OPERATING ENGINEERS NATIONAL HAZMAT PROGRAM

FRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIESIngersoll-Rand 77A Air Angel Grinder

(Equipment Dismantlement)

HUMAN FACTORS ASSESSMENT

JANUARY 1999

OPERATING ENGINEERS NATIONALHAZMAT PROGRAM

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & TRAINING CENTER

FRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIESINGERSOLL-RAND 77A AIR ANGEL GRINDER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................... iv

SECTION 1 SUMMARY Technology Description ..................................................................................1 Key Results ....................................................................................................4

SECTION 2 SYSTEM OPERATION....................................................................4

SECTION 3 HEALTH AND SAFETY EVALUATION General Health and Safety Concerns .............................................................5 Core Issues ...............................................................................................5 Best Management Practices......................................................................6 Industrial Hygiene Monitoring .........................................................................7 Human Factors Interface ................................................................................9 Technology Applicability .................................................................................9

SECTION 4 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA) ....................................................11SECTION 5 FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA) ................14

SECTION 6 TECHNOLOGY SAFETY DATA SHEET (TSDS) ..........................15

SECTION 7 EMERGENCY RESPONSE/PREPAREDNESS ............................23

SECTION 8 REGULATORY POLICY ISSUES Core Requirements.......................................................................................23 Technology Specific Requirements ..............................................................24 Best Management Practices.........................................................................25 Core Training Requirements.........................................................................25 Technology Specific Training........................................................................25 Special Training............................................................................................26 Best Management Practice Training.............................................................26

TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued)

SECTION 9 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................26

APPENDIX A - REFERENCES..........................................................................31APPENDIX B - INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DATA .................................................32APPENDIX C - ACRONYMS .............................................................................36

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The human factors assessment of the Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder wasconducted under support of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal EnergyTechnology Center, under cooperative agreement DE-FC21-95MC32260 with theOperating Engineers National HAZMAT Program. The Operating Engineers NationalHAZMAT Program would like to thank the following people for their participation on the"research action team" and the professional expertise they provided for thisassessment:

Barbara McCabe Operating Engineers National Hazmat ProgramDavid Curry Operating Engineers Local Union 280

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Framatome Technologies Ingersoll-Rand 77A Air Angle Grinder technology wastested and is being evaluated by Florida International University (FIU). The equipmentdismantlement technology demonstrations are designed to evaluate technologies fordecontamination and decommissioning (D&D) work. The human factors assessmentconducted in conjunction with FIU’s evaluation of efficiency and cost, covers the hazardanalysis and safety evaluation for the grinder. The Framatome Grinder is acommercially available technology and has been used for various projects at locationsthroughout this country.

While the grinder itself does not inherently involve safety and health hazards associatedwith D&D work, the activities that are being conducted using the technology do. Safetyand health hazards associated with the grinder are addressed in this report andalthough not addressed here, the specific hazards involved in D&D activities need to beaddressed prior to the start of the project.

The Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder is a pneumatically operated “hand-held”portable abrasive tool designed for use in “close-quarters” or areas of tight access. Thegrinder uses a 7-inch depressed center wheel. The abrasive wheel is made ofaluminum oxide. An air angle grinder with a 9-inch wheel is also available.

The grinder is designed to operate at the free speed specified on the nameplate, if theair supply is maintained at 90 psig air pressure at the tool. The free speed for thegrinder is 6000 rpm. The grinder uses a ½ -inch air hose with quick connect fittings.

The grinder has a “dead handle” that attaches to the left side of the grinder at a 90°angle. The handle assists the operator in guiding and maintaining control of the grinder.The handle of the grinder, which is perpendicular to the operator, has a thumb triggerfor operation. This trigger acts as a “dead man” switch; if the operator releasespressure the grinder stops.

During the assessment sampling was conducted for dust and noise, and generalobservational techniques were conducted for ergonomics. General observationaltechniques for ergonomics showed the potential for some ergonomic stressors duringsetup, operation, maintenance, and decontamination of the grinder. The mainergonomic concerns associated with the grinder are the awkward positions the operatorhas to assume to access pieces to be cut and hand-arm vibration.

Area dust sampling was conducted during operation of the air angle grinder. The actualcutting of pipes, tubes, I-beams, etc. took approximately 5-15 minutes per piece.Therefore, area dust sampling was conducted throughout the entire process to assessthe potential for dust generation and worker exposure during cutting operations with thegrinder. Area samples were taken at a central location in the general work area where

the cutting operation was taking place. A forklift was periodically operated in the area toremove the piece that was cut.

The area dust samples showed results of 0.177 mg/m3 and 0.502 mg/m3. These resultsare all below the OSHA PEL of 15 mg/m3 and the ACGIH TLV of 10 mg/m3.

Dust generation does not appear to be a concern during the operation of the air anglegrinder but since the time spent in the work area, the distance from the actual cuttingoperation, and ventilation in the work area may affect an individual worker’s exposurelevel, a monitoring plan will need to be developed to account for the site specificconditions where the grinder is being used. A complete air sampling plan for a site willneed to be developed to include not only dust but also other contaminants specific tothe D&D project. The metal being cut with the grinder and the material the abrasivewheel is made of will also need to taken into consideration.

Area noise sampling was conducted during operation of the air angle grinder. Since theactual cutting of pipes, tubes, I-beams, etc. took approximately 5-15 minutes per piece,area noise sampling was conducted throughout the entire process to assess thepotential for worker noise exposure during cutting operations with the grinder. Areasamples were taken at a central location in the general work area where the cuttingoperation was taking place. A forklift was periodically operated in the area to removethe piece that was cut.

Monitoring was conducted for 4.2 hours (253 minutes), 5.8 hours (346 minutes), and 2.6hours (154 minutes). Noise monitoring showed noise doses of 32.01% which wouldgive a time-weighted average (TWA), assuming no further noise exposure for the 8-hourshift, of 81.8 dBA , 20.89% (TWA – 78.7dBA), and 26.57% (TWA – 70.4 dBA). Thesearea results show exposures below the OSHA “action level” of 85 dBA and the PEL of90 dBA. A projected 8-hour noise dose and resultant TWA showed the following resultsfor the respective area samples: 60.54% (TWA – 86.4 dBA), 28.89% (TWA – 81.0 dBA),and 82.71% (TWA – 88.6 dBA). These projected 8-hour noise doses also showexposures from below the OSHA “action level” to near the PEL.

The OSHA “action level” is a noise dose of 50% or an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA and thePEL for noise is a 100% dose or an 8-hour TWA of 90 dBA. The levels of exposurerecorded during the testing demonstration may require the operators to be included in ahearing conservation program. In addition, engineering controls, administrativecontrols, and/or personal protective equipment (PPE - hearing protection devices) maybe required. Differences in noise exposure will be based on the location of the workerin relation to the cutting operation and the amount of time the worker spends there. Asampling plan should also take into consideration the work environment since the noiselevels may increase or decrease based on the construction of the enclosure where thecutting operation is taking place.

Recommendations for improved worker safety and health during use of the Air AngleGrinder include: 1. keeping all hoses and lines as orderly as possible in compliance withgood housekeeping requirements; 2. ergonomic training to include techniques in lifting,bending, stooping, twisting, hand-arm vibration etc.; 3. safety lines on air hose fittings;4. flame-retardant PPE; 5. only operating the grinder with the guard toward the operator;and 6. an inspection and maintenance program for the abrasive wheels.

FRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIESIngersoll-Rand 77A Air Angle Grinder

Human Factors Assessment(Equipment Dismantlement)

SECTION 1 - SUMMARY

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

The Framatome Technologies 77A Air Angle Grinder technology was tested and isbeing evaluated by Florida International University (FIU). The equipmentdismantlement technology demonstrations are designed to evaluate technologies fordecontamination and decommissioning (D&D) work. The human factors assessmentconducted in conjunction with FIU’s evaluation of efficiency and cost covers the hazardanalysis and safety evaluation for the grinder. The Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder isa commercially available technology and has been used for various projects at locationsthroughout this country.

While the grinder itself does not inherently involve safety and health hazards associatedwith D&D work, the activities that are being conducted using the technology do. Safetyand health hazards associated with the grinder are reported in this document andalthough not addressed here, the specific hazards involved in D&D activities need to beconsidered prior to the start of the project.

D&D activities within the Department of Energy (DOE) require that personnel haveaccess to all areas of structures, some of which are over 40 years old and many aredeteriorated and lack any preventive maintenance over the years. D&D activities andthe associated hazards to workers involve not only the contaminants specific to theenvironment, but general construction safety and health. A safety and health programspecific for the project needs to be developed and should include but not be limited to:

• responsibilities for safety and health, including reporting hazards and accidents,obtaining and using personal protective equipment, conducting safety inspections,maintaining a safe and healthful work environment, enforcing safety and healthrequirements

• procedures for conducting safety and health orientation and periodic trainingsessions

• procedures for reporting accidents• procedures for obtaining first aid and emergency treatment

• procedures for reporting work hazards• procedures for testing and certifying equipment• job-site sanitation• the use and purpose of equipment lockout and confined space entry• the technical requirements (personal protective equipment, hazardous materials,

welding and cutting, electrical, material handling, rigging, pressurized systems,scaffolding, etc.)

Workers must be trained in accordance with all applicable OSHA safety and healthregulations and only workers trained and certified, as applicable, should be allowed toperform operations and/or operate equipment used during the D&D activities. Forexample, only workers trained in fall protection in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR1926.503 are allowed to work from a height, only operators trained on forklifts inaccordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178 are allowed to operate a forklift, and functionssuch as welding and cutting and the operation of heavy equipment should only be doneby workers trained and/or certified to perform them.

Inspection programs and preventive maintenance programs need to be in place toassure all equipment is in good working condition and removed if it is not. In addition,job pre-planning is essential to assure that all work to be performed will be done so in asafe manner.

Hoisting and rigging activities which often account for accidents with injuries and/orfatalities, will be an integral part of all D&D projects. Considerations for hoisting andrigging during a D&D project should include but not be limited to:

• All hoisting and rigging activities must be conducted in accordance with OSHA 29CFR 1926 Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors.

• Only workers with the appropriate qualifications and training shall be allowed toperform hoisting and rigging functions during the D&D project.

• All workers, including supervisory personnel, should review and follow establishedprocedures and regulations.

• When proper procedures, planning, or equipment is not available for the job, workshould be stopped.

• Only manufacturer-approved or properly engineered equipment should be used andit should be used appropriately.

• Preventive maintenance activities should be scheduled and the process forperformance reviewed for adequacy.

• Hoisting and rigging activities, including the use of forklifts, should be properlyplanned before work begins to ensure proper procedures and equipment areavailable and the hazards are identified.

• Workers, including supervisory personnel, should familiarize themselves with theequipment, work area hazards, transportation routes, and the layout of the facilitybefore starting the job.

• Before beginning hoisting and rigging activities, including the use of a forklift, assurethe center of gravity and weight of the load has been properly calculated.

• Assure workers have training and experience directly applicable to the type ofactivities to be conducted.

• Chain, wire rope, slings, etc., need to be inspected to assure they are in goodworking condition before the hoisting and rigging work is started.

Another frequent cause of accidents with injuries is the use of forklifts. Considerationsfor the use of forklifts during a D&D project should include but not be limited to:

• All forklift activities must be conducted in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178Powered Industrial Trucks.

• Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate the forklift.• Modifications to the forklift should be approved by the forklift manufacturer. If the

modifications affect the capacity and safe operation of the forklift, they must beapproved in writing by the forklift manufacturer and capacity, operation, andmaintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals shall be changed accordingly.

• Modification designs should be approved by a professional engineer. Any weldingon modifications should be done by a certified welder and inspected in accordancewith ASTM guidelines. All parts used, such as bolts, must be rated for the load.

• No one shall be allowed to stand or pass under an elevated portion of the forklift,whether loaded or empty.

• The forklift must not be left unattended with a suspended load. If the operator of theforklift is within 25 ft. and has a view of the forklift, the load engaging means must befully lowered, controls neutralized, and the brakes set to prevent movement. If theoperator is greater than 25 ft. away from forklift or does not have a view of theforklift, the load engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized, powershut off, and brakes set.

• The forklift must be rated for the load.• All hoisting and rigging equipment must be rated for the load.• It needs to be assured that the forklift is properly equipped with a working backup

alarm, beacon light, seat belt, and fire extinguisher.• A maintenance and inspection program should be in place to assure that any forklift

that is not in safe operating condition is removed from service.

During the testing demonstration an air grinder with a 4 ½ -inch wheel and an air grinderwith a 7-inch wheel were used. The 4 ½ -inch wheel grinder was only used to make afew cuts, therefore, the human factors assessment report addresses the 7-inch wheelgrinder.

The Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder is a pneumatically operated “hand-held”portable abrasive tool designed for use in “close-quarters” or areas of tight access. Thegrinder is designed to operate at the free speed specified on the nameplate, if the airsupply is maintained at 90 psig air pressure at the tool. The free speed for the grinder is

6000 rpm. The grinder uses a ½ -inch air hose with quick connect fittings. The wheelused with the grinder was an aluminum oxide abrasive wheel.

KEY RESULTS

The safety and health evaluation during the testing demonstration focused on two typesof potential exposure: dust and noise. Visible dust was not seen during operation of thegrinder and the air sampling results showed values below the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) and the AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV).This will be discussed in greater detail in the Industrial Hygiene Monitoring section ofthis report. Noise exposure ranged from below to above the "action level". This willalso be discussed in greater detail in the Industrial Hygiene section of this report.Further testing for each of these exposures is recommended because the environmentwhere the technology is being used, the time the worker spends in the area, and thedistance the worker is from the operational area may cause exposures to be higher orlower. In addition, since there is potential for noise exposure during cutting operations,noise surveys appear to be required in all operational settings. Other safety and healthhazards found were ergonomics, heat stress, tripping hazards, machine guarding,

lockout/tagout, and hazards associated with theuse of abrasive wheels.

SECTION 2 - SYSTEM OPERATION

The Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder is apneumatically operated “hand-held” portableabrasive tool designed for use in “close-quarters”or areas of tight access. The grinder uses a 7-inch

depressed center wheel. The abrasive wheel ismade of aluminum oxide. An air angle grinder witha 9-inch wheel is also available.


The grinder has a “dead handle” that attaches to the left side of the grinder at a 90°angle. The handle assists the operator in guiding and maintaining control of the grinder.The handle of the grinder, which is perpendicular to the operator, has a thumb triggerfor operation. This trigger acts as a “dead man” switch; if the operator releasespressure the grinder stops.

Figure 1. Ingersoll-Rand 77A AirAngle Grinder being used to cut asection of pipe to remove a valve.

SECTION 3 - HEALTH AND SAFETY EVALUATION

GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CONCERNS

Personnel where the grinder technology is being used need to be concerned with twocategories of safety and health issues. Core issues are those that are based oncurrent safety and health regulatory requirements. Best management practices arerelated to issues that are not based on current safety and health regulations, but are keyelements in preventing worker injury and illness on the job.

Safety and health issues of concern with the grinder technology included:

Core Issues:

♦ Tripping Hazards - The air lines, while necessary for the operation of the equipment,can become tripping hazards. Stringent housekeeping must be addressed.

♦ Pinch Points - The potential exists for the operator to have his/her fingers/handseverely injured during operation if caught between the rotating abrasive wheel andthe frame of the grinder.

♦ Lockout/Tagout - The user of the technology will need to develop a lockout/tagoutprogram to assure there is not an accidental release of energy duringmaintenance/repair activities.

♦ Noise - The operator and workers in the area were subjected to noise levels rangingfrom below to above the OSHA “action level” for noise. The "action level" is 85 dBAfor an 8-hour work shift. The potential exists for the operator to be exposed abovethe OSHA PEL. The level of exposure will be influenced by the amount of time theworker spends in the area where the cutting operation is taking place and thedistance the operator is from the operation. Therefore, noise is a potential concernand will be discussed in greater detail in the Industrial Hygiene section of this report.

♦ Dust - The equipment did not generate any visible dust during operation. Airsampling results showed a level of total dust exposure less than the OSHA PEL andthe ACGIH TLV. The PEL is 15 mg/m3 and the TLV is 10 mg/m3. Dust does notappear to be a concern during cutting operations with the grinder but othercontaminants that may be present in the work area need to be considered and asampling plan developed as appropriate.

Sparking, hot metal debris is of concern during cutting operations using the grinder.This presents a burn and cut/laceration hazard, as it is spread throughout the areaduring grinding and therefore, has the potential to create additional airborne

contaminants, such as metal particulate and abrasive wheel particulate. Oneadditional concern with the hot metal sparks is the air hoses. This has the potentialto cause burns, cuts, scrapes, and/or additional wear on the hoses and could causethem to weaken and rupture.

♦ Machine Guarding – The rotating abrasive wheel can present hazards if the operatorwere to get his/her hand, fingers, etc. in the area of rotation or if the wheel itself wereto break apart. In addition, any loose pieces of clothing have the potential to getcaught in this area and result in injury.

Best Management Practices:

♦ Heat Stress - The operator may be subjected to an increase in heat stress due to theneed to utilize personal protective equipment(PPE). Of particular concern is the need for flameretardant garments. The user will need to developa heat stress program for the environment in whichthe technology is being used, taking intoconsideration any necessary PPE, ambienttemperatures, etc.

♦ Ergonomics - The user was subjected to someergonomic stressors that need to be taken intoconsideration, such as stooping, bending, twisting,kneeling, and lifting. In addition, hand-arm vibrationis a concern.

♦ Struck by Hazards - The metal sparks created bythe cutting process have the potential to beprojected great distances during cutting operations. This could become a severeeye injury hazard and a burn hazard. The operator needs to utilize a face-shield inaddition to safety glasses with side shields or goggles. Flame retardant garmentsneed to be worn. Metal particulate may adhere to work clothing/PPE during thecutting process. Work practices need to be taken into consideration to assure thismetal does not create a hazard, for example, getting into the eye, as theclothing/PPE is removed.

♦ Communication - Due to the noise generated by the technology, during operation,communication may be difficult. Personnel working in the area should be familiarwith and use hand signals when needed.

Figure 2. Sparking fromabrasive wheel cutting I-beam.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MONITORING

During the testing demonstration with the air angle grinder, sampling was conducted fordust and noise. In addition, the wet-bulb globe temperature was monitored to evaluateheat stress. Observational evaluation was conducted for ergonomics.

Through general observational techniques the potential for ergonomic stressors wasevaluated during the testing demonstration. There is potential for upper and lower back,arm, and leg stress and/or injuries due to bending, twisting, and lifting associated withsetup, operation, maintenance, and decontamination.

Operating the grinder has the potential to cause the operator to assume positions whichplace stress on the back, neck, shoulders, arms, knees, and legs. This is in part due tothe position in which the grinder has to be held to access the pipe, I-beam, etc. to becut. The “dead handle” only allows for right-handed operation. It cannot be moved tothe right side of the grinder. A grinder design that would allow this handle to be movedwould help to alleviate some of the awkward positions the operator has to assume toreach the piece to be cut. Additional concerns are raised due to the static posturing thatmust be assumed while at the same time placing pressure against the grinder tomaintain contact of the abrasive wheel with the piece being cut, the weight of thegrinder on the arms, thumb button operation, and hand-arm vibration. These all havethe potential to cause strain/injury to the upper and lower back, neck, shoulders, arms,wrists, hands, and legs. Arm-hand vibration has the potential to cause problems suchas Raynaud’s Syndrome (vibration white finger).

Heat stress parameters were monitored using a Quest QuestTemp°15 Heat StressMonitor. The wet-bulb globe temperature was used to determine the work/rest regimenin accordance with the ACGIH recommendations. The wet-bulb globe temperature wasadjusted for the type of clothing, including PPE that the worker was wearing, inaccordance with ACGIH guidelines.

While heat stress will be increased when wearing PPE, the overall heat stress responsewill vary from worker to worker. Each situation in which the current technology is usedwill need to be evaluated for the heat stress potential, taking into consideration the wet-bulb globe temperature, PPE in use, physical condition of the worker, and workeracclimatization.

Total dust monitoring was conducted with a sampling train consisting of an MSA EscortElf air-sampling pump and a pre-weighed cassette with a 5 µg PVC filter. Pre- andpost- sampling calibration was accomplished using a BIOS International DryCal DC1primary calibration system. The sampling was conducted and analyzed in accordancewith National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 0500.Samples were analyzed by a laboratory accredited by the American Industrial HygieneAssociation (AIHA).

Area dust sampling was conducted during operation of the air angle grinder. The actualcutting of pipes, tubes, I-beams, etc. took approximately 5-15 minutes per piece.Therefore, area dust sampling was conducted throughout the entire process to assessthe potential for dust generation and worker exposure. Area samples were taken at acentral location in the general work area where the cutting operation was taking place.A forklift was periodically operated in the area to remove the piece that was cut.

The area dust samples showed results of 0.177 mg/m3 and 0.502 mg/m3. These resultsare below the OSHA PEL of 15 mg/m3 and the ACGIH TLV of 10 mg/m3. (See AppendixB for sampling data).

Dust generation does not appear to be a concern during the operation of the air anglegrinder but since the time spent in the work area, the distance from the actual cuttingoperation, and ventilation in the work area may affect an individual worker’s exposurelevel, a monitoring plan will need to be developed to account for the site specificconditions where the grinder is being used. A complete air sampling plan for a site willneed to be developed to include not only dust but also other contaminants specific tothe D&D project. The metal being cut with the grinder and the material the abrasivewheel is made of will also need to be taken into consideration.

Area noise sampling was conducted during operation of the air angle grinder. Since theactual cutting of pipes, tubes, I-beams, etc. took approximately 5-15 minutes per piece,area noise sampling was conducted throughout the entire process to assess thepotential for worker noise exposure. Area samples were taken at a central location inthe general work area where the cutting operation was taking place. A forklift wasperiodically operated in the area to remove the piece that was cut. Area noise samplingwas conducted using Metrosonics db-3100 noise dosimeters. Calibration wasconducted pre- and post- monitoring using a Metrosonics CL304 acoustical calibrator.

Monitoring was conducted for 4.2 hours (253 minutes), 5.8 hours (346 minutes), and 2.6hours (154 minutes). Noise monitoring showed noise doses of 32.01% which wouldgive a time-weighted average (TWA), assuming no further noise exposure for the 8-hourshift, of 81.8 dBA , 20.89% (TWA – 78.7dBA), and 26.57% (TWA – 70.4 dBA). Thesearea results show exposures below the OSHA “action level” of 85 dBA and the PEL of90 dBA. A projected 8-hour noise dose and resultant TWA showed the following resultsfor the respective area samples: 60.54% (TWA – 86.4 dBA), 28.89% (TWA – 81.0 dBA),and 82.71% (TWA – 88.6 dBA). These projected 8-hour noise doses show exposuresranging from below the OSHA “action level” to near the PEL.

During the monitoring periods, the noise levels were averaged for each one-minuteperiod and then an overall average was calculated. This gave an average exposurelevel of 86.4 dB, 81.0 dB, and 88.6 dB for the respective area samples. The maximumsound levels observed during monitoring were 109.4 dB, 106.4 dB, and 104.2 dB.

The OSHA “action level” is a noise dose of 50% or an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA and thePEL for noise is a 100% dose or an 8-hour TWA of 90 dBA. The levels of exposurerecorded during the testing demonstration may require the operators to be included in ahearing conservation program. In addition, engineering controls, administrativecontrols, and/or personal protective equipment (PPE - hearing protection devices) maybe required. Differences in noise exposure will be based on the location of the workerin relation to the cutting operation and the amount of time the worker spends there. Thesampling plan should also take into consideration the work environment since the noiselevels may increase or decrease based on the construction of the enclosure where thecutting operation is taking place.

HUMAN FACTORS INTERFACE

Workers using a technology for cutting pieces during D&D activities may encounter avariety of contaminants when working in a hazardous waste site environment. This mayinclude contaminants associated with the pieces being dismantled, the material thepieces are constructed of, or contamination inherent in the environment where thepieces are located. Therefore, different levels of PPE, such as level A, B, C, or D ordifferent types as PPE such as Anti-C, for radiation contamination may need to beutilized. These contaminants should be identified by the site characterization prior tothe start of the D&D project.

The level of protection being utilized has the potential to cause several human factorsinterface problems. These may include, but not be limited to, visibility, manual dexterity,tactile sensation, an increase in heat stress, and an overall increase in physical stress.

TECHNOLOGY APPLICABILITY

There was no visible dust during the cutting operation and the air sampling resultsshowed sampling values below the OSHA PEL and the ACGIH TLV. Sparking, hotmetal debris is of concern during cutting operations using the grinder. This presents aburn and cut/laceration hazard, as it is spread throughout the area during grinding andtherefore, has the potential to create additional airborne contaminants, such as metalparticulate and abrasive wheel particulate. One additional concern with the hot metalsparks are the air hoses. This has the potential to cause burns, cuts, scrapes, and/oradditional wear on the hoses and could cause them to weaken and rupture.

The grinder will need to be disassembled to be decontaminated. This will notnecessarily guarantee that decontamination will be complete. If total decontamination isnot possible, the equipment and/or parts of the equipment may need to be considered aconsumable.

SECTION 4 - JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

JOB SAFETY ANALYSISFRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIESIngersoll-Rand 77A Air Angle Grinder

(Equipment Dismantlement)

HAZARD CORRECTIVE ACTIONSETUP AND TEAR DOWN

* Pinch Points * Use of hand protection* Use of proper hand tools for the job

* Slips/Trips/Falls * Awareness of the specific hazards* Organization of materials (housekeeping)* Walking around areas that are congested whenpossible* Walking around tripping hazards when possible* Marking, isolating, and/or bunching togethertripping hazards such as air lines

* Muscular/Back Injury * Ergonomic training including safe liftingtechniques

CUTTING (OPERATION)* Muscular/Back Injury (fromstooping, bending, awkward armpositions)

* Ergonomics training

* Slips/Trips/Falls * Awareness of site specific hazards (cords,umbilical line, etc.)* Job site organization of materials(housekeeping)* Walk around hazards when possible* Marking, isolating, and/or bunching togethertripping hazards such as air lines

* Pinch Points * Assure worker training in the proper operationof the grinder* Always operate grinder so guard towardoperator

HAZARD CORRECTIVE ACTIONCUTTING (OPERATION) (CONTINUED)

* Cut/Laceration Hazard * Assure worker training in the proper operationof the grinder* Always operate grinder so guard towardoperator

* Eye hazard/struck by (sparking) * Use face shield with safety glasses with sideshields or goggles* Wear long sleeved flame-retardant clothingwhen operating grinder* Make workers aware that the sparking metalparticulate may adhere to work clothing/PPE anddue care should be taken when removing workclothing/PPE (to avoid spreading the metalparticulate elsewhere such as in the eye)

* Eye hazard/struck by (fromabrasive wheel failing)

* Use face shield with safety glasses with sideshields or goggles* Regular inspection of abrasive wheel beforeeach cut* Check free speed with tachometer and do ringtest (at least once per shift)* Do not use any abrasive wheel that has a chipor crack or has been dropped* Abrasive wheels usually fail within the first 60seconds of operation; make it a practice thatwhen a new wheel is mounted on the grinder, itis operated for at least 60 seconds in an areawhere no one is in the plane of the grindingwheel, such as under a steel workbench* When applying a cold wheel to a piece to becut, apply it slowly until the wheel warms up* Do not use a wheel guard that has beendamaged, bent, or is worn; never use a wheelguard that has been subjected to a wheel failure

* Struck by (air hose/highpressure air)

* Safety line to male and female end of fitting

* Noise * Use engineering controls, as required* Use administrative controls, as required* Use proper hearing protection devices, asrequired

HAZARD CORRECTIVE ACTIONCUTTING (OPERATION) (CONTINUED)

* Pressure Points * Pad operating button so thumb not in directcontact with metal* Design with a multi-finger trigger typemechanism for operation

* Exposure to Contaminants * Assure workers are aware of the hazards in thearea where they are using the grinder* Use of proper PPE, including respiratoryprotection* Worker training to use good work practices thatwill enable worker to avoid contact with anycontaminated surfaces, i.e. the floor, walls, otherstructures in the area

* Exposure to Oil (used in airlines)

* Assure Hazard Communication training forworkers* Use as little oil as required for proper operation* Assure grinder adjusted to keep oil spray at aminimum

GENERAL MAINTENANCE* Exposure to contaminant * Wear proper PPE, including respiratory

protection* Have something to sit or kneel on so do nothave additional personnel exposure from sittingor kneeling on contaminated surface

* Accidental activation of movingparts (pinch points)

* Use proper lockout/tagout techniques

* Pinch Points * Use of hand protection* Use of hand tools appropriate for the job* Use of appropriate lockout/tagout procedures

* Slips/Trips/Falls * Awareness of the specific hazards* Organization of materials (housekeeping)* Walking around areas that are congested whenpossible* Walking around tripping hazards, whenpossible

* Ergonomics/Bending/Kneeling/Lifting

* Use proper lifting techniques* Ergonomic training to include proper liftingtechniques

SECTION 5 - FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS

FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSISFRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIES

Ingersoll-Rand 77A Air Angle Grinder(Equipment Dismantlement)

FAILURE MODE EFFECT* Air line punctures/ruptures * Potential for injury to worker from being

struck by air line* Potential for injury to worker from highpressure air

* Air line fitting fails * Potential for injury to worker from beingstruck by air line* Potential for injury to worker from highpressure air

* Abrasive wheel breaks/shatters * Potential for worker to be struck bypiece of abrasive wheel causing injury, ofparticular concern would be eye injuries

SECTION 6 - TECHNOLOGY SAFETY DATA SHEET

TECHNOLOGY SAFETY DATA SHEETFRAMATOME TECHNOLOGIES

Ingersoll-Rand 77A Air Angle Grinder(Equipment Dismantlement)

SECTION 1: TECHNOLOGY IDENTITYEmergency Contact:

Ken R. Palazzi

(804)832-3915Information Contact:

Ken R. Palazzi

(804)832-3915

Manufacturer’s Name and Address:

Framatome Technologies3315 Old Forest RoadPO Box 10935Lynchburg, VA 24506-0935

Date Prepared:

Other Names:Pneumatic Grinder“Hand-Held” GrinderPortable Abrasive Wheel

Signature of Preparer:

Operating Engineers National HazmatProgram1293 Airport Road, Beaver, WV 25813,phone 304-253-8674, fax 304-253-7758

Under cooperative agreement DE-FC21-95 MC 32260

SECTION 2: PROCESS DESCRIPTIONThe Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder is a pneumatically operated “hand-held”portable abrasive tool designed for use in “close-quarters” or areas of tight access.The grinder uses a 7-inch depressed center wheel. The abrasive wheel is made ofaluminum oxide. An air angle grinder with a 9-inch wheel is also available.


The grinder has a “dead handle” that attached to the left side of the grinder at a 90°angle. The handle assists the operator in guiding and maintaining control of thegrinder. The handle of the grinder, which is perpendicular to the operator, has athumb trigger for operation. This trigger acts as a “dead man” switch, if the operatorreleases pressure the grinder stops.

SECTION 3: PROCESS DIAGRAMS

SECTION 4: CONTAMINANTS AND MEDIADust generation does not appear to be a concern with the air angle grinder.Consideration does need to be given to the metal being cut, the material the abrasivewheel is made of, and contamination in the area where the grinder is being used forD&D activities. An air sampling plan will need to be developed as appropriate for thesite where the grinder is used.

SECTION 5: ASSOCIATED SAFETY HAZARDSProbability of Occurrence of Hazard:

1 Hazard may be present but not expected over background level2 Some level of hazard above background level known to be present3 High hazard potential4 Potential for imminent danger to life and health

A. ELECTRICAL (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT) RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.B. FIRE AND EXPLOSION RISK RATING: 4Technology does not pose this hazard in and of itself but could not be used in anexplosive environment due to sparking.C. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY RISK RATING: 1Not part of this technology unless the specific location where the grinder is beingused is a confined space. In this case, confined space procedures would need to befollowed.D. MECHANICAL HAZARDS RISK RATING: 4Assembling and adjusting the grinder may pose pinch points. There is potential forinjury from the rotating abrasive wheel. The grinder should always be operated withthe guard facing the operator. Loose clothing should not be worn when workingaround the grinder.E. PRESSURE HAZARDS RISK RATING: 2The airlines and high pressure air may present hazards, proper precautions indicated.The airline fittings should have safety lines connecting the male and female half of thefitting.F. TRIPPING AND FALLING RISK RATING: 3Air lines present potential hazards.

SECTION 5: ASSOCIATED SAFETY HAZARDS (CONTINUED)G. LADDERS AND PLATFORM RISK RATING: 2Not part of this technology but may be required for D&D activities. All regulations forworking from ladders and platforms, including the OSHA scaffolding standard must befollowed.H. MOVING VEHICLE RISK RATING: 2Not part of this technology but may be required for D&D activities. All precautionsand safety requirements for large pieces of equipment will need to be followed. Forexample, all moving vehicles should have working back-up alarms, warning lights,etc.I. BURIED UTILITIES, DRUMS, AND TANKS RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.J. PROTRUDING OBJECTS RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.K. GAS CYLINDERS RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.L. TRENCHING AND EXCAVATIONS RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.M. OVERHEAD LIFTS RISK RATING: 2Not part of this technology but may be required during D&D activities. All applicablestandards and precautions must be followed for the type of equipment used. At aminimum, anyone in the work area should be wearing a hard hat.N. OVERHEAD HAZARDS RISK RATING: 2May be part of this technology if the piece being cut is overhead. At a minimum,anyone working in the area should be wearing a hard hat. It needs to be assured thatall workers in the area are aware of the overhead work being done and avoid the areawhen possible.

SECTION 6: ASSOCIATED HEALTH HAZARDSA. INHALATION HAZARD RISK RATING: 1Technology does not appear to produce dust during operation. Consideration needsto be given to the metal being cut and the material from which the abrasive wheel ismade. Other hazards that may be present in the area will be identified from the sitecharacterization.B. SKIN ABSORPTION RISK RATING: 1This would be dependent on the contaminants at the site and would be identified bythe site characterization. Consideration needs to be given to the oil being used forthe air lines.C. HEAT STRESS RISK RATING: 1-4Ambient conditions, work rates, and PPE levels must be considered. The sparkingmetal particulate will contribute to the heat load in the area.D. NOISE RISK RATING: 2The technology presents a potential noise hazard.E. NON-IONIZING RADIATION RISK RATING: N/ANot part of this technology.F. IONIZING RADIATION RISK RATING: 1-4Not part of this technology, but may be associated with the area where D&D activitiesare taking place.G. COLD STRESS RISK RATING: 1Technology does not produce a hazard, but ambient conditions need to beconsidered.H. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS RISK RATING: 3Poses ergonomic hazards associated with lifting, bending, twisting, stooping andkneeling. These may cause injury/strain to the back, shoulders, arms, knees, hipsand/or legs.I. OTHER RISK RATING: 3Exposure to vibrating tools (hand-arm vibration) has the potential to cause problemssuch as Raynaud’s Syndrome (vibration white finger).

SECTION 7: PHASE ANALYSISA. CONSTRUCTION/START-UPThe set-up/start-up phase presents several hazards including pinch points, lacerationhazards, slips/trips/falls, struck by, and muscular/back injury.B. OPERATIONThe operational phase presents several hazards including exposure to contaminant,muscular/back injury, pinch points, laceration hazards, slips/trips/falls, pinch points,struck by hazards, exposure to noise, and hand-arm vibration.C. MAINTENANCEThe maintenance phase presents several hazards including pinch points, lacerationhazards, slips/trips/falls, muscular/back injury, exposure to contaminants, andaccidental activation of moving parts.D. DECOMMISSIONINGThe decommissioning phase presents several hazards, including exposure to thecontaminant, pinch points, laceration hazards, slips/trips/falls, and muscular/backinjury.

SECTION 8: HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN REQUIRED ELEMENTSA. AIR MONITORINGDust does not appear to be a concern during operation of the grinder. Monitoringmay need to be conducted for the metal the pieces are made of, the material theabrasive wheel is made of, and contaminants in the area where the D&D activitiestake place. This will be determined by the site characterization prior to the initiation ofthe D&D project. Noise monitoring will need to be conducted.B. WORKER TRAININGTraining that may apply in this case may include but not be limited to: HAZWOPER(Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response), HAZCOM (HazardCommunication), Respiratory Protection, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)Training, Hearing Conservation, Ergonomics (proper lifting, bending, stooping,kneeling, hand-arm vibration), specific training for equipment operation, CPR/FirstAid/Emergency Response/Bloodborne Pathogens, Lockout/Tagout, Hand SignalCommunication, and Construction Safety (OSHA 500) and/or General Industry Safety(OSHA 501).C. EMERGENCY RESPONSEEmergency response planning for a site needs to assure adequate coverage forhazards described in the TSDS. Having at least one person per shift trained in CPRand first aid is recommended.D. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCEEvaluation of personnel’s general health with emphasis on the cardiovascular and

SECTION 8: HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN REQUIRED ELEMENTSrespiratory system, back, and peripheral nervous system. In addition, medicalsurveillance as required by OSHA standards must be conducted. Initial and annualaudiograms may be required.E. INFORMATIONAL PROGRAMWorkers must be trained in specific operation of equipment before use.

SECTION 9: COMMENTS AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Only personnel who have been adequately trained in the operation of this technologyshould be permitted to operate and/or work with the equipment.

SECTION 7 - EMERGENCY RESPONSE/PREPAREDNESS

The use of the Air Angle Grinder may be applicable to use in an emergency responsesituation to access the area where the emergency has occurred or to cut up pieces thatneed to be moved. It would not be able to be used if there was the potential for aflammable or explosive atmosphere.

Emergency response/preparedness must be part of every hazardous waste site safetyand health plan. In addition to credible site emergencies, site personnel must plan forcredible emergencies in connection with the air angle grinder.

All precautions used when responding to an emergency situation at the site will apply.Before entering an area where the air angle grinder is being used, the equipment needsto be completely shut down (de-energized).

This technology does not appear to present conditions that could lead to out-of-the-ordinary emergency. Consideration does, however, need to be given to the use of anabrasive wheel and the potential it has for disintegrating and causing severe injury.

SECTION 8 - REGULATORY/POLICY ISSUES

The site safety and health personnel where the Framatome 77A Air Angle Grinder isbeing used need to be concerned with safety and health regulations applicable to theissues discussed above. Regulations that apply may be divided into four categories.Core requirements are those regulations that would apply to any hazardous waste worksite, regardless of the type of job. Technology specific requirements are thoseregulations that apply due to the specific technology being used. Special requirementsare standards and policies that are specific to the technology itself and are required byreference in a regulation. Best management practices are not required but arerecommended by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute(ANSI), NIOSH, Department of Energy (DOE), National Fire Protection Association(NFPA), etc. These regulations/standards may include but not be limited to thefollowing:

Core Requirements:

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.25 Housekeeping

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.141 Sanitation (1910.141(a)(3) covers housekeeping)

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.59 Hazard Communication

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and EmergencyResponse

t Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970(5)(a)(1) General Duty Clause

Technology Specific Requirements:

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart O Machinery and Machine Guarding

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart P Hand and Portable Powered Tools

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I Tools – Hand and Power

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.52 Occupational Noise Exposure

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.102 Eye and Face Protection

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.28 Personal Protective Equipment

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal ProtectiveEquipment)

t OSHA 29 CFR 1926.23 First Aid and Medical Attention

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151 Medical Services and First Aid

t OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000 Toxic and Hazardous Substances

Best Management Practices:

t ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agentsand Biological Exposure Indices

t NIOSH Revised Lifting Equation, 1994

t ANSI B186.1 Safety Code for Portable Air Tools

t ANSI B7.1 Safety Requirements for the Use, Care, and Protection of AbrasiveWheels

t ANSI B74.2 Specifications for Shapes and Sizes of Grinding Wheels, andShapes, Sizes and Identification of Mounted Wheels

In addition to the above regulations and policies, it is imperative that all workers haveappropriate and adequate training for the task and associated safety and healthhazards. Training that would be required may be divided into four categories. Coretraining is that which is required for anyone entering a hazardous waste site to performwork, regardless of the type of job. Technology specific training is that training which isspecific to the technology and required by safety and health standards. Special trainingis that which is specific to the technology to assure the worker is adequately trained forthe task, but is not necessarily required by safety and health standards. Bestmanagement practices are trainings that while not mandated by health and safetystandards, provide information and knowledge to the worker that will allow the worker toperform his/her job safely. Training to be applied for the 77A Air Angle Grinder mayinclude but not be limited to:

Core Training Requirements:

t HAZWOPER

t HAZCOM

Technology Specific Training:

t Hearing Conservation

t Personal Protective Equipment

t Lockout/Tagout

Special Training:

t Job specific training for equipment operation

Best Management Practice Training:

t Machine Guarding

t Working with abrasive wheels

t Ergonomics (proper lifting, bending, stooping, kneeling)

t Heat stress (learning to recognize signs and symptoms)

t CPR/First Aid/Emergency Response/Blood-borne Pathogens

t Hand Signal Communication

t Construction Safety (OSHA 500) and or General Industry Safety (OSHA 501)

SECTION 9 -OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations made here for improved worker safety and health take intoconsideration the operation of the 7-inch air angle grinder. Specific recommendationsinclude:

t Workers must be aware of the tripping hazards associated with hoses that arenecessary to operate the equipment. Keeping these as orderly as possible incompliance with good housekeeping regulations will help avoid injury due totripping.

t The operators need to have training in ergonomics to assure proper techniquesin lifting, bending, stooping, twisting, etc. during equipment setup, operation,maintenance, and decontamination.

Operating the grinder has the potential to cause the operator to assume positionswhich place stress on the back, neck, shoulders, arms, knees, and legs. This isin part due to the position in which the grinder has to be held to access the pipe,I-beam, etc. to be cut. The “dead handle” only allows for right-handedoperation. It cannot be moved to the right side of the grinder. A grinder designthat would allow this handle to be moved would help to alleviate some of theawkward positions the operator has to assume to reach the piece to be cut. Pre-planning to place the operator in the best position, for both ergonomics and

safety considerations, needs to be done before the start of the project andperiodically as the project progresses.

Additional concerns are raised due to the staticposturing that must be assumed while at the sametime placing pressure against the grinder to maintaincontact of the abrasive wheel with the piece beingcut, the weight of the grinder on the arms, thumbbutton operation, and hand-arm vibration. These allhave the potential to cause strain/injury to the upperand lower back, neck, shoulders, arms, wrists,hands, and legs. Hand-arm vibration has thepotential to cause problems such as Raynaud’sSyndrome (vibration white finger).Recommendations to help alleviate these additionalconcerns include: 1) padding the thumb button-typecontrol to help relieve pressure points on the thumbduring operation; 2) considering a design for multi-

finger lever-type operational control; 3) using an articulating arm to hold, position,and control the grinder during operation; 4) using anti-vibration PPE; and 5)investigating the use of anti-vibrationengineering controls for the grinder.

t The operating lever acts as a “dead-man”switch; if the operator releases pressure on thecontrol the grinder stops. Therefore, the controlshould never be held down by anything otherthan the operator's thumb/finger during cuttingoperations. Operators need to be aware thatalthough the grinder stops when the control isreleased, the abrasive wheel may continue torotate briefly.

t Noise monitoring showed noise exposures to bebelow the "action level" of 85 dBA. If this level of exposure had continued for an8-hour work shift, the potential exists for the operator to be exposed near theOSHA PEL of 90 dBA. Noise needs to be considered a potential hazard whenthe cutting operation is taking place. The operators may be required to beincluded in a hearing conservation program. In addition, engineering controls,administrative controls and/or PPE (hearing protection devices) may be required.The level of exposure will be influenced by the amount of time the worker spendsin the area where the cutting operation is taking place and the distance theoperator is from the operation. Exposure will also be influenced by theconstruction of the area where the grinder is being used. A monitoring program

Figure 3. Stress/strain toback, legs, knees duringcutting pipe lying on ground.

Figure 4. Stress/strain toback, legs, arms duringcutting pipe lying on ground.

will need to be developed to address the site specific conditions where thegrinder is being used.

t Dust generation does not appear to be a concern during the operation of the airangle grinder but since the time spent in the work area, the distance from theactual cutting operation, and ventilation in the work area may affect an individualworker’s exposure level, a monitoring plan will need to be developed to accountfor the site specific conditions where the grinder is being used. A complete airsampling plan for a site will need to be developed to include not only dust butalso other contaminants specific to the D&D project. The metal being cut withthe grinder and the material the abrasive wheel is made of will also need to takeninto consideration.

t The metal sparks created by the cutting process have the potential to beprojected great distances during cutting operations. This can be a severe eyeinjury hazard and a burn hazard. The operator needs to utilize a face-shield inaddition to safety glasses with side shields or goggles. Flame retardant garmentsneed to be worn. Metal particulate will adhere to work clothing/PPE during thecutting process. Work practices need to be taken into consideration to assurethis metal does not create a hazard, for example, getting into the eye, as theclothing/PPE is removed.

An additional concern with the hot metal sparks are the air hoses. This has thepotential to cause burns, cuts, scrapes, and/or additional wear on the hoses andcould cause them to weaken and rupture. Consideration should be given to aflame retardant protective cover for the air hoses.

t The grinder was pneumatically powered. The air hoses required to provide highpressure air for operation have the potential to cause injury to the operator if afitting was to fail. The airlines were connected with quick connect fittings. It isrecommended that a safety line between the male and female halves of thefitting be used to keep the hose from becoming a struck by hazard if the fittingfailed.

The air hoses or the high pressure air itself has the potential to cause injury to anoperator if the air hose were to rupture. It is recommended that all hoses beinspected to assure they are in good condition before use. This is particularlyimportant because of the sharp edges (shavings and cut pipe/tube) the hose maybe in contact with throughout the cutting operation.

t As with any pneumatically operated piece of equipment, oil must be used. Thispresents the potential for the operator to be exposed to the oil either whenputting it into the air hose or if the oil sprays from the piece of equipment. It mustbe assured that all workers have had Hazard Communication training for the

hazardous chemicals they are working with and material safety data sheets(MSDS) must be provided.

If the oil gets on the worker's required PPE, it could become compromised. Thisneeds to be taken into consideration and it needs to be assured that any PPEbeing used in the area where cutting operations are taking place be compatiblewith the oil. This may be of particular concern if Anti-C PPE is being worn.

If the oil gets on the surfaces in the work area, it has the potential to be asecondary contamination. If the oil gets on the walking surfaces in the workarea, it has the potential to cause these surfaces to be slippery thereby havingthe potential to cause injury to workers from falls. It is recommended that theinitial pre-operational checks for the grinder be conducted before entering thework area to assure the proper adjustments have been made to control the oilspray. Any oil spilled or sprayed should be cleaned up immediately incompliance with good housekeeping standards.

t Sparking and the use of flame-retardant PPE add to the heat load. This needs tobe accounted for and controls for heat stress such as cooling garments need tobe considered.

t During cutting operations, the grinder may suddenly change direction or “kick-back”. The operator must be alert and anticipate this. While experience is a keyelement, training plays an essential role in assuring the operator is aware ofthese types of hazards. All workers must be trained on the operation of thegrinder before they use it to perform D&D activities. The operator should keep abalanced and firm stance during operation and should never overreach with thegrinder.

t The rotating wheel provides an opportunity forloose articles to get caught by the wheel. It isrecommended that SOPs not allow looseclothing and jewelry to be worn and long hairtied-back when operating the Air Angle Grinder.

t Numerous occupational injuries have occurredfrom abrasive wheels failing. The followingrecommendations are made to mitigate thesafety hazards associated with the use of anabrasive wheel:

• Operate the grinder at the pressuredesignated by the manufacturer, 90 psig at the inlet for the Air Angle Grinder(high torque can occur below the recommended air pressure).

Figure 5. The Air Angle Grindershould always be operated with theguard toward the operator.

• Do not use the grinder if the free speed exceeds the rpm stamped or printedon the nameplate, 6000 rpm for the Air Angle Grinder. Check the grinder witha tachometer after tool repairs, when a grinder is issued for use, and at leastonce each shift.

• Always operate the grinder with the guard facing the operator.• Do not use a wheel if the operating speed listed on the blotter is lower than

the actual free speed of the grinder.• Inspect all wheels for chips or cracks before mounting and do not use if any

are seen or if the wheel is otherwise damaged.• Do not use a wheel that has been soaked in water or any other liquid.• Assure the grinding wheel properly fits the arbor. Plain hole wheels should

have approximately a 0.007-inch maximum diameter clearance.• Do not use reducing bushings to adapt a wheel to the arbor, unless supplied

or recommended by the manufacturer.• After mounting a new wheel, run for at least 60 seconds where no one is in

the operating plane. If there is a problem, this is the time the wheel willusually fail.

• When starting a cold wheel, apply to the work slowly until it warms up.• Make smooth contact with the work. Avoid any bumping action or excessive

pressure.• Replace damaged, bent, or severely worn wheel guard. Do not use a wheel

guard that has been subjected to a wheel failure.• Assure wheel flanges are 1/3 the diameter of the wheel. Use only flanges

supplied by the manufacturer.• Assure the bottom of the wheel does not project beyond the bottom of the

wheel guard.• Always use a wheel blotter between each wheel flange and the wheel.

Assure the wheel blotter is at least as large in diameter as the wheel flanges.

The environment where the D&D activities are taking place has the potential to affectboth the dust and noise levels generated. Therefore, the need for an air sampling andnoise monitoring program needs to be assessed on a site-by-site job-by-job basis.

APPENDIX AREFERENCES

Clayton & Clayton, Editors, Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume 1, Part A,Fourth Edition

DOE Lessons Learned, Identifier 1997-RL-FDH-0001,http://www.hanford.gov/lessons/site11/1197/970001b.htm

DOE Lessons Learned, Identifier 1995-RL-WHC-040,http://www.hanford.gov/lessons/site11/1195/95e040.txt

DOE Lessons Learned, Identifier 1995-RL-WHC-0037,http://www.hanford.gov/lessons/site11/1195/95i037.txt

Keller’s Official OSHA Safety Handbook, J.J. Keller & Associates, Nihau, Wisconsin,1996

National Safety Council, Accident Prevention Manual for Business and Industry, 11th

Edition, 1997

Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry, 29 CFR Part 1910,Occupational Safety and Health Administration United States Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry, 29 CFR Part1926, Occupational Safety and Health Administration United States Department ofLabor

Salvendy, Editor, Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 1997

Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents andBiological Exposure Indices (BEI’s), American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists, 1995-1996

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Manual for the Revised NIOSH LiftingEquation, January 1994

APPENDIX BIH SAMPLING DATA

Framatome Technologies 77A Air Angle GrinderTotal Dust Sampling

Date Sample Number Analyte * Results

8/12/98 081298-FIU-011 Total dust 0.177 mg/m3

8/12/98 081298-FIU-012 Blank < 0.05 mg/m3

8/13/98 081398-FIU-013 Total dust 0.502 mg/m3

8/13/98 081398-FIU-014 Blank < 0.05 mg/m3

* The OSHA PEL for total dust is 15 mg/m3 and the ACGIH TLV is 10 mg/m3. Currentsampling was conducted for total dust. The need to sample for respirable dust andsilica has to be considered during the coating and concrete removal process.

NOISE SAMPLING

The percentage of time spent at each decibel level can be obtained from the graph. Asshown, 72.768% of the time the noise exposure was less than 85 dBA, which means27.232% of the time, was spent at sound levels above 85 dBA. OSHA requires that ahearing conservation program be initiated if the 8-hour TWA is 85 dBA.

NOISE SAMPLING


NOISE SAMPLING


APPENDIX CACRONYM SHEET

ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsAIHA - American Industrial Hygiene AssociationANSI - American National Standards InstituteASTM - American Standards for Testing MaterialsCFR - Code of Federal RegulationsD&D - decontamination and decommissioningDOE - Department of EnergyFIU - Florida International UniversityHAZCOM - Hazard CommunicationHAZWOPER - Hazardous Waste OperationsMSDS - Material Safety Data SheetNIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and HealthNFPA - National Fire Protection AssociationOSHA - Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPEL - permissible exposure limitPPE - personal protective equipmentpsig - pounds per square inch guagePVC - polyvinyl chloriderpm - revolutions per minuteSOP’s - standard operating proceduresTLV - threshold limit valueTSDS - Technology Safety Data SheetTWA - Time Weighted Averageµg - micrograms

Documents

OPERATING ENGINEERS NATIONAL HAZMAT PROGRAM