CroniconO P E N A C C E S S EC AGRICULTURE

Review Article

Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

AbstractFaba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the leading and the earliest domesticated cool season food legumes grown in highlands

of Ethiopia. Even though, Ethiopia is the second largest faba bean producer next to China, there are so many abiotic and biotic constraining factors that checks the crop's productivity. Among the biotic ones, disease represent the main obstacle to faba bean. In recent years, faba bean gall disease caused by Olpidium viciae Kusano has become a serious disease of faba bean in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray areas at an altitude range of 1805 - 3500 m.a.s.l where faba bean is mainly grown. The pathogen forms several small brownish to reddish gall symptoms on the leaves and stems of the crop. Severe infection causes stunted plant growth and finally resulting in a complete crop failure of 100 percent crop loss. Use of varieties namely DOSHA, Tumsa, Hachalu, Walki, Degaga, NC-58, CD-20-DK, Gachena and Gora in combination with good agronomic practices including proper plant density and planting date, good field sanitation, good drainage system and crop rotation help in reducing inoculum levels. Besides, application of fungicides like Redomil Gold MZ 68 WG, Bayleton25 WP and Matco can significantly reduce the effect of O. viciae on faba bean crop.

Keywords: Fungicides; Host resistance; Pathogenesis; Symptoms; Vicia faba

*Corresponding Author: Minyahil Kebede Earecho, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Assosa Agricultural Research Center, Assosa, Ethiopia.Received: July 29, 2019; Published: October 23, 2019

Minyahil Kebede Earecho*

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Assosa Agricultural Research Center, Assosa, Ethiopia

AbbreviationsADARC: Adet Agricultural Research Center; ARARI: Amhara Agricultural Research Institute; AUDPC: Area Under Disease Progress Curve; B.C: Before Christ; CSA: Central Statistic Agency of Ethiopia; EIAR: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations); FBG: Faba Bean Gall; Ha: Hectare; HaARC: Hawassa Agricultural Research Center; HARC: Holeta Agricul-tural Research center; HU: Haramaya University; m.a.s.l: Meter Above Sea Level; MR: Moderately Resistant; PSI: Percent Disease Severity Index; R: Resistant; SARI: Southern Agricultural Research Institute; t: Ton; WG: Wettable Granules; WP: Wettable Powder

IntroductionFaba bean (Vicia faba L.) belongs to the family Fabaceae and is native to Near East; Jericó dated back to 6000 B.C [1]. It is believed that,

the route of its introduction to Ethiopia was from Middle East via Egypt along the Nile River around 5000 B.C [2]. Ethiopia is considered as the secondary center of diversity for faba bean crop [3]. In Ethiopia, faba bean is one of the leading and the earliest domesticated cool season food legumes [4]. Currently, Ethiopia is the second faba bean producer next to China in the globe with a total production of 0.84 million tonnes from 0.443 million hectares [5]. So, the share of Ethiopia to the global faba bean production is 15.08 percent of the current

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

global production [5]. Within Ethiopia, the crop covered 3.53 percent of the area allotted to pulses and contributed 3.1 percent to the total pulse production of the country [6].

Faba bean crop is primarily grown for its high protein ranging 20 to 41 percent, high fiber content and rich in carbohydrates which make the crop crucial for both human and livestock [7,8]. It is also useful in preparing high quality silage for animal consumption [9]. Like other legumes, faba bean plays a great role in sustaining soil fertility by symbiotically harboring atmospheric nitrogen fixing bacteria [10].

However, the productivity of this important crop in Ethiopia is 2.055 t ha-1 [6]. which is far below the potential yield of the crop (more than 3 t ha-1). This is due to the numerous constraining factors including abiotic factors; such as drought stresses, cold stresses, frost injury and biotic factors; like diseases, parasitic weeds and insect pests [4,11-15]. Among the factors, diseases are the most important biotic fac-tors and so far, more than 17 pathogens had been reported on faba bean crops in Ethiopia, but the major ones are chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Stard), rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.), ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae Sperg.) and downy mildew (Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Caspary) [11,13,16].

In addition, recently the faba bean production of Ethiopia is threatened by the most destructive ‘Faba Bean Gall’ (FBG) disease caused by Olpidium viciae Kusano pathogen; particularly in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions [17-23]. This pathogen was attributed to cause a complete crop fail in Ethiopia [17,19]. It is also an emerging disease of faba bean crop in Ethiopia [24].

Aim of the StudyThis review paper aimed to present different aspects of faba bean gall disease including etiology, symptoms, epidemics and the man-

agement strategies to reduce its economic impact on this crop in Ethiopia.

Biology and epidemiology of O. viciae kusanoEtiology

Xing was the first person to identify the causal pathogen as O. viciae in 1984 by means of microscopic examination, inoculation, symp-tom and host range determinations [25]. Later on from 1912 to 1936, Kusano from Japan confirmed and reported the small galls formed on faba bean crops were caused by a pathogen he named as O. viciae Kusano [3]. In Ethiopia, this disease was reported in 2010 as gall disease caused by same pathogen in faba bean [17]. The pathogen belongs to the phylum Chytridiomycota, Order Chytridiales, Family Olpidiaceae and Genus Olpidium [26,27].

Host range

O. viciae Kusano had a wide host range including Fabaceae (faba bean and pea), Brassicaceae (rape seed and cabbage), Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, Amaranthaceae (spinach) and Polygonaceae (buckwheat), but does not infect soybean, kidney bean and other legume crops [3].

Pathogenesis

The pathogen; O. viciae Kusano, survives as cysts on the debris of diseased plants in the soil for 1 - 2 years, which then serve as a primary source of inoculum. The cysts at 3.5 cm deep in soil have highly infective than those deeper and shallower ones. When optimal temperature and humidity co-existed (as described under favorable environments), the cysts germinate and release single flagellum (uni-flagellate) mature zoospores that can penetrate or infect the roots of the young faba bean seedlings. After infection, disease symptoms become visible on faba bean crop within 13 - 18 days, early in crop growth stage [3,26].

Zoosporangium are constantly reproduced after the disease occurred in field, zoospores liberated with the presence of rain or dew for secondary infection [26]. The released zoospores can swim about on the leaves of the host for as long as 24 hours, with short rest periods during which it may creep over the substrate in an amoeboid manner until it finally comes to rest where it withdraws its flagellum and

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

surround itself with a membrane, bores through the wall and discharges its thick naked protoplasm into an epidermal cell of the host, where it attaches itself to the nucleus. Then, it goes mitotic division and develops to a sporangium (filled with uniflagellate zoospores) within 5 - 10 days and the zoospores scape from the zoosporangium through one or more discharging tubes which penetrate the outer wall of the host cell and open to the exterior [26,28]. In the late stage of crop growth, sporogenic (cystigerous) plasmodia and cysts are formed to complete the disease cycle [3].

Moreover, under certain conditions (in period of hunger for nutrition), zoospores of a very ripe sporangia behave as planogametes and pauses for favorable condition of nutrition. During this period, they copulate in pairs and form biflagellate zygotes [26,28]. Haploid and diploid phases are motile in their young stages and independent in their life functions; accordingly they are true gametophytes and sporophytes [28].

Figure 1: Life cycle of O. viciae [26].

Symptoms

Infection of the pathogen starts at seedling stage and continues through the flowering stage. Symptoms of faba bean gall disease mainly appear on leaves and stem. At the initial stage of infections, on the back (or sometimes front) side of leaves, small chlorotic gall appear-ance, are formed, which then progressively enlarge to become light brown, circular or elliptical rough spots leading to the formation of small tumor like galls with 3 - 5 mm in diameter and 1 - 3 mm high (Figure 2 and 3). There are 10 to 30, with a maximum of 50 small galls on one small leaf and 20 - 30 galls often coalesce adjacently to form huge galls, resulting in rolling up and abnormal growth of leaves (Fig-ure 3 and 4). At the later stage, the galls turn black or brown, the tissues decay and a few galls break to form necrotic areas. Leaves with more galls usually die earlier (Figure 5). Similar galls can form on the middle or lower parts of the stems (Figure 3E and 5G). Seriously infected plants are often stunted with few pods or even totally become dead and fail to yield [3,17].

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Figure 2: Symptoms of O. viciae.

Figure 3: Advanced symptom on leaves [17].

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Figure 4: Dead leaves and advanced galls on stem [22].

Figure 5: Severely infected faba bean crops [33].

In Ethiopia, by observing the symptom development of the disease, farming communities locally called faba bean gall disease as ‘Kori-tim’ or ‘Qoritim’ in Northeastern Amhara [22] and ‘Kormid’ or ‘Qormid’ in North Shewa areas of Ethiopia [20,29]. Besides, it is well known by the name blister disease in other countries including China [3,31].

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Favorable Environments

The FBG is a disease of higher altitude areas where faba bean is commonly grown in Ethiopia. According to the previous survey reports from different parts of Ethiopia, the FBG disease was occurred in an altitude ranges of 1805 - 3500 m.a.s.l. [17-20,22,29]. The infection and occurrence of FBG caused by zoospores of O. viciae Kusano is favored with a coexistence of an optimal temperature of 10oc - 25oc and high humidity having a time span of 12 hours or longer [26]. It was also reported that, high plant population, high weed density and poor drainage system favors the incidence and severity of FBG [22].

Dissemination

Once the disease occurred in the field, there is a constant production of zoosporangium that in turn constantly release zoospores with the presence of rain or dew for secondary infection. So, with fast and repeated secondary infection, the disease quickly spreads within the field and reached peak outbreak in flowering and pod formation stages. The pathogen can also spread by winds and rain in short distance. Besides, it is believed that continuous cropping of faba bean and application of infected faba bean residues as manure could boost the seriousness of the disease [31].

Occurrences and impact

It was believed that Japan was a flourishing center for O. viciae [32]. Besides, since 1970s, it was affected more than 4000 hectares of spring sown faba bean crops in Gansu, Tibet and Shanxi provinces of China at higher altitude areas of 2500 – 3400 m.a.s.l. [3].

In Ethiopia, gall disease of faba bean was firstly observed in farmers’ field around Selale and Degem areas in Menze Mama and Mojana districts of North Shoa zone during 2010 cropping season but means of introduction to these areas is not yet clear [17]. Since then, within few years its prevalence, incidence and severity were reported from different parts of the country where faba bean crop was grown. As illustrated in table 1, the disease was reported with various intensities from North Shoa, Awi, East Gojam, South Gondar, South Wollo and Wollo zones of Amhara, North Shoa, West Shoa, Horo Guduru Wellega and East Wellega zones of Oromia and South Tigray and East Tigray zones of Tigray regions in Ethiopia [17-20,22,29,33,34]. Indeed, it spread out through the country in an alarming rate of intensity year to year.

The disease was seriously affecting the faba bean crop in South Tigray zone of Tigray region, Awi, North Shoa, South Gonder and East Gojam zones of Amhara region and North shoa zone of Oromia region respectively having percent severity indexes of 64.4, 57.5, 41.05, 40.7, 39.9 and 37.03 [18,19,29]. Besides, from its inception and later on, the pathogen O. viciae Kusano caused a complete crop failure meaning no grain harvest (i.e. 100 percent yield losses) in Oromia and Tigray regions of Ethiopia [17,19]. Gall disease of faba bean has a similar explosive nature of late blight of potato; it wipes-out faba bean fields without any tolerance [17].

More recently, in northern parts of Ethiopia, it is considered as the most economically challenging disease of faba bean that hinder the dissemination of faba bean technologies by imposing anxiety on the local farming communities [24]. As shown in table 1, the disease had been spread to the highlands of faba bean growing areas of Amhara, Tigray and Oromia regions having percentage prevalence range of 10 - 100 and percent severity index reaching 64.4. The prevalence of FBG disease in Amhara (83.06%) is higher than Tigray (72.80%) and Oromia (42.17%) regions. In the same way, mean incidence and severity was higher in Amhara (42.79% and 28.54%) and Tigray (34.75% and 28%) than Oromia (15.04% and 12.61%), respectively (Table 1). Besides, faba bean gall disease was more severe in South Tigray zone (64.4%) and Awi (57.5%) followed by North Shoa zone of Amhara (41.05%), South Gondar (40.7%), East Gojam (39.9%) and North Shoa zone of Oromia (37.03%).

Management options

In practical, there is no single bullet to control faba bean gall disease, therefore as a principle the best option is an integrated approach that can work in a compatible manner. The endeavors made to manage this important disease of faba bean crop in Ethiopia includes.

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Regions Zones Altitudes Prevalence Incidence Severity Reference

Oromia

North Shoa 2528 - 3099 95.2 25.0 11.6 [18]North Shoa 2479 - 3123 67.8 32.21 37.03 [29] West Shoa 2159 - 3090 36.0 3.0 4.0 [18]West Shoa - 29.0 21.0 15.0 [34]

HoroGuduru Wellega - 15.0 4.5 4.0 [34]East Wellega - 10.0 4.5 4.0 [34]

Mean 42.17 15.04 12.61

Amhara

North Shoa 2539 - 3324 91.7 32.6 13.6 [18]North Shoa 2500 - 3200 68.52 16.18 2.92 (1 - 9 scale) [20] North Shoa 2520 - 3205 94.03 46.27 41.05 [29]

Awi 2501 - 2564 100 42.5 57.5 [18]East Gojam 2223 - 3318 69.4 37.4 39.9 [18]

South Gondar 1805 - 3232 71.1 43.44 40.7 [18]South Wollo 1805 - 3232 86.7 41.5 14.6 [18]

Wollo < 2500 - 24.0 6.0 [22] Wollo 2500 - 3000 - 81.0 22.5 [22] Wollo > 3000 - 63.0 21.0 [22]

Mean 83.06 42.79 28.54

TigrayEast Tigray 2537-2724 66.7 26.7 8.3 [18]

South Tigray 2247-2755 85.7 32.05 11.3 [18]South Tigray 2125-2938 66 45.5 64.4 [19]

Mean 72.80 34.75 28.00

Table 1: Occurrences and Intensity of faba bean gall disease in Ethiopia.

Cultural

The faba bean gall disease intensity is directly associated with poor agronomic practices such as high faba bean population, high weed densities and poor drainage systems [22]. Therefore, practicing appropriate faba bean plant density and good sanitation practices like frequent weeding, good drainage system, appropriate planting date, crop rotation with non-host plants (cereals) and intercropping with cereals or potato can help in reducing and eliminating the pathogen inoculum at the field [17,22]. Similar cultural method involving crop rotation and diminishing water logging was suggested in China to reduce the inoculum of faba bean gall disease pathogen [25].

Host resistance

It is obvious that host resistance is the most cost-efficient method of disease control, even if its development is so challenging. As indi-cated in table 2, most released faba bean varieties showed resistant reaction under natural infection towards faba bean gall disease while the last three (CS-20-DK, Gebelecho and Local) varieties were moderately resistant in East Gojam zone.

Moreover, the high yielder varieties like DOSHA, Tumsa, Hachalu and Walkiwere showed lower mean present severity index (less than 10%) in East Gojam zone of Amhara region [35]. Other varietal evaluation study conducted in South Gonder zone of Amhara; where faba bean gall disease was severely affecting faba bean cultivation (Table 1), founded that varieties such as Degaga, CS-20-DK and NC-58 were

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Varieties Year of release Maintainer Centre

East Gojam zone 2015 South Gonder zone 2014 and 2015

PSI (%) Yield (Kg ha-1) RL PSI (%) Yield (Kg ha-1) RL

DOSHA 2009 HARC/EIAR 3.3 3220 R 30.65 692.96 MR

Tumsa 2010 HARC/EIAR 6.01 2970 R 15.28 600.90 MR

Hachalu 2010 HARC/EIAR 7.35 2730 R - - -

Walki 2008 HARC/EIAR 9.63 2650 R - - -

Adet-Hanna 2005 ADARC/ARARI 10.88 2350 R 39.59 792.07 MR

OBSE 2007 HARC/EIAR 10.99 1980 R 28.89 613.99 MR

Kassa 1980 HARC/EIAR 11.47 2300 R 38.15 746.13 MR

Messay 1995/96 HARC/EIAR 11.52 2070 R 40.56 609.83 MS

Gora 2012 KARC/EIAR 11.52 2160 R - - -

Degaga 2002 HARC/EIAR 12.99 2260 R 26.02 881.25 MR

Moti 2006 HARC/EIAR 13.21 2470 R 32.69 427.09 MR

NC-58 1978 HARC/EIAR 13.36 2000 R 34.36 841.87 MR

Bulga70 1994/95 HARC/EIAR 14.42 1900 R 46.49 753.28 MS

Tesfa 1995/96 HARC/EIAR 14.64 1810 R 31.30 592.86 MR

CS-20-DK 1977 HARC/EIAR 15.51 2390 MR 35.00 861.21 MR

Gebelecho 2006 HARC/EIAR 16.74 1810 MR 33.06 566.77 MR

Local 22.75 1630 MR 27.23 794.35 MR

Table 2: Reaction of faba bean varieties against gall disease under natural infection during 2014 to 2015 cropping season in East Gojam and South Gonder zones of Amhara, Ethiopia [23,35].

Keys: PSI is Mea percent severity indexes; AUDPC is area under disease progress curve; RL is the resistance levels categorized as HR is highly resistant when PSI ≤ 2.0, R is resistant when PSI equals 2.1 - 15.0, MR is moderately resistant when PSI equals 15.1 - 40.0, MS is moderately

susceptible when PSI equals 40.1 - 60.0, S is susceptible when PSI equals 60.1 - 80.0 and HS is highly susceptible when PSI ≥ 80.0 [38].

moderately resistance to faba bean gall disease and also showed good performance in grain yield (Table 2) [23]. Additionally, another investigation performed in Ankober and Mush areas of Amhara (Table 3) indicated that Gachena and Gora varieties had lesser values of AUDPC than the other varieties and gave grain yield of 3.65 - 4.02 t ha-1 and 3.77 - 4.41 t ha-1, respectively [21]. Therefore, it was advised to use these varieties according to their adaptation areas in combination with other cultural and chemical control measures in order to effectively reduce faba bean gall disease impact on faba bean production of North Shoa, East Gojam and South Gonder zones of Amhara in particular and Ethiopia in general.

Chemical

The faba bean gall disease is one of the economically important constraint to faba bean production in Ethiopia. Particularly in areas where the disease is more severe, application of fungicide like Matco [21]. Bayleton25 WP [29,33,36,37] and Redomil Gold MZ 68 WG [17,21,33,37] were recommended. Moreover, seed dressing of Bayleton25 WP was significantly reduced faba bean gall disease by delays

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

Varieties Year of release Maintainer CentreAnkober Mush

AUDPC Grain yield (t ha-1) AUDPC Grain yield (t ha-1)Adet-Hana 2005 ADARC/ARARI 2196.9 2.35 2965.6 2.11Angacha-1 2009 HaARC/SARI 2655.9 2.65 2872.4 2.73CS-20-DK 1977 HARC/EIAR 2166.6 3.14 2664.6 3.17Dagm 2002 SHAR/ ARARI 2362.6 3.2 3007.5 2.06Degaga 2002 HARC/EIAR 2190 2.71 2733.9 3.7DOSHA 2009 HARC/EIAR 2165.5 3.61 2713 3.29Gachena 2008 HU 1961.9 4.02 2274.3 3.65Gebelcho 2006 HARC/EIAR 2228.8 2.82 2811.1 3.74Gora 2012 KARC/EIAR 2016.5 4.41 2260.3 3.77Hachalu 2010 HARC/EIAR 2117.9 3.89 2798.9 3.37Lalo 2002 SHAR/ ARARI 2421.7 3.28 3090.5 3.07Moti 2006 HARC/EIAR 2138.2 2.94 2867.3 3.31OBSE 2007 HARC/EIAR 2233.9 3.52 2810.8 3.47Selale 2002 HARC/EIAR 2737.2 2.26 3302.3 1.91Tumsa 2010 HARC/EIAR 2099.1 3.58 2693.7 3.37Walki 2008 HARC/EIAR 2076.8 3.64 2562.1 3.59Local 2483.4 2.37 3374.1 1.71LSD 250.7 1.20 214.27 0.81CV 6.7 22.55 4.58 15.97

Table 3: Reaction of faba bean varieties against gall disease under natural infection during 2014 in North Shoa zone of Amhara, Ethiopia [21].

its development [36]. Also, application of Bayleton25 WP at rate of 0.3 kg ha-1 and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG at rate of 2.5 kg ha-1 at 10 day intervals were effectively reduced the impact of faba bean gall disease to faba bean crops [37].

Foliar spray of Matco (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) shows 77.92% of grain yield increment than none sprayed plots [21]. Be-sides, faba bean gall disease can be minimized to an acceptable levels by using variety Gora protected by three times foliar application of Bayleton25 WP in North Shoa zone areas [29]. Recommended fungicides, their trade and common names are presented in table 4.

Trade name Common name Recommended doseBayleton 25 WP Triadimefon 250 g/kg For seed dressing: 300 g per 1000 kg of seedBayleton 25 WP* Triadimefon 250 g/l Foliar spray of 0.3 kg ha-1 at 10 day intervalsRidomil Gold MZ 68 WG* Metalaxyl-M 4 % + Mancozeb 64 % Foliar spray of 2.5 kg ha-1 at 10 day intervalsMatco** Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP Foliar spray of 2.5 g ha-1 at 14 days interval

Table 4: Recommended fungicides for controlling faba bean gall disease in Ethiopia. *Two to three times and **three times application starting from disease onset.

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

ConclusionFaba bean gall disease caused by O. viciae Kusano has among the most important limiting factors for faba bean production mainly in

main faba-bean producing areas of Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions of Ethiopia. As time goes, the disease expands its territory in an alarming rate to other faba bean producing areas of the country. The pathogen mainly spreads along with infected crop residues and also wind and rain can spread it in short distance. In severe case, the pathogen caused 100% yield losses. Often, no single method is effective in controlling faba bean gall disease. Therefore, combining all available approaches were suggested in order to effectively minimize yield losses. Practically, faba bean gall disease can be reduced by using an integrated approach that incorporated all available control measures including cultural practice (like appropriate plant density, proper planting date, good field sanitation, good drainage system, crop rota-tion), faba bean varieties (namely DOSHA, Tumsa, Hachalu, Walki, Degaga, NC-58, CD-20-DK, Gachena, Gora)and fungicides (Redomil Gold MZ 68 WG, Bayleton 25 WP, Matco).

Future PerspectivesIn Ethiopia, FBG now becomes one of the obstacles that menacing faba bean production in main faba bean growing areas. However,

there is a limited effort made to tackle it. Therefore, I hereby point out gaps to be filled in the future in order to sustain and enhance the production and productivity of faba bean in the country:

• Clarification works on the basic studies about the causal agent of FBG including, race/biotype development, Epidemiology and loss assessments which are basis for management strategy development

• Providing a due attention in developing varieties resistant to FBG using all available and possible methods including conventional to the most recent molecular markers assisted breeding approaches.

• Searching for a resistant gene from all available faba bean genome using advanced technologies.

Conflict of InterestThe author declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

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Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kussano) in Ethiopia: A Review

Citation: Minyahil Kebede Earecho. “Extent and Management Strategies of Faba Bean Gall Disease (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Ethiopia: A Review". EC Agriculture 5.11 (2019): 13-24.

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