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1G 2G 3G2.5G
IS95
cdmaOne
IS136
TDMA
DAMPS
GSM
PDC
GPRS
IMTDS
UTRA FDD / WCDMA
EDGE
IMTTC
UTRA TDD / TDCDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EVDV
(3X)
AMPS
NMT
IMTSC
IS136HS
UWC136
IMTTC
TDSCDMA
CT0/1
CT2IMTFT
DECT
CDMA
TDMA
FDMA
IMTMC
cdma2000 1X EVDO
HSPA, HSUPA
3.9G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
Red: standards operational in Romania (2019)
12.03.2019
12.03.2019
12.03.2019
• !"#$
• % &!!'#($
• %'')"#!*"!"! $
• % &+(,!!)# (,#$
• "#!"#'-#!$
% &+'! .##(,#&"$
!!.($
%#* '),!'#*$
• /!,! )#,!0"
– +/"#'!"# +"
– !#("#'',!12
• 0"– ,!#!"3"''#)#. #.
• !,! – #!'1#,!")')))#
'#.#
• %#!. – ",##*!!!4
• ))#
– .56 427 '## (!
• #( ",#
• "!",#
– 896,'
– 5#(#.2
",!,!:#*",!!':#*
GSMPLMN
transit
network
(PSTN)
source/
destination
network
TE TE
bearer services
tele services
MT
MS
9
• :5",!,!:#*2
– .#!'#.#"#
– '
• 5,!2
• -5,2
• 05,!(#2
• 5!#(#2
– ",
• 5#", 2.#!!#'
• :5#*(", 2!!)##(.#(
• ;5'#", 2()#*
("
(,
#(
!
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
BSS
ISDN, PSTN, Internet
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
VLR
HLR
NSS &
OSS
RSS
VLR
BTS
• 0'– 5,!2
– 5-", 2()
• 5-#.#2##.#
• 5-0#!!#2#!!(.#!#.#
MS MS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Um
BSS
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
• 0'
– -", 5-2
• -#.#5-2#'!"(##.#1 )##"-.#.#!!!
• -0#!!#5-02(,-#!!(-(()#*#"#
• -/-0<"5-2<#
–,!52
• -'##'))"
• -0(#)##!
Functions BTS BSC
Management of radio channels X
Frequency hopping (FH) X X
Management of terrestrial channels X
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels X
Channel coding and decoding X
Rate adaptation X
Encryption and decryption X X
Paging X X
Uplink signal measurements X
Traffic measurement X
Authentication X
Location registry, location update X
Handover management X
9
• ").#!###)#="
• )#=" >(!!
• !!466*5''"! ((#' #.#'#2
• ?(!'!45!!.#!'''((#' 2
• .#))"#.)#!!(,#(!!
possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cellcell
segmentation of the area into cells
0' 05,!#.(0#2 5 (#2 @5@#(#2 +5="'+ (#2 05 02
NSS
BSC
GMSC
OMC
BSC
MSC MSC
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
PSTN, Internet
AUC
signaling
0##* :5",!!':#*2
• :#!')– (,! (###*
#!
• 0'– ,!#.(0#502
#!!!.'##*)#,!#!)01 .#!-0,!(0
– A,5'#!,! (' !! 2
• (#5 2#!#,("#'#1'#)!!",#,#( 5'#.#..#! 2
• @#(#5@2!!,)#",)"#!"(,"!!"#"##! )@
• 05,!#.(#2'! #!#!
– ()"
– !)")#,! "''#
– ()#*#"#
– ##*()". 0502
– (#).#!,
• ")0
– '))")#'((!!)##(
– ,! ')(!(
– !#(#)##()!)#
– '#.)#.5)?!!2
– "''#)#(#.52
– (#)##()"(,!!()#
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM timeslot (normal burst)
4.615 ms
546.5 µs577 µs
tail user data TrainingSguard
space S user data tailguard
space
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
Total = 8*124 duplex channels
• "!"'!*!*
• -! !,)#
• "!,)#(
• B#."!"!
–% $C!)"'!?##
12.03.2019
12.03.2019
12.03.2019
! !!
12.03.2019
!/99!
– #))!5.96,'2
– -##!5-00 2
– !50 2
– ((!50 2
– @!
– A
12.03.2019
9
• -#0#!0!5-00 2'#!!
– #+ 502
– )(,#(!!
– ))#=""!!
– 0!!
– ##!#
– #!5#( !!,##(2
• -00 #'#!!
• !! ""#(!#(D
12.03.2019
• 0 5#!2
– (
– !; 12
• 0 5'((!2
–%#,!$CE!#&
• 0 5(##!!2
–,!.#"'!!)#0
• .,!"!#-00 B000 )#="!
!
12.03.2019
• ,!)#)(!!, '(( .#0 – '(.# !!)#!!$
)#,
– ,!!"'!!!.!6
(("!!," !"'
• !!#(#"'!#– "'! (
– '(((!!!!!*
• -"#!#5 2
– @) 32011, 32022, 32033
– ;#( 1010
– 0 7003, 7004
"
• ,!",#,#+A:5+A:2
– F#!G!'",#FG, "#
– '+A:.#
('5++2
(+5++2
– #,! #'##$
CC NDC SN
" !
" #$%!
"
• +#!,!="'+ 5++2
– +!##!",#6+!!, ="'")"###(#, #*#+
• +#!,!",#,#+ 5++2
– +",#
– )#)"
MCC MNC MSIN
"
"
"
& !
!'
#$%($%)'
• #+A5+2– +,##("!#! , --00
– !!)"="! ,!((, +
MCC MNC LAC
"
"
$*"$*
!
• 0+ 5!! 2/HHIIJ– HH-0",#
– II-",#-0
– J0!!",#-
– J/31/#!
• 0+5!!(!,!)2
001:01010+
• 00/,!"#
• :0/--,!#*
• 0/000!#
• 0+!!
?'!0+/1119
• /00)
• /:0)@)
• /0
• 9/0+
• !!)-19-01#
# $
! "
!
! " !#
!$ $%
# &' (
%+
&&
&
• A!*#*#4636#*#*
• #''
– 1:#* :#1
– #.+++++500:0020!!+A-0:0(,#!(!#(
• 0#!
'6('6!!#6!
4!!#.
;'0!!+A
(!0,#1 KKK
12.03.2019
9
! "!
&"• • ,
"!
"!
• )'#"#
– #*,!"# L1M@
– ),!"#!.#!!@1M
• !!(",#,#
• )##(!!0
• (!!!"'
• #=":)#@
• )###',!00
• )##!!
• "##0
• 9("##")
• '(()
• #
• "# *
• "'
PSTNcalling
stationGMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
• #="
• "# *
• 1*#"#5)##"2
• 91"'!!
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 5
3 4
9
10
7 8
%
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment complete
alerting
connect
connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment complete
alerting
connect
connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange
MTC MOC
9
receive level
BTSold
receive level
BTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
• %,!"#()#!$
– #!)#(,#(-
– #'#!*="!)-00 .#
• !.#*, 5-002
– -– #4,-! -– >"("#')#
– 15",!2
– "'
12.03.2019
!
HO access
BTSold BSCnew
measurement
result
BSCold
Link establishment
MSCMSmeasurement
report
HO decision
HO required
BTSnew
HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
ch. activation ackHO request ackHO commandHO commandHO command
HO completeHO completeclear commandclear command
clear complete clear complete
Hard handover
• ?6*,'1 5• 5#!*#.26
– ,().#!!5!2
– ##"'(#"'!?#
– -#07 "','
• A 5A#)#.!"2
– .,#07 "'*,
• #*!– :5"''#:2::
– :5 :2
• ##*(",A:5*A:#*2
– :5#.(:2
• "''#5!,!!("# 2
– 5(#2
• "##
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
EIR
HLR/
GR
VLR
Internet
SGSN
• .#!,!!"
• :5####!:#*2
– 0!!!.!,!
– :#*", 5:2
– '"!)!!#')*
• 5#="'2
• 0:50#:#*2
– +# .#
– ()#,:
UTRANUE CN
• 0A<AA0A<AA
• A!*:!!
• '!*0 5' !#!2
– !;
– ##'(
#!'#
+)0#'#
• :",#)!
– A)'#!!
– -#!!,!.-0
12.03.2019
• '##!502"#"##.#"(#( .#.,"'#.
– -!*()"#5#1)#1))2
– ?(#,!#)#!.!
UE1UE2
UE3
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE1 UE2 UE3
Without PC received
power levels would be
unequal
With ideal PC
received power
levels are equal
• UTRAN comprises
several RNSs
• RNC is responsible for
handover decisions
requiring signaling to the
UE
RNC: Radio Network Controller
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
RNS
Node B
UE2
UE3
:0• (#!
• )#,#(
• !# '
• .#
• #*)("#
• 0!="! "#
• #.#
• ####!
• #"##!0
• A#.###)
• ;"#!''##!5AABAA2
• 0!(
• #!
:-• • #
• • • #
9
BTS
Node B
BSC
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
CN
EIR
AuC
GR
!!
• "!()..#!' !!
– ,!).#
• '!*
– "!"#').#!:-
– #"):-#:0
• A!*
– "!"#).))#!!
– A))#'#())#!!
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
• )/##"'– .#,))#
:-
– .#!:-#(!,#
• .(• !#?'#)#:-• !##)#,# .()#
• A.(• #"#B'#,##.)#:-• ?).#!' • ::0"'!()##:-
• 5 (1'*2– A6666,'– 6,'– '#.!
• <5.!. 2– A!*,'– '!*,'
"
• #(A!*,"'!*,L
• #
• '!)#*#"#'#
– !+1,#*#'!(#'4)#+1"!", 5+2##"(
0 1 2 7 8 9...
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9...
TDD ...
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
UL/DL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot
(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9...
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot
(random access plus pilot signal)
!
• "!())#=" 5'!)2
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
SGW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
UE1
EUTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2U/CX2U/C
X2U/C
X2U/C
MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving Gateway
Packetdata network Gateway Home Subscriber Server
Policy and Charging Rules Function
MME
PGW
Internet,
Operators…
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
GPRS
!!%&!'
&' !"
'' #
) ''
'!'! '*
+) #'' '*
!# *
9
(
12.03.2019
• , % $ •
• - ./• ".+) /• " ./
• $ • ,$%&$%• %
12.03.2019
DCH = dedicated channel
FACH = fwd access channel
!!
12.03.2019
ping –c5 8.8.8.8
A: allocate channel
B: user traffic
C: DCH>FACH
D: FACH>IDLE
• RTT = 80..200ms
• 2s delay for sporadic traffic
• high power consumption for a single packet
!!
12.03.2019
Samsung Galaxy Nexus
RDS, HSPA
Screen off
TCP up: tc @ server
TCP down: curl –limitrate
High efficiency only for highest rates
12.03.2019
DRX = discontinuous
reception
only listen to
broadcasts
12.03.2019
Samsung Galaxy Nexus
Orange LTE
Screen off
TCP up: tc @ server
TCP down: curl –limitrate
%
12.03.2019
• RRC states are different for every standard
• RRC state machines are managed by the network
• RRC state promotions to high power occur when data must
be transferred.
• RRC state demotions to lower power occur on network
configured timeouts.
• LTE/HSPA+ state transitions can take 10 to 100ms
• HSPA/CDMA state transitions can take several sec
• every network transfer, no matter the size, incurs an
energy tail.
• !!
• ,!))!(
• ,!(!"
•
)!
12.03.2019
• #"#",!.#&)?!.!,!
– )"!!,!#!.#(11 ()!!(
• .# !!#'":-! "
• !!#!!"!#'5)#!(#"'2,!'##&#*"(#!A#,!,#,
• !!,!' =".!)"!!#*#.# !#'##!! #(,# !))?('"(#"%,!
• !( .!")##*!, !)'
• %11 !!!!!(
• #"))!( %)##""#
• #"))!('##&%)##""#
– "+51+2
12.03.2019
9
12.03.2019
0!"*.# I:/:#* / --/-,0/.!.*0#,/(,#
#$
12.03.2019
(nu se cere la examen)
Sursa:
Date ANCOM, document 2014/02/01/RO
!
/N-./0
-112
(-11/
%-30
14-5
$$
19201980, 21102170 MHz
RDS
*+
FDD pentru LTE
B20 B20
RDS
B7 B38 B38 B7
B3 B3
!,
! *
#$ %
#$ %,
9
"!.
912.03.2019
912.03.2019
9
-
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES* 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES* =? SRES SRES
RAND
SRES
32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key SRES: signed response
9
- !
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc
64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypted
data
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc
64 bit
A5
MSdata data
cipher
key
9
WCDMA
• 19201980 MHz uplink
• 21102170 MHz downlink
• chipping rate:
3.840 Mchip/s
• soft handover
• QPSK = 2bits/symbol
• complex power control
(1500 power control
cycles/s)
• spreading: UL: 4256;
DL:4512
0 1 2 12 13 14...
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
666.7 µs
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
666.7 µs
666.7 µs
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips, 10 bits
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)
TFCI
2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCH
FBI: Feedback Information
TPC: Transmit Power Control
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions!
9
! - !
User data rate [kbit/s]
12.2
(voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbit/s] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
9
• ,!(:",#5:2
– +'## !'+A:",#
– +(, !!@#6
CC NDC SN
9
• '## ,!",#,#+ 5+2– +!)++"'!)#'#. 6
– +".(++#'6
– +'## !!, @#1@#(#,(, @
– +#+#@6
9
• !*+A:++*"#600)+A:#!00)++)!!6(0000
• +")++"#(!"''#'#. 6"#.+"!"'6"#'# '(#!!*#*"#.6
• :#"(",#)"##!)!!6
– :'## #* (,!",#,#6
– :)#.(0@6
– :")#!!!.# 5!!(26
• +A:!",##"#
99
6 ;,(!"'7 :)#()!"'# 6 '! "''! #"()5:2!!#"(!!06
6 ;,('#!!,7 #="# !))#"##! #',!@6%#"()#=")# )#,:)#@6:('#!!,66!!.!.:(
• +):!!",#,#.(0",#):#="#!#(6+):!!! !!,,!",#):#"(! ="!",#)#"07 "!!#",#7 : '!! !!'#!!, @0
! ,%
MSISDN
GMSC
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSISDN>IMSI, VLR
MSRN