Operation Odyssey Dawn - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Operation Odyssey Dawn

Part of 2011 military intervention in Libya

USS Barry (DDG 52) fires a Tomahawk cruis e missile in support of Operation Odyssey Da wn

Date 1931 March 2011

Lo cation Libya

R esult Decisive NATO Victory

Effective no-fly zone establi shed [1]

Operations handed over to NATO Operation Unified

Protector

Belligerents

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

Italy

NetherlandsNorway

Qatar

Spain

Libyan Arab

Jamahiriya

Operation Odyssey DawnFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Operation Odyssey Dawn was theU.S. code name [Note 1] for the U S partof the international military operation in

Libya to enforce United Natio nsSecurity Counc il Res olution1973. [11][12][13][14][15] during the initial

period of 1931 March 2011, whichcontinued after wards under NAT Ocommand as Operation UnifiedProtector. The initial operationimplemented a no-fly zone that was

proposed during the Libyan civil war to prevent government forces loyal to

Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on Anti-Gaddafi forces. On 19March 2011 , several countries

prep ared to take immediate militaryaction at a summit in Paris. [16]

Operations commenced on the sameday with a strike by French fighter jets,then U.S. and UK forces conductingstrikes from ships and sub marines via110 Tomahawk cruise missiles and air assets bombi ng Gaddafi force s near Beng hazi. [17] The go al of coalitionforces has been to im pose a no-fly zoneand to destroy fo rces that threatencivilians in effect this has me ant forcesloyal to Gaddafi.

The U.S. initially had strategic commandof the military intervention, coo rdinatedmissions between coalition me mber sand set up Joint Task Force Odysse yDawn on the USS Mount Whitney for the tactical command and control in thearea of operations. [12][13] but passedcomplete military command of theoperation to NATO and took up asupport role on 31 March 2011. [18]

Prior to that, an agreement to passcommand of the arms embargo to

NATO was reached on 23 March, [19]and a handover of enforcement of theno-fly zone to NATO was agreed to on24 March and became effective thefollowing day. [20] With the handover of
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United Arab Emirates

United States

Commanders and leaders

Barack Obama

President of the United States and

Commander in Chief of U.S. Armed Forces

Joe BidenVice President of the United States

Robert Gates

U.S. Secretary of Defense

GEN Carter Ham, USA

U.S. Africa Comm and Comm ander

ADM Samuel Locklear, USNJoint Task Force Commander

VADM Harry Harris, USNJoint Forces Maritime Component Commander

Maj Gen Margaret Woodward, USAFJoint Forces Air Component Commander

Muammar Gaddafi

De facto Commander-in-Chief

Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr Minister of Defense

Khamis al-Gaddafi Khamis Brigade Commander

Ali Sharif al-RifiAir Force Commander

Strength

See Deployed forces 490 tanks

240 mobile rocket launchers

35 helicopters

113 air-land attack fighters229 air fighters

7 bombers [2]

Casualties and losses

1 F-15E (mechanical failure, [3]

aircrew survived [4])

1 MQ-8B Fire Scout (possibly shot

down [5])

Multiple anti-aircraft

defenses and air force

targets damaged or

destroyed

114 civilians killed and 445 wounded (Libyan health ministry claim)*[6]

40 civilians killed (in Tripoli; Vatican claim) [7]

*Libyan health ministry claim has not been independently confirmed and

Libyan government figures have been shown as unreliable or

misinformation. [8] The U.S. military claims it has no knowledge of civilian

casualties. [9]

coalition command to NATO,Operation Odyssey Dawn became thename for only the activities of U.S.forces, [21] and the coalition's objectivescontinued to be carried out under Operation Unified Protector. However,

NATO's objectives do not include

aiding the rebel forces' efforts to takecontrol of territory currently held byGaddafi. [22]

The British name for its military supportof Resolution 1973 is OperationEllamy, [23] the Canadian participation isOperation Mobile, [24] and the French

participation is OprationHarmattan. [25] NATO's military activityis Operation Unified Protector. [20]

Contents

1 Command2 Deployed forces3 Summary of action

4 Criticism5 See also6 Footnotes7 External links

Command

The strategic command of Operation

Odyssey Dawn was under the authorityof General Carter Ham, the CombatantCommander of the United States AfricaCommand (AFRICOM), a UnifiedCombatant Command of theDepartment of Defense. Tacticalcommand in the theater of operationswas under command of Admiral SamLocklear, the Commander of United States Naval Forces Africa on board the command ship USS Mount Whitney in the Mediterranean Sea. [14][26] Vice Admiral Harry B. Harris, Commander, U.S. Sixth Fleet,assumed responsibilities as the Joint Forces Maritime Component Commander, also stationed aboard USS

ount Whitney .[27] Major General Margaret H. Woodward was commander of US Air Force aircraftinvolved in the operation. [28] On 21 March 2011, President Obama stated the U.S. military action would bescaled back soon [29] and was considering handing over command of the operation to either France, the UK or
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NATO. On the 24 March 2011, NATO took command of enforcing the no-fly zone in Libya and wasconsidering taking control of the rest of the mission. [30] On 24 March 2011, the coalition agreed to have NATOcommand the no-fly zone, [31] and the U.S. Department of Defense stated that the U.S. would relinquishcommand of Operation Odyssey Dawn as early as 28 March. [32]

Deployed forces

Belgian Armed ForcesBelgian Air Component

Six F-16AM 15MLU Falcon fighter jets operating from Araxos Air Base, GreeceCanadian Forces

Royal Canadian Air Force [33]

Total 440 military personnel deployedSeven CF-18 Hornet fighter jets operating from Trapani-Birgi Airport, ItalyTwo Airbus CC-150 Polaris air-to-air refueling tankers operating from Trapani-BirgiAirport, ItalyTwo Lockheed CP-140 Aurora maritime patrol aircraft operating from Naval Air StationSigonella, Sicily, ItalyTwo CC-177 Globemaster III heavy transportsTwo CC-130J Super Hercules tactical transports

Royal Canadian Navy [33]

Frigate HMCS Charlottetown [34]

JTF2 [33]

There are reports that there are members of JTF2 working with Britains SAS and SBS onthe ground in Libya.

Danish Armed Forces [35]

Royal Danish Air ForceSix F-16AM 15MLU Falcon fighter jets operating from Sigonella Air Base, ItalyOne C-130J-30 military transport aircraft

Italian Armed ForcesItalian Air Force [36]

Four Tornado ECR SEAD planes operating from Trapani Air BaseFour F-16A 15ADF Falcon fighter as escort operating from Trapani Air BaseTwo Tornado IDS in the air-to-air refueling role operating from Trapani Air Base(supporting the Italian contribution, but not under direct U.S. Command) [citation needed ]One C-130 J in the air-to-air refueling role operating from Trapani Air Base (supporting theItalian contribution, but not under direct U.S. Command) [citation needed ]

Netherlands Armed ForcesRoyal Netherlands Air Force [37][38]

Six F-16AM 15MLU Falcon fighter jets operating from Decimomannu Air Base, ItalyOne KDC10 Tanker Aircraft

Norwegian Armed Forces [39][40]

Royal Norwegian Air ForceSix F-16AM 15MLU Falcon fighter jets operating from Souda Air Base, Crete [41]

Two C-130J-30 military transport aircraft supporting the Norwegian forces. [42]

Qatar Armed ForcesQatar Emiri Air Force [43]
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Six Mirage 2000-5EDA fighters jets operating from Souda Air Base, CreteTwo C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft

Spanish Armed Forces [44]

Spanish Air ForceFour EF-18AM Hornet fighters jets operating from Decimomannu Air Base, ItalyOne Boeing 707-331B(KC) tanker aircraftOne CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft [45]

Spanish Navy [46]AEGIS air defence frigate F-104 Mndez NezAttack submarine S-74 Tramontana

Union Defence Force [47]

United Arab Emirates Air ForceSix F-16E/F Block 60 Falcon fighter jets operating from Decimomannu Air Base, ItalySix Dassault Mirage 2000 fighter jets operating from Decimomannu Air Base, Italy

United States Armed ForcesUnited States Navy [48]

USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20), the command ship of the United States Sixth FleetThe Kearsarge Amphibious Ready Group, consisting of:

USS Kearsarge (LHD-3), a Wasp -class amphibious assault shipUSS Ponce (LPD-15), an Austin -class amphibious transport dock USS Carter Hall (LSD-50), a Harpers Ferry -class dock landing shipembarked 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit

USS Barry (DDG-52), an Arleigh Burke -class guided missile destroyer USS Stout (DDG-55), another Arleigh Burke -class guided missile destroyer USS Providence (SSN-719), a Los Angeles -class nuclear attack submarine [Note 2]

USS Scranton (SSN-756), a second Los Angeles -class nuclear attack submarineUSS Florida (SSGN-728), an Ohio -class cruise missile submarine [50]

USNS Kanawha , a Henry J. Kaiser -class oiler [51]

USNS Lewis and Clark , a Lewis and Clark -class dry cargo ship [52]

USNS Robert E. Peary , a Lewis and Clark -class dry cargo shipFive EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft operating out of NAS Sigonella andAviano Air Base [53][54]

One EP-3E ELINT aircraft [52]

Two P-3C Update 3 maritime surveillance aircraftTwo P-3C AIP maritime surveillance aircraft

United States Air Force [55]

Three B-2 Spirit stealth bombers operating from Whiteman AFB. [56]

Two B-1B bombers [57]

Ten F-15E Strike Eagle strike fighters operating out of RAF Lakenheath [53][58]

Eight F-16C Fighting Falcon multi-role fighters from Spangdahlem Air Base started leavingfor Aviano on 20 March [53]

Two HH-60 Pave Hawk combat search and rescue helicopters from RAF Lakenheathoperating from USS Ponce (LPD-15). [59]

Three E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system (AWACS)Three E-8C battle management/command and control aircraftOne EC-130H electronic warfare (communications jamming) aircraftOne EC-130J psychological operations aircraft
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USAF EC-130J broadcasting toLibyan naval forces, warning them toremain in port

One RC-135V/W Rivet Joint signals intelligenceaircraft [60]

Two AC-130U gunships [57]

Four KC-10A Extender Aerial RefuelingTanker/Airlift AircraftTwenty KC-135 Stratotanker Aerial RefuelingTanker AircraftSix A-10 Thunderbolt ground-attack aircraft [49][57]Global Hawk unmanned aerial surveillance vehicleLockheed U-2 Reconnaissance aircraft [61][62]

Predator/Reaper UAVUnited States Marine Corps

Four AV-8B Harrier II ground attack fighters from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit,operating off of USS Kearsarge [53][63]

Over 400 Marines of 1st Battalion 2nd Marines from Camp Lejeune, N.C. Deployed as theAir Contingency Battalion (ACB), on March 1, 2011 to serve as the new Battalion LandingTeam for the 26th MEU. The ACB was attached to the 26th MEU on March 5, 2011 at

NAS Souda Bay. This was the first time ACB has been used in almost a decade.Two MV-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft from the 26th MEU participated in the pilot rescue. [4]

Two CH-53E Super Stallions from the 26th MEU participated in the pilot rescue. [4]

One KC-130J Hercules from the 26th MEU participated in the pilot rescue. [4]

Central Intelligence AgencyCIA Operatives gathering military and political information [64]

Summary of actionDay 1 : 19 March 2011

21h: The first main strike involved the launch of 112 Tomahawk cruise missiles from U.S. and UK ships againstshoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. [14][65][66][67] The U.S. Department of Defense reports that thedismantling of Libya's ability to hinder the enforcement of the UN no-fly zone was only the first of multiple stagesin the operation. [68] USMC Harriers participated in an air strike against a large military convoy outsideBenghazi. [56]

Day 2 : 20 March 2011

Sustained anti-aircraft fire erupted in Tripoli at around 2:33 am Libyan time. [69] Three B-2 Spirit bomberstargeted 45 hardened aircraft shelters at a Libyan airfield near Sirte. [56] At the same time, U.S. Air Force fighter ets conducted missions searching for Libyan ground forces to attack. U.S. Navy EA-18G Growlers were

diverted from operations over Iraq and jammed Libyan radar and communications. [70][71] No U.S. aircraft werelost during the missions. [72] The warplanes included Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier IIs (attacking pro-Gaddafi'sground forces), [73] Air Force B-2 Spirit stealth bombers, and F-15E Strike Eagle and F-16C Fighting Falconfighter jets. [74] Admiral Mike Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, states that there would be

continuous allied air cover over Benghazi, and that the no-fly zone "is effectively in place". [75] An EC-130J wasrecorded warning Libyan shipping "If you attempt to leave port, you will be attacked and destroyedimmediately" in Arabic, French and English. [76] Four Royal Danish Air Force F-16 flew their first mission over Libya [77][78]

0:00 MENU
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Damage to aircraft shelters atGhardabiya Airfield near Sirte, 20March

24 March

Day 3 : 21 March 2011

All fixed SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa and SA-5 Gammon sites weretaken out. Only SA-6 Gainful, hand held SA-7 Grail and SA-8Gecko mobile SAMs are still a possible threat to aircraft. [79] In theearly hours of the day a building from Moammar Gadhafi's compoundin Tripoli was completely destroyed by a cruise missile. [80] Twelve

more cruise missiles were fired at command and air defense sites.[81]

Day 4 : 22 March 2011

At approximately 22:30 CET (evening of 21 March), a USAFE F-15E 91-0304 operating out of Aviano Air Base crashed about 25miles (40 km) southwest of Benghazi. Both crew members ejected athigh altitude and were subsequently separated. A MV-22 Osprey, supported by two AV-8Bs, two CH-53ESuper Stallions, and a KC-130J Hercules from the 26th MEU initially recovered the pilot, [4] while the weaponsofficer was recovered later after being rescued by rebel forces in the area. [4] Two Marine Harriers

accompanying the rescue force dropped two 500 lb bombs at the request of the ejected pilot, prior to the MV-22 landing in an attempt to deter an unidentified group of people heading towards the area. [4][82] The UK had a"peripheral involvement" in the rescue of the U.S. pilots. [83][83][84][85][86][87]

Six local villagers, including a young boy, were reported to have been injured by gunfire from the rescuing U.S.forces, [88][89] Although a Marine spokesperson aboard USS Kearsarge denied that shots were fired: "TheOsprey is not armed, and the Marines barely got off the aircraft. I was in the landing center the whole time,where we were monitoring what was going on, and firing was never reported", [82] Pentagon sources were later reported to have confirmed that shots were fired. [4][90]

The source of the civilian casualties is still being investigated. [82] Overnight, the U.S. bombed the wreckage of the downed F-15E "to prevent materials from getting into the wrong hands." [91]

In a 24-hours period; 175 air sorties were conducted (113 US, 62 coalition). [92] Around this time, the U.S.changed its target priorities from air defenses to Libyan ground forces. [93]

Day 6 : 24 March 2011

Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16s were assigned to the U.S. African

command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of NorwegianF-16s took off from the Souda Bay Air Base on the island of Crete,Greece for their first mission over Libya. [94][95]

Day 7 25 March 2011

Three laser guided bombs were launched from 2 F-16s of the Royal Norwegian Airforce against Libyan tanks. [96] F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Airforce bombed an airfield in Libya during the night. [97]

Coalition planes flew 164 sorties and coalition leaders reported

damage to Gadhafi's ground forces. [98]

Days 8 and 9 26 and 27 March 2011

Lockheed AC-130 gunships and Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft began
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operations, attacking ground forces. [99] These were the first aircraft used against troops; previous strikes hadtargeted command and anti-aircraft infrastructure. [99] Two B-1 bombers from Ellsworth Air Force Baseattacked undisclosed targets in Libya. [100]

Attack submarine USS Providence (SSN-719) completed all assigned strike missions and has left the area for previous duties. The U.S. is responsible for 80% of air refueling, 75% of aerial surveillance hours and 100% of electronic warfare missions. [101]

Days 10 and 11 28 and 29 March 2011

On 28 March, a USAF A-10 and a USN P-3 attack one Libyan Coast Guard vessel and two smaller craft.The P-3 fired AGM-65F Maverick missiles at a Vittoria-class patrol boat, forcing the crew to beach her. TheA-10 strafed the other two smaller boats with its 30mm GAU-8 Avenger cannon rounds, sinking one andforcing the crew to abandon the other. The Libyan vessels were attacked after U.S forces observed them firinginto Misurata and at merchant vessels. The USS Barry provided situational awareness for the aircraft bymanaging the airspace and maintaining the maritime picture. [102]

Day 13 31 March 2011

From 06:00 GMT, NATO took sole command of air operations over Libya under Operation Unified Protector,taking over from U.S. Africa Command. [103][104][105] The four Danish F-16 fighters flew a total of 43 missionsand dropped 107 precision munitions in operation Odyssey Dawn before transiting to NATO command. [106]

Criticism

Main article: US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya

There has been criticism over the handling of the operation and the belief that the Obama administration failed toadequately consult the U.S. Congress. The Obama administration defended its handling of the Libyan crisis,drawing a clear line between military and political objectives. On 24 March White House Press Secretary JayCarney told reporters "We are not engaged in militarily-driven regime change." Instead, the administration isengaged in "time-limited, scope-limited" action with other countries to protect civilians from forces loyal toMuammar Gaddafi. [107] However, this conflicts with multiple statements seeming to imply regime change as atleast one objective of the Operation, including a report made to Congress as required by House Resolution 292(http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d112:h.res.292:) :

"Establishing these conditions would pave the way for a genuine political transition of whichQadhafis departure is a critical component. To bring about this objective, along with theinternational community, the United States responded to this crisis by developing, implementing,and monitoring sanctions and freezing billions in Government of Libya assets, building a broadinternational coalition focused on escalating diplomatic pressure on Qadhafi and increasing hisisolation, and initiating and sustaining political support for military operations. . . . Politically, U.S.leadership continues to play an important role in maintaining and expanding this internationalconsensus that Qadhafi must step down, sending an unambiguous message to the regime. Wecontinue working with the international community to enhance the capabilities of the Libyanopposition and increase the ability to achieve political transition. After many meetings with senior

opposition members in Washington and abroad, combined with daily interactions with the U.S.mission in Benghazi, we have stated that the TNC has demonstrated itself to be the legitimateinterlocutor of the Libyan people, in contrast to the Qadhafi regime that has lost all legitimacy torule."[108]
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See also

Operation El Dorado Canyon 1986 U.S. air-strikes against LibyaOperation Unified Protector NATO operation for enforcement of UNSCR 1970 and 1973

Footnotes

Notes

1. ^ From Wired, "The U.S. militarys nickname for the no-fly zone in Libya sounds like the beginning of a longadventure. But Defense Department officials insist that theres no hidden meaning behind 'Operation OdysseyDawn.' Its just the product of the Pentagons semi-random name-generating system." [10]

2. ^ USS Providence left the area some time around 2728 March. [49]

References

1. ^ Cohen, Tom (20 March 2011). "Mullen: No-fly zone effectively in place in Libya"(http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/us.mullen.libya/index.html?hpt=T1) . CNN.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/us.mullen.libya/index.html?hpt=T1. Retrieved 20 March2011.

2. ^ "Gaddafi Attacked City of Misrata; US to Bomb More , The World Reporter: News Opinion and Analysis"(http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/gaddafi-attacked-city-of-misrata-us-to.html) . The World Reporter.http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/gaddafi-attacked-city-of-misrata-us-to.html. Retrieved 21 March2011.

3. ^ Ackerman, Spencer (22 March 2011). "F-15 Crew Ejects Over Libya After Mechanical Failure"(http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/03/f-15-pilots-eject-over-libya-after-equipment-malfunction/) .

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4. ^ a b c d e f g h Lamothe, Dan (22 March 2011). "Details of Marines pilot rescue released"(http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/03/marine-libya-pilot-rescue-details-released-032211w/) .Marine Corps Times. http://www.marinecorpstimes.c om/news/2011/03/marine-libya-pilot-rescue-details-released-032211w/. Retrieved 24 March 2011.

5. ^ Joshua Stewart (5 August 2011). "Navy: UAV likely downed by pro-Gadhafi forces"(http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/08/navy-fire-scout-likely-shot-down-libya-080511w/) . Navy Times .http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/08/navy-fire-scout-likely-shot-down-libya-080511w/. Retrieved 13January 2013.

6. ^ "Mid-East crisis as it happened: 25 March " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/9436749.stm) . BBC News . 25

March 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/9436749.stm. Retrieved 25 March 2011.7. ^ "Vatican: Airstrikes killed 40 civilians in Tripoli" (http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214560) .31 March 2011. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=214560. Retrieved 31 March 2011.

8. ^ "Gaddafi denounces foreign intervention"(http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132094116102192.html) . Al Jazeera English. 20 March2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132094116102192.html. Retrieved 20 March 2011.

9. ^ By the CNN Wire Staff (21 March 2011). "CNN. March 20, 2011"(http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/libya.civil.war/) . CNN.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/20/libya.civil.war/. Retrieved 19 May 2011.

10. ^ Rawnsley, Adam (21 March 2011) Whats in a Name? Odyssey Dawn Is Pentagon-Crafted Nonsense(http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/03/whats-in-a-name-odyssey-dawn-is-pentagon-crafted-nonsense/)

Wired 11. ^ General Carter Ham, Commander, U.S. Africa Command (19 March 2011). "STATEMENT: AFRICOM

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14. ^ a b c "News Article: Coalition Launches Operation Odyssey Dawn"(http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=63225) . Defense.gov. 19 March 2011.http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=63225. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

15. ^ "DOD News Briefing by Vice Adm. Gortney on Operation Odyssey Dawn"(http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4786) . Defense.gov. 19 March 2011.http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4786. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

16. ^ Judd, Terri (19 March 2011). "Operation Ellamy: Designed to strike from air and sea"(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/operation-ellamy-designed-to-strike-from-air-and-sea-2246411.html) . The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/operation-ellamy-designed-to-strike-from-air-and-sea-2246411.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

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over Libya" (http://www.startribune.com/world/118902209.html) . StarTribune.http://www.startribune.com/world/118902209.html. Retrieved 5 April 2011.19. ^ Norington, Brad (23 March). "Deal puts NATO at head of Libyan operation"

(http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/deal-puts-nato-at-head-of-libyan-operation/story-e6frg6so-1226027088954) . The Australian . http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/deal-puts-nato-at-head-of-libyan-operation/story-e6frg6so-1226027088954. Retrieved 23 March 2011.

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21. ^ Operation Odyssey Dawn (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/odyssey-dawn.htm)GlobalSecurity.org

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23. ^ "Coalition operations in Libya to continue"(http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CoalitionOperationsInLibyaToContinue.htm) . Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. 21 March 2011.http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CoalitionOperationsInLibyaToContinue.htm.

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Forces , Canadian Department of National Defense25. ^ Libye : point de situation de l'opration Harmattan n1 (http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/autres-

operations/operation-harmattan-libye/actualites/libye-point-de-situation-de-l-operation-harmattan-n-1) (23 March2011) Oprations , Ministre de la Dfense et des anciens combattants. (French) English translation(http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&tt=url&intl=1&fr=bf-home&trurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Foperations%2Fautres-operations%2Foperation-harmattan-libye%2Factualites%2Flibye-point-de-situation-de-l-operation-harmattan-n-1&lp=fr_en&btnTrUrl=Translate)

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Mission" (http://www.webcitation.org/5yA6D7eXC) . Bloomberg. Archived from the original(http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-29/libya-airstrikes-make-woodward-first-woman-to-lead-u-s-air-war.html) on 23 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5yA6D7eXC. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

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Documents

Operation Odyssey Dawn - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia