Open Forum 3 - Academic Listening and Speaking (Tests Answer Key)

ACADEMIC LISTENING AND SPEAKING

Answer Key and Test Booklet

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Contents

Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Assessment TestsTest.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Test.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Test.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Test.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

TranscriptsChapter.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Chapter.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Chapter.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Chapter.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Chapter.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Chapter.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Chapter.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Chapter.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Chapter.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Chapter.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Chapter.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Chapter.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

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Answer Key

CHAPTER 1

Ecology

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 2). 1 .. T. 3 .. F. 2 .. F. 4 .. F

C Listening for More Detail (p. 3). 1 .. b. 4 .. b. 7 .. a. 2 .. b. 5 .. a. 3 .. a. 6 .. a

D Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 2 (p. 4)

b“Predators”.is.followed.by.“like.bigger.fish.or.other.creatures.who.are.hunting.for.food .”

Exercise 3 (p. 4). 1 .. b. 3 .. b. 2 .. b. 4 .. b

3 Vocabulary (p. 5) . 2 .. a. 5 .. f. 8 .. e. 3 .. d. 6 .. g. 4 .. h. 7 .. b

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 6). 1. a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d

C Listening for More Detail (p. 6). 1 .. The.inventor.of.the.diesel.engine. 2 .. High.cost.of.gasoline.and.concern.about.the.

environment. 3 .. Modify.the.engine.or.modify.the.vegetable.oil. 4 .. Answers may vary: It.is.renewable,.and.it.is.not.toxic .. 5 .. All.over.the.US.in.many.kinds.of.vehicles. 6 .. Answers may vary: It.can.harm.the.rubber.in.an.

engine,.and.it’s.not.available.everywhere .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 7). 1 .. b. 2 .. a. 3 .. b

5 PronunciationExercise 2 (p. 8). 1 .. use. 2 .. shortages. 3 .. approaches. 4 .. school.buses. 5 .. reduces. 6 .. increases

Exercise 3 (p. 8). 1 .. . 5 .. 3

. 2 .. . 6 .

. 3 .. 3 7 .. 3

. 4 .. 3 8 .

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 9). 1. b. 5. d. 2. a. 6. e. 3. c. 7. f. 4. g.

Exercise 2 (p. 9)He.uses.the.following.expressions:.First of all,.Then,.Later,.and.Finally .

CHAPTER 2

Visual Art

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 13). 1 .. Art.forgery.and.how.experts.detect.forgeries. 2 .. Art.forgers.have.developed.very.sophisticated.

skills.and.techniques .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 13). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. F. 2 .. F. 5 .. T. 8 .. T. 3 ... T. 6 .. F

Open Forum: Answer Key 1

2 Open Forum 3: Answer Key

E Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 2 (p. 14). 1 .. Section.B. 2 .. Section.A. 3 .. Section.C. 4 .. Section.D

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 14). 1 .. d. 3 .. a. 5 .. e. 2 .. c. 4 .. b

Exercise 2 (p. 15). 1 .. forgery. 2 .. counterfeit. 3 .. detected. 4 .. authentic. 5 .. reputable

Exercise 3 (p. 15). 1 .. He.was.a.very.skilled.forger .. 2 .. The.critics,.who.were.considered.experts,.

thought.his.forgeries.were.real .

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 16)

Answers will vary.

C Listening for More Detail (p. 16). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. T. 2 .. T. 5 .. T. 3 .. F. 6 .. F

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 17). 1 .. b. 2 .. a. 3 .. b. 4 .. a

5 PronunciationExercise 1 (p. 17). 1 .. suspect. 2 .. objects. 3 .. project. 4 .. research. 5 .. subject

Exercise 2 (p. 17). 1 .. contract. 4 .. permit. 2 .. record 5 .. reject. 3 .. conflict

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 18). 1 .. You.did?. 2 .. Really?.That’s.interesting .. 3 .. Is.that.right?.Interesting!

Exercise 2 (p. 19)Answers will vary.

CHAPTER 3

Sociology

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 22). 1 .. A.new.cell.phone.with.a.built-in.camera. 2 .. She.doesn’t.like.camera.phones.and.doesn’t.

think.Jessica.should.have.a.new.phone.at.all .. 3 .. No,.but.she.agrees.to.consider.Jessica’s.request.

if.Jessica.makes.some.changes.in.her.behavior .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 22)Jessica:.Her.friend.has.a.camera.phone;.She.wants.a.camera.phone.in.case.she.has.a.car.accident .Jessica’s.mother:.Jessica.already.has.a.cell.phone ..Jessica.uses.her.cell.phone.too.much.now ..She.doesn’t.believe.Jessica.will.use.good.judgment.if.she.has.a.camera.phone .

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 23). 2 .. I.can’t.believe.she.said.that ..She.should.have.

kept.it.to.herself .. 3 .. We.can’t.afford.a.new.laptop ..It’s.too.expensive .. 4 .. It.can’t.be.Mark ..He’s.in.Germany.right.now .

Exercise 2 (p. 23). 1 .. can’t.believe. 2 .. can’t.afford. 3 .. can’t.be. 4 .. can’t.stand

Exercise 3 (p. 23). 1 .. can’t.afford. 4 .. can’t.stand. 2 .. can’t.believe. 5 .. can’t.stand. 3 .. can’t.be.

Open Forum 3: Answer Key 3

4 Listening PracticeB Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 2 (p. 25) . . .The.Internet.encourages.more.frequent.contact.

with.friends.and.family.than.the.phone .. ..Families.often.use.the.Internet.to.address.

serious.matters .. 3 ..People.who.are.disabled.or.housebound.can.

develop.cyber.relationships.and.feel.less.isolated .

. 3 ..People.cannot.really.get.to.know.someone.online .

. ..Children.can.be.put.in.dangerous.situations.as.a.result.of.online.activity .

. 3 ..Excessive.use.of.the.Internet.can.have.negative.effects .

. ..People.are.less.polite.online .

. 3 ..The.Internet.can.help.us.build.relationships,.but.it.can.also.lead.to.isolation .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 25)Answers will vary.

. 1 .. The.Internet.can.make.it.easier.to.stay.in.contact.with.friends.and.family .

. 2 .. They.can.form.cyber.friendships.with.other.disabled.and.housebound.people.without.leaving.their.homes .

. 3 .. You.can.meet.people.and.learn.about.them.before.you.agree.to.actually.spend.time.with.them.in.person .

. 4 .. People.may.lie.about.themselves.online ..It.is.difficult.to.really.know.if.someone.is.misrepresenting.themselves.online .

. 5 .. Keep.the.computer.in.a.communal.part.of.the.home

. 6 .. Because.the.people.you.are.communicating.with.don’t.really.know.you .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 26). 1 .. a. 2 .. a. 3 .. b. 4 .. b

CHAPTER 4

Medicine

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 30). 3. a. 2. c. 1. e. 5. b. 4. d

C Listening for More DetailExercise 2 (p. 31). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. T. 2 .. F. 5 .. T. 3 .. F. 6 .. F

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 31). 1 .. a. 3 .. b. 5 .. a. 2 .. a. 4 .. a.. 6 .. a

3 VocabularyExercise 3 (p. 33)

Answers may vary.. 1 .. careful. . 5 .. grateful. 2 .. slowly. . 6 .. painful. 3 .. regretful. . 7 .. thoughtfully. 4 .. usually. . 8 .. eventually

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 33). 3 .a. 3 .b. 3 .c. 3 .d. .e. .f

C Listening for More Detail (p. 34)Answers may vary.

. 1 .. They.are.the.size.of.a.grain.of.rice.and.are.implanted.with.a.syringe .

. 2 .. They.store.a.digital.ID.code .

. 3 .. Alzheimer’s.patients.and.others.with.medical.conditions

. 4 .. They.are.implanting.customers.so.they.don’t.have.to.use.ID.cards.or.credit.cards .

. 5 .. Around.$135.-.$200

. 6 .. They.could.be.used.to.keep.track.of.where.people.are.and.where.they.go .

. 7 .. 200.bio-chip.scanners

5 Pronunciation Exercise 2 (p. 35). 1 .. code. 4 .. tap. 2 .. cab. 5 .. save. 3 .. back. 6 .. race

Exercise 3 (p. 35). 1 .. code. 4 .. save. 2 .. coat. 5 .. raise. 3 .. safe. 6 .. race


6 Speaking Skills (p. 36)The.speakers.use.the.following.expressions:.Then again…, OK, I see your point, but…, On the other hand…

CHAPTER 5

History

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 38). 1 .. a. 2 .. b. 3 .. b

C Focusing on the Listening Skill (p. 39). 1 .. that.is. 2 .. In.other.words. 3 .. What.I.mean.is. 4 .. What.I’m.trying.to.say.is. 5 .. That.is. 6 .. In.other.words

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 40). 2 .. d. 5 .. b. 8 .. e. 3 .. h. 6 .. g. 4 .. i. 7 .. c

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 41). 1 .. c. 2 .. b

C Listening for More Detail (p. 42). 1 .. On.an.island.in.Korea. 2 .. He.stood.up.against.government.corruption .. 3 .. At.Harvard.University. 4 .. He.was.put.in.prison .. 5 .. The.leaders.of.North.Korea.and.South.Korea.

met.to.discuss.reconciliation .. 6 .. It.is.named.after.one.of.Aesop’s.Fables.that.

teaches.a.about.solving.conflicts.through.gentle.pressure.instead.of.aggression ..

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 42). 1 .. a. 2 .. b. 3 .. b. 4 .. a.

5 PronunciationExercise 2 (p. 43). 1 .. it. 2 .. leave. 3 .. cheap. 4 .. ship. 5 .. fit

Exercise 3 (p. 44). 1 .. /I/. 2 .. /I/. 3 .. /iy/. 4 .. /iy/. 5 .. /iy/. 6 .. /I/

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 44). 1 .. Do.you.mean…?. 2 .. Did.you.say…?. 3 .. You’re.saying…?. 4 .. Did.you.say…?

Exercise 2 (p. 44). 1 .. How.Emily.deals.with.conflict.and.how.conflicts.

are.best.resolved. 2 .. When.trying.to.resolve.conflict,.it.is.important.

to.find.common.ground.and.be.willing.to.compromise .

Exercise 3 (p. 45)He.uses.the.following.expressions: So you’re saying…?.and.What do you mean…?

CHAPTER 6

Earth Science

2 Listening PracticeC Listening for More Detail (p. 48). 1 .. Albert.Park,.from.the.United.Nations.

Environmental.Program.(UNEP). 2 ... Over.100. 3 ... Many.years. 4 .. Topsoil.gets.swept.away,.so.plants.can’t.grow ..

This.can.also.lead.to.bad.flooding.conditions,.which.further.damages.the.land ..Eventually,.the.land.becomes.desert-like .

. 5 .. They.are.left.with.no.vegetation.to.eat .

. 6 .. As.many.as.60,000,000

. 7 .. Africa,.Asia,.and.Latin.and.North.America


D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 48)Answers will vary.

. 1 .. Poor.weather.conditions;.poor.land.management;.cutting.down.of.trees;.over.grazing;.lack.of.irrigation

. 2 .. People.and.animals.have.to.move .

. 3 .. People.settle.in.an.area,.and.their.animals.feed.on.the.same.piece.of.land.year.after.year .

. 4 .. Planting.trees;.building.fences

. 5 .. Visit.the.UNEP.Website.or.the.USGS.Website

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 49)

Answers will vary.. 1 .. lack.of.rain. 2 .. large.flood. 3 .. animals.raised.by.farmers. 4 .. vegetables.and.fruits.grown.by.farmers. 5 .. top.layer.of.soil

Exercise 2 (p. 50). 1 .. drought. 2 .. topsoil. 3 .. livestock. 4 .. deluge. 5 .. crops

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 51). 1 .. What.is.a.hurricane?. 2 .. How.does.a.hurricane.form?. 3 .. What.do.hurricane.hunters.do?

C Listening for More Detail (p. 51). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. T. 2 .. T. 5 .. T. 8 .. F. 3 .. F. 6 .. F

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 51). 1 .. a. 2 .. a. 3 .. b. 4 .. a

5 PronunciationExercise 1 (p. 52). 1 .. can. 2 .. can’t. 3 .. can. 4 .. can. 5 .. can’t

Exercise 2 (p. 52). 1 .. can. 5 .. can’t. 2 .. can’t. 6 .. can. 3 .. can. 7 .. can’t. 4 .. can. 8 .. can

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 53). 1 .. repeat. 2 .. explain. 3 .. repeat. 4 .. repeat. 5 .. rephrase

CHAPTER 7

Life Sciences

2 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 56). 3 .a ...Animals.can.smell,.hear.and.feel.things.

that.humans.don’t.or.can’t .. 3 .b ...Some.animals.can.sense.earthquakes.

before.they.happen .. .c ...Elephants.are.not.good.predictors.of.

earthquakes .. 3 .d ...Scientists.around.the.world.are.paying.

more.attention.to.animal.behavior.because.they.believe.animals.can.save.lives.by.making.use.of.their.extraordinary.senses ..

C Listening for More Detail (p. 56). 1 .. Some.animals.crouch.down.or.lay.on.the.

ground ..Some.birds.make.squawking.sounds .. 2 .. Very.low.sounds.that.humans.can’t.hear ..Dogs,.

some.birds,.and.elephants.can.hear.Infrasound .. 3 .. As.far.back.as.400.b.c.. 4 .. They.probably.hear.the.other.elephants .. 5 .. To.detect.drugs.and.search.for.people.on.rescue.

missions .. 6 .. A.zoo.reports.unusual.behavior.to.the.

seismologists .

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 57). 1 .. it.is.widely.known.that. 2 .. In.fact,. 3 .. Experts.claim.that. 4 .. In.fact,


3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 58). 1 .. c. 3 .. e. 5 .. d. 2 .. b. 4 .. f. 6 .. a

Exercise 2 (p. 58) . 1 .. picking.up.on. 2 .. pays.attention.to. 3 .. tipped.off. 4 .. are.used.to. 5 .. are.open.to. 6 .. are.counting.on

Exercise 3 (p. 58)Answers will vary.


Answers may vary slightly.. 1 .. They.build.structures.to.attract.mates .. 2 .. They.learn.from.other.birds . .. 3 .. They.destroy.other.birds’.bowers.or.steal.from.

them .. 4 .. Competitive,.incredible,.special,.intelligent,.

advanced,.thieves

C Listening for More Detail (p. 60)Answers may vary slightly.

. 1 .. They.dance.and.fluff.up.their.wings .

. 2 .. Male.bower.birds.don’t.help.raise.the.young ..The.females.take.care.of.feeding.and.protecting.the.young .

. 3 .. The.birds.weave.sticks.around.a.small.young.tree,.and.then.they.decorate.it.with.“ornaments”.from.their.environment .

. 4 .. Flower.stems,.spider.silk,.berries,.acorns,.leaves

. 5 .. Experts.are.still.studying.this ..They.know.that.groups.of.young.male.birds.work.together.work.together.to.build.bowers.until.they.are.old.enough.to.build.them.on.their.own .

. 6 .. They.steal.“treasures”.from.other.birds’.bowers .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 60). 1 .. a. 3 .. a. 2 .. a. 4 .. b

5 PronunciationExercise 2 (p. 61). 1 .. bower.had. 2 .. branches.had. 3 .. bird.will. 4 .. bird.will

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 62)

Answers may vary slightly.The.spoken.version.includes.expressions.that.show.imprecision ..These.expressions.make.the.description.less.exact.and.also.make.it.sound.less.formal .

Exercise 2 (p. 62). 1 .. kind.of. 2 .. approximately. 3 .. sort.of. 4 .. around. 5 .. as.though. 6 .. or.something. 7 .. as.if

CHAPTER 8

Psychology

2 Listening PracticeC Listening for More Detail (p. 65). 1 .. a. 3 .. a. 5 .. b. 2 .. b. 4 .. a. 6 .. a

D Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 1 (p. 66). 1 .. contrast. 2 .. contrast. 3 .. comparison. 4 .. contrast. 5 .. contrast. 6 .. comparison. 7 .. contrast

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 67). 1 .. c. 3 .. e. 5 .. b. 2 .. d. 4 .. a

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 69). 1 .. He.has.been.training.with.a.visualization.coach .. 2 .. Cesar.helps.him.visualize,.or.see,.himself.

succeeding.in.races .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 69). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. F. 2 .. T. 5 .. F. 8 .. T. 3 .. T. 6 .. T. 9 .. F


D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 70). 1 .. a. 3 .. b. 2 .. a. 4 .. b

5 PronunciationExercise 1 (p. 71). 1 .. Well.he. 2 .. with.him. 3 .. like.he. 4 .. does.he. 5 .. see.him

Exercise 2 (p. 71). 1 .. b. 3 .. a. 5 .. b. 2 .. a. 4 .. a

6 Speaking SkillsExercise 1 (p. 72). 1 .. The.talk.is.about.hypnosis ..The.speaker.is.not.

convinced.about.the.validity.of.hypnosis ..She.thinks.more.research.is.needed.in.the.area .

. 2 .. She.uses.the.following.expressions:.Personally,….and.it seems to me that…

CHAPTER 9

Health


Answers may vary slightly.. 1 .. Arguments,.excessive.physical.or.emotional.

demands,.misunderstandings,.changes,.or.anything.that.upsets.our.balance

. 2 .. It.can.lead.to.illnesses.like.stomachaches.and.depression .

. 3 .. It.can.make.them.nervous.and.irritable .

. 4 .. Rest.and.exercise ..


. 2 .. Cortisone./.adrenaline./.raise

. 3 .. 70%.to.90%

. 4 .. Stress.can.cause.employees.to.make.dangerous.mistakes.at.work .

. 5 .. Headaches,.stomachaches,.and.depression

. 6 .. Get.regular.rest.and.relaxation .

D Focus on the Listening skillAnswers may vary slightly.

Exercise 1 (p. 76). 1 .. weaken.our.ability.to.think.clearly.and.make.

good.decisions. 2 .. putting.our.own.life.or.the.lives.of.others.in.danger

Exercise 2 (p. 76) . a

Exercise 3 (p. 76) . 1 .. the.hectic,.fast-paced.lifestyle.of.someone.under.

stress. 2 .. it.could.be.damaged.and.eventually.end

Exercise 4 (p. 76) Relatives,.friends.and.co-workers.may.tolerate.a.fast-paced.lifestyle.for.some.time,.but.it.is.possible.that.the.relationship.will.be.damaged.and.even.end .

Exercise 5 (p. 77) . 1 .. It.can.harm.them .. 2 .. It.can.weaken.the.immune.system.and.lead.to.

sickness .. 3 .. 70%.to.90%.of.sickness.is.related.to.stress .

Exercise 6 (p. 77) Besides.acknowledging.the.harmful.impact.of.stress,.understanding.stress.is.important.because.it.can.cause.sickness ..According.to.recent.research,.stress.causes.70%.to.%90.of.sicknesses .

3 Vocabulary

Exercise 2 (p. 78). deal.with. focus.on. lead.to. register.for. result.in. stare.at. struggle.with. suffer.from. worry.about

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 79). 1 .. b. 2 .. a. 3 .. a

C Listening for More Detail (p. 80). 1 .. b. 3 .. .b. 5 .. c. 2 .. .a. 4 .. a. 6 .. a


5 PronunciationExercise 2 (p. 81). 1 .. Thank.you ..I’m.honored.to.be.here .. 2 .. We.believe.the.effect.is.the.same,.regardless.of.

the.pet.involved .. 3 .. Caring.for.an.animal.can.be.very.therapeutic .. 4 .. And,.it’s.not.only.stress.levels.that.are.being.

affected.by.our.animal.friends .. 5 .. Before.getting.an.animal,.potential.pet.owners.

need.to.remember.that.this.is.a.long-term.relationship .

. 6 .. Pet.owners.have.to.be.ready.because.it’s.a.huge.responsibility .


They.are.talking.about.ways.to.reduce.stress .

Exercise 2 (p. 82)He.uses.the.following.expressions:.OK, let’s get started. Any ideas? Who wants to start? Anyone else? What do the rest of you think about that? and.What else can we say?

CHAPTER 10

Business


is.a.positive.role.modelis.a.leaderknows.the.strengths.of.the.employeesclosely.observes.the.performance.of.employeessets.high.standards.and.does.not.tolerate.mistakeshas.good.communication.skillsdevotes.all.his.or.her.time.to.workopenly.criticizes.employees


. 1 .. People.in.management.positions

. 2 .. They.lead.by.example,.and.they.earn.the.respect.of.their.employees .

. 3 .. He.or.she.observes.the.employees.and.their.work .

. 4 .. By.giving.them.the.tools.and.opportunities.they.need.to.do.their.job

. 5 .. They.use.mistakes.as.teaching.opportunities .

. 6 .. Managers.should.have.an.active.personal.life.and.not.work.all.the.time .

. 7 .. Try.to.work.around.your.boss.and.make.connections.with.other.important.people.that.will.help.you.to.get.your.work.done .

D Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 1 (p. 86). 1 .. a. 3 .. a. 5 .. b. 2 .. b. 4 .. a

Exercise 2 (p. 87). 1 .. their. 6 .. these. 2 .. their. 7 .. they. 3 .. his. 8 .. them. 4 .. her. 9 .. them. 5 .. they.

Exercise 3 (p. 87). 1 .. the.managers’. 2 .. the.managers’. 3 .. the.manager’s. 4 .. the.manager’s. 5 .. the.employees. 6 .. the.responsibilities. 7 .. the.employees. 8 .. the.employees. 9 .. the.employees

3 VocabularyExercise 2 (p. 89). 2 .. i. 6 .. k. 10 .. e. 3 .. d. 7 .. a. 11 .. g. 4 .. b. 8 .. c. 12 .. m. 5 .. j. 9 .. f. 13 .. h


C Listening for More Detail (p.91). 1 .. T. 4 .. T. 7 .. F. 2 .. F. 5 .. F. 8 .. T. 3 .. T. 6 .. F

5 PronunciationExercise 2 (p. 92)

The.number.of.immigrant.female.entrepreneurs.has.recently.surpassed.the.number.of.native-born.female.entrepreneurs ..In.fact,.they.are.expected.to.soon.challenge.the.number.of.immigrant.male.entrepreneurs .


CHAPTER 11

Space Science


C Listening for More Detail (p. 96). 1 .. F. 4 .. T. 7 .. T. 2 .. F. 5 .. T. 3 .. T. 6 .. F

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 96). 2 .. space.shuttle. 3 .. orbit. 4 .. cosmonauts. 5 .. space.station. 6 .. satellite. 7 .. solar.system. 8 .. atmosphere

3 VocabularyExercise 1 (p. 97). 1 .. b. 3 .. a. 5 .. b. 2 .. b. 4 .. a

Exercise 2 (p. 97). 1 .. out.of.this.world. 2 .. buzzing. 3 .. monumental. 4 .. out.of.reach. 5 .. explode

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 99). .a. .b. 3 .c. 3 .d. 3 .e

C Listening for More Detail (p. 99). 1 .. b. 3 .. a. 2 .. a. 4 .. a

5 PronunciationExercise 3 (p. 100). 1 .. first.time. 2 .. mom.meet

. 3 .. fuel.left

. 4 .. land.during

. 5 .. live.very

. 6 .. planet.takes


Answers will vary.

CHAPTER 12

Archaeology


Answer may vary slightly.. 1 .. They.find.and.examine.evidence.from.a.crime.

scene.to.determine.what.happened .. 2 .. It.is.sometimes.difficult.to.collect.and.examine.

evidence.without.damaging.it ..It.is.also.sometimes.impossible.to.determine.the.details.of.a.case .

C Listening for More Detail (p. 104). 1 .. T. 3 .. T. 5 .. F. 2 .. F. 4 .. F. 6 .. T

D Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 1 (p. 105). 1 .. uncertainty. 2 .. certainty. 3 .. certainty. 4 .. uncertainty. 5 .. uncertainty

3 VocabularyExercise 2 (p. 106). 1 .. excavate. 2 .. hypothesis. 3 .. burial.ground. 4 .. artifacts. 5 .. ruins. 6 .. dates

4 Listening PracticeB Listening for Main Ideas (p. 107). 1 .. b. 2 .. a. 3 .. b


C Listening for More Detail (p. 108). 1 .. Her.half-brother,.Thutmose.II. 2 .. She.assumed.more.and.more.power;.she.

stopped.using.a.female.title;.and.she.eventually.had.herself.crowned.pharaoh .

. 3 .. She.claimed.that.one.of.her.parents.was.a.god .

. 4 .. She.had.two.obelisks.moved.to.Karnak,.and.she.sent.an.expedition.to.the.land.of.Punt .

. 5 .. Hatshepsut’s.mortuary.temple

. 6 .. Inscriptions.found.there.have.revealed.information.about.who.Hatshepsut.was .

. 7 .. They.were.destroyed.or.vandalized .

. 8 .. They.believed.that.a.person.could.only.exist.in.the.afterlife.if.something.connected.to.that.person.remained.intact.on.earth .

. 9 .. It’s.still.a.mystery,.but.some.people.think.she.was.killed .

. 10 .. During.Hatshepsut’s.reign.as.pharaoh

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 109). 1 .. b. 3 .. a. 5 .. a. 2 .. b. 4 .. b. 6 .. a

5 PronunciationExercise 1 (p. 110). 1 .. /t/. 5 .. /Id/. 9 .. /d/. 2 .. /d/. 6 .. /d/. 10 .. /d/. 3 .. /t/. 7 .. /d/. 11 .. /Id/. 4 .. /d/. 8 .. /Id/. 12 .. /Id/

6 Speaking Skills

Exercise 1 (p. 111)The.students.want.to.know.more.about.Cleopatra’s.children.and.more.about.Cleopatra’s.early.life .

Exercise 2 (p. 111)They.use.the.following.expressions:.Can you be a bit more specific about…? and.Can you go into more detail about…?

TEST 1

Chapters 1-3Part 1. 1 .. b. 2 .. a

Part 2. 3 .. T. 6 .. T. 9 .. T. 12 .. F. 4 .. F. 7 .. F. 10 .. F. 5 .. T. 8 .. T. 11 .. T

TEST 2

Chapters 4-6Part 1. 1 .. a

Part 2. 2 .. b. 5 .. c. 8 .. c. 3 .. a. 6 .. b. 9 .. a. 4 .. c. 7 .. b. 10 .. b

TEST 3

Chapters 7-9Part 1. 1 .. T. 2 .. F

Part 2. 3 .. a. 6 .. a. 9 .. c. 4 .. a. 7 .. b. 10 .. a. 5 .. c. 8 .. c. 11 .. b

TEST 4

Chapters 10-12Part 1. 1 .. c. 3 .. b. 2 .. a

Part 2. 4 .. b. 7 .. a. 10 .. b. 13 .. a. 5 .. a. 8 .. b. 11 .. c. 6 .. b. 9 .. a. 12 .. c

Open Forum 3: Assessment Tests 11

Name: Date: Score:

© Oxford University Press Photocopiable

You.are.going.to.hear.a.radio.interview.about.a.home.improvement.project ..Have.you.ever.worked.to.improve.the.appearance.or.the.quality.of.your.home?.What.kind.of.work.did.you.do,.and.why?

Test 1: Chapters 1–3

1. Read statements 1 and 2. Then listen to the interview and choose the correct answer to complete each statement.

. 1 .. Rose.McDonald. .a .. bought.an.energy.efficient.houseb .. made.her.house.more.energy.

efficient. 2 .. Her.daughter’s.health. .

a .. has.improvedb .. has.stayed.the.same

2. Now read statements 3–12. Then listen again and write T for true or F for false for each statement.

. .3 .. .Rose.McDonald.bought.an.old.house .

. .4 .. .Her.daughter.started.having.more.trouble.sleeping.after.they.moved.in .

. .5 .. .Her.house.had.poor.ventilation.and.mold .

. .6 .. .Rose.wanted.to.make.her.house.safer.and.less.harmful.to.the.environment .

. .7 .. .She.replaced.the.roof.of.the.house .

. .8 .. .Rose.wants.to.make.more.changes.to.the.house .

. .9 .. .Dwelling.probably.means.“.a.place.to.live .”

. .10 ...Single-handedly.probably.means.“with.help.from.others .”

. .11 ...Renovations.probably.means.“changes.that.improve.a.home .”

. .12 ...Asthma.is.probably.a.kind.of.mold.that.grows.in.closets .

12 Open Forum 3: Assessment Tests © Oxford University Press Photocopiable

Name: Date: Score:


You.are.going.to.hear.a.student.presentation.about.the.Paralympics ..What.do.you.think.the.Paralympics.are?

1. Read question 1. Then listen to the presentation and choose the correct answer for the question.

. 1 .. Which.of.these.topics.do.the.presenters.NOT.talk.about?a .. Problems.that.have.occurred.at.the.

Paralympicsb .. The.history.of.the.Paralympicsc .. Marlon.Shirley’s.backgroundd .. The.location.of.the.first.Paralympics

2. Now read questions 2–10. Then listen to the presentation again and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 2 .. When.were.the.first.Paralympics.held?a .. 2000b .. 1960c .. 1998

. 3 .. Who.participates.in.the.Paralympics?a .. athletes.with.disabilitiesb .. athletes.from.over.200.countriesc .. both.a ..and.b .

. 4 .. Who.is.Marla.Runyon?a .. a.blind.runnerb .. a.gold.medalist.in.the.Paralympicsc .. both.a ..and.b .

. 5 .. What.did.Mark.Wellman.do.in.1996?a .. He.won.a.medal.in.the.Olympics .b .. He.had.an.accident.while.rock.

climbing .c .. He.lit.the.cauldron.at.the.

Paralympics .. 6 .. How.did.Marlon.Shirley.lose.his.left.foot?

a .. in.a.car.accidentb .. in.an.accident.with.a.lawn.mowerc .. in.a.sports.accident

. 7 .. Who.did.Marlon.Runyon.lose.to?a .. Mark.Wellmanb .. Oscar.Pistoriusc .. No.one

. 8 .. Paralyzed.probably.means. .a .. mentally.illb .. angryc .. unable.to.move

. 9 .. Amputee.probably.means. .a .. a.person.who.has.lost.a.limb,.like.an.

arm,.foot,.or.legb .. a.person.who.is.blindc .. an.athlete

. 10 .. Sportsman-like.probably.means. .a .. able.to.run.fastb .. competing.in.a.fair.way.and.with.a.

good.attitudec .. afraid.to.lose

Open Forum 3: Assessment Tests 13

Name: Date: Score:

© Oxford University Press Photocopiable

You.are.going.to.hear.a.college.lecture.about.how.birds.find.their.way.when.they.travel.long.distances ..How.do.you.think.birds.might.find.their.destination.when.they.fly.far.away.at.certain.times.of.the.year?.


1. Read statements 1 and 2. Then listen and write T for true or F for false for each statement.

. .1 .. .Birds.depend.on.more.than.one.factor.to.guide.them.on.their.trips .

. .2 .. .Birds.use.their.sense.of.smell.to.determine.when.it.is.time.to.migrate .

2. Read questions 3–11. Then listen to the lecture again and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 3 .. When.migrating,.birds.use.their.eyes.to.follow. .a .. coastlines.and.riversb ... shipsc ... the.magnetic.field.of.the.earth

. 4 .. Birds.use.the.sun.and.the.stars.much.like. .a ... sailors.do.to.navigate.shipsb ... ornithologists.do.to.study.migrationc ... fish.do.to.find.their.way

. 5 .. What.is.magnetite?a ... a.coastline.or.riverb ... someone.who.studies.birdsc ... small.particles.in.a.bird’s.head

. 6 .. Some.birds.may.get.lost.or.confused.on.cloudy.days.because. .a ... they.cannot.see.the.sunb.. they.cannot.see.coastlines.and.riversc ... they.cannot.feel.the.earth’s.magnetic.

field .. 7 .. Birds.may.know.it.is.time.to.leave.when.

.a ... the.sky.gets.cloudyb ... the.length.of.the.day.changesc ... it.begins.to.snow.

. 8 .. How.many.major.routes.do.birds.in.North.America.use?a ... 2b ... 3c ... 4

. 9 .. The.Pacific.Route.is. .a ... on.the.East.Coast.of.North.Americab ... the.best.routec ... on.the.West.Coast.of.North.America

. 10 .. Take off.probably.means. .a ... begin.a.trip.or.begin.flyingb ... find.a.destinationc ... arrive.at.a.destination

. 11 .. Route.probably.means. ..a ... a.type.of.birdb ... a.path.for.travelingc ... a.cloudy.day

14 Open Forum 3: Assessment Tests © Oxford University Press Photocopiable

Name: Date: Score:


You.are.going.to.hear.a.talk.by.some.businesspeople ..What.do.you.think.are.some.of.the.benefits.of.working.for.yourself,.instead.of.working.full-time.for.a.company?.What.could.be.some.of.the.drawbacks.of.being.self-employed?

1. Read questions 1–3. Then listen to the talk and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 1 ... What.kind.of.talk.is.this?a .. a.class.presentation.by.studentsb .. a.training.program.organized.by.a.

local.businessc .. a.panel.presentation.organized.by.a.

business.club. 2 .. What.do.the.speakers.talk.about?

a .. the.positive.and.negative.aspects.of.working.as.a.freelancer.

b .. the.positive.and.negative.aspects.of.being.a.businessperson

c .. some.tips.for.becoming.a.better.worker. 3 .. What.is.the.purpose.of.the.talk?

a .. to.persuade.people.to.become.freelancers

b .. to.provide.a.balance.of.information.to.help.people.who.are.thinking.about.freelancing

c .. to.explain.how.employers.take.advantage.of.employees.and.do.not.pay.them.a.fair.wage

2. Now read questions 4–12. Listen to the talk again and choose the correct answer for each question.

. 4 .. What.is.a.freelancer?a .. a.person.who.does.not.have.a.jobb .. a.person.who.works.for.several.

employers.and.is.paid.for.each.piece.of.work.he.or.she.does

c .. a.person.who.owns.a.successful.business

. 5 .. Who.is.Pat.Wilson?a .. She.is.a.journalist .b .. She.is.an.illustrator .c .. She.is.a.textbook.writer .

. 6 .. Who.is.Donna.Hughes?a .. She.is.a.journalist .b .. She.is.an.illustrator .c .. She.is.a.textbook.writer .

. 7 .. Where.has.Pat.Wilson.been.working.for.8.years?a .. She.has.been.working.from.her.home .b .. She.has.been.working.on.Wall.Street .c .. She.has.been.working.in.a.large.

office.building .. 8 .. What.does.Pat.Wilson.say.about.the.

money.she.makes?a .. She.is.making.less.money.than.before .b .. She.is.making.more.money.than.

before .c .. She.is.making.the.same.amount.of.

money.as.before .. 9 .. What.does.Pat.Wilson.like.most.about.

being.a.freelancer?a .. She.likes.being.in.control.of.all.

aspects.of.her.work .b .. She.likes.dressing.casually.for.work .c .. She.likes.the.money .

. 10 .. According.to.Donna.what.was.the.most.difficult.part.of.being.a.freelancer?a .. Taxes.were.too.high .b .. She.never.knew.if.she.would.have.

enough.work.and.make.enough.money .

c .. She.never.had.a.vacation .. 11 .. What.are.some.examples.of.employee.

benefits?a .. health.plans.and.paid.vacationsb .. unemployment.insurance.and.dental.

plansc .. both.a ..and.b .

. 12 .. Isolated.probably.means. .a .. illb .. poorc .. alone

Open Forum: Transcripts 15

A:. Yes,.they.do ..Here’s.why:.Young.fish,.or.fry,.and.small.fish.in.bodies.of.water.that.have.no.vegetation.are.particularly.vulnerable.to.larger.predators—like.bigger.fish.or.other.creatures.who.are.hunting.for.food ..In.order.to.survive,.these.small.fish.don’t.only.need.food;.they.need.a.place.to.hide ..Normally,.trees.and.brush.fall.into.the.lakes.and.rivers.and.provide.a.natural.fish.habitat ..However,.many.of.our.lakes.and.waterways—especially.those.that.are.manmade—don’t.have.these.natural.structures ..For.instance,.some.natural.waterways.are.affected.when.land.owners.remove.fallen.trees,.branches,.and.other.debris.to.create.beaches.or.just.to.tidy.up.the.shore.line ..In.other.areas.there.are.no.trees.to.fall.into.the.lakes,.such.as.Lake.Havasu.in.the.Arizona.desert ..Sometimes,.the.building.of.dams.on.rivers.reduces.the.amount.of.natural.debris.in.the.river ..So,.we.have.a.growing.need.for.underwater.structures.to.provide.a.safe.place.and.a.safe.feeding.ground.for.fish .

. At.the.same.time,.every.January,.millions.of.Christmas.trees.become.trash ..We.have.a.space.issue.in.landfills.across.the.US ..If.Christmas.trees.are.not.recycled,.they.end.up.in.the.local.landfills ..Rather.than.take.up.precious.space,.for.a.very.low.cost,.basically,.the.cost.of.a.sandbag.plus.transportation;.the.trees.can.now.serve.a.second.purpose,.one.which.lasts.much.longer.than.their.original.one .

C:. How.widespread.is.this.practice?.I.mean,.where.is.this.being.done?

A:. Well,.as.I.said.earlier,.there.are.locations.all.over.the.states,.from.Maryland.to.California,.where.Christmas.trees.are.being.used.as.fish.habitats ..Maryland,.for.example.has.no.natural.lakes—they’re.all.manmade.and.so.its.lake.bottoms.are.bare,.desert-like,.leaving.small.fish.exposed ..Lake.Havasu.in.Arizona.gets.approximately.4,000.trees.annually.as.does.Canyon.Ferry.Reservoir ..A.biologist.in.New.Hampshire.has.offered.to.take.70.trees.from.a.recycling.center.to.drop.in.lakes,.while.California.officials.and.fishermen.plan.to.sink.roughly.700.trees.in.the.backwaters.of.the.Colorado.River .

B:. Is.there.any.proof.this.really.works?A:. Well,.researchers.have.taken.many.photos.that.

show.us.how.the.trees.are.successfully.serving.as.

CHAPTER 1

Ecology


A=RangerB=AudienceMember1C=AudienceMember2A:. OK,.everyone,.just.follow.me.this.way.so.we.can.

take.a.look.at.one.of.the.biggest.lakes.in.our.park ..Good ..I’d.like.to.tell.you.about.something.we’ve.done.with.this.lake.that’s,.well,.pretty.interesting .

. First.of.all,.I’m.guessing.that.at.least.some.of.you.celebrated.Christmas.this.past.winter,.right?.How.many.of.you.bought.a.real.tree.for.the.holidays?

B.&.C:. We.did .A:. Quite.a.few.of.you ..Well,.have.you.ever.wondered.

about.what.happens.to.all.those.trees.after.the.holidays.are.over?.Well,.If.you’ve.ever.worried.about.wasting.a.tree.for.just.a.few.weeks’.enjoyment.during.the.holiday.season,.you.can.relax ..Christmas.trees.all.across.the.US.from.Maryland.to.California.are.finding.another.purpose:.they’re.serving.as.places.for.fish.to.live.and.grow ..That’s.right,.Christmas.trees.are.being.used.as.fish.habitats.in.rivers.and.in.lakes.just.like.this.one ..In.fact,.if.you.were.to.dive.down.to.the.bottom.of.this.lake,.you’d.find.that.several.old.Christmas.trees.are.sitting.there .

. Here’s.how.it’s.done ..The.trees.are.first.anchored.by.sand.bags.or.cement.blocks—sometimes.they’re.tied.into.groups ..Then.they’re.loaded.onto.a.boat.and.dropped.into.about.15.feet.of.water ..The.trees.form.a.kind.of.reef—like.the.rocks.or.sand.that.naturally.accumulate.in.lakes ..The.trees.basically.form.a.protective.habitat.for.small.and.young.fish ..So,.instead.of.Christmas.lights.and.ornaments,.the.submerged.branches.are.hung.with.fish.eggs .

B:. Can.I.ask.a.question?A:. Sure .B:. Why.is.this.necessary?.I.mean,.do.the.fish.really.

need.these.Christmas.tree.habitats?

Transcripts

16 Open Forum: Transcripts

spawning.habitat ..In.this.lake,.for.instance,.perch.–.a.particular.type.of.fish.–.lay.their.eggs.in.gel-like.sacs.and.these.sacs.get.hung.on.the.tree.branches ..The.branches.also.host.algae,.which.attract.insects.and.other.microorganisms—providing.food.for.the.young.fish ..Tiny.fish.also.hide.out.among.the.branches ..Though.some.fish.do.end.up.as.food.for.larger.ones,.the.Christmas.tree.reefs.provide.much.needed.shelter;.enabling.many.more.young.fish.to.survive .

. These.insects.and.small.fish,.in.turn,.attract.the.larger.fish,.which.attract.fishermen ..Of.course,.fishermen.know.that.fish.tend.to.hang.out.near.these.tree.reefs ..At.some.popular.areas.the.state.publishes.maps.to.show.where.trees.have.been.dropped ..A.few.fishermen.have.been.known.to.drop.their.own.trees,.secretly,.in.hopes.of.increasing.their.chances.of.catching.a.prize.fish!

. As.for.cost.effectiveness,.most.of.these.Christmas.tree.programs.are.paying.for.themselves ..Some.states.apply.money.from.fishing.licenses.to.cover.the.cost.of.cement.blocks.and.delivery.of.the.trees ..In.other.areas,.volunteers.provide.labor.and.pay.for.the.materials .

. Here’s.an.interesting.fact:.A.biologist.in.Massachusetts.recently.conducted.a.study.at.local.lakes.and.found.that.the.number.of.fish.caught.around.sunken.Christmas.trees.was.five.times.that.of.fish.caught.elsewhere.in.the.same.lake ..And.Lake.Havasu.in.Arizona.welcomed.200,000.fishermen.in.one.year ..That.represents.a.lot.of.income,.so.the.investment.does.seem.to.be.worth.it ..Compared.to.man-made.structures.costing.$70.each,.the.trees.provide.a.valuable,.cheap,.and.renewable.alternative ..It’s.really.quite.simple:.fish.need.a.food.supply.and.protective.habitat.in.which.to.grow ..Many.waterways.no.longer.provide.this.naturally ..Christmas.trees.need.to.be.recycled.and.happen.to.make.ideal.structures.to.support.the.growth.of.algae.and.to.hide.fish ..So,.this.is.basically.a.cheap.and.easy.solution.to.two.problems .

. Now,.if.there.are.no.more.questions,.let’s.make.our.way.down.this.trail .

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 3)Exercise 1Young.fish,.or.fry,.and.small.fish.in.bodies.of.water.that.have.no.vegetation.are.particularly.vulnerable.to.larger.predators—like.bigger.fish.or.other.creatures.who.are.hunting.for.food .

Exercise 3

Extract 1They’re.serving.as.places.for.fish.to.live.and.grow ..That’s.right,.Christmas.trees.are.being.used.as.fish.habitats.in.rivers.and.in.lakes.just.like.this.one .

Extract 2The.trees.form.a.kind.of.reef—like.the.rocks.or.sand.that.naturally.accumulate.in.lakes .

Extract 3For.instance,.some.natural.waterways.are.affected.when.land.owners.remove.fallen.trees,.branches,.and.other.debris.to.create.beaches.or.just.to.tidy.up.the.shore.line .

Extract 4A.biologist.in.New.Hampshire.has.offered.to.take.70.trees.from.a.recycling.center.to.drop.in.lakes,.while.California.officials.and.fishermen.plan.to.sink.roughly.700.trees.in.the.backwaters.of.the.Colorado.River .


A=LisaWertz,B=ProfessorMasonA:. Good.evening,.I’m.Lisa.Wertz.and.welcome.to.

Current.Issues ..Last.week.we.talked.about.the.energy.crisis.and.our.growing.consumption.of.oil ..Today.science.Professor.Josh.Mason,.from.Johnson.Community.College.is.going.to.talk.with.us.about.something.called.“biodiesel,”.an.alternative.to.the.fuel.you.and.I.probably.use.in.our.cars ..Professor.Mason,.what.exactly.is.biodiesel?

B:. Well,.as.the.name.suggests,.biodiesel.is.a.fuel.used.in.diesel.engines,.but.it’s.based.on.vegetable.oil ..It.could.be.mixed.with.regular.diesel.fuel.or.used.as.pure,.100%.biodiesel ..The.oil.used.to.create.it.can.be.soy,.canola.or.even.recycled.oil.that.was.used.in.restaurant.fryers .

A:. You’re.kidding!.You.mean.oil.from.a.fast.food.restaurant.can.be.used.to.fuel.a.car?

B:.. Yes,.in.fact.most.restaurants.are.happy.to.recycle.their.oil.instead.of.paying.to.have.it.picked.up .

A:. Well,.that’s.interesting ..So,.how.long.has.biodiesel.been.around?

B:. That’s.a.good.question ..The.inventor.of.the.diesel.engine,.Rudolph.Diesel,.actually.used.refined.peanut.oil.in.his.first.engine.in.the.late.1800’s ..You.might.call.that.the.original.biodiesel ..A.short.time.later.Henry.Ford.developed.automobiles.that.ran.on.ethanol,.which.can.be.made.from.corn ..Unfortunately,.the.petroleum.industry.grew.more.powerful.and.soon.these.renewable.fuels.dropped.out.of.the.picture .


A:. But.it.seems.like.recently.there’s.been.more.interest.in.biodiesel.and.other.alternative.fuels .

B:. That’s.true,.and.it’s.probably.due.to.a.few.different.reasons ..For.one,.the.cost.of.gasoline.has.increased.significantly.over.the.past.few.years ..Keeping.gasoline.in.your.gas.tank.has.become.a.major.expense!.Also,.people.are.becoming.more.and.more.aware.of.the.negative.effects.that.conventional.engine.fuels.have.on.the.environment ..They’re.also.realizing.more.and.more.that.the.earth’s.supply.of.petroleum.won’t.last.forever ..So,.with.oil.shortages.and.increased.costs,.biodiesel.is.definitely.back.on.the.scene ..I.mean,.it’s.no.longer.being.ignored .

A:. Good.points,.professor ..So,.tell.us.how.this.all.works ..How.would.someone.go.about.using.biodiesel?.I.mean,.do.you.just.pick.up.a.couple.of.gallons.of.oil.at.a.restaurant.and.pour.it.into.your.gas.tank?

B:. It’s.a.little.more.complicated.than.that ..First,.you.need.to.do.one.of.two.things:.Either.modify.your.engine.to.accept.the.fuel,.or.modify.the.fuel.so.that.it.can.be.used.in.your.engine ..These.changes.are.not.too.difficult.to.make,.however ..But.remember,.biodiesel.will.only.work.in.diesel.engines .

A:. OK,.so.how.will.using.biodiesel.benefit.the.environment?

B:. Well,.first.of.all,.it’s.renewable—we.can.always.plant.more.vegetables.to.produce.more.vegetable.oil,.so.it.will.never.run.out ..Second,.it’s.not.toxic ..As.you.know,.the.oil.we.normally.use.to.run.our.cars.is.polluting.the.environment,.causing.health.problems,.and.adding.to.global.warming .

A:. And.how.widespread.is.the.use.of.biodiesel?.I.mean,.who’s.using.it?

B:. It’s.available.at.some.regular.gas.stations—you.can.find.a.map.on.the.Internet.that.will.show.you.many.of.the.places.where.it.can.be.purchased ..As.for.who.uses.it,.well,.anybody.who.has.a.diesel.engine.can.convert.to.biodiesel ..Right.now.across.the.nation,.it’s.being.used.in.school.buses,.public.transportation.vehicles,.and.utility.company.trucks ..It’s.also.being.used.by.the.Air.Force.and.the.Army,.in.fire.engines,.and.in.construction.equipment ..The.biodiesel.movement.has.also.been.embraced.and.promoted.by.some.famous.people—celebrities.like.Morgan.Freeman.and.Daryl.Hannah,.and.the.musician.Neil.Young.have.publicly.supported.the.use.of.biodiesel .

A:. Wow .B:. Other.nations.are.also.investing.money.in.the.

biodiesel.industry ..Thailand,.for.example.is.backing.the.production.of.palm.oil.for.its.new.

biodiesel.industry ..Indonesia.plans.to.produce.biodiesel.to.fuel.its.sugar.factories .

A:. Well,.there.must.be.some.problems.with.biodiesel,.right?.Is.there.a.downside.to.using.it?

B:. Yes.there.is.a.downside ..For.one.thing,.it.can.harm.rubber.components.in.your.engine,.especially.in.older.cars ..Also,.in.cold.climates.it.needs.to.be.mixed.with.diesel,.since.100%.biodiesel.is.a.little.too.thick.to.work.in.temperatures.below.32.degrees.Fahrenheit .

. I.should.also.mention.that.biodiesel.does.increase.nitrogen.oxide.emissions.(by.as.much.as.15%),.but.it.reduces.all.other.emissions .

. Another.problem.is.that,.although.its.use.is.increasing.rapidly,.it.still.isn’t.available.everywhere ..But.with.increased.production,.it.should.become.much.more.widely.available ..Production.figures.for.2005.were.3.times.those.of.the.previous.year.and.biodiesel.is.expected.to.account.for.10.percent.of.the.diesel.market.by.2015 .

A:. What.about.cost?.How.does.it.compare.to.regular.diesel.fuel?

B:. Biodiesel.is.a.bit.more.expensive.than.regular.diesel ..But.it.seems.logical.that.the.cost.will.go.down.as.production.increases .

A:. Well,.thank.you.Professor.Mason .B:. Oh,.one.other.thing ..I.know.your.listeners.

are.probably.very.used.to.using.gasoline.or.conventional.diesel.fuel.in.their.cars.and.trucks ..It’s.comfortable.for.them.and.they.probably.see.converting.to.biodiesel.as.a.huge.step ..I.just.want.to.let.them.know.that.it’s.a.perfectly.safe.and.increasingly.convenient.alternative.to.the.fuel.they’re.using.now .

A:. Well,.that’s.an.important.point ..So.biodiesel.is.safe….I.mean.for.drivers.and.for.the.environment .

B:. That’s.right .A:. Well,.thank.you.so.much.again.for.talking.with.us.

today,.professor .

D Working out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 7)

Extract 1So,.with.oil.shortages.and.increased.costs,.biodiesel.is.definitely.back.on.the.scene ..I.mean,.it’s.no.longer.being.ignored .

Extract 2First,.you.need.to.do.one.of.two.things:.Either.modify.your.engine.to.accept.the.fuel,.or.modify.the.fuel.so.that.it.can.be.used.in.your.engine ..These.changes.are.not.too.difficult.to.make,.however .


Extract 3Other.nations.are.also.investing.money.in.the.biodiesel.industry ..Thailand,.for.example.is.backing.production.of.palm.oil.for.its.new.biodiesel.industry .

5 Pronunciation (p. 8)Exercise 1. watch. watches. page. pages. class. classes. wash. washes. use. uses. resource. resources. practice. practices. reduce. reduces. approach. approaches

Exercise 2. 1 .. As.you.know,.the.oil.we.normally.use.to.run.our.

cars.is.polluting.the.environment .. 2 .. So,.with.oil.shortages.and.increased.costs,.

biodiesel.is.definitely.back.on.the.scene .. 3 .. There.are.many.approaches.to.conserving.fuel .. 4 .. Right.now.across.the.nation.it’s.being.used.in.

school.buses,.public.transportation.vehicles,.and.utility.company.trucks .

. 5 .. I.should.also.mention.that.biodiesel.does.increase.nitrogen.oxide.emissions.(by.as.much.as.15%),.but.it.reduces.all.other.emissions .

. 6 .. But.it.seems.logical.that.the.cost.will.go.down.as.production.increases .

Exercise 3. 1 .. engines. 2 .. automobiles. 3 .. taxes. 4 .. gases. 5 .. produces. 6 .. invests. 7 .. embraces. 8 .. converts

6 Speaking Skills (p. 9)

Exercise 1When.people.talk.about.the.environment,.they.often.talk.about.the.greenhouse.effect ..But.do.you.know.how.the.greenhouse.effect.actually.works?.Here’s.a.brief.description .

First.of.all,.light.from.the.sun.hits.the.earth’s.atmosphere ..Some.of.that.light.is.reflected.off.the.atmosphere—off.clouds.and.other.gasses—and.it.bounces.back.into.space ..However,.about.60.percent.of.

the.sunlight.goes.through.the.atmosphere.and.reaches.the.earth’s.surface ..Then.the.energy.from.that.sunlight.is.absorbed.by.the.oceans,.plants,.and.other.features.on.the.earth ..Later,.most.of.this.energy.is.released.from.the.earth’s.surface.and.radiates.back.into.the.atmosphere ..Some.of.it.escapes.into.space,.but.most.of.it.is.trapped.by.certain.components.in.the.atmosphere.called.greenhouse.gases ..Finally,.these.greenhouse.gases.cause.the.energy.to.radiate.back.down.onto.the.earth’s.surface ..This.is.what.warms.the.earth,.making.it.the.comfortable.place.that.we.know ..And.that’s.how.the.greenhouse.effect.works!

CHAPTER 2

Visual Art


A=Michael,B=JanetA:. I.saw.this.fascinating.program.on.TV.last.night .B:. Really?.What.was.it.about?A:. It.was.about.art.forgery ..About.how.artists.paint.

copies.of.famous.works.of.art,.and.then.try.to.sell.them.as.originals .

B:. That.sounds.pretty.interesting .A:. Yeah,.it.was ..They.also.talked.about.how.art.buyers.

can.take.certain.precautions.to.make.sure.that.they.don’t.accidentally.buy.one.of.these.fakes ..For.example,.they.said.it’s.a.good.idea.to.become.very.familiar.with.an.artist’s.style.before.you.purchase.one.of.their.pieces ..You.should.have.a.sense.of.what.colors,.material.and.subject.matters.the.artist.usually.preferred,.as.well.as.what.his.or.her.brush.strokes.look.like .

. This.one.gallery.owner.said.that.signature.location.and.mounting.and.framing.techniques.can.also.alert.you.to.poor.copies ..He.also.said.that.at.his.auction.house,.all.pieces.must.have.a.provenance ..He.said.if.auction.houses.and.galleries.come.across.a.piece.of.artwork.without.one,.they.will.not.sell.it .

B:. Provenance ..I’ve.heard.that.word.before,.but.I’m.not.exactly.sure.what.it.means .

A:. A.provenance.is.a.‘paper.history’,.or.documentation.of.an.artwork’s.life ..Who.bought.it.from.whom,.when,.and.for.how.much ..Reputable.art.dealers.insist.on.being.provided.with.a.provenance.when.a.prospective.client.wants.to.sell.of.a.piece.of.artwork ..If.an.auction.house.does.accidentally.sell.a.forgery,.it.can.be.held.liable.for.the.selling.price .


B:. So,.if.I’m.interested.in.a.painting,.the.seller.should.be.able.to.produce.this.paper.trail .

A:. Absolutely ..Don’t.buy.it.otherwise .B:.. Ok ..But.I.don’t.think.I’ll.be.buying.any.famous.

paintings.anytime.soon .A:. Me.neither ..But,.you.never.know ..Anyway,.what.

I.really.found.interesting.in.this.show.was.the.part.about.how.experts—scientists—use.different.techniques.to.try.and.tell.the.difference.between.real.works.of.art.and.fakes .

A:. For.instance,.very.often,.if.you.hold.a.black.light.to.a.painting,.the.signature.may.jump.out.and.look.like.it.is.resting.on.top.of.the.painting ..That.means.it’s.probably.a.fake ..Also,.an.x-ray.of.the.picture.might.show.if.the.painting.has.been.altered.in.any.way ..And.let’s.say.you’re.examining.a.painting.that.is.supposed.to.be.several.hundred.years.old ..Well,.an.analysis.of.the.paint—its.chemical.composition—can.tell.you.if.it.matches.the.kind.of.paint.that.was.normally.used.back.when.the.piece.was.supposedly.painted .

B:. Wow ..That’s.pretty.impressiveA:. Sometimes,.experts.have.been.able.to.see.the.

artist’s.fingerprints.in.the.paint.itself ..If.they.find.fingerprints.in.the.paint,.they.might.be.able.to.use.them.to.determine.who.really.painted.the.work .

B:. Did.they.show.any.examples.of.forgeries.on.this.show ..I.mean,.did.they.show.any.forgeries.next.to.original.paintings?

A:. Yes,.and.to.the.untrained.eye,.it.was.impossible.to.tell.the.difference ..Some.artists.who.have.had.their.artwork.forged.are.Vermeer,.Dali,.and.Picasso.among.many,.many.others ..They.showed.a.few.of.these.forgeries.on.the.show .

B:. So.with.all.those.ways.of.authenticating.a.painting,.is.the.buying.and.selling.of.forgeries.common?

A:. That’s.really.hard.to.say ..As.techniques.for.detecting.forgeries.have.become.more.sophisticated,.so.have.the.forgers ..Some.of.these.forgers.have.become.so.good,.in.fact,.that.experts.simply.cannot.tell.the.difference.between.their.copies.and.an.original.work ..So.in.some.cases.it.may.be.impossible.to.authenticate.a.painting ..Get.this:.some.experts.say.that.40%.to.60%.of.some.private.and.public.collections.may.actually.be.fake .

B:. Really!?A:. Yep .B:.. That’s.incredible ..It’ll.make.me.think.twice.the.

next.time.I’m.in.an.art.museum .A:. And.apparently.some.forgers.have.become.

famous.for.their.forgeries.and.their.work.is.now.considered.valuable.even.though.everyone.knows.they’re.forgeries .

B:. Wow ..That.sounds.like.a.pretty.interesting.program ..I.wish.I.had.seen.it .


A=Docent,B=TourMemberA:. Well.thank.you.all.for.coming.this.morning ..

Soon.we’ll.be.taking.a.look.at.our.Renaissance.collection.and.some.of.our.other.collections.as.well ..But.first.I’d.like.to.prepare.for.the.tour.by.telling.you.a.bit.about.an.interesting.theory.that’s.been.proposed.recently ..Hopefully,.considering.this.theory.will.help.us.to.look.at.some.of.the.paintings.in.our.collections.in.a.new.way .

. Soon.we’ll.be.looking.at.works.by.some.artists.who.produced.their.work.during.the.15th,.16th.and.17th.centuries ..As.you’ll.notice,.many.of.these.masters.had.an.amazing.ability.to.capture.the.most.minute.details.in.their.work:.colored.threads.on.a.tapestry.or.on.a.silk.dress,.reflections.off.pitchers,.glasses,.and.chandeliers ..This.detailed.realism.has.always.been.a.source.of.fascination.to.art.lovers ..Many.have.wondered.at.the.skill.and.patience.of.these.masters .

. But.recently.some.researchers.have.begun.to.suspect.that.these.artists.may.have.had.some.help ..They.believe.these.masters.may.have.used.a.form.of.camera.obscura.to.project.images.on.a.flat.surface,.like.a.canvas;.thus,.providing.them.with.a.guideline,.or.blueprint.of.sorts ..A.painter.would.simply.have.to.paint.over.the.image.projected.on.the.canvas,.making.an.easy.task.of.illustrating.objects.in.tremendous,.accurate.detail .

. For.those.of.you.who.have.never.heard.the.term.camera.obscura.before,.let.me.explain ..Long.ago,.even.as.far.back.as.the.time.of.Aristotle,.people.began.to.notice.that.if.a.very.dark.room.had.a.very.small.hole.in.it,.and.the.light.outside.was.very.bright,.a.reflected.image.of.what.was.outside,.appeared.on.the.opposite.wall.of.the.dark.room ..Many.people.studied.this.strange.visual.phenomenon,.including.Alhazen,.an.Arabian.intellectual.living.around.900,.and.Roger.Bacon.in.the.1200s ..Even.Leonardo.DaVinci’s.writings.show.knowledge.of.this.optical.property ..It.is.thought.that.Giovanni.Battista.Della.Porta,.an.Italian.scientist,.was.the.first.to.propose.using.camera.obscura.for.the.purposes.of.art .

. So,.is.this.true?.Did.Renaissance.painters.use.optics.to.help.achieve.the.quality.of.precision.in.


many.paintings.from.that.period?.Well,.there.is.debate.on.both.sides.of.the.issue .

. It’s.generally.accepted.that.the.Dutch.artist,.Johannes.Vermeer.used.a.sort.of.camera.obscura.to.help.him.with.details.in.his.pictures,.painted.in.the.17th.century ..We’ll.see.one.of.his.paintings.later.in.the.tour ..So.why.do.many.people.think.he.used.a.camera.obscura?.Let’s.consider.the.evidence .

. In.Vermeer’s.work,.many.experts.say,.the.evidence.is.in.paintings.with.more.than.one.figure ..First.of.all,.in.these.paintings,.the.figures.in.the.foreground,.the.area.nearest.the.viewer,.are.unusually.large,.looking.like.they.would.in.a.photograph ..Additionally,.the.maps.that.appear.on.the.walls.in.many.of.his.pieces.still.exist.today,.and.if.we.compare.them.to.the.reproductions,.they.match.almost.exactly ..Also,.in.many.of.Vermeer’s.paintings,.reflections.of.light.appear.as.small.bright.circles.of.paint,.just.as.they.would.if.you.looked.at.them.through.a.lens .

. Furthermore,.Vermeer.did.not.seem.to.sketch.his.work.first.before.painting ..Of.course,.he.would.not.have.needed.to.sketch.if.he.had.a.photographic.plan.to.follow.while.painting .

. Finally,.a.few.scholars.have.proposed.that.the.reason.Vermeer.completed.only.30.or.so.paintings.in.his.lifetime.is.because.it.would.have.taken.a.very.long.time.to.project.an.image.with.such.detailed.accuracy…Yes,.do.you.have.a.question?

B:. This.is.interesting,.but.I’ve.never.heard.of.a.camera.obscura.before ..Are.there.any.other.paintings.or.painters.that.may.have.used.them?

A:. Well,.yes,.there.are ..Thank.you.for.asking ..We’ll.see.some.of.those.other.paintings.later.in.our.tour ..But.for.now.I’ll.mention.just.one.example ..If.we.look.carefully.at.Lorenzo.Lotto’s.Family.Portrait,.a.painting.some.of.you.may.be.familiar.with,.we.see.evidence.that.he.may.have.used.a.camera.obscura ..You’ll.have.a.chance.to.look.at.this.painting.later.and.make.up.your.own.mind .

. Well,.to.finish.up….Did.Vermeer.and.others.use.primitive.cameras.to.give.their.paintings.realistic.perspective.and.detail?.Some.experts.say.no ..They.argue.that.although.scientists.at.that.time.understood.properties.of.optics.and.light,.there.is.no.hard.evidence.to.suggest.that.these.painters.ever.used.a.camera.obscura ..Perhaps.we.will.all.have.to.decide.for.ourselves ..But.here’s.a.question.to.consider ..Even.if.we.determine.that.some.painters.did.use.a.camera.obscura,.does.knowing.they.used.the.most.recent.technology.of.their.time.

take.away.from.the.beauty.of.their.paintings?.We.know.that.artists.today.make.use.of.modern.technology.in.their.work,.so.one.could.say.that.Renaissance.artists.using.the.optical.technology.of.their.day.truly.made.them.Renaissance.men .

. Well,.if.there.are.no.more.questions.on.this.subject,.let’s.begin.the.tour ..Please.follow.me .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 17)Extract 1As.you’ll.notice,.many.of.these.masters.had.an.amazing.ability.to.capture.the.most.minute.details.in.their.work:.colored.threads.on.a.tapestry.or.on.a.silk.dress,.reflections.off.pitchers,.glasses,.and.chandeliers .

Extract 2Many.people.studied.this.strange.visual.phenomenon,.including.Alhazen,.an.Arabian.intellectual.living.around.900,.and.Roger.Bacon.in.the.1200s ..Even.Leonardo.DaVinci’s.writings.show.knowledge.of.this.optical.property .

Extract 3Long.ago,.even.as.far.back.as.the.time.of.Aristotle,.people.began.to.notice.that.if.a.very.dark.room.had.a.very.small.hole.in.it,.and.the.light.outside.was.very.bright,.a.reflected.image.of.what.was.outside,.appeared.on.the.opposite.wall.of.the.dark.room ..Many.people.studied.this.strange.visual.phenomenon .

Extract 4Well,.to.finish.up…Did.Vermeer.and.others.use.primitive.cameras.to.give.their.paintings.realistic.perspective.and.detail?.Some.experts.say.no ..They.argue.that.although.scientists.at.that.time.understood.properties.of.optics.and.light,.there.is.no.hard.evidence.to.suggest.that.these.painters.ever.used.a.camera.obscura .

5 Pronunciation (p. 17)Exercise 1

Extract 1However,.some.researchers.suspect.these.artists.may.have.had.help .

Extract 2We.have.probably.all.been.in.awe.of.the.old.masters;.those.pre-Renaissance.painters.of.the.15th.and.16th.centuries.with.their.ability.to.capture.minute.details:.threads.on.a.tapestry.or.silk.dresses,.reflections.off.pitchers,.glasses,.chandeliers.and.other.metal.objects .


Extract 3It.would.have.taken.a.very.long.time.to.project.an.image.with.such.detailed.accuracy .

Extract 4In.Vermeer’s.work,.the.evidence.after.much.research,.these.experts.say,.is.in.paintings.with.more.than.one.figure .

Extract 5If.there.are.no.more.questions.on.this.subject,.let’s.begin.the.tour .

Exercise 2. 1 .. Please.sign.both.copies.of.the.contract .. 2 .. May.I.record.this.conversation?. 3 .. We.must.resolve.this.conflict .. 4 .. I.applied.for.a.permit.last.week .. 5 .. I’m.afraid.we.must.reject.your.proposal .

6 Speaking Skills (p. 18)Exercise 1

A=Man,B=Woman. 1 .. A:. .I.heard.this.interesting.program.on.the.radio .

B:. You.did?. 2 .. B:. .Did.you.know.some.artists.may.have.used.

camera-like.devices.when.they.painted?A:. Really?.That’s.interesting .

. 3 .. B:. .They.projected.images.on.a.canvas .A:. Is.that.right?.Interesting!

CHAPTER 3

Sociology


A=Jessica,B=MotherA:. Mom,.I.was.thinking—I.really.need.a.new.cell.

phone .B:. You.do,.huh?.Well,.you.already.have.a.phone ..Why.

would.you.need.a.new.one?A:. My.phone’s.so.old ..It’s.huge,.and.it.doesn’t.even.

have.a.camera .B:.. Oh,.I.see ..And.why.exactly.do.you.need.a.phone.

with.a.camera?A:. Camera.phones.are.really.very.useful,.especially.

in.an.emergency ..Besides,.I.can.take.pictures.of.my.friends,.and.I.can.send.pictures.to.other.people ..I.mean.every.one.has.one ..Tiffany.has.had.one.for.over.a.year .

B:. Right ..Well.maybe.Tiffany’s.mother.can.buy.one.for.you,.too .

A:. Very.funny ..So.will.you.buy.me.one?.They’re.not.that.expensive .

B:. Look,.Jessica,.you.don’t.need.it ..Besides,.you.spend.enough.time.on.the.phone.you.have.as.it.is ..If.you’re.not.on.the.computer.or.text.messaging.someone.you’re.talking.on.the.phone ..And,.you.already.have.a.digital.camera ..If.you.want.to.take.pictures,.use.that .

A:. But.Mom,.when.something.unexpected.happens,.I.don’t.always.have.my.camera.with.me ..Let’s.say.we.get.into.a.car.accident,.if.I.have.my.camera.phone,.I.can.take.a.picture.of.the.damage,.or.I.can.even.take.a.picture.of.the.other.car’s.license.plate .

B:. Look,.I.happen.to.have.a.disposable.camera.in.the.car.just.in.case.that.happens ..So.that.won’t.be.necessary ..But.listen,.that’s.not.even.the.point ..Like.I.said,.how.many.times.have.I.had.to.ask.you.to.hang.up.with.the.phone.you.already.have.and.come.to.dinner,.or.help.with.the.dishes?.I’ve.told.you.how.impolite.some.of.your.phone.behavior.is,.and.I.haven’t.seen.much.improvement .

A:. What.do.you.mean?B:. Remember.our.conversation.last.month.about.

the.bill?.Your.father.and.I.got.you.the.phone.for.emergencies.only .

A:. Yes,.I.know ..Perhaps.you.and.I.define.emergencies.differently .

B:. And.I’ve.asked.you.not.to.talk.loudly.on.your.phone.in.public.and.last.week.at.your.cousin.Julia’s.wedding.your.phone.rang.because.you.hadn’t.turned.it.off ..That.was.embarrassing.and.incredibly.rude .

A:. Mom,.I.understand ..Believe.me,.I.won’t.do.that.anymore ..I’ll.use.the.phone.less ..I’ll.only.use.it.for.emergencies.and.I’ll.keep.it.silenced.when.I.have.to ..

B:. And.I’m.not.so.sure.I.like.the.idea.of.those.camera.phones.anyway ..Do.you.know.what.some.people.are.doing.with.those.camera.phones?.Students.are.taking.pictures.of.tests.and.sending.them.to.their.friends ..I’ve.also.heard.some.people.are.even.taking.embarrassing.pictures.of.others.and.posting.them.on.the.Internet ..I.really.don’t.want.you.to.have.one ..The.temptation.for.abuse.is.too.high .

A:. Really ..I.can’t.believe.you.don’t.trust.me ..I.would.never.do.anything.like.that .

B:. Well,.maybe.you.wouldn’t,.but.your.friends.might ..Look,.if.they.thought.an.embarrassing.situation.was.funny,.and.asked.you.to.take.a.picture.of.it,.well,.you.would.be.tempted.to.do.it.just.because.they.asked.you .

A:. Mom,.we’re.not.even.allowed.to.use.cell.phones.in.school ..I.already.know.what.to.do.if.I.have.one ..


I’d.keep.the.camera.closed.and.I.wouldn’t.take.pictures.of.anyone.unless.they.said.I.could .

B:. You.know,.it’s.not.just.at.school.either,.Jessica ..People.are.taking.pictures.of.entire.magazines,.newspapers.and.pages.from.books.without.buying.them ..This.has.been.a.real.problem.for.bookstores .

A:. Those.are.other.people,.Mom,.not.me ..And.I.wouldn’t.use.it.in.bookstores ..That’s.weird ..But.that’s.kind.of.besides.the.point,.Mom ..What.would.I.have.to.do.to.prove.to.you.that.I’m.mature.enough.to.own.a.camera.phone?

B:. That’s.a.good.question ..For.one.thing,.start.limiting.your.calls.and.being.conscientious.about.using.the.phone.you.have ..That’ll.do.more.to.convince.me.than.anything.else.Then,.when.our.current.cell.phone.plan.ends,.maybe.we.can.talk.about.it .,.but.right.now,.the.answer.is.no .

4 Listening PracticeB Focus on the Listening SkillExercise 2 (p. 25)

A=Host,B=Dr.GarciaA:. Hello.and.welcome.to.another.edition.of.

Viewpoints ..Today.we’re.going.to.talk.about.the.Internet.and.how.it.affects.our.social.lives ..We’ll.attempt.to.ask.the.question:.does.the.Internet.Build.Relationships.or.does.it.Encourage.Isolation?.Our.guest.today.is.Dr ..Rafael.Garcia,.a.sociologist.from.the.University.of.Massachusetts ..Dr ..Garcia,.thank.you.for.joining.us .

B:. Thank.you.for.having.me ..It’s.a.pleasure.to.be.here .A:. So.how.would.you.answer.that.question?.Is.the.

Internet.helping.us.build.relationships,.or.is.it.causing.us.to.be.more.isolated.from.others .

B:. Well,.the.answer.is.not.a.simple.one ..The.fact.is.that.the.Internet.can.help.us.build.relationships,.but.it.can.make.us.more.isolated,.too ..Let.me.explain ..In.many.ways,.the.Internet.actually.encourages.relationships.among.friends.and.family.members ..In.several.recent.studies,.for.instance,.Internet.users.reported.that.they.kept.in.touch.with.siblings.and.other.relatives.several.times.a.week.and.felt.email.allowed.them.to.keep.in.touch.with.family.more.than.contact.by.phone ..Several.people.also.said.that.because.of.the.Internet,.they.were.able.to.locate.family.members.with.whom.they.had.lost.contact.for.many.years.just.by.using.certain.Websites.to.search.for.them .

A:. Interesting ..So,.for.these.people,.not.only.did.the.Internet.help.them.stay.in.touch,.but.it.helped.them.re-connect.with.people.they.hadn’t.spoken.with.in.a.long.time .

B:. Right,.but.there’s.a.negative.side,.too ..Although.these.Internet.users.reported.that.they.corresponded.more.often.with.family.members,.the.content.of.this.correspondence.tended.to.be.pretty.superficial ..They.were.forwarding.each.other.jokes.via.email,.or.just.instant.messaging.short.notes.back.and.forth ..So,.while.they.were.maintaining.contact,.they.weren’t.really.discussing.important.topics.or.getting.to.know.each.other.better ..In.other.words,.their.relationships.weren’t.really.growing.stronger.or.closer ..A.few.families.did.report.that.they.used.email.to.address.serious.matters,.but.they.were.the.exceptions .

A:. I.see ..So.the.Internet.can.be.both.helpful.and.harmful.to.our.relationships .

B:. Exactly .A:. Now.what.role.do.you.think.the.Internet.plays.

in.the.relationships.and.lives.of.people.who.are.disabled.or.who.can’t.leave.their.homes.easily ..It.would.seem.that.the.Web.would.be.a.great.relationship-building.tool.for.them .

B:. Absolutely ..For.disabled.people,.or.people.who.are.very.ill,.Internet.access.allows.them.to.develop.relationships.online—what.we.call.cyber.relationships ..Basically,.it.encourages.community.development.and.allows.these.people.to.feel.much.less.isolated ..This.was.shown.is.another.recent.study ..According.to.that.study,.disabled.people.felt.less.lonely.and.that.they.were.able.to.form.good.cyber.relationships.without.dealing.with.the.real.life.problems.of.transportation.and.time.constraints ..They.were.able.to.be.in.contact.with.people.in.similar.conditions.and.share.support.resources .

A:. That’s.great .B:. Yes,.it.is ..Now.I.think.I.should.state.one.important.

drawback.to.Internet-based.relationships ..We.have.to.remember.that.while.we.can.use.email,.instant.messaging,.chat.rooms,.and.other.forms.of.technology,.the.fact.is.that.we.can.never.really.get.to.know.someone.very.well.online ..What.I.mean.is.that.there.are.limits.to.how.much.you.can.really.learn.about.someone.when.you’re.only.communicating.through.a.computer ..Here’s.an.example:.Internet.dating.has.become.pretty.popular.these.days ..It’s.a.very.big.business ..On.the.one.hand,.many.single.people.have.the.chance.to.‘meet’.people.online,.get.to.know.them.via.email.and.messaging,.before.actually.meeting.face.to.face ..We’ve.heard.stories.of.people.finding.their.futures.husbands.or.wives.on.line.and.that’s.all.great .

. However,.the.obvious.drawback.to.this.is.that.there.have.been.many.cases.of.people.misrepresenting.


themselves.to.the.people.they.communicate.with ..In.other.words,.they.have.not.told.the.truth.about.who.they.are,.what.they.do,.what.they.believe.and.what.they.look.like ..Therefore,.when.they.finally.meet.in.person,.the.person.who.has.been.communicating.in.good.faith.is.in.for.a.shock .

A:. So.what.you’re.saying.is.that.the.Internet.makes.it.easy.for.people.to.lie.about.themselves,.and.it.makes.it.difficult—or.impossible—to.really.know.if.someone.is.who.they.say.they.are .

B:. That’s.right ..And.that’s.why.the.Internet.can.be.especially.dangerous.for.children.or.minors ..There.have.been.many.instances.of.grown.adults.posing.as.teenagers.to.trick.young.people.into.meeting.them.face-to-face ..Unfortunately,.this.type.of.behavior.has.become.very.prevalent ..But.even.though.it’s.a.common.danger,.parents.can.still.take.certain.steps.to.protect.their.kids .

. I.recommend.that.parents.keep.the.family.computer.in.a.communal.area.of.the.home,.like.the.living.room.or.the.family.room,.so.that.they.can.monitor.which.websites.their.children.are.visiting.and.ask.questions.about.who.their.kids.may.be.chatting.with ..It’s.important.for.parents.to.keep.an.eye.on.their.children.in.this.way .

A:. One.last.question ..Are.there.any.other.ways.that.the.Internet.can.have.negative.effects.on.our.relationships?

B:. Yes,.there.are ..Several.studies.have.shown.that.people.who.use.the.Internet.excessively.may.suffer.many.negative.effects.both.personally.and.in.their.social.lives ..For.one,.they.may.be.letting.their.other.“real-life”.relationships.suffer ..In.one.of.these.studies,.people.reported.that.they.didn’t.spend.as.much.time.with.their.friends.and.family.as.they.used.to.and.had.more.feelings.of.loneliness.if.they.spent.long.periods.of.time.online ..These.people.also.stated.they.had.less.time.for.activities.that.they.used.to.do.on.a.regular.basis ..Basically,.they.had.less.time.for.real-life.activities.because.they.were.spending.too.much.time.in.front.of.their.computer.screens .

. Additionally,.the.kinds.of.relationships.these.people.established.online.were.not.as.deep.or.as.strong.as.their.relationships.in.real.life ..In.an.online.relationship,.if.you.don’t.like.the.direction.the.communication.is.going,.you.can.simply.log.off ..In.real.life,.you.have.to.deal.with.people.you.may.not.always.get.along.with ..In.other.words,.it.may.be.easier.to.form.relationships.online:.You.can.be.less.polite,.less.sensitive,.and.if.you.don’t.like.the.way.the.relationship.is.developing,.you.

can.just.log.off.or.stop.returning.someone’s.email ..But,.while.the.Internet.might.make.things.easier,.it.doesn’t.help.you.develop.the.kinds.of.social.skills.that.make.it.possible.for.you.to.develop.strong,.long-lasting.friendships .

. So.I’d.say,.be.careful.of.spending.excessive.amounts.of.time.online ..Cyber.relationships.can.never.take.the.place.of.real.face-to-face.communication .

A:. Thanks.again,.Dr ..Garcia .

D Working out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 26)

Extract 1For.disabled.people,.or.people.who.are.very.ill,.Internet.access.allows.them.to.develop.relationships.online.–.what.we.call.cyber.relationships .

Extract 2There.have.been.many.instances.of.grown.adults.posing.as.teenagers.to.trick.young.people.into.meeting.them.face-to-face .

Extract 3I.recommend.that.parents.keep.the.family.computer.in.a.communal.area.of.the.home,.like.the.living.room.or.the.family.room,.so.that.they.can.monitor.which.websites.their.children.are.visiting.and.ask.questions.about.who.their.kids.may.be.chatting.with ..It’s.important.for.parents.to.keep.an.eye.on.their.children.in.this.way .

Extract 4Unfortunately,.this.type.of.behavior.has.become.very.prevalent ..But.even.though.it’s.a.common.danger,.parents.can.still.take.certain.steps.to.protect.their.kids .

5 Pronunciation (p. 27)Exercise 1. save. raise. live. plays. lose. have

Exercise 2. safe. race. life. place. loose. half


CHAPTER 4

Medicine


A=Brad,B=Dr.BucknerA:. We’re.here.this.afternoon.on.Technology.and.Your.

Health.with.Dr ..Buckner.from.the.Springfield.Medical.Center.to.learn.about.the.cochlear.implant—a.device.that.can.enable.some.Deaf.people.to.hear—and.talk.about.why.not.everyone.in.the.Deaf.community.sees.this.as.a.good.thing ..First,.let’s.hear.from.Dr ..Buckner.what.the.device.is.and.how.it.works .

B:. Thanks,.Brad ..As.you.mentioned,.a.cochlear.implant.or.CI.is.a.device.to.help.the.Deaf.hear.sounds .

A:. And.has.it.been.in.use.for.a.long.time?B:. Well.yes ..Different.forms.of.the.cochlear.implant.

have.been.in.use.for.a.pretty.long.time ..Scientists.first.started.implanting.them.on.an.experimental.or.trial.basis,.over.years.40.years.ago ..Many.people.had.a.part.in.the.research.and.experimentation.that.led.to.its.invention ..And.many.scientists.have.had.a.hand.in.making.it.more.effective.over.the.years .

A:. Okay,.so.how.is.this.different.from.a.hearing.aid?B:. Well,.a.hearing.aid.amplifies.sound—it.makes.sound.

louder—and.so.it’s.only.useful.to.those.who.have.some.hearing.ability ..Basically,.if.your.hearing.is.very.weak,.a.hearing.aid.can.help.you ..But.the.CI.is.for.people.who.cannot.benefit.from.hearing.aids ..It’s.for.people.who.have.no.hearing.at.all .

A:. So.if.a.person.has.no.hearing,.how.can.a.CI.help?B:. The.ear.is.a.very.complex.organ.but.I’ll.try.to.

make.this.simple ..Basically,.cochlear.implants.use.electrodes.to.send.signals.to.the.brain ..Unlike.a.hearing.aid.worn.in.the.outer.ear,.the.CI.is.surgically.implanted.in.the.mastoid.bone.in.the.skull.behind.the.ear ..Its.job.is.to.stimulate.the.auditory.nerve ..The.brain.then.recognizes.the.electric.signals.from.the.nerve.as.sound .

A:. This.sounds.like.a.miracle!.Why.wouldn’t.every.Deaf.person.want.to.embrace.this.technology?

B:. Well,.it’s.important.to.understand.that.it.isn’t.a.quick.or.even.a.sure.fix.for.deafness ..Many.people.have.the.impression.it.will.restore.hearing.to.normal,.but.it.will.not ..Furthermore,.the.benefits.really.do.vary.widely ..For.some.users,.CI.may.provide.them.no.more.than.an.awareness.of.sounds.in.their.environment.such.as.a.door.opening.or.closing,.telephone.ringing,.a.car.honking—useful.to.be.sure,.but.clearly.nothing.close.to.the.full.range.of.hearing ..It.simply.alerts.

the.person.to.the.fact.that.something.is.happening.in.the.vicinity ..Others.with.more.successful.outcomes.are.able.to.hear.music.and.to.use.the.telephone ..While.CI.can.make.a.big.difference.for.some,.it.is.essential.that.anyone.considering.the.surgery.be.aware.that.there.is.a.huge.variation.in.benefits.and.at.the.moment,.there.is.no.way.to.predict.these.variations ..Another.important.thing.is.that,.a.CI.will.destroy.any.residual.hearing.making.it.impossible.to.use.a.hearing.aid.after.the.surgery .

A:. OK ..I’m.beginning.to.get.the.picture ..It.holds.promise.for.some,.and.at.this.stage.it.isn’t.clear.who.will.be.lucky.and.who.won’t .

B:. Correct ..And.even.those.who.do.benefit.face.a.lot.of.work.training.the.brain.to.recognize.individual.sounds ..It.isn’t.like.a.light.switch.which.turns.on.hearing.and.immediate.comprehension ..The.device.makes.the.brain.aware.of.sound.but.the.brain.must.be.trained.to.recognize.what.the.sound.is ..Beyond.these.concerns,.some.parents.of.Deaf.children.also.don’t.like.the.idea.if.putting.their.kids.through.invasive.surgery,.which.is.required.in.order.to.implant.the.CI .

. You.asked.why.a.Deaf.person.wouldn’t.want.a.CI ..This.brings.up.a.point.that.many.hearing.people.are.not.aware.of:.the.Deaf.do.not.consider.themselves.handicapped.or.“broken” ..They.see.no.need.to.be.“fixed” ..Some.of.them.perceive.CI.as.another.example.that.the.hearing.do.not.understand.or.respect.their.culture .

A:. So,.you’re.saying.that.some.in.the.Deaf.community.would.not.be.willing.to.take.a.chance.that.they.or.their.children,.through.surgery,.could.gain.the.sense.of.hearing.and.be.better.able.to.interact.with.the.hearing.world?

B:. Yes ..That’s.correct ..Given.the.pride.in.being.Deaf,.taking.this.step.sometimes.leads.to.alienation.by.their.Deaf.friends,.co-workers.and.family .

A:. Is.the.cost.of.getting.a.CI.also.an.issue.for.some.parents?

B:. It.certainly.is ..It.can.cost.anywhere.from.40.to.60.thousand.dollars ..And.then.there.are.other.smaller.costs.involved,.too ..These.would.include.maintenance.costs,.visits.to.the.doctor,.and.just.making.sure.you.have.fresh.batteries.for.the.CI .

A:. Given.all.these.concerns,.are.cochlear.implants.being.used.widely?

B:. Well,.yes.they.are ..In.the.US,.around.23,000.people.have.been.implanted ..Incidentally,.the.first.American.got.a.cochlear.implant.back.in.1961,.as.part.of.a.clinical.trial ..That.surgery.was.performed.by.Dr ..William.House,.one.the.most.important.figures.in.the.history.of.cochlear.implants ..


Anyway,.worldwide,.there.are.about.60,000.people.who.have.received.cochlear.implants ..But.those.numbers.are.growing .

A:. And.are.most.of.the.people.who.receive.CI’s.children?

B:. No,.not.necessarily ..In.fact,.of.the.23,000.people.in.the.US.who.have.a.CI,.only.10,000.of.them.received.them.as.children .

A:. Interesting ..Well,.it’s.clear.this.isn’t.a.decision.to.be.entered.into.without.a.lot.of.thought,.both.for.the.physical.risks.and.the.social.impact ..In.the.second.part.of.our.program,.we’ll.have.a.chance.to.hear.from.a.family.considering.whether.to.have.their.child.undergo.the.CI.surgery .


A=Tom,B=JackieA:. Hey,.Jackie,.I.think.I.just.found.an.article.we.

can.use.in.our.Communications.class,.for.the.discussion.we.need.to.lead.tomorrow .

B:. That’s.good.news ..So.what’s.it.about?A:. Well,.let’s.see,.there’s.a.company.that’s.developed.

a.microchip.that.can.be.implanted.in.humans ..The.chips.are.about.the.size.of.a.grain.of.rice ..It.takes.only.about.20.minutes.and.a.syringe.to.implant.them ..The.chip.holds.a.digital.ID.code.that.can.be.linked.to.a.database.such.a.database.of.medical.records ..So,.let’s.say.you.were.in.an.accident.and.unconscious.with.no.identification.on.you ..In.the.ambulance,.the.paramedics.would.scan.your.body.and.the.info.on.the.chip.would.have.an.ID.number.and.code.to.link.to.your.medical.records.in.a.secure.database ..They.could.know.your.vital.information.such.as.blood.type,.allergies,.etc .,.before.you.get.to.the.hospital .

B:. This.sounds.like.the.chips.already.being.implanted.in.pets ..You.know,.those.things.vets.can.scan.to.help.locate.the.owners.of.the.lost.dogs.or.cats .

A:. Oh,.yeah ..Right ..This.article.points.out.that.the.chips.could.also.help.identify.people.who.can’t.communicate—Alzheimer’s.patients,.for.example .

B:. Yeah,.I.can.see.the.benefits ..But.what’s.the.downside?.Is.it.safe?.Has.anyone.tried.it.yet?

A:. Well,.here.it.says.that.some.of.the.employees.at.the.company.making.these.chips.have.had.it.implanted ..And.last.year.a.doctor.at.a.medical.school.also.got.“chipped”.as.they.say ..So.far.no.one.has.noted.any.negative.effects ..There.are.questions.though.about.whether.the.system.could.be.hacked.into.and.compromised .

B:. Alright,.so.this.may.sound.a.little.paranoid,.but.do.you.think.it.could.be.used.to.track.people—you.know,.follow.their.movement?

A:. Well,.according.to.this.magazine.article,.that’s.one.of.the.benefits.and.one.of.the.concerns ..It.could.be.life-saving.for.military.personnel,.like.a.pilot,.for.instance ..Imagine.the.pilot.has.to.bail.out.of.a.plane.in.a.remote.area—maybe.a.dense.forest ..It’s.possible.the.chip.could.help.locate.him.or.her ..It.could.also.be.used.in.a.high.security.area.such.as.a.nuclear.power.plant ..You.could.monitor.the.movement.of.the.employees.for.security.purposes ..Maybe.it.could.even.be.used.to.help.locate.coal.miners.in.the.event.of.a.cave-in.or.other.kind.of.disaster .

. On.a.lighter.note,.this.says.there’s.a.European.nightclub.that’s.promoting.it.as.a.convenience.for.its.guests ..Their.guests.can.get.a.bio-chip.implanted.so.they.no.longer.have.to.use.an.ID.card.or.a.credit.card.at.the.club .

B:. Is.this.thing.expensive?A:. Right.now.it.costs.about.$200.for.a.medical.chip,.

and.that.isn’t.covered.by.insurance ..The.nightclub.version.costs.about.$135 ..I.guess.it.will.get.cheaper.as.it.becomes.more.widespread .

B:. Wow ..I.mean,.this.sounds.big ..I.wonder.why.I.haven’t.heard.anything.about.this.before!.I.can.see.why.it.would.be.so.useful,.especially.if.it.provides.quick.access.to.medical.records ..I.guess.it.could.also.help.cut.down.on.identity.theft.and.things.like.credit-card.fraud ..Then.again,.when,.or.if,.hackers.manage.to.get.into.the.database,.that.could.be.a.nightmare!.You.know,.some.of.the.security.and.privacy.issues,.they.honestly.make.me.a.little.nervous .

A:. OK,.I.see.your.point,.but.think.about.it ..It.could.be.really.useful.in.places.like.nursing.homes.or.other.institutions ..People.could.be.free.to.move.around.and.still.be.safely.monitored ..And.if.it’s.implanted.in.babies.it.could.prevent.accidental.switches.at.the.hospital.or.even.kidnappings .

B:. Yes,.that’s.true,.but.on.the.other.hand,.that’s.exactly.what’s.scary.about.it—like.I.said.before,.it.could.be.used.to.track.people’s.movements.when.they.aren’t.aware.of.it ..This.just.sounds.too.much.like.“big.brother”.to.me ..I’m.not.sure.if.the.benefits.are.worth.the.trade-offs ..I.think.there.need.to.be.some.safe-guards .

.. Also,.regarding.the.medical.records,.I.don’t.mean.to.be.negative,.but.there.are.still.a.lot.of.places.that.aren’t.computerized ..My.own.doctor.still.keeps.everything.in.manila.file.folders!.And.even.if.he.did.use.computers,.what.kind.of.guarantee.is.there.


that.his.software.or.systems.would.interface.with.one.of.the.databases.or.systems.that.this.is.tied.to?

A:. Yeah,.I.see.what.you’re.saying ..But.it.could.be.that.within.a.few.years,.every.doctor’s.office.and.hospital.in.the.country.will.be.equipped.to.scan.these.bio-chips ..In.fact,.it.says.here.that.this.one.company.plans.to.donate.free.bio-chip.scanners.to.200.trauma.centers.around.the.country ..Some.hospitals.are.already.adopting.the.new.technology,.and.by.next.year.the.company.expects.to.see.the.number.more.than.tripled .

B:. Well,.it.sounds.like.this.is.just.the.thing.to.spark.a.lively.discussion!

. Let’s.prepare.a.summary.and.generate.some.questions.before.class.tomorrow .

5 Pronunciation (p. 35)Exercise 1. coat. code. cap. cab. back. bag. tap. tab. safe. save. race. raise

Exercise 2. code. cab. back. tap. save. race

Exercise 3. 1. The.microchip.holds.a.digital.code .. 2. The.outside.of.the.microchip.has.a.protective.

coat .. 3. This.technology.could.help.keep.children.safe.

from.kidnappers .. 4. Bio-chips.could.help.save.people’s.lives .. 5. My.boss.told.me.to.expect.a.raise .. 6. Ellen.is.training.for.an.important.race .


A=Jackie,B=TomA:. I.wonder.why.I.haven’t.heard.anything.about.

this.before!.I.can.see.why.it.would.be.useful,.especially.if.it.provides.quick.access.to.medical.records ..I.guess.it.could.also.help.cut.down.on.identity.theft.and.things.like.credit-card.fraud ..Then.again,.when,.or.if,.hackers.manage.to.get.

into.the.database,.that.could.be.a.nightmare!.You.know,.some.of.the.security.and.privacy.issues.they.honestly.make.me.a.little.nervous .

B:. OK,.I.see.your.point,.but.think.about.it ..It.could.be.really.useful.in.places.like.nursing.homes.or.other.institutions ..People.could.be.free.to.move.around.and.still.be.safely.monitored ..And.if.it’s.implanted.in.babies.it.could.prevent.accidental.switches.at.the.hospital.or.even.kidnappings .

A:. Yes,.that’s.true,.but.on.the.other.hand,.that’s.exactly.what’s.scary.about.it—like.I.said.before,.it.could.be.used.to.track.people’s.movements.when.they.aren’t.aware.of.it ..This.just.sounds.too.much.like.“big.brother”.to.me ..I’m.not.sure.if.the.benefits.are.worth.the.trade-offs ..I.think.there.need.to.be.some.safe-guards .

. Also,.regarding.the.medical.records,.I.don’t.mean.to.be.negative,.but.there.are.still.a.lot.of.places.that.aren’t.computerized ..My.own.doctor.still.keeps.everything.in.manila.file.folders!.And.even.if.he.did.use.computers,.what.kind.of.guarantee.is.there.that.his.software.or.systems.would.interface.with.one.of.the.databases.or.systems.that.this.is.tied.to?

B:. Yeah,.I.see.what.you’re.saying ..But.it.could.be.that.within.a.few.years,.every.doctor’s.office.and.hospital.in.the.country.will.be.equipped.to.scan.these.bio-chips ..In.fact,.it.says.here.that.this.one.company.plans.to.donate.free.bio-chip.scanners.to.200.trauma.centers.around.the.country ..Some.hospitals.are.already.adopting.the.new.technology,.and.by.next.year.the.company.expects.to.see.the.number.more.than.tripled .

CHAPTER 5

History


A=Robbie,B=Alice,C=WalterA:. Hi.Everyone ..Our.group.decided.to.give.our.

presentation.on.the.history.of.the.Nobel.Prize.and.its.founder,.Alfred.Nobel ..First.I’ll.tell.you.a.little.about.Alfred.Nobel,.Alice.will.explain.the.procedure.for.Nobel.Prize.nominations,.and.Walter.will.talk.a.little.about.a.controversy.surrounding.the.1962.Nobel.Prize.in.Physiology.and.Medicine ..Okay .

. Alfred.Nobel.was.born.in.Sweden.in.1833,.and.was.himself.an.inventor,.scientist.and.international.


businessman ..He.is.probably.most.well.known.for.the.award.that.carries.his.name,.but.he.also.was.the.inventor.of.dynamite ..Although.he.had.intended.dynamite.to.be.used.in.the.building.of.huge.engineering.projects,.he.was.shocked.by.the.destructive.purposes.it.was.being.used.for .

. For.this.reason,.in.his.last.will,.he.left.more.than.90%.of.his.estate—that.is,.almost.his.entire.fortune—to.establish.the.Nobel.Prizes.for.“those.who,.during.the.preceding.year.shall.have.conferred.the.greatest.benefit.on.mankind .”.In.other.words,.he.wanted.to.give.awards.each.year.to.people.who.had.done.something.important.and.good.for.the.world ..The.awards.are.given.in.the.following.disciplines:.medicine,.chemistry,.literature,.peace.and.physics ..There’s.also.a.prize.for.economics.that.carries.Nobel’s.name,.but.it.was.established.much.later.and.is.not.truly.a.Nobel.Prize ..What.I.mean.is,.it.was.not.one.of.the.prizes.that.Alfred.Nobel.himself.founded .

. Now.Alice.is.going.to.tell.you.a.little.about.how.the.nominations.are.done .

B:. Thank.you,.Robbie ..The.process.for.determining.the.recipients.begins.more.than.one.year.before.the.awards.are.actually.handed.out ..What.I’m.trying.to.say.is,.a.committee.begins.to.think.about.possible.candidates.each.fall,.and.then.the.prizes.are.finally.handed.out.to.the.winners.in.the.winter.of.the.following.year ..There.are.sometimes.as.many.as.250.candidates.for.a.particular.award;.however,.the.nominees.have.no.idea.that.they.have.been.nominated;.and.they.are.often.surprised.to.find.out.that.they’ve.won ..Every.winner.receives.a.certificate.and.a.medal ..Each.winner.is.also.awarded.a.little.over.1.million.dollars,.as.well ..Winners.often.donate.the.money.to.projects.or.causes.that.are.important.to.them,.but.this.isn’t.required ..That.is,.they.can.keep.the.money.if.they.want.to ..Another.interesting.fact.is.that.it’s.not.customary.to.make.awards.posthumously ..In.other.words,.Nobel.Prize.winners.must.still.be.alive.at.the.time.the.awards.are.announced ..The.presentation.of.the.Nobel.Prizes.takes.place.every.December.10th.in.Stockholm,.although.the.Nobel.Peace.Prize.is.awarded.in.Norway .

. The.first.Nobel.Prizes.were.presented.in.1901,.five.years.after.Alfred.Nobel’s.death ..That.year,.Wilhelm.Röntgen.received.the.prize.in.physics.for.his.work.with.X-rays ..Henry.Duant,.who.established.the.Red.Cross,.shared.the.Peace.Prize.that.year.with.another.nominee .

. Past.winners.of.the.Nobel.Peace.Prize.include.former.President.of.the.United.States,.Jimmy.Carter,.Kim.Dae.Jung.of.South.Korea,.former.UN.Secretary.General,.Kofi.Annan,.Nelson.Mandela.and.Fredrik.DeKlerk.of.South.Africa,.and.Mother.Teresa.for.her.work.with.the.poor ..Organizations.are.also.eligible.to.win ..Past.organizations.with.this.honor.include.Doctors.Without.Borders.and.Amnesty.International .

. Now,.Walter.is.going.to.talk.about.a.controversy.over.a.past.prize.awarded.in.1962.and.present.our.conclusion .

C:. Yes,.thanks,.Alice ..In.1962,.the.Nobel.Prize.for.Physiology.and.Medicine.was.awarded.to.Francis.Crick,.James.Watson.and.Maurice.Wilkins.for.their.discovery.of.the.structure.of.DNA ..Rosalind.Franklin,.a.woman,.was.a.chemist.who.worked.with.prize.winner.Maurice.Wilkins ..One.day,.Wilkins.showed.James.Watson.some.X-rays.that.Franklin.had.taken.of.DNA,.and.it.was.these.X-rays.that.enabled.Crick.and.Watson.to.see.and.understand.the.double.helix.DNA.structure,.something.Franklin.herself.had.been.working.towards .

. Unfortunately,.Franklin.had.died.of.cancer.four.years.before.the.award.was.given,.but.many.of.her.admirers.feel.her.contributions.towards.the.discovery.of.DNA.have.been.neglected.and.since,.as.Alice.has.mentioned,.prizes.are.not.awarded.posthumously,.her.name.will.not.be.added.to.those.of.Crick,.Watson.and.Wilkins .

. To.finish.up,.are.we.any.closer.to.achieving.the.goals.of.Alfred.Nobel’s.humanitarian.dream.today.than.we.were.back.when.the.first.awards.were.presented?.That’s.hard.to.say ..However,.receiving.the.award.is.still.an.honor.recognized.the.world.over.and.serves.as.a.reminder.that.individuals.can.and.do.make.a.difference .

. That’s.all ..Thank.you.and.we’ll.be.happy.to.answer.any.questions.now .

C Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 39)

In.his.last.will,.he.left.more.than.90%.of.his.estate—that.is,.almost.his.entire.fortune.–.to.establish.the.Nobel.Prizes.for.“those.who,.during.the.preceding.year.shall.have.conferred.the.greatest.benefit.on.mankind .”.In.other.words,.he.wanted.to.give.awards.each.year.to.people.who.had.done.something.important.and.good.for.the.world ..The.awards.are.given.in.the.following.disciplines:.medicine,.chemistry,.literature,.peace.and.physics ..There’s.also.a.prize.for.economics.that.carries.


Nobel’s.name,.but.it.was.established.much.later.and.is.not.truly.a.Nobel.Prize ..What.I.mean.is,.it.was.not.one.of.the.prizes.that.Alfred.Nobel.himself.founded .

Thank.you,.Robbie ..The.process.for.determining.the.recipients.begins.more.than.one.year.before.the.awards.are.actually.handed.out ..What.I’m.trying.to.say.is,.a.committee.begins.to.think.about.possible.candidates.each.fall,.and.then.the.prizes.are.finally.handed.out.to.the.winners.in.the.winter.of.the.following.year ..There.are.sometimes.as.many.as.250.candidates.for.a.particular.award;.however,.the.nominees.have.no.idea.that.they’ve.been.nominated;.and.they.are.often.surprised.to.find.out.that.they.have.won ..Every.winner.receives.a.certificate.and.a.medal ..Each.winner.is.also.awarded.a.little.over.1.million.dollars,.as.well ..Winners.often.donate.the.money.to.projects.or.causes.that.are.important.to.them,.but.this.isn’t.required ..That.is,.they.can.keep.the.money.if.they.want.to ..Another.interesting.fact.is.that.it’s.not.customary.to.make.awards.posthumously ..In.other.words,.Nobel.Prize.winners.must.still.be.alive.at.the.time.that.the.awards.are.announced .


A=ProfessorB=MaleStudent1C=MaleStudent2D=FemaleStudent

A:. OK ..Does.anyone.know.who.one.the.Nobel.Peace.Prize.in.2000?

B:. Was.it.Desmond.Tutu?A:. No,.sorry ..Any.other.guesses?C:. I.know ..Octavio.Paz .A:. Wrong.again ..Anyone.else?D:. Wait,.did.you.say.in.2000?A:. Yes,.2000 .D:. Oh,.I.think.it.was.Kim.Dae.Jung,.the.former.

president.of.South.Korea .A:. Yes!.That’s.right!.Kim.Dae.Jung ..And.does.anyone.

know.why.he.won.the.peace.prize?.OK,.well.let’s.start.from.the.beginning ..Kim.was.born.on.an.island.in.a.part.of.the.country.that’s.not.really.well-respected,.but.he.ran.for.government.offices.in.spite.of.that ..He.was.critical.of.many.former.political.leaders.and.policies ..To.this.day,.he’s.known.as.a.man.who.stood.up.against.government.corruption ..But,.as.a.result,.he.had.a.bunch.of.attempts.on.his.life ..At.least.three.or.four .

C:. You’re.saying.that.people.tried.to.kill.him.three.or.four.times?.Wow ..People.must.have.been.really.threatened.by.him .

A:. Yes,.I.guess.you.could.say.that ..In.fact,.this.one.time,.he.was.taken.out.in.a.boat.by.an.enemy.of.his,.and.was.on.the.verge.of.being.thrown.in.the.ocean.but,.at.the.last.moment,.he.was.released .

B:. That’s.incredible .A:. Yes,.it.is ..On.another.occasion,.he.was.sentenced.

to.death,.but.once.again.he.was.released ..He.was.allowed.to.leave.the.country.and.he.traveled.to.the.United.States.and.spent.some.time.teaching.at.Harvard.before.returning.home .

B:. Do.you.mean.he.went.back.to.Korea?A:. Yes,.he.did ..And.he.was.immediately.imprisoned.

when.he.arrived .C:. Did.you.say.he.was.thrown.back.in.prison?A:. Yes,.that’s.what.I.said ..So.eventually,.he.gets.out.of.

prison ..And.he.gets.elected.president.in.1997 ..He.was.inaugurated.in.1998 ..Immediately,.he.began.to.improve.economic.conditions.in.the.country ..But.the.thing.he’s.known.for.most.is.what’s.called.his.‘Sunshine.Policy’ ..You.see,.during.his.presidency,.the.leaders.of.South.and.North.Korea.actually.sat.down.to.talk.about.the.prospect.of.possible.reunification.of.the.two.countries ..This.was.huge!.The.two.sides.actually.agreed.on.several.issues,.including.what.the.steps.toward.a.reconciliation.would.look.like ..They.discussed.how.the.two.countries.might.improve.their.relationship.in.the.future ..I’m.not.sure.how.much.was.really.accomplished.at.these.talks,.but.it.was.the.beginning.of.a.dialog.that.had.never.happened.before .

D:. So.why.is.it.called.the.‘Sunshine.Policy’?A:. Good.question ..The.name.comes.from.one.of.

Aesop’s.Fables ..Maybe.you.know.it ..It’s.the.one.about.the.sun.and.the.wind.competing.to.see.who.is.stronger?.There’s.a.man.on.the.road.wearing.a.coat ..The.sun.and.the.wind.argue.about.who.is.stronger,.so.they.make.a.bet.that.says.the.one.that.can.make.the.man.take.off.his.coat.is.the.winner ..So,.the.wind.blows.and.blows,.but.that.only…well,.that.just.makes.the.man.hold.his.coat.tightly.to.him ..So.then.the.sun.tries,.and.the.sun’s.gentle.rays.make.the.man.remove.his.coat .

D:. Oh,.I.get.it ..The.idea.is.that.gentle.pressure.is.more.effective.in.resolving.conflict.than.aggressive.strength .

A:. Exactly ..Now.what.do.all.of.you.think.about.that?

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 42)Extract 1As.a.result,.he.had.a.bunch.of.attempts.on.his.life ..At.least.three.or.four .


Extract 2In.fact,.this.one.time,.he.was.taken.out.in.a.boat.by.an.enemy.of.his,.and.was.on.the.verge.of.being.thrown.in.the.ocean.but,.at.the.last.moment,.he.was.released .

Extract 3The.two.sides.actually.agreed.on.several.issues,.including.what.the.steps.toward.a.reconciliation.would.look.like ..They.discussed.how.the.two.countries.might.improve.their.relationship.in.the.future .

Extract 4The.idea.is.that.gentle.pressure.is.more.effective.in.resolving.conflict.than.aggressive.strength .

5 Pronunciation (p. 43)Exercise 1. it. eat. live. leave. chip. cheap. ship. sheep. fit. feet

Exercise 2. 1 .. Put.it.on.the.table .. 2 .. Don’t.leave.yet .. 3 .. Those.shoes.are.cheap .. 4 .. The.bags.are.on.the.ship .. 5 .. The.shoes.don’t.fit .

Exercise 3. 1 .. Who’s.the.winner?. 2 .. His.name.is.Kim .. 3 .. He’s.from.Korea .. 4 .. He.won.the.Peace.Prize .. 5 .. Several.people.were.nominated .. 6 .. The.fable.is.about.the.sun.and.the.wind .


Exercise 1

A=ProfessorB=Student1C=Student2D=Student3

Extract 1A:. He.was.allowed.to.leave.the.country.and.he.

traveled.to.the.United.States.and.spent.some.time.teaching.at.Harvard.before.returning.home .

B:. Do.you.mean.he.went.back.to.Korea?

Extract 2A:. Yes,.he.did ..And.he.was.immediately.imprisoned.

when.he.arrived .C:. Did.you.say.he.was.thrown.back.in.prison?

Extract 3A:. But,.as.a.result,.he.had.a.bunch.of.attempts.on.his.

life ..At.least.three.or.four .C:. You’re.saying.that.people.tried.to.kill.him.three.or.

four.times?

Extract 4A:. Wrong.again ..Anyone.else?D:. Wait,.did.you.say.in.2000?

Exercise 2

A=HiringManager,B=EmilyA:. So,.Emily.I.want.you.to.know.that.we’re.seriously.

considering.you.for.the.job ..But.we.do.have.a.few.more.questions.for.you ..For.one.thing,.I.want.to.know.how.you.see.yourself.as.dealing.with.conflicts.that.might.arise.in.the.office ..What.do.you.think.is.the.best.way.to.approach.office.conflicts?

B:. Well,.I’m.a.firm.believer.in.the.concept.of.compromise ..I.don’t.think.it.will.be.possible.to.resolve.any.issue.unless.both.sides.give.in.a.little .

A:. So.you’re.saying.that.compromise.is.the.key?B:. Yes ..I.mean,.if.neither.side.is.willing.to.budge,.

then.there’s.usually.no.hope.for.a.resolution ..My.aim.in.any.conflict.is.to.try.and.find.some.common.ground .

A:. What.do.you.mean.by.common.ground?B:. Well,.what.I.mean.is.that.I.try.to.find.something.

that.both.sides.can.agree.on,.and.then.work.from.there .

A:. I.see .

Exercise 3

A=Interviewer,B=EmilyA:. So,.Emily.I.want.you.to.know.that.we’re.seriously.

considering.you.for.the.job ..But.we.do.have.a.few.more.questions.for.you ..For.one.thing,.I.want.to.know.how.you.see.yourself.as.dealing.with.conflicts.that.might.arise.in.the.office ..What.do.you.think.is.the.best.way.to.approach.office.conflicts?

B:. Well,.I’m.a.firm.believer.in.the.concept.of.compromise ..I.don’t.think.it.will.be.possible.to.resolve.any.issue.unless.both.sides.give.in.a.little .

A:. So.you’re.saying.that.compromise.is.the.key?B:. Yes ..I.mean,.if.neither.side.is.willing.to.budge,.

then.there’s.usually.no.hope.for.a.resolution ..My.aim.in.any.conflict.is.to.try.and.find.some.common.ground ..


A:. What.do.you.mean.by.common.ground?B:. Well,.what.I.mean.is.that.I.try.to.find.something.

that.both.sides.can.agree.on,.and.then.work.from.there .

A:. I.see .

CHAPTER 6

Earth Science


A=AlbertParkA:. Welcome.everyone ..My.name.is.Albert.Park.

and.I’m.from.UNEP,.the.United.Nations.Environmental.Program ..Today,.I’m.going.to.talk.to.you.all.a.bit.about.a.serious.problem.affecting.over.100.countries ..That.problem.is.desertification,.the.process.by.which.healthy,.usable.land.becomes.arid.and.unusable .

. As.you.might.imagine,.this.process.does.not.happen.overnight ..It.takes.many.years—in.some.cases.centuries ..But.it.can.be.stopped,.and.I’ll.talk.about.how.in.a.moment .

. First.of.all,.however,.let’s.consider.what.causes.desertification.to.happen ..As.you’ll.see.on.this.slide,.it.happens.for.a.number.of.reasons ..It.takes.poor.weather.conditions.like.drought,.combined.with.poor.land.management.to.create.this.disastrous.situation .

. Here’s.a.common.scenario:.Let’s.say.thousands.or.millions.people.in.a.particular.region.or.country.need.trees—for.construction.purposes,.for.making.paper,.and.for.other.uses ..So,.of.course,.forests.get.cut.down ..However,.if.the.forests.aren’t.replaced,.soil.that.was.held.in.place.by.the.tree.roots.get.swept.away ..This.top.layer.of.soil.is.where.plants.get.nutrients,.so.if.there’s.no.topsoil,.plants.won’t.grow ..Without.plants.holding.the.earth.in.place,.these.areas.also.experience.more.flooding,.which.destroys.even.more.of.the.vegetation ..Over.time,.the.land.continues.to.suffer.degradation,.until.eventually.it.becomes.barren.and.desert-like .

. Another.contributing.factor.is.over-grazing ..An.example.of.this.is.when.people.settle.in.one.place,.their.livestock,.cattle,.goats.and.sheep,.eat.food.grown.on.the.same.piece.of.land.year.after.year.after.year,.until.the.minerals.in.the.soil.are.used.up ..When.that.happens,.farmers.can.no.longer.grow.crops.there,.so.the.result.is.that.dirt.blows.

away.and.farmers.have.to.find.other.places.to.live ..Not.only.that,.but.the.cattle.compact.the.earth.with.their.hooves.so.tightly.that.water.from.irrigation.or.rainfall.just.runs.off.without.penetrating.the.ground ..And.if.the.land.is.not.irrigated.properly.the.level.of.salt.in.the.soil.can.rise,.thus.adding.to.the.degradation.of.the.land .

. As.I.said,.this.is.taking.place.in.over.100.countries.around.the.world,.and.it’s.a.problem.that.is.affecting.acres.and.acres.of.land ..And.obviously,.the.loss.of.usable.land.affects.the.animals.and.people.who.live.in.these.areas ..These.barren.spots.will.not.support.life,.which.means.these.people.have.to.go.elsewhere.to.support.themselves ..In.fact,.some.experts.predict.that.as.many.as.60.million.people.will.have.been.displaced.because.of.desertification.by.the.year.2020 ..And.this.mass.migration.will.of.course.put.strain.on.the.existing.resources.in.those.areas.the.people.move.to ..This.is.exactly.what’s.happening.in.parts.of.Africa,.in.Asia,.and.in.parts.of.Latin.and.North.America .

. So.what.can.be.done.to.stop.desertification.from.happening?.Well,.there.are.many.things.that.people.and.nations.are.doing.to.stop.the.spread.of.deserts ..For.instance,.one.solution.is.to.plant.young.trees.where.deforestation.has.occurred ..As.the.trees.grow,.the.roots.will.once.again.hold.the.earth.in.place,.thus.protecting.it ..People.in.some.areas.are.planting.rows.of.trees.and.building.fences.at.the.edges.of.deserts.to.act.as.a.wind.break.to.stop.the.approach.of.the.sand ..Obviously,.proper.crop.rotation.and.reseeding.will.help.prevent.soil.erosion.and.wise.use.of.irrigation.techniques.and.existing.water.supplies.will.also.improve.conditions .

. So.all.hope.is.not.lost ..There.is.a.lot.we.can.do.to.stop.encroaching.desertification ..But.more.steps.need.to.be.taken.immediately ..The.programs.in.place.in.Africa,.Asia,.and.elsewhere.need.more.funding.and.they.need.more.publicity ..That’s.one.of.the.reasons.that.we’re.here.at.this.conference ..Now.if.any.of.you.would.like.to.find.out.more.about.desertification.and.what’s.being.done.about.it,.there.are.many.resources.available ..For.instance,.you.could.visit.the.UNEP.Website.or.the.Website.for.the.USGS—the.US.Geological.Survey ..Both.sites.have.plenty.of.information ..Now,.I’d.like.to.open.up.the.floor.for.questions.and.comments .



A=Host,B=RickLakelandA:. Every.year,.thousands.of.people.lose.their.homes,.

property,.and.some,.their.lives.due.to.hurricanes ..Thankfully,.with.modern.technology,.we.can.know.when.a.hurricane.is.forming.and.we.can.predict.the.general.direction.it.will.take ..Now,.when.we.are.notified.of.a.hurricane’s.approach,.most.of.us.would.be.too.nervous.to.stay.and.watch.the.storm,.let.alone.deliberately.enter.it ..But.there.is.a.group.of.people.that.actually.fly.directly.into.hurricanes.to.study.them ..In.fact,.our.guest.today,.Rick.Lakeland,.has.done.this.countless.times ..He.and.those.like.him.are.known.as.‘Hurricane.Hunters’ .

. Rick,.before.you.tell.us.about.what.you.do,.first.tell.us.about.hurricanes ..What.are.they,.exactly?.And.what.is.it.that.distinguishes.a.hurricane.from,.well,.just.a.regular.storm .

B:. Well,.a.hurricane.is.a.tropical.storm.that.has.wind.speeds.of.at.least.119.mile . . .119.kilometers.per.hour ..That’s.equal.to.74.miles.per.hour ..It’s.called.a.hurricane.in.the.Atlantic.Ocean.and.parts.of.the.Pacific.Ocean ..But.we.call.that.same.kind.of.storm.a.typhoon.in.the.Northwest.Pacific ..As.you.can.see,.different.regions.of.the.world.have.different.names.for.storms.of.this.size .

A:. And.these.storms.tend.to.form.at.certain.times.of.the.year,.right?

B:. Yes,.there’s.a.‘hurricane.season’.which.runs.approx…roughly.from.May.to.November ..To.understand.why.there’s.a.season,.we.have.to.understand.how.a.hurricane.forms ..Three.conditions.have.to.exist.before.a.hurricane.can.take.shape ..You.need.warm.water,.low.pressure,.and.high.wind.speeds ..Most.Atlantic.hurricanes.begin.off.the.western.coast.of.Africa.near.the.equator ..And.the.water.is.warmest.there.from.about.May.to.November ..T.ypically.a.hurricane.starts.out.as.a.low.pressure.thunderstorm.over.the.ocean ..The.warm.air.over.the.water.rises.and.begins.to.condense,.making.water.vapor.when.it.comes.in.contact.with.cooler.air ..Heat.is.released.from.this.condensation.and.the.heat.warms.the.cooler.air.at.that.higher.level ..This.newly.warm.air.rises.upward.and.out.and.is.replaced.by.the.warm.air.rising.from.below ..This.creates.a.constant.flow.of.warm.air.rising.from.the.ocean.surface.to.higher.levels .

. Wind.meeting.at.the.ocean.surface.forces.more.warm.air.upward ..As.the.air.rises,.we.see.an.increase.in.the.rotation.and.speed.of.the.wind ..At.

higher.elevations,.the.wind.blows.the.rising.warm.air.outward.creating.a.constant.movement.of.rising.warm.air.to.upper.altitudes .

. At.this.point,.the.storm.is.kind.of.like.an.engine.that.runs.on.a.continuous.cycle.of.rising.warm.air.and.evaporation ..Interestingly,.north.of.the.equator,.hurricanes.rotate.west.to.east,.or.counterclockwise,.while.in.the.southern.hemisphere,.they.turn.the.other.way,.clockwise ..Hurricanes.are.categorized.by.size.according.to.the.Sapir-Simpson…Saffir-Simpson.scale ..A.hurricane.with.a.scale.of.‘1’.is.weak,.while.a.‘5’.category.hurricane.is.the.largest ..These.are.the.ones.that.typically.do.the.most.damage .

A:. OK,.thanks ..Now,.can.you.tell.us.a.little.bit.about.what.you . . .what.you.do,.as.a.hurricane.hunter?

B:. Sure ..When.it’s.gone.through.the.formation . . .Let.me.explain:.What.I.mean.is.that.once.a.hurricane.has.fully.formed,.well.that’s.when.hurricane.hunters.like.me.go.to.work ..Basically,.a.hurricane.hunter.flies.into.hurricanes,.and.collects.information.on.wind.speed,.rain,.air.pressure,.and.exact.location.of.the.‘eye’,.or.center.of.a.hurricane,.among.other.things ..Then.we.send.this.information.back.to.the.National.Hurricane.Center .

A:. Wow!.Aren’t.there.safer.ways.to.get.that.kind.of.information?.I.mean.safer.than.flying.right.into.a.hurricane?

B:. Not.really ..You.see,.weather.satellites.let.us.know.if.a.hurricane.has.formed,.but.the.images.they.capture.can’t.tell.us.everything ..The.data.that.hunters.collect.can.help.accurately.predict.where.a.hurricane.might.move.off.the.ocean.and.make.landfall,.so.people.living.along.coastlines.can.be.warned.of.any.danger ..Plus,.the.measurements.and.readings.we.make.add.to.our.general.understanding.of.how.hurricanes.behave ..Although.this.might.seem.like.a.crazy.and.dangerous.occupation,.we’ve.been.trained.and.safety.is.our.number.one.concern.whenever.we.fly.a.mission .

A:. And.how.exactly.does.one.enter.a.hurricane?B:. Well,.to.approach.a.hurricane,.we.enter.the.storm.

gradually ..We.can’t.be.in.a.rush.and.we.can’t.fly.in.too.fast ..The.flight.can.be.bumpy,.but.it.usually.smoothes.right.out.when.we.finally.penetrate.the.eye.wall—that’s.the.strongest.ring.of.winds.near.the.center.of.the.eye.of.the.hurricane .

A:. How.long.do.you.spend.flying.around.inside.the.hurricane.once.you’ve.entered.it?

B:. Once.we’re.in.the.storm,.we.don’t.leave.right.away ..To.make.sure.our.readings.are.as.accurate.as.possible,.we’ll.enter.and.reenter.the.eye,.gathering.


information.several.times.in.one.mission ..A.typical.flight.might.last.around.11.hours .

A:. Thanks.to.the.efforts.of.hunters.like.Rick.Lakeland,.many.people.in.coastal.communities.have.been.warned.in.plenty.of.time.to.prepare.for.hurricane.landfall ..They’ve.been.able.to.board.up.their.homes.and.businesses,.or,.when.they.can’t.stay,.evacuate.the.area ..The.hurricane.hunters.provide.a.valuable.service.to.residents.along.the.coast,.and,.in.my.opinion,.have.one.of.the.most.interesting.jobs.I’ve.ever.heard.of .

. Rick,.thank.you.for.the.work.you’re.doing,.and.thank.you.for.telling.us.a.little.about.it .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 51)Extract 1The.warm.air.over.the.water.rises.and.begins.to.condense,.making.water.vapor.when.it.comes.in.contact.with.cooler.air .

Extract 2Interestingly,.north.of.the.equator,.hurricanes.rotate.west.to.east,.or.counterclockwise,.while.in.the.southern.hemisphere,.they.turn.the.other.way,.clockwise .

Extract 3The.data.that.hunters.collect.can.help.accurately.predict.where.a.hurricane.might.move.off.the.ocean.and.make.landfall,.so.people.living.along.coastlines.can.be.warned.of.any.danger .

Extract 4They’ve.been.able.to.board.up.their.homes.and.businesses,.or,.when.they.can’t.stay,.evacuate.the.area .

5 Pronunciation (p. 52)Exercise 1

Extract 1Three.conditions.must.exist.before.a.hurricane.can.take.shape .

Extract 2Although.weather.satellites.let.us.know.if.a.hurricane.has.formed,.these.images.can’t.tell.us.everything .

Extract 3The.data.the.hunters.collect.can.help.accurately.predict.where.a.hurricane.might.make.landfall .

Extract 4We.enter.the.storm.gradually,.and.the.flight.can.be.bumpy .

Extract 5When.they.can’t.stay,.people.are.told.to.evacuate.the.area .

Exercise 2This.semester.we.can.take.two.electives.along.with.Earth.Science,.Math.and.English,.but.we.can’t.take.two.art.classes,.or.two.P .E ..courses ..This.is.okay.because.next.year.when.I’m.a.senior,.I.can.take.whatever.I.need.to.finish.my.requirements.for.graduation ..As.seniors,.we.can.also.go.off.campus.for.lunch;.something.the.younger.students.can’t.do,.and.we.can.start.taking.college.classes.if.we.have.the.time ..Before.graduation,.our.class.is.going.on.a.senior.a.trip,.but.I.can’t.go.because.I’ll.have.to.work.to.save.money.so.I.can.go.to.college .


Extract 1OK,.thanks ..Now,.can.you.tell.us.a.little.bit.about.what.you….what.you.do,.as.a.hurricane.hunter?

Extract 2Sure ..When.it’s.gone.through.the.formation . . .Let.me.explain:.What.I.mean.is.that.once.a.hurricane.has.fully.formed,.well.that’s.when.hurricane.hunters.like.me.go.to.work .

Extract 3Hurricanes.are.categorized.by.size.according.to.the.Sapir-Simpson…Saffir-Simpson.scale .

Extract 4Well,.a.hurricane.is.a.tropical.storm.that.has.wind.speeds.of.at.least.119.miles…119.kilometers.per.hour .

Extract 5Yes,.there’s.a.‘hurricane.season’.which.runs.approx . . .roughly.from.May.to.November .

CHAPTER 7

Life Sciences


A=Host,B=Mr.Scurlock,C=CarolynA:. Welcome.back ..Last.week,.I.received.an.interesting.

question.via.email.from.a.listener,.a.pet.owner,.in.San.Francisco ..I.was.so.intrigued.by.that.email,.in.fact,.that.I.had.to.call.in.our.zoologist.friend,.Frank.


Scurlock,.to.help.us.answer.the.question.from.our.listener ..Frank,.how.are.you?

B:. I’m.doing.well ..It’s.good.to.see.you .A:. Same.here ..Well,.our.listener.happens.to.be.on.the.

line,.phoning.in.from.California,.so.let’s.take.her.call ..Hello,.Carolyn,.are.you.there?

C:. Yes,.I’m.here ..Hi .B:. Hi.Carolyn .A:. Why.don’t.you.tell.us.why.you.emailed.me.last.

week .C:. OK,.I.had.a.question.about.something.a.little.

weird—some.strange.behavior—I.had.noticed.with.my.pets,.my.cats.and.my.dog .

B:. What’s.your.question?.And.what.did.you.observe?C:. I’ve.heard.that.some.animals.can.sense.that.an.

earthquake.is.coming.before.it.happens ..Is.there.any.truth.to.that?

B:. Ah,.yes ..Well,.we.believe.there.may.well.be.truth.to.that ..But.before.I.explain,.what.did.you.observe?

C:. Well.we—my.husband.and.I—have.all.noticed.our.pets.act.a.certain.way ..It’s.kind.of.strange ..All.the.animals,.three.cats.and.the.dog,.do.the.same.thing.at.approximately.the.same.time ..They.gather.together.and.won’t.stand.up.–.they.sort.of.crouch.down.or.lie.flat.in.the.center.of.the.room ..They’ll.stay.there.for.around.two.minutes ..If.my.husband.and.I.are.in.another.room,.they’ll.come.into.the.room.where.we.are ..It’s.as.though.they.want.to.stick.together.or.something ..I’ve.definitely.seen.them.do.that.just.before.an.earthquake,.but.we’ve.also.noticed.it.other.times.when.we.didn’t.feel.any.tremors ..Oddly.enough,.though,.we.would.sometimes.hear.on.the.news.that.next.day.that.there.had.been.a.mild.quake.or.some.tremors ..We.would.think:.It’s.as.if.they.new.the.earthquake.was.coming!

B:. What.you’ve.described.sounds.very.normal ..Your.animals.can.sense.that.a.quake.is.on.its.way ..In.fact,.scientists.are.beginning.to.pay.more.attention.to.this.kind.of.behavior.by.animals ..And.in.some.places—China.for.instance—they’re.counting.on.the.unusual.animal.behavior.to.tip.them.off.in.advance.that.an.earthquake.is.imminent .

C:. How.do.they.know,.though?B:. Well,.it’s.widely.accepted.that.animals.possess.a.

finer.sense.of.smell.than.we.do ..That’s.why.some.dogs.are.used.in.detective.work,.to.sniff.out.drugs.or.bombs,.or.to.find.suspects ..Many.animals.also.have.a.heightened.sense.of.hearing ..Dogs,.some.birds.and.elephants.for.example,.can.pick.up.infrasound—something.that’s.too.low.for.us.to.hear ..In.fact,.manufacturers.have.taken.advantage.of.these.different.abilities.to.hear.sounds.to.

invent.high.frequency.whistles.to.call.dogs.but.not.disturb.humans.who.can’t.hear.sounds.in.that.range ..Some.animals.have.amazing.eyesight ..For.instance,.cats,.as.you.know,.can.see.well.in.the.dark—much.better.than.we.can ..And.that’s.not.all ..Experts.claim.that.there.are.some.other.senses.that.we.don’t.understand.yet ..And.its.mysterious.senses.like.that.which.alert.animals.to.trembling.in.the.earth .

. This.really.isn’t.a.new.phenomenon ..A.far.back.as.400.years.b.c.,.there.were.records.of.animal.premonitions.of.earthquakes—squawking.birds,.for.instance,.that.seemed.to.predict.a.coming.quake ..This.seems.to.be.the.animals’.way.of.sounding.an.alarm.to.some.change.they’ve.detected ..I.think.animals.are.more.attuned.to.very.subtle.differences.in.their.environment ..Perhaps.they.hear.or.feel.very.small.vibrations.in.the.earth.as.it.shifts—sounds.and.movement.that.we.don’t.register .

A:. Is.this.an.ability.that.all.animals.share?B:. No ..Every.animal.has.a.different.set.of.abilities.

and.the.strength.of.their.senses.vary ..But.we.have.a.lot.to.learn.about.all.this ..We.still.don’t.know.what.every.animal.is.capable.of ..For.instance,.it.seems.that.elephants.are.not.very.good.at.predicting.earthquakes—at.least.we.don’t.have.any.proof.that.they’ve.predicted.a.quake ..But.it.does.seem.that.they.can.pick.up.certain.types.of.vibrations.in.the.ground .

C:. Yeah,.I.saw.a.TV.program.on.elephants ..It.said.that.they’re.often.aware.of.other.elephants.that.are.miles.away ..I.think.it.was.because.they.could.hear.them .

B:. Yes,.elephants.have.unbelievably.sensitive.hearing ..And.they.can.probably.hear.the.sounds.made.by.other.elephants,.even.though.they.are.separated.by.miles ..Their.sense.of.smell.is.also.very,.very.strong .

. But.I.should.mention.that.some.scientists.still.don’t.believe.that.animals.can.sense.earthquakes .

A:. Well,.it.seems.odd.that.we.would.accept.dogs’.superior.sense.of.smell.to.detect.things.like.drugs.and.to.help.in.search.and.rescue.missions,.but.then.adopt.a.skeptical.attitude.towards.animals’.ability.to.sense.impending.earthquakes ..I.for.one.have.noticed.my.pets.do.some.amazing.things ..In.fact,.my.own.dog.senses.storms.when.they’re.pretty.far.off—long.before.I.can.notice.they’re.coming .

B:. As.I.said,.there.are.some.people.who.are.making.the.connections ..In.China,.there’s.a.zoo.that.reports.unusual.animal.behavior.to.seismologists ..And.I.think.I.heard.that.there.is.someplace.in.


the.US.that.encourages.places.that.handle.large.numbers.of.animals.to.alert.officials.whenever.several.groups.of.animals.act.strange .

A:. Well,.Carolyn,.thanks.for.the.question ..And.thank.you.again.to.our.guest.Frank.Scurlock .

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 57)

. 1 .. Well,.it.is.widely.known.that.animals.possess.a.finer.sense.of.smell.than.we.do .

. 2 .. In.fact,.manufacturers.have.taken.advantage.of.these.different.abilities.to.hear.sounds .

. 3 .. Experts.claim.that.there.are.some.other.senses.that.we.don’t.understand.yet .

. 4 .. In.fact,.my.own.dog.senses.storms.when.they.are.pretty.far.off .

4 Listening Practice

B Listening for Main Ideas (p. 59)

A=HostA:. Today.on.Amazing.Animals,.we’ll.be.looking.

at.some.truly.incredible.birds ..You’ve.probably.seen.nature.programs.showing.how.some.birds.behave.in.sort.of.strange.ways.to.attract.a.mate ..Sometimes.they.do.a.little.dance,.or.fluff.up.their.feathers,.or.something.like.that ..It’s.like.they’re.showing.off.to.attract.a.mate ..Well,.bower.birds.use.physical.displays.too,.but.what’s.really.sort.of.amazing.are.the.structures,.or.bowers,.that.they.build ..This.is.what.makes.them.truly.special ..Let’s.take.a.look.at.a.few.of.these.structures,.which.are.only.built.by.male.bower.birds,.by.the.way .

. At.first.glance,.you.might.think.these.are.just.intricate.nests ..But.they’re.not ..In.fact.male.bower.birds.don’t.participate.in.nesting.or.raising.the.chicks ..The.females.take.care.of.feeding.and.protecting.the.young ..The.males.put.all.their.energy.and.attention.into.attracting.a.mate ..And.that’s.why.they.build.these.bowers—for.courtship.purposes—to.attract.female.birds!

. This.first.one.is.what.we.call.an.“avenue.bower .”.The.birds.insert.thin.twigs.into.the.ground.in.two.parallel.lines.forming.walls ..The.two.walls.of.sticks.sometimes.arch.over.to.create.a.sort.of.tunnel.or.archway ..One.kind.of.bower.bird,.called.a.satin.bower.bird,.actually.paints.the.walls.of.his.bower ..He.chews.leaves,.and.then.smears.the.pulp.on.the.walls.using.a.leaf.or.twig.as.a.tool ..This.is.very.rare.behavior.for.a.bird,.and.it’s.one.of.the.reasons.that.bower.birds.are.considered.by.some.to.be.the.most.intelligent.and.most.advanced.of.all.birds!

. At.the.end.of.the.avenue,.or.tunnel,.that.they.create,.bower.birds.place.treasures.such.as.snail.shells,.bones,.and.pebbles ..The.birds.will.use.almost.anything:.special.feathers,.marble.chips.from.a.cemetery,.broken.bits.of.glass,.bottle.tops,.flowers,.moss,.and.lichen ..They.seem.to.take.advantage.of.their.surroundings ..Birds.that.were.near.an.elementary.school.were.filmed.in.the.playground.carrying.off.things.kids.had.left.out:.colored.chalk.and.small.plastic.toys—like.a.little.elephant,.a.plastic.knife,.and.a.toy.motorcycle .

. So.the.decorations.they.use.to.beautify.their.bowers.vary.depending.on.the.resources.available.and.on.what.appeals.to.the.bird ..One.bird.might.decorate.with.a.collection.of.blackberries,.and.a.grouping.of.acorns ..Another.might.arrange.clusters.of.small.red.flowers.next.to.some.blueberries.and.a.few.orange.leaves ..And.that’s.the.part.of.what.intrigues.me!.It’s.as.though.each.bird.has.different.criteria.for.what.is.beautiful ..It’s.as.if.they.all.have.different.tastes!

. This.second.one.is.called.a.“maypole.bower,”.and.it.looks,.well,.it.looks.something.like.a.Christmas.tree ..The.birds.weave.sticks.around.a.sapling—a.young,.small.tree ..Then—here’s.what.amazes.me….they.decorate.the.maypole.by.hanging.ornaments.they’ve.collected…like.caterpillar.droppings,.orchid.stems,.and.spider.silk ..And.sometimes,.they.change.the.position.of.the.ornaments.as.though.they’ve.decided.it.wasn’t.quite.balanced.or.they’ve.decided.to.feature.a.favorite.object.in.a.more.prominent.place ..They.take.so.much.care.building.and.decorating.each.maypole.bower ..And.they.take.meticulous.care.of.their.bowers.once.they’re.erected,.too ..If.one.of.the.decorations.is.moved.out.of.place.(usually.by.a.neighboring.male);.the.owner.of.the.bower.will.quickly.repair.it .

. So,.you.might.be.asking,.how.do.these.birds.know.how.to.build.these.structures?.Where.do.they.learn.to.do.it?

. Well,.that’s.something.the.experts.are.still.investigating ..They.do.know.that.groups.of.maybe.6.or.7.young.males.may.work.together.building.bowers,.until.they’ve.matured.to.around.7.years.old ..And.once.they’re.mature,.they.no.longer.work.together ..In.fact,.you.might.say.they.work.against.each.other!

. These.competitive.birds.have.been.known.to.sabotage.a.rival’s.bower.by.destroying.it.or.stealing.the.treasures ..It’s.these.human.aspects.


of.their.behavior.that.have.mystified.bird.enthusiasts ..Not.only.are.they.able.to.use.tools;.not.only.do.they.have.an.aesthetic.sense;.but.they’re.also.thieves .

. In.the.end,.every.male.bower.bird.is.in.serious.competition.with.his.peers.for.the.attention.of.female.bower.birds ..When.a.male.sees.a.female.near.his.bower.he’ll.let.out.a.song.or.a.sort.of.clicking.call ..When.he.has.the.female’s.attention,.some.types.of.male.bower.birds.will.hide ..When.the.female.comes.closer.to.the.bower,.the.male.will.ruffle.feathers.on.the.back.of.his.neck,.spread.his.wings.and.do.a.dance ..If.the.female.is.interested,.they.will.fly.off.into.the.bush.together .

. So.what.exactly.is.it.that.attracts.a.female.bower.bird.to.a.particular.male ..Well.the.bower.he.has.built.has.a.lot.to.do.with.it ..It.seems.that.the.size.and.the.décor—or.beauty.of.the.bower.is.a.major.factor.in.attracting.females .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 60)Extract 1And.that’s.why.they.build.these.bowers—for.courtship.purposes—to.attract.female.birds!

Extract 2Sometimes.they.do.a.little.dance,.or.fluff.up.their.feathers,.or.something.like.that .

Extract 3Sometimes.they.do.a.little.dance,.or.fluff.up.their.feathers,.or.something.like.that ..It’s.like.they’re.showing.off.to.attract.a.mate .

Extract 4They.take.so.much.care.building.and.decorating.each.maypole.bower ..And.they.take.meticulous.care.of.their.bowers.once.they’re.erected,.too .

5 Pronunciation (p. 61)Exercise 1. 1 .. These.bowers.are.erected.and.decorated.to.

attract.mates .. 2 .. One.bird.had.placed.a.large.black.mushroom.in.

the.center.of.the.lawn .. 3 .. The.birds.will.do.almost.anything .. 4 .. Birds.were.carrying.off.things.kids.had.left.out .

Exercise 2. 1 .. This.bower.had.been.sabotaged.by.a.rival.bird .. 2 .. The.branches.had.been.moved.and.tossed.here.

and.there .

. 3 .. The.bird.will.be.annoyed.when.he.sees.the.damage .

. 4 .. What.do.you.think.the.bird.will.do?

6 Speaking Skills (p. 62)Exercise 1You’ve.probably.seen.nature.programs.showing.how.some.birds.behave.in.sort.of.strange.ways.to.attract.a.mate ..Sometimes.they.do.a.little.dance,.or.fluff.up.their.feathers,.or.something.like.that ..It’s.like.they’re.showing.off.to.attract.a.mate ..Well,.bower.birds.use.physical.displays.too,.but.what’s.really.sort.of.amazing.are.the.structures,.or.bowers,.that.they.build .

Exercise 2It’s.kind.of.strange ..All.the.animals,.three.cats.and.the.dog,.do.the.same.thing.at.approximately.the.same.time ..They.gather.together.and.won’t.stand.up.–.they.sort.of.crouch.down.or.lie.flat.in.the.center.of.the.room ..They’ll.stay.there.for.around.two.minutes ..If.my.husband.and.I.are.in.another.room,.they’ll.come.into.the.room.where.we.are ..It’s.as.though.they.want.to.stick.together.or.something ..I’ve.definitely.seen.them.do.that.just.before.an.earthquake,.but.we’ve.also.noticed.it.other.times.when.we.didn’t.feel.any.tremors ..Oddly.enough,.though,.we.would.sometimes.hear.on.the.news.that.next.day.that.there.had.been.a.mild.quake.or.some.tremors ..We.would.think:.It’s.as.if.they.new.the.earthquake.was.coming!

CHAPTER 8

Psychology


A=Professor,B=Student1,C=Student2A:. Today.we’re.going.to.spend.most.of.the.class.

talking.about.the.personality.characteristics.of.optimism.and.pessimism,.and.the.effects.these.attitudes.have.on.a.person’s.emotional.and.physical.being .

. First,.what.are.optimism.and.pessimism?.Optimism.is.typically.defined.as.the.attitude.of.believing.in.and.expecting.positive.results,.while.pessimism.is.the.tendency.to.believe.in.negative.outcomes ..You.may.have.heard.this.referred.to.as.seeing.the.“glass.half.empty.or.half.full .”.The.idea.is.that.pessimists.see.what’s.missing,.or.that.the.glass.is.half.empty,.while.optimists.see.what.is.there;.or.that.the.glass.is.half.full .


. Where.do.these.attitudes.come.from?.What.is.it.that.makes.one.person.generally.optimistic.while.someone.else.is.usually.pessimistic?.Psychologists.and.researchers.are.not.really.sure,.although.it.appears.that.genetics.may.play.a.part ..What.we.do.know.is.these.two.attitudes.play.a.big.part.in.the.outcomes.in.a.person’s.life .

. For.example,.in.medicine,.studies.have.shown.that.patients.who.scored.highly.as.pessimists.take.longer.to.recover.from.major.surgery.and.are.more.likely.to.have.complications.from.that ..Additionally,.pessimists.tend.not.to.take.very.good.care.of.themselves.in.general ..On.the.other.hand,.people.who.were.rated.optimistic.tend.to.be.healthier .

. Additionally,.researchers.looking.at.students.in.stressful.majors.have.found.that.optimists.consistently.were.more.successful.in.surmounting.obstacles,.and.in.fact,.when.suffering.a.set.back,.came.back.and.overcame.the.difficulty.successfully ..In.contrast,.pessimists.did.worse.when.attempting.a.retry ..Another.interesting.study.followed.sales.people.and.measured.their.success.in.closing.deals ..As.you.might.have.guessed,.the.optimists.out.sold.the.pessimists.every.time .

. …Yes,.you.have.a.question?

B:. Yeah,.isn’t.it.possible.that.optimists.are.just.in.denial.about.how.bad.things.really.are?.That.they’re.not.in.touch.with.reality,.and.so.they’re.hopeful.in.hopeless.situations?

A:. That’s.a.good.question ..At.a.glance,.it.might.seem.as.if.that.were.true,.however,.the.research.shows.that.true.optimists.are.not.in.denial;.that.they.do.feel.painful.emotions.and.work.through.traumatic.experiences,.but.are.hopeful.about.the.eventual.result ..Another.advantage.is.that.optimists.seem.to.have.strong.problem.solving.skills.and.this.helps.them.in.dealing.with.stressful.situations .

. . . .Yes?C:. How.can.you.determine.if.a.person.is.pessimistic.

or.optimistic?A:. The.most.common.ways.that.researchers.decide.if.

you.are.an.optimist.or.a.pessimist.are.by.studying.your.answers.to.certain.questionnaires.and.by.listening.to.your.speech.patterns .

C:. So.is.it.possible.to.change?.I.mean,.if.you’re.a.pessimist,.can.you.suddenly.become.an.optimist?

A:. Another.good.question!.Well,.first.it.does.seem.that.people.have.one.or.the.other.general.tendency.throughout.their.life ..In.fact,.these.traits.show.up.in.early.childhood.and.optimistic.parents.tend.to.have.optimistic.children .

. Of.course,.as.a.parent,.you.can.encourage.your.children.to.be.optimistic ..One.suggestion.is.to.give.them.tasks.that.they.can.perform,.and.succeed.at,.as.well.as.tasks.that.they.can.attempt,.fail.and.try.again.successfully ..This.teaches.them.an.attitude.of.optimism.in.the.face.of.failure .

. Now,.to.answer.your.question,.if.you.are.not.a.‘natural.born.optimist’.there.are.things.you.can.do.develop.a.more.positive.outlook ..Can.you.guess.what.they.might.be?

B:. I.guess.you.can.force.yourself.not.to.think.negatively .

A:. That’s.true ..If.you.catch.yourself.having.negative.thoughts.about.yourself,.like.many.pessimists.do,.stop.and.think.about.what’s.going.right.in.your.life ..Is.your.assessment.of.your.abilities.based.in.reality,.or.are.you.too.hard.on.yourself?

. Okay,.now.I’d.like.to.hear.from.the.rest.of.you ..What.do.you.think?.Are.you.an.optimist.or.a.pessimist.and.tell.me.subjectively.how.that.attitude.has.influenced.your.life .

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 66)Exercise 1. 1 .. Optimism.is.typically.defined.as.the.attitude.of.

believing.in.and.expecting.positive.results,.while.pessimism.is.the.tendency.to.believe.in.negative.outcomes .

. 2 .. Pessimists.tend.not.to.take.very.good.care.of.themselves.in.general ..On.the.other.hand,.people.who.were.rated.optimistic.tend.to.be.healthier .

. 3 .. Adults.who.were.rated.optimistic.recovered.more.quickly.in.the.short.and.long.run.after.operations.and.had.fewer.hospital.readmissions.than.pessimists ..Similarly,.young.students.who.were.rated.optimistic.consistently.were.more.successful.in.surmounting.obstacles.in.school .

. 4 .. Young.students.who.were.rated.optimistic.consistently.were.more.successful.in.surmounting.obstacles.in.school ..And.when.suffering.a.set.back,.they.came.back.and.overcame.the.difficulty.successfully ..In.contrast,.pessimists.did.worse.when.attempting.a.retry .

. 5 .. At.a.glance,.it.might.seem.as.if.that.were.true,.however,.the.research.shows.that.true.optimists.are.not.in.denial .

. 6 .. If.you.catch.yourself.having.negative.thoughts.about.yourself,.like.many.pessimists.do,.stop.and.think.about.what’s.going.right.in.your.life .

. 7 .. Unlike.optimists,.many.pessimists.give.up.on.a.project.when.it.becomes.too.difficult .



A=Rob,B=JeremyA:. Jeremy,.congratulations ..You’ve.won.again!.You’ve.

run.the.best.times.all.day ..You…I.mean.you’ve.beaten.everyone!

B:. Yeah ..Thanks,.it’s.been.a.pretty.good.day .A:. I.thought.I.was.ready.for.this.but.you.blew.me.

away ..How’d.you.improve.so.much?.Are.you.working.out.more?

B:.. More.than.I.used.to ..But.yeah,.I’ve.been.doing.something.different,.too ..I’ve.changed.my.approach.to.training .

A:.. What.do.you.mean?B:.. Well,.I.got.a.visualization.coach,.this.guy.who.

helps.me.with.my.training .A:.. A.what.coach?B:. A.visualization.coach ..He.helps.me.with.my.work.

out ..He’s.like.a.‘mind’.coach ..He.makes.me.think.about.and.picture.what.I’m.about.to.do.–.like.run.a.race.–.before.it.happens ..I.focus.on.seeing.myself ..I.see.myself.running.faster.than.I.ever.have.before.and.leaving.everyone.else.behind.and.finishing.first .

A:. You’re.kidding.me .B:. Look,.at.first.I.was.like,.“This.is.kind.of.nuts” ..

But.my.mom.saw.this.program.on.TV.about.how.Olympic.athletes.use.these.kinds.of.coaches.all.the.time ..And.so,.she.wanted…she.did.some.research.and.found.my.coach ..There’s.a.lot.of.them.out.there ..I.was.surprised .

A:. So.what.do.you…I.mean,.how.does.it.work?B:. Well,.Cesar,.that’s.my.coach’s.name ..He.has.me.

imagine.myself.at.the.starting.line.and.then.seeing.myself.off.the.mark.first.and.leaving.everyone.else.behind ..That’s.not.all ..I.also…well.he.tries.to.get.me.to.see.myself.doing.it.too,.as.if.I.were.a.fan.in.the.stands .

A:. What?.Like.you’re.in.the.bleachers?B:. Yeah,.exactly .A:.. And.it.works?B:. Well,.yeah ..I.mean,.my.times.have.been.better.

than.ever.before .A:. It.sounds.easy .B:. Yeah,.I.guess.it.does ..But.Cesar.has.me.do.other.

things.too ..Like,.I’ll….he’ll.play.fan.noises.like.we’re.in.a.real.stadium.when.I’m.doing.my.training.with.him ..It’s.for…well.because.he.wants.me.to.get.used.to.noise.distractions.and.visualize.myself.winning.in.spite.of.them ..One.time,.he.even.sprayed.me.with.water,.like.it.was.raining,.so.I.had.to.see.myself.winning.in.the.rain .

B:. Yeah,.it.is.strange ..But.I’m.happy.the.results ..That’s.for.sure ..I.mean,.I.want.to.go.to.college ..And.that.means.I.need.money ..So,.I’m.hoping.all.this.training.will.help.get.me.a.scholarship .

A:. So,.has.he.taught.you.anything.else?B:. Yeah,.he’s.taught.me.to.do.a.little.mental.warm.up.

at.the.starting.line.too .A:. Were.you.doing.that.today?B:. I.sure.was ..And.personally,.I.believe.it.paid.off .A:. Yeah,.it.did .B:. You.know.it’s.also.not.just.for.winning ..He.has.

me…sometimes.he.asks.me.to.think.about.what.to.do.if.I.have.a.problem.on.the.track,.like.how.to.handle.it ..Like.what.to.do.if.another.runner.goes.down.or.if.I.get.a.bad.start ..Thinking.about.it.before.it.happens.is.supposed.to.help.me.get.over.it .

A:. And.I’ve.been.killing.myself.with.workouts ..I.should.have.just.meditated!

B:. Yeah,.but.I.gotta.you.know…you.gotta.keep.working.out.and.training.too ..You.can’t.just.meditate.in.a.dark.room.and.then.go.win.races .

A:. Yeah,.guess.not ..So,.I.still.don’t.get.why.exactly.it.works .

B:. Well,.it’s.related.to.how.your.brain.works ..When.I.imagine.myself.doing.these.things,.my.brain.kind.of.thinks.I…I.really.am,.so.it.like.the.message.from.my.brain.warms.up.my.muscles.and.kind.of…kind.of.paves.the.way.for.my.legs.and.body.to.move ..It.makes.it.easier.to.move .

B:. Well,.it.sure.is.working.for.you .A:.. Yeah.it.surprised.me.too ..When.I.started,.I….I.

really.didn’t.know.if.it.would.work,.and.I.was,.like,.you.know,.“Mom,.save.your.money”,.but.it’s.really…it’s.working .

A:. So,.can.you.give.me.this.Cesar’s.number?B:. .No.way,.man ..Get.your.own.coach .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 70)Extract 1I.mean,.I.want.to.go.to.college ..And.that.means.I.need.money ..So.I’m.hoping.all.this.training.will.help.me.get.a.scholarship .

Extract 2He.has.me.imagine.myself.at.the.starting.line.and.then.seeing.myself.off.the.mark.first.and.leaving.everyone.else.behind .

Extract 3He.tries.to.get.me.to.see.myself.doing.it.too,.as.if.I.were.a.fan.in.the.stands .


Extract 4When.I.imagine.myself.doing.these.things,.my.brain.kind.of.thinks.I.really.am ..So.the.message.from.my.brain.warms.up.my.muscles.and.kind.of.paves.the.way.for.my.legs.and.body.to.move ..It.makes.it.easier.to.move .

5 Pronunciation (p.71)Exercise 1. 1 .. Well,.he.tells.me.to.try.and.visualize.myself.

doing.it,.too .. 2 .. He’ll.play.fan.noises.like.we’re.in.a.real.stadium.

when.I’m.doing.my.training.with.him .. 3 .. It’s.like.he.wants.me.to.get.used.to.the.noise.

distractions.and.visualize.myself.winning.in.spite.of.them .

. 4 .. So,.does.he.do.anything.else?

. 5 .. Usually,.I.see.him.a.couple.of.hours.a.week .

Exercise 2. 1 .. What’s.her.name?. 2 .. What’s.his.name?. 3 .. Where.is.he.from?.. 4 .. Is.this.her.book?. 5 .. I’ve.been.waiting.for.an.hour ..Where.is.he?


So,.hypnosis.has.been.practiced.in.many.countries.for.centuries,.if.not.longer ..It.was.even.used.by.field.doctors.in.the.American.Civil.War ..Incidentally,.that.happened.to.be.the.first.extensive.medical.application.of.hypnosis ..Nevertheless,.the.scientific.validity.of.the.practice.is.still.up.for.debate ..Personally,.I’m.not.convinced ..Many.have.argued.for.the.psychological.benefits.and.health.benefits.of.hypnosis,.but.it.seems.to.me.that.more.research.in.this.area.is.needed .

CHAPTER 9

Health


A=HostA:. Today’s.topic.for.Health.Watch.is.stress—a.

common.concern.of.young.and.old.for.good.reason ..First,.we’ll.hear.a.definition.and.some.examples ..Then.we’ll.talk.about.the.impact.of.stress.and.what.can.be.done.to.alleviate.or.prevent.stress .

. Webster’s.Dictionary.defines.stress.as.“a.physical,.chemical.or.emotional.factor.that.causes.bodily.or.mental.tension.and.may.be.a.factor.in.disease.causation .”

. Stressors,.or.causes.of.stress.include.arguments,.excessive.physical.or.emotional.demands,.misunderstandings,.changes,.or.anything.which.upsets.homeostasis.or.our.balance .

. Everyone.has.probably.had.the.experience.of.feeling.like.everything.is.going.along.just.fine,.and.then.something.happens.to.completely.change.all.that ..Responses.to.the.situation.may.include.wanting.to.run.away.and.put.some.distance.between.the.situation.and.one’s.self.or.the.opposite.response.of.wanting.to.face.the.situation,.work.hard.and.put.things.back.as.they.were ..These.two.opposite.responses.are.what.scientists.call.the.“fight.or.flight.stress.response .”.Either.we.want.to.take.flight—run.away—or.we.want.to.stay.and.fight .

. But.can.stress.be.good?.Well,.sometimes,.yes ..Stress.in.moderation.is.normal.and.not.always.negative ..Some.people.believe.they.are.more.productive.and.effective.when.they.operate.under.stress.or.close.to.a.deadline ..In.stressful.situations,.the.body.releases.the.stress.hormones.cortisone.and.adrenaline.which.raise.the.blood.pressure ..If.we.fight.or.take.on.a.defensive.action.the.stress.hormones.are.used.up.and.the.effects.of.stressed.are.reduced ..If,.however,.we.do.not.face.the.situation—if.we.flee.instead—the.hormones.and.chemicals.that.are.not.released.stay.in.the.blood ..This.then.leads.to.symptoms.like.tenseness,.anxiety,.and.high.blood.pressure .

. In.excess,.stress.can.have.very.negative.effects.on.our.physical.and.mental.health,.our.work.and.our.relationships ..Getting.only.a.few.hours.sleep.for.several.days.in.a.row.can.lower.the.body’s.defenses.and.make.us.irritable.or.nervous ..Excessive.stress.can.impair.our.judgment.and.cause.us.to.make.mistakes.in.our.work,.possibly.jeopardizing.lives ..Family,.friends.and.co-workers.may.put.up.with.the.whirlwind.lifestyle.of.someone.who.is.constantly.under.stress.but.at.some.point.the.relationship.may.suffer,.deteriorate.and.even.break.up .

. Aside.from.the.ruinous.impact.on.one’s.disposition,.work.and.relationships,.understanding.stress.is.also.important.because.it.can.exhaust.the.immune.system.resulting.in.illness ..According.to.recent.research,.70%.to.90%.of.illness.is.stress-related .


. For.example,.an.argument.with.a.family.member,.good.friend.or.colleague.can.result.in.bad.feelings.and.may.even.increase.to.the.point.of.causing.physical.illness.such.as.a.headache,.stomachache.or.depression ..Constant.stress,.which.has.become.more.common.in.the.workplace,.can.lead.to.chronic.health.problems ..It’s.obvious.that.this.affects.workers,.but.employers.feel.the.impact.too.in.lower.productivity.and,.as.a.result,.in.economic.terms.as.well ..The.percentage.of.health.care.expenses.for.workers.with.high.stress.levels.is.reported.to.be.almost.50%.greater.than.for.other.workers .

. So,.what.can.we.do.to.reduce.stress?.One.of.the.first.things.to.do.is.to.observe.and.note.personal.stressors ..Are.there.simple.changes.you.can.make.that.might.result.in.avoiding.these.stressors?.For.example,.if.getting.stuck.in.traffic.every.morning.means.starting.the.day.fuming,.try.to.leave.earlier.to.avoid.the.rush.hour ..Second,.help.the.body.and.mind.by.providing.regular.rest.and.relaxation ..Classes.in.yoga,.including.conscious.breathing.techniques.and.mediation,.can.provide.respite.in.the.day.or.week—a.kind.of.safe.haven.from.stress ..Other.activities.recommended.for.release.of.tension.include,.getting.exercise,.having.a.massage.and,.believe.it.or.not,.getting.a.pet!

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 76)Exercise 1Excessive.stress.can.impair.our.judgment.and.cause.us.to.make.mistakes.in.our.work,.possibly.jeopardizing.lives .

Exercise 3Family,.friends.and.co-workers.may.put.up.with.the.whirlwind.lifestyle.of.someone.who.is.constantly.under.stress,.but.at.some.point.the.relationship.may.suffer,.deteriorate.and.even.break.up .

Exercise 5Aside.from.the.ruinous.impact.on.one’s.disposition,.work.and.relationships,.understanding.stress.is.also.important.because.it.can.exhaust.the.immune.system.resulting.in.illness ..According.to.recent.research,.70%-90%.of.illness.is.stress-related .


A=RadioHost,B=ProfessorEllenYangA:. On.today’s.program.we’re.delighted.to.have.

as.our.guest,.Professor.Ellen.Yang,.a.research.

scientist.at.the.University.of.Buffalo,.who.has.been.studying.the.therapeutic.effects.of.pet.ownership ..Welcome.to.the.program,.Dr ..Yang .

B:. Thank.you ..I’m.honored.to.be.here .A:. Professor.Yang,.I.think.most.people.are.familiar.

with.helper.dogs.that.work.with.the.disabled,.guide.dogs.for.the.Blind,.for.example ..But.your.team.has.found.some.intriguing.results.measuring.stress.levels.among.pet.owners.and.non-pet.owners .

B:. That’s.right ..In.a.study.done.at.the.University.of.Buffalo,.we.discovered.that.the.blood.pressure.of.pet.owners,.in.this.case.dog.owners,.rose.only.a.fraction.of.those.who.did.not.have.dogs.when.experiencing.stressful.situations ..The.study.involved.60.volunteers.who.were.all.given.two.stressful.tasks.to.complete:.One.was.giving.a.speech.in.front.of.an.audience,.and.the.other.task.was.putting.a.hand.in.cold.ice.water ..Their.blood.pressure.levels.were.taken.before.the.stressful.tasks.and.then.during.the.stressful.tasks ..Half.of.those.volunteers.were.then.given.dogs ..They.adopted.these.dogs.and.then,.six.months.later.all.60.of.the.volunteers.were.brought.back.to.perform.the.same.two.tasks.again ..Again,.their.blood.pressure.was.measured.before.and.after ..The.result.was.that.during.the.stressful.tasks—giving.a.speech.and.holding.their.hands.in.cold.water—the.blood.pressure.of.the.dog.owners.was.much.lower.than.that.of.the.other.group ..So,.it.seems.that.although.they.were.all.put.through.the.same.situations,.the.dog.owners.suffered.less.stress .

A:. Wow ..That’s.amazing .B:. Yes,.it.is ..What’s.more,.we.later.gave.the.other.

group.dogs.as.well,.and.we.found.after.six.months.their.blood.pressure.had.dropped.as.well .

A:. Incredible ..To.achieve.these.kinds.of.stress-reducing.results,.does.it.matter.what.kind.of.animal.a.person.has?

B:. No ..Interestingly.enough,.we.believe.the.effect.is.the.same.regardless.of.the.pet.involved ..In.another.study.we.conducted,.we.measured.blood.pressure.and.muscle.tension.in.a.group.of.people.before.and.after.watching.fish.in.an.aquarium ..Those.that.watched.the.fish.for.several.minutes.were.much.more.relaxed.and.had.lower.blood.pressure.levels.than.those.that.did.not.look.at.the.aquarium .

A:. So.it.seems.that.if.we.lead.a.stressful.life.and.don’t.have.a.pet,.we.should.maybe.run.out.and.get.one .

B:. Yes,.it.does.seem.that.way ..And,.it’s.not.only.stress.levels.that.are.being.affected.by.our.animal.friends ..There.is.increasing.proof.that.having.a.pet.at.work.seems.to.relax.workers.and.at.the.same.time.make.them.more.productive .


A:. Yes,.I.think.I’ve.heard.of.that,.especially.in.causal.work.environments.like.in.some.high.tech.companies,.for.example .

B:. Yes,.but.we’ve.also.seen.this.in.busy.professional.settings.such.as.law.and.accounting.firms .

A:. Really?B:. Oh,.yes ..However,.this.is.not.something.that’s.

suitable.for.everyone ..Before.instituting.a.pet.friendly.office,.everyone.involved.needs.to.agree.that.it.will.work.for.that.particular.office.since,.you.know,.many.people.have.allergies.caused.by.cats,.for.example ..Additionally,.there.need.to.be.guidelines.in.place.to.determine.where.bathroom.and.food.and.water.areas.are ..So,.although.having.pets.in.the.workplace.can.make.an.office.more.productive,.care.needs.to.be.taken.to.make.sure.it’s.a.situation.that.will.work.for.everyone .

A:. True ..I.think.I’ve.heard.of.pet.therapy.also.being.used.in.prisons.and.nursing.homes .

B:. Absolutely ..Caring.for.an.animal.can.be.very.therapeutic ..It.helps.prisoners.develop.a.loving.relationship.with.a.living.creature.and.therefore,.when.these.people.have.been.released,.they’re.used.to.the.socializing.influence.an.animal.can.have ..And,.in.nursing.homes,.when.animals.are.brought.in,.the.people.there.cheer.up,.laugh.and.talk.much.more ..It’s.really.very.dramatic ..I.think.we.are.just.now.beginning.to.realize.the.effects.of.having.animals.as.companions .

A:. Yes,.it.certainly.seems.that.way ..In.addition.to.lowering.stress.levels,.is.there.anything.else.you.would.like.to.tell.us.on.this.subject?

B:. Oh,.certainly ..Other.studies.have.shown.that.elderly.pet.owners.feel.needed.and.less.lonely,.and.have.a.sense.of.responsibility.to.their.pet,.and.so.therefore.they.live.longer.than.those.who.don’t.care.for.an.animal ..Additionally,.in.one.study.pet.owners.with.heart.problems.lived.an.average.of.one.year.longer.after.leaving.the.hospital.than.those.that.did.not.have.a.pet ..One.obvious.result.is.the.increase.in.physical.activity.a.dog.owner.enjoys.by.walking.a.dog ..This.added.exercise.increases.blood.flow.to.the.brain.and.can.produce.endorphins—natural.‘feel.good’.hormones.that.add.to.an.overall.sense.of.well-being .

A:. Any.last.word.of.advice.for.our.listeners?B:. Yes,.one.note.of.caution ..Before.getting.any.

animal,.potential.pet.owners,.need.to.remember.that.this.is.a.long.term.relationship.on.which.the.animal’s.welfare.depends ..People.must.realize.that.there.is.a.significant.time.commitment.in.terms.of.caring.for.an.animal,.and.that.in.addition.to.purchasing.food,.toys,.cages.and.what-have-you,.veterinarian.bills.can.be.very.pricey ..Pet.owners.

have.to.be.ready.for.that.responsibility.and.be.sure.that.having.a.pet.won’t.create.stress.for.them .

A:. Right,.I.guess.anyone.listening.should.make.sure.the.pet.they.choose.makes.sense.for.their.particular.home.situation .

B:. Absolutely ..One.problem.we.really.want.to.avoid.is.having.pets.returned.to.shelters.because.owners.get.home.with.their.new.family.members,.and.then.realize.they.are.unequipped.to.take.care.of.them .

A:. Right ..Well,.thank.you.again.Professor.Yang.for.coming.today .

5 Pronunciation (p. 81)Exercise 1Did.you.know.that.some.stress.is.actually.good.for.you?.If.you.don’t.have.a.little.stress.in.your.life,.it.may.be.hard.to.motivate.yourself ..But.how.do.you.know.what.good.stress.is,.and.what.bad.stress.is?.The.easiest.thing.to.do.is.pay.attention.to.how.you’re.feeling ..Are.you.cheerful,.or.angry?.Worried.or.content?.Are.you.sleeping.well?.Everyone.has.different.stress.levels ..Pay.attention.to.how.much.stress.your.body.is.comfortable.with .

Exercise 2. 1 .. Thank.you ..I’m.honored.to.be.here .. 2 .. We.believe.the.effect.is.the.same,.regardless.of.

the.pet.involved .. 3 .. Caring.for.an.animal.can.be.very.therapeutic .. 4 .. And.it’s.not.only.stress.levels.that.are.being.

affected.by.our.animal.friends .. 5 .. Before.getting.an.animal,.potential.pet.owners.

need.to.remember.that.this.is.a.long-term.relationship .

. 6 .. Pet.owners.have.to.be.ready.because.it’s.a.huge.responsibility .


A=Student1,B=Student2,C=Student3A:. OK,.let’s.get.started ..The.topic.of.our.presentation.

will.be.stress.reduction ..And,.so.what.we.want.to.do.today.is.just.come.up.with.a.list.of.some.good.ways.to.reduce.stress ..So,.any.ideas?.Who.wants.to.start?

B:. How.about.working.out?.I.find.that.when.I’m.working.out.regularly,.I.feel.less.stressed.and.less.tense ..It.helps.me.sleep.better,.too .

C:. Yeah,.me.too ..I.definitely.agree.with.that .A:. Good.idea ..I’ll.keep.a.written.list,.by.the.way ..

Anyone.else?C:. Maybe.this.doesn’t.work.for.everyone,.but.I.think.

listening.to.music.reduces.stress ..It’s.relaxing .


A:. Alright ..What.do.the.rest.of.you.think.about.that?.Should.we.add.it.to.the.list?

A,.B.&.C:. OK/Yeah/SureA:. OK,.what.else.can.we.say?

CHAPTER 10

Business


A=SpeakerA:. Good.morning.ladies.and.gentlemen ..I’d.like.to.

welcome.you.all.to.today’s.seminar.on.Principles.of.Good.Management ..Our.first.session.of.the.day.is.a.kind.of.overview ..What.I.want.to.do.is.introduce.some.of.the.points.that.we’re.going.to.be.discussing.throughout.the.rest.of.the.seminar ..Now,.later.in.the.day,.we’ll.thinking.much.more.carefully.about.each.of.these.items,.and.you’ll.have.a.chance.to.put.each.of.these.points.into.action ..But.for.now,.we.want.to.take.a.brief.look.at.what.we’ll.be.covering.during.the.rest.of.the.seminar .

. Before.we.get.started,.could.I.see.a.show.of.hands?.How.many.of.you.are.currently.in.management.positions?.Okay ..It.looks.like.almost.everyone.is ..And.how.many.of.you.are.studying.management.in.school.or.expect.to.be.managers.in.the.future?.Alright ..And,.well,.that.looks.like.everyone.else ..Good .

. Today.I’m.going.to.talk.about.characteristics.that.good.bosses.and.managers.share ..Please.direct.your.attention.to.the.first.point.on.the.screen ..Okay,.first,.we.see.that.good.managers.are.good.role.models.for.their.employees ..They.tend.to.lead.by.example ..They.understand.a.company’s.beliefs,.practice.them.themselves.and.earn.the.respect.of.the.people.they.supervise .

. Next,.we.see.that.another.characteristic.of.effective.managers.is.that.they.see.the.unique.strengths.of.their.employees.and.try.to.utilize.those.strengths.in.their.organization ..This.kind.of.manager.observes.what.tasks.his.or.her.people.do.well,.what.responsibilities.they.learn.quickly,.and.which.ones.they.enjoy.doing,.and.a.good.manager.will.reward.them.by.giving.them.tasks.that.encourage.the.use.of.these.skills ..Now,.excellent.managers.want.their.team.to.grow,.to.take.on.additional.responsibility,.and.to.mentor.others ..And.they.do.what’s.necessary.to.make.that.happen .

. As.this.next.screen.shows,.good.managers.understand.the.direction.their.organization.is.moving.in.and.embrace.that.vision.and.communicate.it.to.the.team;.all.the.while,.being.focused.on.the.company.targets .

. These.people.also.expect.their.employees.to.meet.the.standards.they.set ..But.a.good.manager.will.always.give.employees.the.tools.and.opportunities.to.do.so ..And.not.only.that,.but.a.good.manager.will.check.up.on.employees.to.make.sure.that.they’re.working.toward.meeting.those.standards ..Now.that.doesn’t.mean.being.a.micro.manager ..It.doesn’t.mean.that.you.should.be.checking.up.on.every.detail.of.a.person’s.work ..No.one.likes.to.be.micro.managed ..It’s.not.only.inefficient,.but.it.tells.your.staff.that.you.don’t.believe.they.can.do.the.work ..Trust.that.the.people.you.hired.are.capable.of.doing.the.job ..And.you’ll.have.to.accept.that.mistakes.will.be.made ..In.fact,.a.good.manager.uses.mistakes.as.teaching.or.training.opportunities ..Ultimately,.managers.that.spend.their.time.micro.managing.employees.are.just.plain.ineffective,.because.they.should.be.spending.time.on.projects.that.truly.need.their.attention .

. Next.point:.A.good.manager.delegates.tasks.that.don’t.need.his.or.her.attention ..This.allows.people.the.chance.to.exhibit.willingness.to.take.on.responsibility ..We’ll.talk.a.lot.more.about.that.later ..But,.it’s.vital .

. As.we.see.here,.I.also.believe.that.a.great.manager.has.a.personal.life ..He.or.she.makes.time.for.family.and.friends.and.leisure.time.activities ..Why?.Well,.I.feel.you.cannot.give.to.others.what.you.do.not.have,.and.if.you.are.burned.out.from.working.70.hours.a.week,.how.much.energy.and.creativity.can.you.bring.to.work?.Not.very.much!.Good.managers.take.care.of.themselves.by.getting.enough.sleep,.eating.right,.and.getting.exercise ..This.serves.as.a.lifestyle.example.to.others,.and,.again,.this.is.my.opinion,.it.makes.the.whole.team.more.effective ..A.more.effective.workplace.meets.its.goals .

. Finally,.whenever.I.give.this.lecture,.I’m.almost.always.asked.about.what.to.do.with.a.bad.manager,.and.I’m.sure.everyone.in.this.room.has.at.one.time.or.another.had.one.of.those.types.of.supervisors ..We’ll.discuss.this.at.length.this.afternoon ..But,.for,.now.I’ll.just.say.this:.The.characteristics.of.bad.managers.run.the.gamut.from.micro.managing,.to.bullying,.to.just.plain.being.ineffective ..And,.short.of.quitting,.there.isn’t.much.you.can.do.since.it.is.unlikely.that.your.boss.


is.going.to.change ..So,.if.he.or.she.won’t,.you.will.have.to ..You.may.have.to.work.around.your.boss.to.get.things.done;.or.make.connections.with.others.in.key.positions.in.other.departments.so.that.your.productivity.is.minimally.impacted ..Don’t.let.this.person.stop.you.from.achieving.your.goals .

. Now,.as.we.get.ready.for.the.rest.of.the.day,.I’d.like.you.all.to.remember.that.management.can.be.highly.exciting.and.highly.rewarding ..Good.manager.are.constantly.striving.to.improve.themselves,.and.their.techniques.and.their.employees ..And.I’m.sure.that’s.why.you’re.all.here.today!.So.now,.let’s.take.a.short.break.and.meet.up.for.our.next.session.in.15.minutes .

D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 86)Exercise 1Good.managers.are.good.role.models.for.employees ..They.understand.a.company’s.beliefs.and.its.mission,.and.they.tend.to.lead.by.example ..As.a.result,.good.managers.earn.the.respect.of.the.people.they.supervise,.and.help.them.become.leaders,.too .

Exercise 2We.see.here.another.characteristic.of.effective.managers ..Effective.managers.see.the.unique.strengths.of.their.employees.and.try.to.utilize.those.strengths.in.their.organization ..This.kind.of.manager.observes.what.tasks.his.or.her.people.do.well,.what.responsibilities.they.learn.quickly,.and.which.of.these.they.enjoy.doing ..And.a.good.manager.will.reward.them.by.giving.them.tasks.that.encourage.the.use.of.these.skills .


A=RadioHost,B=Connie,C=Kim,D=LanA:. Hello.everyone ..As.you.know,.this.month.we’re.

focusing.on.the.growing.trend.of.immigrant.female.business.owners ..After.some.facts.and.figures.and . . .I.think.you’ll.be.surprised.to.hear.some.of.these.figures ..I.know.I.was ..I’ll.introduce.three.local.women.who.will.speak.about.how.they.got.started.and.challenges.they’ve.faced ..Finally.we’ll.talk.about.support.for.women.in.our.community.who.want.to.become.self-employed .

. Owning.your.own.business—working.for.yourself,.instead.of.someone.else—has.long.been.part.of.the.American.dream ..But.the.profile.of.the.self-owned.business.and.its.proprietor.is.changing ..Fifty.years.ago.it.was.more.likely.to.be.a.white.male.who.owned.a.small.business.or.

manufacturing.company ..Using.data.from.the.2000.census,.the.US.Immigration.Policy.Center.noted.that.the.number.of.businesses.owned.by.women.immigrants.has.increased.190%.since.1990.and.468.%.since.1980!.The.number.of.immigrant.female.entrepreneurs.has.recently.surpassed.the.number.of.native-born.female.entrepreneurs ..In.fact,.they.are.expected.to.soon.challenge.the.number.of.immigrant.male.entrepreneurs .

. Immigrant.female.entrepreneurs.stand.out.as.one.of.the.fastest.growing.groups.of.business.owners.in.the.US.today ..The.largest.group.comes.from.Latin.America.and.the.Caribbean;.the.second.largest,.from.Asia.and.the.Pacific.Islands .

. Unlike.the.main.street.hardware.store.or.small.manufacturing.business.owned.by.white.males.in.the.1950’s,.the.businesses.these.women.are.starting.up.reflect.their.diverse.backgrounds.and.diverse.needs ..For.many.it’s.economics.that.forces.them.into.business:.they.need.to.support.their.families.and.this.seems.like.the.only.way ..Foreign.born.doctors,.mathematicians,.and.teachers.who.do.not.know.enough.English.to.work.in.their.fields.take.stock.of.their.skills.and.the.local.market ..Using.their.ingenuity,.they.embark.on.new.careers.often.starting.in.their.homes.baking,.sewing,.or.providing.a.service .

. But.not.all.are.in.desperate.financial.straits ..Some.immigrant.women.start.businesses.simply.because.they.now.have.the.freedom.to.do.so.and.they.like.being.independent .

. Whatever.their.motivation,.we.need.to.acknowledge.the.impact.of.these.female.entrepreneurs.as.role.models.for.other.immigrants.and.younger.generations ..Furthermore,.they.contribute.to.the.economy.when.they.start.to.employ.other.people,.including.immigrant.women ..As.they.recognize.their.right.to.have.a.voice,.they.become.more.active.in.the.business.community.and.speak.up.for.issues.such.as.health-care.reform ..Some.even.go.on.to.lobbying.in.Washington.or.in.state.governments .

. One.of.the.many.hurdles.these.businesswomen.face.is.access.to.capital ..With.no.collateral,.no.credit.history.and.little.or.no.professional.experience.in.the.business.they.are.about.to.enter,.these.women.are.not.likely.to.qualify.for.most.traditional.loans,.especially.those.from.banks ..Help.does.exist.through.loan.programs.and.grants.such.as.the.Count.Me.In.program,.and.the.US.SBA.Micro.Loan.Program ..I.predict.we.


will.see.some.changes.and.increased.investment.by.mainstream.financial.institutions ..Even.the.government.recommends.increasing.start-up.capital.and.more.training.specific.to.their.needs .

. I’d.like.to.shift.our.focus.now.to.our.guests.and.let.them.tell.us.what.they.do.and.how.they.got.started ..Who.wants.to.go.first?

B:. I’ll.go.first ..My.name’s.Connie,.and.I’m.from.Mexico ..I.own.a.small.bakery ..In.Mexico.I.was.an.accountant.but.when.I.came.here.ten.years.ago.I.didn’t.speak.English ..I.have.3.children.and.we.needed.money.so.I.started.making.Mexican.pastries.to.sell.at.the.local.farmer’s.market ..As.the.business.grew.it.took.over.our.apartment ..Soon.we.had.two.refrigerators.in.our.tiny.living.room!.I.tried.to.get.a.loan,.but.the.bank.wouldn’t.even.talk.to.me ..One.of.my.customers.put.me.in.touch.with.Count.Me.In ..They.gave.me.a.loan.so.I.could.open.my.own.bakery ..Now.I.employ.six.people.and.we.are.open.six.days.a.week,.serving.lunch.as.well.as.bread.and.pastries .

C:. My.name.is.Kim.and.I.moved.here.from.Korea.ten.years.ago ..My.husband.is.American ..I.used.to.work.in.a.bank.in.Korea.but.when.I.arrived.in.the.US,.I.didn’t.work.at.first ..We.had.a.small.child.and.I.didn’t.want.to.leave.him.with.strangers ..We.needed.money.so.I.began.babysitting.for.my.friends ..The.children.were.babies.and.slept.most.of.the.time ..My.friends.were.happy.and.I.was.glad.to.have.the.extra.money ..When.I.decided.to.expand.into.a.day.care.center,.I.had.to.apply.for.a.certificate.from.the.state.and.a.loan ..The.forms.were.impossible.for.me.to.understand.and.the.bank.was.not.encouraging ..Only.the.Small.Business.Administration.(SBA).helped.me ..I.am.sure.I.would.not.be.here.today.if.they.hadn’t.helped ..They.were.very.patient .

D:. My.name.is.Lan.and.I.come.from.Vietnam ..I.own.a.nail.salon ..I.started.doing.nails.in.a.beauty.salon.working.for.an.American.woman ..When.she.retired.three.years.ago.I.didn’t.know.what.to.do ..I.don’t.have.to.work,.but.I.don’t.want.to.stay.home.all.day ..I.like.being.out.of.the.house.and.talking.with.other.women ..I.wanted.my.own.shop.but.I.didn’t.have.enough.money ..My.former.employer.introduced.me.to.a.SCORE.volunteer.who.helped.me.apply.for.a.loan ..I.opened.my.shop.two.years.ago ..At.first.it.was.just.me.but.now.there.are.three.of.us—all.Vietnamese!

A:. Thank.you,.ladies ..Now.we’d.like.to.hear.your.ideas ..What.kind.of.support.is.still.needed?

5 Pronunciation (p. 91)Exercise 1Owning.your.own.business—working.for.yourself,.instead.of.someone.else—has.long.been.a.part.of.the.American.dream .

Exercise 2The.number.of.immigrant.female.entrepreneurs.has.recently.surpassed.the.number.of.native-born.female.entrepreneurs ..In.fact,.they.are.expected.to.soon.challenge.the.number.of.immigrant.male.entrepreneurs .

CHAPTER 11

Space Science


A=Joyce,B=Tony,C=LarryReynoldsA:. Well,.I.can.truthfully.say.tonight’s.travel.feature.

is.amazing ..I’ll.let.Tony.White.tell.you.all.about.it ..Tony…

B:. Thanks,.Joyce ..Imagine.surprising.your.sweetheart.on.Valentine’s.Day.with.two.tickets.on.a.launch.to.the.moon!.Well,.it’s.not.as.crazy.as.it.sounds ..You.may.remember.that.in.2001,.a.businessman.from.California.named.Dennis.Tito.paid.$20.million.to.ride.as.a.tourist,.along.with.a.cosmonaut,.on.a.Russian.spacecraft ..Ever.since.then,.people.have.been.buzzing.about.the.possibility.of.space.tourism .

. In.the.past,.apart.from.the.exception.of.a.few.other.wealthy.travelers.like.Tito,.launches.into.space.had.only.been.made.for.the.purpose.of.conducting.scientific.research ..Astronauts.have.been.sent.into.space.to.gather.information.and.conduct.experiments,.and.satellites.have.been.launched.for.various.reasons ..But.now,.several.companies.are.actually.offering.trips.into.outer.space ..In.fact,.there’s.already.a.good.deal.of.competition.in.the.industry ..Those.of.you.who.are.old.enough.will.remember.how.nations.competed.in.the.60’s.to.be.the.first.country.to.land.a.man.on.the.moon ..Of.course,.the.first.moon.landing.was.a.monumental.accomplishment ..Well.if.you.remember.that.race,.just.think.that.now.a.handful.of.billion-dollar.companies.are.fiercely.competing.to.be.first.to.launch.a.commercial.shuttle.into.space.two.times.within.a.two-week.period ..My,.how.times.have.changed!


. As.you.might.imagine,.the.potential.customers.for.these.companies.are.people.with.a.sizable.income.and.a.very.strong.sense.of.adventure ..Folks.who.are.curious.about.what.it.would.be.like.to.break.through.the.earth’s.atmosphere.and.go.where.few.have.ever.gone.before,.not.to.mention.enjoy.the.fun.of.floating.in.a.zero-gravity.environment ..Of.course,.the.more.one.thinks.about.it,.the.more.intriguing.it.is ..After.all,.who.wouldn’t.want.to.explore.the.further.reaches.of.our.solar.system?.Plus,.astronauts.have.reported.that.the.views.of.earth.from.outer.space.are.out.of.this.world!

. If.you’re.wondering.why.it’s.taken.so.long.for.private.space.tourism.companies.to.establish.themselves,.well,.there.is.one.huge.obstacle:.the.tremendous.cost.of.launching.vehicles—that’s.what.they.use.to.get.shuttles.off.the.ground.and.into.space ..The.problem.is.that.these.launching.vehicles.are.destroyed.with.each.launch—that’s.a.lot.of.money.gone.up.in.smoke,.literally ..Scientists.are.working.to.develop.reusable.launching.vehicles.as.one.way.to.cut.costs ..Another.option.is.to.take.advantage.of.a.very.small.but.very.profitable.market:.super-wealthy,.space-obsessed.travelers ..One.former.astronaut.pointed.out.that.almost.every.time.NASA.has.sent.a.space.shuttle.into.space,.there.have.been.several.empty.seats.on.the.shuttle ..So.had.NASA.been.filling.the.empty.seats.at.$20.million.each,.the.US.space.program.could.have.already.earned.around.$2.billion ..That.would.certainly.subsidize.a.lot.of.launches .

. Investors.in.space.tourism.think.that.the.future.of.the.industry.is.very.bright ..Here’s.what.Larry.Reynolds,.a.spokesperson.for.Stellar.Excursions.had.to.say:

C:. For.now,.because.of.their.high.cost,.these.tours.are.still.out.of.reach.for.most.people ..But.that.will.be.changing!.The.sooner.we.open.up.space.travel.to.more.paying.customers—shifting.from.say.a.few.hundred.passengers.per.year.to.thousands—the.demand.will.increase.and.eventually.the.cost.of.these.launches.will.decrease ..The.cost.will.come.down.as.much.as.70% ..In.addition.to.lowering.launch.costs,.exploding.tourism.will.spark.the.development.of.many.new,.imaginative.services,.constructions.and.activities.in.the.hospitality.industry ..Take.hotels,.for.example ..The.first.hotels—let’s.call.them.orbiting.hotels,.since.they.will.probably.orbit.the.earth.or.the.moon—will.most.likely.be.pre-fabricated.and.rather.spartan.or.simple,.no-frills.facilities ..They’ll.probably.look.similar.to.the.space.stations.that.are.orbiting.

in.space.right.now ..And.the.trips,.like.safaris.or.expeditions.into.the.wilderness,.will.be.billed.as.adventure.tours ..Once.space.tourism.becomes.more.affordable.and.catches.on.with.a.larger.clientele,.we’ll.see.architects,.interior.designers,.furniture.makers,.fashion.designers,.leisure.activity.coordinators.and.many.more.folks.creating.and.adapting.objects.and.activities.in.ways.we.have.not.begun.to.imagine ..It’s.really.very.exciting.–.a.whole.new.world.of.possibilities ..Of.course.if.space.tourism.is.going.to.be.a.vibrant,.growing.industry,.then.we’ll.have.to.provide.travelers.with.the.best.services.possible ..That.will.be.of.the.utmost.importance.to.our.future.customers ..And.that’s.just.what.we’re.committed.to.doing .

B:. If.Mr ..Reynolds.is.right,.then.we.might.be.hearing.about.space.hotels.and.space.shopping.malls.sooner.than.you.think ..For.now,.many.scientists.are.working.to.develop.the.technology.to.fly.into.space.cheaply.and.often ..And.several.companies—including.one.owned.by.Richard.Branson,.owner.of.Virgin.Airlines—are.developing.space.flight.packages.and.hoping.to.eventually.take.people.into.space.for.as.little.as.$100,000.a.ticket .

. As.for.NASA—the.people.who.have.been.launching.astronauts.into.space.for.over.30.years—they.seem.interested.in.the.idea.of.space.tourism,.too ..In.fact,.they’ve.even.agreed.to.allow.one.space.travel.company.to.use.their.runway.and.landing.facilities.at.the.Kennedy.Space.Center.in.Florida .

. So.if.you’ve.been.planning.a.big.vacation,.you.might.want.to.wait.a.while.and.save.up.a.little.more ..Before.you.know.it,.there.may.be.weekly.flights.leaving.for.the.final.frontier!

. This.is.Tony.White,.reporting .

3 Vocabulary (p. 97)Exercise 1. 1 .. People.have.been.buzzing.about.the.possibility.

of.space.tourism .. 2 .. The.first.moon.landing.was.a.monumental.

accomplishment .. 3 .. Exploding.tourism.will.spark.the.development.

of.many.new,.imaginative.services,.constructions.and.activities.in.the.hospitality.industry .

. 4 .. Because.of.their.high.cost,.these.tours.are.still.out.of.reach.for.most.people .

. 5 .. Astronauts.have.reported.that.the.views.of.earth.from.outer.space.are.out.of.this.world!



A=GregB=Interviewee1C=Interviewee2D=Interviewee3E=Interviewee4

A:. This.is.Greg.Morgan.from.WSUR ..If.you’ve.been.following.our.focus.program.this.week.you.know.we’ve.been.taking.a.look.at.the.space.program—starting.with.its.history,.the.impact.of.the.cold.war.on.the.race.for.space,.the.indirect.benefits.from.technology,.and.of.course.the.questions.of.safety ..Today,.the.question.we’re.asking.is.about.money:.The.space.program.is.obviously.expensive ..Is.it.worth.the.money.our.government.spends.on.it?.Or.should.that.money.be.spent.elsewhere?.We.went.downtown.to.ask.some.local.people.for.their.opinions.on.the.space.program .

A:. Hello.there ..We’re.trying.to.find.out.how.the.local.population.feels.about.the.space.program ..Would.you.mind.answering.some.questions?

B:. No,.I’d.be.glad.to ..I.think.space.exploration.is.important,.especially.if.we.want.to.keep.our.place.in.history ..But,.you.know,.with.all.the.problems.and.accidents.lately,.uh,.I.think.we.should.stop.sending.people.into.space .

A:. So,.are.you.saying.we.should.shut.down.the.space.program?

B:. No,.actually.I.have.a.better.idea ..I.think.for.now.we.should.just.conduct.robotic.missions—I.mean,.send.robots.into.space,.like.the.robot.they.sent.up.to.Mars.a.few.years.ago ..A.mission.like.that.may.not.capture.the.public.attention.the.way.the.shuttle.flights.with.astronauts.do,.but.they’re.faster.and.cheaper ..In.some.ways,.the.robots.can.do.more.than.humans,.like.going.into.areas.that.we.wouldn’t.dare.send.astronauts ..Plus.robots.can.operate.for.long.periods.of.time—without.food.and.water ..It’s.more.cost-effective .

A:. It.would.still.be.expensive,.wouldn’t.it?B:. Well,.yeah ..It’s.not.going.to.be.cheap.–.probably.

billions,.but.from.what.I’ve.read.we’re.only.spending.a.small.chunk.of.the.national.budget.on.exploring.space .

A:. I.think.it’s.about.1%.currently .B:. See ..That’s…that’s.nothing ..So,.yeah.I.support.the.

program .A:. Thank.you .A:. Hello,.sir ..Would.you.mind.telling.our.local.

listeners.what.you.think.about.the.space.program?C:. Yeah,.OK ..What.about.it?

A:. Well,.for.example,.do.you.think.the.space.program.is.worth.the.expense?

C:. Well,.in.general.I.have.to.say.I.think.there.are.a.lot.of.more.pressing.needs.here.on.earth.we.need.to.tend.to.first—like.finding.jobs.for.the.unemployed,.helping.the.homeless ..I.mean,.how.do.you.explain.to.someone.sleeping.on.a.park.bench.in.winter.that.we’re.spending.tons.of.money.to.send.a.couple.of.folks.into.outer.space.but.we.can’t.provide.shelter.for.everyone.who.needs.it?!!

A:. Good.point .C:. It’s.kind.of.obvious,.if.you.ask.me ..I.need.to.get.

going.though .A:. Sure ..Thank.you.for.your.time .A:. Hello,.could.I.ask.you.what.you.think.about.the.

space.program?.Do.you.think.it’s.worthwhile?D:. Yes,.I.do ..I.know.a.lot.of.people.are.of.the.opinion.

that.it’s.a.waste.of.money,.because.well,.it.seems.pointless ..Some.think.that.astronauts.just.go.up.and.float.around.in.the.space.station,.do.some.experiments.and.then.come.back.home ..But,.you.know.there.are.many.benefits.to.space.exploration.that.people.aren’t.even.aware.of ..Just.consider.all.the.things.that.were.made.in.space.for.example .

A:. You.mean.things.made.for.space,.like.space.blankets.and.freeze-dried.food ..Stuff.like.that?

D:. No,.no,.not.for.space—products.made.only.in.space,.uh,.like.crystals—they.can.make.perfect.crystals.in.space ..And.they’re.also.making.some.alloys—blends.of.metals.that.we.can’t.combine.on.earth .

A:. That’s.interesting ..I.must.say.that.I.wasn’t.aware.of.that .

D:. Oh,.I’ve.always.been.fascinated.with.space ..I.like.to.check.out.the.Websites.for.the.latest.news—watch.the.launches.and.so.on .

A:. OK ..Thanks.for.talking.with.us .A:. Hello,.Miss ..Would.you.mind.telling.our.

listeners.whether.you.think.the.space.program.is.worthwhile?

E:. Why,.yes.of.course ..I’m.a.science.teacher.and.I.think.it’s.very.important.for.many.reasons ..For.example,.you.probably.know.we’re.going.to.Venus ..Scientists.are.hoping.to.find.some.clues.as.to.what.caused.severe.global.warming.on.Venus.and.help.prevent.the.same.thing.from.happening.here.on.earth ..Another.reason.I.support.space.exploration.is.because.of.the.exciting.opportunities.it.opens.up.for.global.cooperation.to.develop.new.infrastructures .

A:. Something.I.hadn’t.thought.of—you.mean.like.some.kind.of.international.government.agencies.and.police?

E:. Yes,.it’ll.take.a.lot.of.careful.thought.and.collaboration,.but.it’s.exciting,.don’t.you.think?.Beyond.that,.there’s.just.the.fact.that.the.space.


program.has.also.led.to.the.invention.of.many.important.products ..Many.things.you.and.I.use.every.day.were.created.for.use.in.space ..Take.bar.codes,.for.example ..They.were.designed.to.keep.track.of.the.millions.of.parts.that.make.up.a.spacecraft ..Now.we.use.them.not.only.to.ring.up.costs.at.the.counter.but.to.keep.track.of.inventory.as.well .

A:. I.never.knew.bar.codes.came.from.the.space.program .

E:. Yes,.and.there’s.more:.smoke.detectors,.cordless.tools,.joy.stick.controllers,.the.monitoring.systems.used.in.the.intensive.care.units,.and.even.those.rescue.cutters.they.use.to.cut.through.cars.to.extract.people.who.have.been.in.serious.car.accidents—they’re.powered.by.miniature.versions.of.technology.that’s.used.to.separate.things.on.the.space.shuttle .

A:. Fascinating ..Thanks.for.sharing.that.with.us .

5 Pronunciation (p. 100)Exercise 1. first.time. space.station. real.life. touched.down

Exercise 3. 1 .. That.was.the.first time.someone.landed.on.the.

moon .. 2 .. Did.your.mom meet.you.at.the.airport?. 3 .. We.don’t.have.enough.fuel left .. 4 .. We.had.to.land during.a.rainstorm .. 5 .. They.live very.close.to.each.other .. 6 .. Our.planet takes.one.year.to.orbit.the.sun .


A=Student1,B=Student2A:. Hi,.excuse.me ..I’m.doing.some.research.on.what.

people.in.our.school.do.to.relax.on.the.weekends ..Can.I.ask.you.a.couple.of.questions?

B:. Sure ..But.I.don’t.have.too.much.time .A:. That’s.OK ..This.will.be.fast ..First.of.all,.do.you.

normally.spend.your.weekends.here.on.campus?B:. Sometimes ..I.go.home.for.the.weekend.

sometimes,.too ..But.I.guess.I.stay.around.here.most.weekends .

A:. What.do.you.usually.do.for.fun.on.the.weekends?.When.you.stay.here,.I.mean .

B:. Well.I.like.to.go.to.the.movies.a.lot ..Other.than.that,.I’ll.work.out.on.Saturday.morning.with.my.

roommate ..Kind.of.boring,.huh?.I.often.have.to.work.on.the.weekends,.so.there.isn’t.much.time.for.fun.or.relaxing .

A:. And.what.do.you.do.for.fun.when.you.go.home.for.the.weekend?

B:. I.think.the.best.thing.about.weekends.at.home.is.that.I.can.sleep-in.late ..Though,.I.do.get.to.see.my.puppy,.too.and.my.parents,.of.course ..I’m.sorry,.but.I.really.need.to.get.going .

A:. Sure ..Thanks.for.your.time .B:. No.problem ..I.hope.your.weekend’s.more.fun.

than.mine .

CHAPTER 12

Archaeology


A=SteveJensen,B=Dr.RolandJeffriesA:. Welcome.back.to.Spotlight ..With.us.now.is.Dr ..

Roland.Jeffries ..He’s.an.archaeologist,.but.not.the.kind.of.archaeologist.you.might.think ..You’re.much.more.likely.to.find.Dr ..Jeffries.at.a.crime.scene.then.you.are.to.find.him.looking.for.fossils.or.ancient.statues ..You.see,.our.guest.helps.solve.crimes ..He’s.a.forensic.archaeologist,.and.he’s.here.to.tell.us.just.what.that.means ..Welcome.to.the.show ..So.Dr,.how.does.an.archaeologist.help.solve.a.murder.mystery?

B:. Well,.let.me.start.by.saying.that.the.type.of.archaeology.I.practice.is.called.forensic—forensic.archaeology ..And.although.it’s.a.pretty.new.field,.I.guess.you.could.say.that.detectives.have.been.using.some.of.our.techniques.for.a.long.time ..You.see.we.basically.look.for.clues ..Clues.that.will.hopefully.help.solve.crimes—murders.and.other.types.of.crimes.as.well ..We.use.techniques.from.archaeology.to.find.physical.evidence.at.a.crime.scene .

A:. So,.you’re.sort.of.like.an.archaeological.detective?B:. Right ..You.could.say.that .A:. So.what.skills.do.you.bring.to.the.job.that.an.

average.detective.might.not.have?B:. Well,.the.process.of.recovering.evidence.from.

a.crime.scene.is.really.tricky.because.it.can.be.destructive ..It’s.very.easy.to.damage.or.alter.the.evidence.that.you’re.trying.to.collect ..But.as.archaeologists,.my.colleagues.and.I.have.the.training.and.the.experience.necessary.to.conduct.a.methodical,.meticulous.search.and.recovery.process.while.still.protecting.the.scene.so.that.it.


isn’t.harmed.and.important.evidence.isn’t.missed.or.overlooked ..But.only.a.portion.of.our.work.takes.place.at.the.crime.scene;.the.rest.takes.place.in.the.laboratory .

A:. So.what.kind.of.evidence.are.you.usually.looking.for?

B:. Well,.that.depends.very.much.on.the.case ..I’ll.give.you.an.example.from.a.recent.scenario ..Several.months.ago.a.body.was.found.at.a.construction.site.in.the.city.where.I.work,.Chicago ..Construction.workers.were.diggings.and.came.across.the.remains.of.a.person ..The.police.were.notified,.and.soon.afterward.my.team.was.called.to.the.scene ..The.first.three.things.we.wanted.to.find.out.were:.1 ..Who.was.this.person?.2 ..When.did.they.die?.And.3 ..How.did.they.die?.There.wasn’t.any.clothing.or.personal.effects.on.the.person—like.a.wallet,.handbag,.or.driver’s.license—but.by.applying.techniques.from.archaeology.we.were.able.to.find.enough.evidence.to.identify.the.person,.determine.the.approximate.time.of.death,.and.the.cause.of.death .

. To.do.this,.we.had.to.conduct.several.tests ..For.one.thing,.we.studied.the.victim’s.bones.and.teeth ..This.helped.us.determine.the.age.and.when.he.died ..Later.we.found.traces.of.poison.in.his.bones.and.in.his.hair ..Based.on.the.type.of.chemicals.we.found,.we.believe.the.person.was.murdered—poisoned.to.death ..The.police.were.able.to.take.our.evidence,.follow.up.on.it.and.eventually.make.an.arrest .

A:. This.sounds.like.a.complicated.process ..How.long.does.an.investigation.like.that.take—I.mean.gathering.the.evidence.and.running.the.tests .

B:. Again,.it.depends ..It.could.take.weeks,.months,.or.even.years ..And,.unfortunately,.we.don’t.always.come.up.with.definite.answers ..We.can’t.always.tell,.for.instance,.exactly.when.someone.died ..But.we.can.usually.estimate ..Sometimes.it’s.even.difficult.to.determine.a.victim’s.age .

A:. So.in.the.case.you.just.told.us.about,.you.discovered.the.cause.of.death.by.finding.traces.of.poison.in.the.body .

B:. Right .A:. But.what.are.other.signs.that.a.person.has.been.

murdered?.I.mean,.how.else.can.you.determine.the.cause.of.someone’s.death?

B:. Well,.we.always.look.for.evidence.of.trauma—that.is,.damage.to.certain.parts.of.the.body.that.might.indicate.that.the.person.was.attacked.or.harmed.in.some.way ..If.we.find.injuries,.then.we.have.to.look.closely.at.what.types.of.injuries.they.are ..Some.trauma.might.indicate.a.sports.injury.or.an.accident ..Other.injuries,.however,.like.fractures.to.bones.in.the.face,.ribs,.and.hands.could.suggest.violence ..So.based.on.the.type.of.injury,.we.can.

determine,.for.example,.whether.a.person.was.hurt.playing.a.sport.or.whether.they.were.the.victim.of.domestic.violence .

A:. Doesn’t.it.get.a.little.tedious.sometimes—all.that.detailed.work?

B:. No,.at.least.not.for.me ..Each.victim.has.a.different.story,.a.different.mystery.to.unravel ..So.when.studying.those.details,.it’s.almost.all.I.can.think.about ..Every.case.presents.brand.new.challenges,.so.it’s.very.exciting .

A:. Off.the.air,.you.and.I.were.talking.about.Kennewick.Man ..Can.you.tell.our.audience.about.who.he.is.and.why.that’s.an.important.case.in.the.history.of.forensic.archaeology?

B:. Yes ..Kennewick.Man—that’s.the.name.given.to.a.skeleton.that.was.found.in.1996.near.Kennewick,.Washington ..When.the.skeleton.was.first.found,.all.kinds.of.questions.were.being.asked.about.it ..A.forensic.archaeologist.was.called.in ..Based.on.the.shape.of.the.skull,.he.thought.it.was.probably.a.European.man ..Then.he.found.an.ancient.arrowhead.embedded.in.the.hip ..The.arrowhead.turned.out.to.be.over.9,000.years.old!

A:. Wow!B:. The.story.was.covered.in.the.national.papers.and.

on.TV,.and.many.people.became.curious.about.the.case ..Many.scientists.wanted.the.chance.to.study.the.skeleton ..And.that’s.where.the.conflict.arises ..A.local.group.of.Native.Americans.claimed.that.Kennewick.man.belonged.to.their.tribe ..I’m.not.familiar.with.all.the.details.of.the.case,.but.it.seems.they.went.to.court.and.demanded.that.the.Kennewick.man.be.returned.to.them.for.burial .

A:. That’s.right ..And.they.didn’t.want.scientists.to.study.him.at.all .

B:. Yes ..Since.he.was.an.ancient.member.of.their.tribe,.they.claimed.that.the.archaeologists.had.no.right.to.remove.him.from.his.grave.and.study.him ..The.Native.Americans.consider.this.disrespectful.of.the.dead ..There.are.many.cultures.that.agree.that.desecration.of.bones.is.unforgivable.and.can’t.be.justified.even.for.science ..So,.that.case.certainly.had.an.effect.on.our.field ..It.appears.that.it.might.even.lead.to.the.passing.of.new.laws.protecting.the.remains.of.the.dead ..It.also.made.the.people.in.my.field.more.aware.of.boundaries—of.what.we.can.and.can’t.do.in.order.to.solve.a.case,.or.settle.our.curiosity ..As.scientists.we’re.looking.for.facts,.but.as.caring.humans.we.can’t.ignore.how.serious.an.offense.it.is.to.a.particular.group.for.us.to.subject.what.they.consider.holy.and.sacred.remains.to.testing .

A:. Dr ..Jeffries,.thanks.very.much.for.stopping.by .B:. My.pleasure .


D Focus on the Listening Skill (p. 105)Exercise 1. 1 .. I’m.not.familiar.with.all.the.details.of.the.case,.

but.it.seems.they.went.to.court.and.demanded.that.the.Kennewick.man.be.returned.to.them.for.burial .

. 2 .. Yes ..Kennewick.Man—that’s.the.name.given.to.a.skeleton.that.was.found.in.1996.near.Kennewick,.Washington .

. 3 .. So.based.on.the.type.of.injury,.we.can.determine,.for.example,.whether.a.person.was.hurt.playing.a.sport.or.whether.they.were.the.victim.of.domestic.violence .

. 4 .. It.appears.that.it.might.even.lead.to.the.passing.of.new.laws.protecting.the.remains.of.the.dead .

. 5 .. Based.on.the.type.of.chemicals.we.found,.we.believe.the.person.was.murdered—poisoned.to.death .


A=Professor,B=Student1,C=Student2A:. Good.afternoon.everyone ..Today.I’d.like.to.

continue.discussing.the.kings.and.dynasties.of.ancient.Egypt ..Can.any.of.you.name.a.female.Egyptian.ruler?.Do.you.know.of.any.women.who.ruled.Egypt.in.ancient.times?

B:. Cleopatra?A:. Yes,.Cleopatra.was.co-ruler.of.Egypt ..She.reigned.

from.around.51.b.c..to.31.b.c ..But.almost.1500.years.before.her,.there.was.another.female.ruler.in.Egypt ..Her.name.was.Hatshepsut—the.only.female.pharaoh.of.ancient.Egypt ..Hatshepsut.was.the.daughter.of.Thutmose.I.and.Ahmose.Nefertari ..She.married.her.half.brother,.Thutmose.II,.which.was.pretty.common ..Marriages.among.royal.family.members.ensured.that.the.royal.blood.line.would.continue ..Well,.not.long.after.her.husband.became.pharaoh,.he.died ..And.at.that.point,.a.son.from.another.wife.took.his.place ..The.boy,.Thutmose.III,.was.not.old.enough.to.rule.the.kingdom,.however ..So.Hatshepsut.became.regent;.that.is,.she.governed.in.his.place ..She.was.expected.to.govern.the.kingdom.until.the.boy.came.of.age .

. But.Hatshepsut.had.other.plans ..Gradually,.she.assumed.more.and.more.power ..Eventually,.she.stopped.using.a.female.title.and.even.dropped.the.feminine.“t”.ending.from.the.end.of.her.name ..These.were.bold.moves,.but.in.1473.b.c.,.she.did.something.even.bolder—she.had.herself.crowned.pharoah ..In.doing.this,.she.became.the.first.woman.to.rule.Egypt.as.pharoah .

. In.the.few.statues.and.carvings.that.remain.today,.we.see.her.depicted.sometimes.as.a.woman.with.the.pharaoh.headdress.and.sometimes.as.a.man ..Although.it.was.not.uncommon.for.queens.to.rule,.and.women.had.many.rights.in.Egyptian.society.compared.to.those.of.other.civilizations.at.the.time,.this.was.the.first.time.a.woman.had.dared.to.call.herself.pharaoh ..She.explained.her.actions.by.announcing.that.hers.had.been.a.divine.birth ..She.related.a.dream.she.had.where.the.god.Amoun.had.taken.the.shape.of.her.father.and.declared.that.she,.Hatshepsut,.was.the.result.of.the.divine.relationship.between.her.mother.and.the.god ..Therefore,.she.was.the.true.king.of.Upper.and.Lower.Egypt .

C:. Excuse.me ..What.do.you.mean.by.“divine.birth”?A:. It.means.that.she.told.her.citizens.that.one.of.her.

parents.was.a.god,.therefore,.she.should.be.ruler.of.the.land.of.Egypt .

. And,.in.spite.of.her.unusual.actions,.it.appears.that.she.enjoyed.the.support.of.the.priests.and.her.people ..Under.her.reign.of.about.20.years,.Egypt.was.prosperous.and.peaceful ..We.know.she.carried.out.many.building.and.trading.projects .

B:. Can.you.tell.us.more.about.those.projects?.I’d.love.to.hear.about.what.she.accomplished .

A:. Well,.one.project.in.particular.was.the.moving.of.two.obelisks.to.Karnak.where.she.was.active.in.maintaining.and.repairing.the.temples ..These.two.large.monuments.were.to.commemorate.her.16th.year.as.ruler ..She.also.sent.an.expedition.to.the.land.of.Punt ..No.one.is.sure.where.exactly.this.was,.but.from.the.descriptions.of.people,.houses,.animals,.and.exotic.items.they.found.there,.some.scholars.feel.Punt.may.be.part.of.what.is.modern.day.Somalia ..Traders.brought.back.gold,.spices,.ivory,.wild.animals,.and.other.foreign.items ..Hatshepsut.may.have.even.led.attacks.into.Nubia.just.as.other.pharaohs.before.her.had .

. Her.most.impressive.building.achievement.was.her.mortuary.temple,.a.beautiful.building.situated.at.the.base.of.rocky.cliffs.at.Deir.el-Bahri,.and.it’s.from.inscriptions.found.here.that.we.have.learned.most.about.her.accomplishments .

. Hatshepsut.was.one.of.the.most.important.rulers.of.the.18th.dynasty,.and.had.the.longest.reign.of.any.Egyptian.female.leader,.and.yet,.we’re.just.starting.to.learn.about.her ..In.many.ways,.it.seems.like.people.have.tried.to.erase.her.name.from.history ..Many.of.her.images.and.inscriptions.of.her.name.were.deliberately.destroyed.or.defaced ..Now.you.have.to.understand.that.this.kind.of.


vandalism.was.a.serious.act.of.violence.because.ancient.Egyptians.believed.a.person.survived.in.the.afterlife.only.if.something.of.that.person.remained.intact.in.this.life ..So.by.damaging.statues.of.her,.it.may.be.that.some.were.trying.to.prevent.Hatshepsut.from.existing.in.the.afterlife ..Her.name.was.even.omitted.from.the.list.of.kings .

. So.what.happened.to.Hatshepsut?.No.one.really.knows ..What.we.do.know.is.that.Hatshepsut’s.stepson,.Thutmose.III,.assumed.full.control.of.the.throne.in.1458,.about.the.time.Hatshepsut.disappeared.or.died ..Some.speculate.that.Thutmose.III.had.her.killed ..Until.recently,.most.experts.believed.that.he.also.had.her.image.and.name.erased.immediately.upon.ascension.to.the.throne ..However,.we.now.know,.that.if.that.is.true,.this.vandalism.didn’t.happen.until.later.in.his.reign ..Interestingly.enough,.some.scholars.have.noted.that.not.all.of.her.images.have.been.destroyed;.only.the.ones.depicting.her.as.pharaoh .

. It.has.only.been.very.recently.that.archeologists.have.been.able.to.piece.together.the.life.of.this.ancient.ruler ..The.Red.Chapel,.another.one.of.Hatshepsut’s.building.projects,.located.along.the.Nile.wasn’t.discovered.until.1999,.almost.3,000.years.after.it.was.built .

. For.a.long.time,.the.world.had.forgotten.about.Hatshepsut ..But.there’s.renewed.interest.in.her,.and.we.can.be.sure.that.she’ll.no.longer.remain.in.obscurity ..If.you’d.like.to.find.out.more.about.her,.let.me.know,.and.I’ll.point.out.some.good.resources ..Well,.I.think.that’s.all.we.have.time.for.today ..Please.read.Chapter.10.in.the.text.for.Friday .

D Working Out Unknown Vocabulary (p. 109)

A=Professor,B=Student

Extract 1A:. Yes,.Cleopatra.was.co-ruler.of.Egypt ..She.reigned.

from.around.51.b.c..to.31.b.c ..But,.almost.1500.years.before.her,.there.was.another.female.ruler.in.Egypt .

Extract 2A:. In.the.few.statues.and.carvings.that.remain.today,.

we.see.her.depicted.sometimes.as.a.woman.with.the.pharaoh.headdress.and.sometimes.as.a.man .

Extract 3B:. Excuse.me ..What.do.you.mean.by.“divine.birth”?A:. It.means.that.she.told.her.citizens.that.one.of.her.

parents.was.a.god,.therefore,.she.should.be.ruler.of.the.land.of.Egypt .

Extract 4A:. Ancient.Egyptians.believed.a.person.survived.

in.the.afterlife.only.if.something.of.that.person.remained.intact.in.this.life ..So.by.damaging.statues.of.her,.it.may.be.that.some.were.trying.to.prevent.Hatshepsut.from.existing.in.the.afterlife .

Extract 5A:. Many.of.her.images.and.inscriptions.of.her.name.

were.deliberately.destroyed.or.defaced ..Now.you.have.to.understand.that.this.kind.of.vandalism.was.a.serious.act.of.violence .

Extract 6A:. For.a.long.time,.the.world.had.forgotten.about.

Hatshepsut ..But.there’s.renewed.interest.in.her,.and.we.can.be.sure.that.she’ll.no.longer.remain.in.obscurity .

5 Pronunciation (p. 110)Exercise 2. asked. enjoyed. loved. omitted. dropped. believed. explained. survived. related. noted. compared. located

Exercise 3. 1 .. My.nephew.wanted.to.go.to.the.museum .. 2 .. We.waited.for.the.bus.for.30.minutes .. 3 .. We.arrived.at.the.museum.around.9:30 .. 4 .. We.watched.a.short.film.about.ancient.Egypt .. 5 .. We.walked.around.the.exhibits .. 6 .. We.looked.at.everything .. 7 .. He.loved.every.minute.of.it .. 8 .. It.turned.out.to.be.a.wonderful.day .


A=Professor,B=Student1,C=Student2A:. So,.It’s.believed.that.Cleopatra.had.four.children .B:. Can.you.be.a.bit.more.specific.about.that ..I’d.like.

to.hear.more.about.who.her.children.were .A:. Sure ..She.had.one.child.with.Julius.Caesar ..His.

nickname.was.“Caesarion”—which.means.“Little.Caesar .”.She.had.two.other.children.with.Mark.Antony ..They.were.twins—one.boy.and.one.girl ..We’ll.talk.more.about.them.in.the.next.class ..Any.other.questions?

C:. Yes,.can.you.go.into.more.detail.about.Cleopatra’s.early.life?

A:. Sure,.we.have.some.time.left ..What.is.it.you’d.like.to.know?

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Open Forum 3 - Academic Listening and Speaking (Tests Answer Key)