Lithuania,

April 2009.

OWSCIS: Ontology and Web Service based Cooperation of Information Sources, Raji

Ghawi, Thibault Poulain, Guillermo Gomez and Nadine Cullot. 3rd International Conference

on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-based Systems (SITIS' 2007), Shanghai, China,

December 2007.

Database-to-Ontology Mapping Generation for Semantic Interoperability, Raji Ghawi

and Nadine Cullot. Third International Workshop on Database Interoperability (InterDB

2007), held in conjunction with VLDB 2007, Vienna, Austria, 2007.

DB2OWL: A Tool for Automatic Database-to-Ontology Mapping, Nadine Cullot, Raji

Ghawi and Kokou Yétongnon. In Proceedings of the 15th Italian Symposium on Advanced

Database Systems (SEBD 2007), Torre Canne di Fasano (BR), Italy, pp. 491-494, June 2007.

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Future Works

Make use of OWSCIS framework in real-world case study

Implementation Mapping XML data sources to existing ontologies Ontology creation from multiple information sources Full support of SPARQL in query translation

Thank you

Merci

Documents

Ontology-based Cooperation of Information Systems