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Open Access Update:
A Look At The Last Ten Years
Bob SchatzNorth American Sales Manager
A Little Bit About Bob
• BA, Communications; Master of Library Science
• Over thirty years in academic bookselling and journal supply
• Joined BioMed Central in January 2010
A Little Bit About BioMed Central• The first commercial open access publisher• Most prolific OA publisher: over two hundred
active journals: 60,000+ OA articles since 2000
• Based in London• Employs nearly 300 people • Purchased by Springer in October 2008• Created and now market Open Repository, a
hosted institutional repository product
Our journal portfolio• 66 BMC-series journals
– Very broad scopes to cover all areas of Biology and Medicine
– e.g. BMC Medicine, BMC Cancer, BMC Public Health
• 140 independent journals– Run by external scientists or societies– e.g. Respiratory Research, Trials
• A small number of special ‘hybrid’ journals which publish OA research as well as subscription-based commissioned reviews and commentary– Genome Medicine, Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy,
Arthritis Research & Therapy, Breast Cancer Research, Critical Care, Stem Cell Research & Therapy
A Look Back: What Was Happening In 2000
• Library serials expenditures in 2000 are 200% higher than in 1990
• NIH issues a comprehensive open access mandate
• An increasing number of researchers want more robust ways to disseminate their work without barriers
• Increasing pressure on publishers to let authors retain publication rights to their articles
2000 And Forward
• 2000: PubMed Central launches 60 open access journals: a new model is launched: 254 open access articles published that year
• 2000: Public Library of Science founded as a forum for promoting more open research, later becomes an open access publisher.
• 2003: Springer launches “Open Choice” hybrid journals. Nearly 90 publishers now offer this choice.
• 2004: Hindawi launches its first OA journal. By 2007 has converted all 275 of its titles to OA.
• 2010: SpringerOpen becomes the first broad-based full OA publishing effort from a “traditional” publisher.
Initial Skepticism
“This is vanity publishing: show up with an article and a check and get published.”
“These are untested journals that will not be able to publish to acceptable standards.”
“This will drive respected society and small press publishers out of existence and actually limit publishing outlets for scholarly research.”
What Has Actually Happened
• Rapid growth in the number of OA journals and articles
• Significant impact factors and increased citations
• Increase in the number of “traditional” publishers offering hybrid journals (OA article options)
• Exponential increases in incoming OA submissions
• Springer makes the leap to full OA publishing with SpringerOpen…others to follow?
What Are Some Ways In Which Traditional Publishing and Open
Access Publishing Contrast?
Traditional Publishing
• Access is restricted to individuals or institutions that pay for subscriptions
• Authors in most cases have to transfer distribution rights of research to the publisher
• The publisher is paid for publication services by subscribers and subscribing institutions– If subscription fees exceed costs, the journal survives– If subscription fees are below costs, rates increase,
other journal income covers the costs, or the journal ceases publication
Open Access Publishing
• Access is open to anyone with an internet browser• Authors retain rights to their research: Creative
Commons licensing• Articles are deposited in appropriate repositories
for wider distribution (i.e. PubMed Central, Google Scholar, university institutional repositories)
• Publisher is paid for publication services at the time of article acceptance– Fee structure assures journal sustainability– Journal income tied directly to services provided: each
journal covers its own expenses
In both types of publishing scholarly journals are peer-
reviewed according to stringent academic standards established
centuries ago.
Key Elements Of The Creative Commons License?
– Authors/copyright owners irrevocably grant to anyone the right to use, reproduce or disseminate the research article in its entirety or in part in perpetuity provided that
• No substantive errors are introduced• Authorship attribution is correct• Citation details are provided• Bibliographic details are unchanged
Who Pays The Article Processing Charge(APC) ?
• Authors– using grant funds– using departmental or institutional central
funds for open access publishing– supplemented by membership
arrangements that cover some or all APCs– Infrequently out of pocket
• Waiver programs offer assistance• Societies for their members
How Do Institutional Memberships Work?
• Deposit types (expenditures depend on volume of publishing):– Full APC payments– Partial APC payments
• Annual Fee types (set annual expenditure):– Typically reduce APCs by a set amounts
Is Open Access Publishing Growing and Does It Have
Impact?
Is Open Access Growing?
2000 2010
And more…
1973: The First Hybrid Journals
88 Publishers Have Author-Pay Options For Hybrid Open Access
Adenine Press Akademiai Kiado American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists American Chemical Society American College of Chest Physicians American Dairy Science Association American Geophyscial Union American Institute of Physics American Physical Society American Physiological Society American Psychological Association American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Microbiology American Society for Nutrition American Society of Agronomy American Society of Animal Science American Society of Hematology American Society of Mammalogists American Society of Neuroradiology American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Arnold Publishers Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers Blackwell Brill Academic Publishers British Medical Journal Publishing Cambridge University Press Chemical Society of Japan Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Company of Biologists CRC Press Crop Science Society of America Elsevier Fabrizio Serra FASEB Future Science HFSP Publishing Hogrefe & Huber Interscience Informa Healthcare Intellect Inter Research International Union of Crystallography IWA Publishing John Wiley & Sons Journal of Rheumatology Journal of Visualized Experiments Karger Kluwer Landes Bioscience Longwoods Publishing Magnolia Press Maney Marcel Dekker Mary Ann Liebert Mineralogical Society of America National Academy of Sciences National Inquiry Services Centre Nature Oxford University Press Portland Press Professional Engineering Publishing Psychology Press Radiation Research Society Routledge Royal College of Psychiatrists Royal Society Royal Society of Chemistry Royal Society of Medicine Sage Schattauer Schweizerbart und Borntraeger Society for Endocrinology Society for General Microbiology Society for Leukocyte Biology Society for Reproduction and Fertility Society of Systematic Biology Society of the European Journal of Endocrinology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Springer Taylor and Francis Walter de Gruyter Wiley-Blackwell
Open Access Journals
• 2000: 60 BioMed Central journals
• 2010: 5514 OA journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals offering 460,055 articles*– BMC: 206 journals, 65,000+ articles– Hindawi: app. 10,000 articles– PLoS: 10,000+ articles
*Directory of Open Access Journals, 16 October 2010
Approximate no. submissions received 2003-2009
.
From A September 9th Press Release
Hindawi's Monthly Submissions Grow to Over 2,000 Hindawi is pleased to announce that its growing portfolio of open access journals
have collectively received more than 2,000 monthly submissions for this first time this August, only a year and a half after having passed 1,000 monthly submissions in February 2009.
"Over the past couple of years we have seen very strong growth both from new
journals that we have developed as well as from many of our more well-established journals" said Mohamed Hamdy, Hindawi's Eitorial Manager. "Our five largest journals have grown to more than 700 annual submissions each, and at the same time, quite a few of the journals that we have developed within the past two years are already receiving more than 100 annual submissions."
BMC Annual Manuscript Submissions
*
Is OA Publishing Effective? “The results of the simulation support the empirical data regarding the increase in citations of articles, which are published under the open access paradigm. Especially in non-open access communities unrestricted access to her scientific work can broaden a scientist’s impact at least in terms of increasing citations…
“Nevertheless, if two authors who produce articles of the same quality, the author who makes her work available under an open access model, is likely to receive more citations. Open access articles are downloaded/read more frequently than articles in traditional journals.”
Steffen Bernius, Matthias Hanauske, "Open Access to Scientific Literature - Increasing Citations as an Incentive for Authors to Make Their Publications Freely Accessible," hicss, pp.1-9, 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2009
.…we note a trend towards more citations per article in open access
journals. Articles in open access journals are cited earlier than in non-open access journals.
Zawacki-Richter, O., Anderson, T. and Tuncay, N. (2010)The Growing Impact of Open Access Distance Education Journals: A Bibliometric Analysis
By making the publications freely accessible to all, they can potentially be disseminated further – when artificial barriers for digital content distribution, set up by the toll-access journals, are removed, the content can be spread freely. Making content freely available will help disseminate the content – in the case of scientific publications; the dissemination of content will likely influence the amount of citations the article will receive.
Agerbæk, A. and Nielsen, K. (2010)Factors in Open Access which Influence the Impact Cycle
Do OA Journals Have Impact?
A Watershed Event• June 2010: Springer launches SpringerOpen
– First broad-based traditional publisher venture into full open access publishing
• Fifty journals initially: most outside of the biomed area
• As strong statement of the viability and impact of open access publishing
• What can we expect from other traditional scholarly presses? – Similarities of movement from print to digital
Another September 2010 Press Release
September 01, 2010
Wiley-Blackwell Recruits Senior Open Access Marketing Professional
Wiley-Blackwell has announced the appointment of a senior marketing professional to support its Open Access publishing initiatives. Natasha White (née Robshaw) has joined the company as Associate Director, Open Access Marketing. She will have responsibility for marketing the growing number of hybrid OnlineOpen journals available from Wiley-Blackwell, developing relationships with institutions and funders who wish to allocate funds to Open Access, and will take a leading role in identifying and developing further opportunities for Wiley-Blackwell in Open Access publishing.
Natasha has extensive experience in Open Access publishing, having previously worked at BioMed Central as Marketing and Sales Director for over 6 years. Natasha commented: “I am very excited to have joined a company with great publishing tradition and brands. I look forward to growing new Open Access business opportunities and delivering on author, society partner, editor, and institutional and funders’ needs.”
What Can Authors Expect When Publishing In
Open Access Journals? • Prompt peer review feedback• Retention of copyright and ability to distribute
elsewhere• “Unlimited” exposure of full text• Immediate deposit in mandated repositories
(PubMed Central, FRPAA, etc.)• Discoverability through Google Scholar, SCOPUS,
etc.• Association with high impact journals• Potentially increased citations in other works• Contributes to “the greater good”
An Idea Of The Impact: Some BioMed Central Numbers
• Almost 8 million unique searches each month
• 27 million page views per month
• 500,000 BioMed Central email update recipients
Future Factors• Economic conditions::library budgets• Governmental and private grant funds for new
research and associated publishing• The role of peer review as the cornerstone of
scholarly publishing• Keeping up with demands of both those
producing research and those studying research
• Willingness and ability of new and established companies to explore new models
