Ontology Summit2007 Survey Response Analysis Ken Baclawski Northeastern University

Ontology Summit2007 Survey Response Analysis

Ken Baclawski

Northeastern University

(c) 2007 Ontolog Forum 2April 23, 2007

Outline

Communities Ontology value, issues, problems, solutions Ontology languages Terms for “ontology” Ontologies


Communities

Diversity of community membership All 15 communities listed in the survey had at least six

members. 19 other communities were added by respondents.

Community representatives 24 communities had at least one representative. The communities overlap one another.

Community memberships and representatives


Ontology: Value & Issues, as well as Problems & Solutions

The answers to the four questions were arranged by community. Full answers

Individual values, issues, problems and solutions were extracted and arranged by community. Values Issues Problems Solutions


Ontology languages and other "meta" languages

ANSI IRDS and the ER model: Information Resource Dictionary System

CL and IKL: Common Logic ISO 15926: An International Standard for the representation of

process plant life-cycle information OMG languages: MOF, UML, ODM, QVT, OCL: Meta Object

Facility, Unified Modeling Language, … OWL: Web Ontology Language RDF/S: Resource Description Framework RuleML: Rule Markup Language SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organisation System SWRL: Semantic Web Rule Language UIMA: Unstructured Information Management Architecture

http://philebus.tamu.edu/cl

http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=29557

http://omg.org/

http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/

http://www.w3.org/RDF/

http://www.ruleml.org/

http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/

http://uima-framework.sourceforge.net/


Ontology languages and other "meta" languages

Languages Structure Expressivity Granularity Intended Use Reasoning Strictness DesignCL and IKL N/A High N/A Yes PrescriptiveN/AIRDS and ER N/A Low N/A Databases No PrescriptiveN/AISO 15926 Oil and gas production facilitiesOMG Software EngineeringOWL N/A 3 levels N/A Web AnnotationYes PrescriptiveN/ARDF/S Web AnnotationRuleML Rule EnginesSKOS SWRL UIMA


Terms synonymous with or similar to "ontology"

There were 41 terms similar to “ontology” Terms ordered by “called an ontology” Alphabetical list of terms Reference links for terms Spreadsheet (csv format)


Terms for ‘Ontology’

Business Rule Design (2) Classification (2) Concept system (4) Content Models (3) Controlled Terminology (3) Controlled vocabulary /

thesaurus (8)

Data dictionaries (2) Domain model (2) Enterprise knowledge

base (2) Entity Relationship

Diagram (3) Entity Relationship

Model/Data Model (3)



First Order Logic Ontology (5) Folksonomy (3) Formal ontology (5) Glossary (1) Hierarchical Taxonomy (1) Library Classification

schemes (3)

Logical theory, upper ontology (5)

Metadata (3) Metadata Scheme (2) Metathesaurus (4) Model (2)



Network Taxonomy (sometimes called semantic network or thesaurus) (3)

Nomenclature (1) Object Information Model (5) Ontology (5) Ontology (computer science)

(5)

Ontology (philosophy) (1) Ontology Model (0) OWL Ontology (5) Reference Model (4) Ring Taxonomy

(synonyms) (1) Schema (3)



Semantic data model (3) Semantic network (4) Tag cloud (3) Tag library (2) Taxonomy (2.5) Thesaurus (3) Upper ontology (5)

April 23, 2007 (c) 2007 Ontolog Forum 12

Term Gloss # StructureExpressiveGranularityUse ReasoningStrictnessDesignBusiness Rule Design A framework for building multi-level conditional (If..Then...Else) statements with an underlying ontology for connecting the antecedents and the consequents [Bob Smith, Ph.D.]2Classification 2Concept system Set of concepts and the relations among them [Dan Gillman]4Content Models describes how content in a CMS is structured and how different types of content can relate to each other [Karen Loasby]3Controlled Terminology set of terms representing the system of concepts of a particular subject field [Chintan Patel]3controlled vocabulary / thesaurus The Metathesaurus is a very large, multi-purpose, and multi-lingual vocabulary database that contains information about biomedical and health related concepts, their various names, and the relationships among them. [Olivier Bodenreider]3Controlled vocabulary thesaurus It consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity [Ken Baclawski]5data dictionaries a list of natural language definitions for application specific data [Doug Holmes]2domain model typically a UML model of a software application domain [Doug Holmes]2enterprise knowledge base "a natural language/ textual description of organizational "knowledge about specified topics [Doug Holmes]2Entity Relationship Diagram A model of (entity) concpets and relations from which a database schema is developed [Doug Holmes]3Entity Relationship Model/Data Model A collection of entity types possessing attributes and related by relationships, including subtype/supertype relationships [Matthew West]3First Order Logic Ontology A computer interpretable collection of classes, relations, and rules that together provide a theory of what exists for some domain expressed in a version of First Order Logic. [Matthew West]5Folksonomy A folksonomy is a user generated taxonomy used to categorize and retrieve Web pages, photographs, Web links and other web content using open ended labels called tags. Typically, folksonomies are Internet-based, but their use may occur in other contexts as well. The process of folksonomic tagging is intended to make a body of information increasingly easier to search, discover, and navigate over time. A well-developed folksonomy is ideally accessible as a shared vocabulary that is both originated by, and familiar to, its primary users. Two widely cited examples of websites using folksonomic tagging are Flickr and del.icio.us, although it has been suggested that Flickr is not a good example of folksonomy [Robert Steele]3formal ontology Vocabulary of terms together with a set of expressions in a formal logic (with syntax and model theory) [Michael Gruninger]5Glossary A list of terms with agreed natural language definitions arranged in alphabetical order [Matthew West]1Hierarchical Taxonomy Classification Scheme - World Bank Topics [Denise Bedford]1Library Classification schemes The classification scheme is a collection of subject classes [Nabonita Guha]3logical theory, upper ontology a logical theory about aspects or domains of the real world [Leo Obrst]5Metadata Data that defines and describes other data [Dan Gillman]3Metadata Scheme Set of metadata attributes which are required for all WB content. [Denise Bedford]2Metathesaurus "Vocabulary database. The term Metathesaurus draws on Webster's Dictionary third definition for the prefix "meta," i.e., "more comprehensive, transcending. In a sense, the Metathesaurus transcends the specific thesauri, vocabularies, and classifications it encompasses. [Ken Baclawski]4Model A set of inter-related documents that describe an IT service or system. Each model consists of two disjoint subsets of documents: genic documents and phenic documents. [Carl Mattocks]2Network Taxonomy (sometimes called semantic network or thesaurus)Extended thesaurus structure of deep concepts (not words!!!) [Denise Bedford]3nomenclature 1Object Information Model represents the types of information about members of a class or meta-information about a class itself [Hans Teijgeler]5Ontology In both computer science and information science, an ontology is a data model that represents a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the objects within that domain. [Robert Steele]4ontology (computer science) An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization (Tom Gruber/1993) [Tom Gruber]5ontology (philosophy) the study of being or existence [Tom Gruber]1OWL Ontology A collection of formal classes and relationships using the OWL language that are theory of what exists for some domain. [Matthew West]5Reference Model A abstract model capturing the major concepts of a systems and the relationships amongst them [Duane Nickull]4Ring Taxonomy (synonyms) Set of equivalent terms, including predecessors, successors, variant lexical forms, abbreviations, variant spellings, other language forms, etc. [Denise Bedford]1schema (??) 3Semantic data model A graphic representation of the things of significance to an organization and the relationships among them. The relationships are named so as to represent assertions about the nature of the organization. [David Hay]3Semantic network The Semantic Network consists of (1) a set of broad subject categories, or Semantic Types, that provide a consistent categorization of all concepts represented in the UMLS Metathesaurus, and (2) a set of useful and important relationships, or Semantic Relations, that exist between Semantic Types. [Olivier Bodenreider]4tag cloud a group of tags of varying sizes, depending on popularity [Lisa Dawn Colvin]3tag library informal organization of xml tags [Doug Holmes]2Taxonomy Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the science of describing, categorising and naming organisms, thus giving rise to taxa. [Robert Steele]2Thesaurus A controlled vocabulary used for information retrieval by providing metadata values for index and classifying resources and browsing collections. [Paul King]3upper ontology An upper ontology is limited to concepts that are meta, generic, abstract and philosophical, and therefore are general enough to address (at a high level) a broad range of domain areas. Concepts specific to given domains will not be included; however, this standard will provide a structure and a set of general concepts upon which domain ontologies (e.g. medical, financial, engineering, etc.) could be constructed. [IEEE-SUO/http://suo.ieee.org/] [Peter Yim]5


Ontology Artifacts

After removing duplications there were 70 ontology examples.

Ontologies arranged by ontology term Alphabetical list of ontologies Spreadsheet (csv format)

April 23, 2007 (c) 2007 Ontolog Forum 14

Ontology CAO StructureExpressiveGranularityUse Reasoning StrictnessDesignBasic Formal Ontology (BFO) 5CMC Controlled Vocabularies 2CMC model 3Common Anatomical Reference Ontology (CARO)5Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) 1Controlled Health Thesaurus 2Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)DOLCE - D & SDOLCE 4.5Dublin Core 4ER Model 3Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL) Distribution Element2Enterprise Topic Classification Scheme 1FLOWSFriend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) vocabulary specification5Gene Ontology (GO) 5Generalized Upper Model (GUM)ICD-9ISO 10303 (STEP) 3ISO 15926-2 1.5ISO Country Names 1ISO Languages 1ISO/IEC 11179 - Metadata registries 3ISO/IEEE 11073-10101 1International Classification of Diseases Version 10 (ICD-10)2Joint Warfare Simulation Object Library 3Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 5Multi-Entity Bayesian Network (MEBN)National Agricultural Library Thesaurus (NALT) 3National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Taxonomy Scheme2NeuroML 1OASIS RM for SOA 4OIM (just started) 5OWL version of ISO 15926-2 5OWL-SOpenCYCPIPs model 3PSL / ISO 18629Phenotypic and Trait Ontology (PATO) 5Pizza Ontology 5PreAct (development tool) 4Process Specification Language 5Reference Data Library (RDL) 3Relation Ontology (RO) 5SNOMED-CT 3.5SNOMED 4SUMO 2.5SWSFSemantic MediaWikiSemantic Web Service Ontology StandardSequence Ontology (SO) 5Service Modeling Language (SML) 2Social Bookmarking tags 3The ontologies built using Protege 5Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus3.5Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Semantic Network4Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) 5Universal Decimal Classification; Colon Classification3WSDL-SWSML-DL 3WSMO

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Ontology Summit2007 Survey Response Analysis Ken Baclawski Northeastern University