Operational Concept Framework to support government policy ...€¦ · Map Data Agency (Google, Nearmap) MaaS P2P CAV Service Provider (Uber, Taxis) Other CAVs Electronic Road Sign

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Operational Concept Framework to support government policy & regulation on Connected and Automated Vehicles

Richard Fullalove, CPEng, MSc(Eng) Manager, Systems Engineering Process

Asset Standards Authority, Transport for NSW

Key topics

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• Why a CAV OpsCon Framework? • Levels of automation • Operational context • Operational outcomes • Operational use cases • Operational migration • Operational modes • Operational interfaces • Operational actors • Operational zoning • Operational scenarios • Operational risks • Conclusion

Why a CAV OpsCon Framework?


• Tells "day-in-the-life" story of how CAVs might operate • Identifies operations and support assets and resources • Valid reference point throughout the system lifetime • Living document - regularly reviewed and updated • Informs development of road policy / regulations • Facilitates controlled introduction of CAVs onto the road • Identifies need to re-configure existing road infrastructure • Informs the “Need” and “Plan” phases of asset lifecycle

CAV Levels of Automation


• L0 (No Automation): Automated system has no vehicle control, but may issue warnings.

• L1 (Driver Assistance): Driver must be ready to take control at any time. • L2 (Partial Automation): The driver is obliged to detect objects and events

and respond if the automated system fails to respond properly. • L3 (Conditional Automation): Within known, limited environments (such as

freeways), the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving tasks. • L4 (High Automation): The automated system can control the vehicle in all

but a few environments such as severe weather. • L5 (Full Automation): Other than setting the destination and starting the

system, no human intervention is required in all driving modes

SAE International brochure, "Automated driving - Levels of driving automation are defined in new SAE International Standard J3016"

CAV Operational Context


• Mass transport system (intercity, metro, light rail, bus, ferry) • “Smart City/Precinct” initiatives • The “Internet of Things” (IoT) • “Big Data” initiatives • Co-operative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) • Governance & Regulatory Frameworks

•Risk/Safety Assurance Framework •Transport Regulatory Framework •Road Infrastructure Investment Framework

CAV Operational Outcomes


Benefits: • Reduced road congestion • Reduced road accidents (safety) • Reduced single-user vehicle traffic • Increased human productivity • Improved equitable mobility access • …and more… Dis-benefits: • Increasing automation replacing human jobs (taxis, truckers) • Unexpected events that software (AI) cannot interpret • …and more?

CAV Operational Use Cases


• Privately owned P2P • Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) P2P • Bus Mass Transit • Human Mobility-impaired • Commercial/Freight • Road Maintenance • …and others

CAV Operational Migration


Possible migration timeline: • Current situation: Levels 0/1/2 prevalent (2017) • Interim future situation 1: Levels 1/2/3 prevalent (2025) • Interim future situation 2: Levels 2/3/4 prevalent (2035) • Final future situation: Level 5 prevalent (>2050)

Note: Tesla Autopilot currently considered Level 2

CAV Operational Modes


• Normal mode (all functions and capabilities available) • Degraded mode (degradation or loss of one function) • Emergency mode (loss of multiple functions and capability) • Maintenance mode

Normal Mode Degraded Mode Emergency Mode

CAV Operational Interfaces


CAV

CAV Maintenance Facility

Vehicle LicensingAuthority

Vehicle Insurer

CAV Vehicle Supplier (software update)

Map Data Agency(Google, Nearmap)

MaaS P2P CAVService Provider

(Uber, Taxis)

Other CAVs

Electronic Road Sign

Intelligent Transport Systems

(SCATS, C-ITS)

CAV Owner/Operator (1st Party)

CAV Owner/Operator (1st Party) CAV

Passengers (2nd Party)

CAV Passengers (2nd Party) Vulnerable

Road Users (3nd Party)

VulnerableRoad Users (3nd Party)

Non-CAVs

EmergencyServices

(Police, Ambulance) Road Authority(Operator/Maintainer)

Mobile DataDevice

Mobile DataDevice

EmergencyServices

Staff

EmergencyServices

Staff

HumanDriversHumanDrivers

HumanUsers/

Operators

HumanUsers/

Operators

CAV Operational Actors Actors include the user, as well as other entities that will need to interact with the CAV over an operational interface.

• CAV owner/operator (the direct user) • Vulnerable road users (e.g. pedestrians, cyclists) • Roadside ITS infrastructure • Emergency services (e.g. police, ambulance, vehicle recovery) • Road operator/maintainer (public & private/toll) • Vehicle service centre (e.g. “over the air” diagnostic data download) • Vehicle supplier (e.g. “over the air” software updates)


CAV Operational Zoning Physical zones where a CAV may be permitted to operate at a certain level of automation Until CAVs are ubiquitous, zoning may be based on: • Segregated geographic areas (e.g. Level 4/5 on campus areas only) • Separate lanes (e.g. CAV use of existing bus/taxi lanes) • Separate road types (e.g. >= Level 2 automation on motorways only)

May need to plan for new or altered zones to accommodate CAVs at specific levels of automation: • Physical barriers • Lane markings (e.g. “CAV only” or “Level 2 only”) • Signage (e.g. “Select Level 3”) • Virtual (electronic) barriers


CAV Operational Scenarios (1)

• “Platooning” of CAVs • Traffic light intersection scenario • CAV/non-CAV overtaking scenario • Pedestrian encounter • Police encounter (static or moving) • Roadworks encounter • …and many more (39 scenarios identified so far…)




CAV/CAV PlatooningCAV

CAV

CAV

CAVUser

CAVUser

CAVUser

Traffic Light Intersection

NonCAV

CAV

CAV

CAV-Electronic Road Signs (/ITS)

CAVUser

CAV


CAV-Pedestrian

Pedstrian(Obstacle)

CAVUser

CAV

Response: Stop/Avoid

Playing Pokemon GoLalalalalala

CAV-Roadworks

TrafficControl

RoadworksTeam

CAVUser

CAV

Response: Stop/Avoid

Caution, road works ahead!



Home

CAVOwner

CAV

Home

MaaS P2P Customer

MaaSCAV

CAV

CAV

CAV

CAV(auto fail)???

RecoveryVehicle

CAV(total fail)

NonCAV

CAV

CAV

Non-CAV

CAV

CAV

CAV

CAV


Pedstrian(Obstacle)

CAV

Playing Pokemon GoLalalalalala

Carjacker(Obstacle)

CAVUser

CAV

Gimme your car and your

money!

Police Officer(Obstacle)

CAVUser

CAV

Stop for a breath test!

CAVUser

CAV

Police Vehicle(Obstacle)

PoliceOfficer

Stop, you nearly collided

with me! TrafficControl

RoadworksTeam

CAV

Caution, road works ahead!

CAV

CAV???

CAV???

CAVUser

Non-CAVDriver

Police

VehicleRecovery Police

Vehicle

CAV

RecoveryVehicle

NonCAV

Police

VehicleRecovery Police

Vehicle

CAV

RecoveryVehicle

CAV

CAV Refuel/RechargeFacility CAV

CAV MaintenanceFacility CAV

CAV RepairFacility CAV

Vehicle LicensingAuthority (RMS) CAV

Vehicle InsurerCAV

MaaS CAVService Provider CAV

CAV SupplierCAV

Road Map Data Supplier

CAV

CAV

Non-CAV CAV

Light RailVehicle

Non-CAV

Train

CAV

X

CAV

Hacker

???

victims

CAVVBIED

Terrorist

SecurityServices

CAV

Toll Gate & Cameras

CAV

RecoveryVehicle

Non-CAV

CAV

CAV???

CAV

Transport Interchange

??????

CAV

CAV Kiss & Ride operations at multi-modal transport interchange node

Cyber-attack on CAVs by hackers

CAV parking operations in at-grade or multi-story car-park.

No need for car-parks?

Aggressive driving behaviour toward

CAV by non-CAV

Safe recovery of broken-down CAV

by recovery vehicle

Personal P2P CAV owner/operator

MaaS P2P CAV Service customer

CAV Platooning scenario

CAV partial auto functional failure

Broken-down CAV interaction with recovery vehicle

CAV Toll Road Systems encounter

CAV terrorist VBIED encounter

CAV encounter with roadworks

CAV encounter with moving

police vehicle

CAV encounter with static police

RBT/Speeding

CAV encounter with carjacker or roadside robber

CAV encounter with pedestrian/jaywalker

CAV encounter with Digital Vehicle

Electronic Info Signs

CAV to non-CAV dangerous overtaking encounter

CAV to traffic light intersection encounter

(CAVs and non-CAVs)

CAV???

CAV to railway level crossing encounter

CAV to Light Rail mixed alignment encounter

CAV encounter with bad weather, low visibility

CAV transition from surfaced to non-

surfaced road/track

CAV interaction with CAV repair facility (unplanned repair)

CAV interaction with CAV maintenance facility (planned service)

CAV interaction with refuel/recharge facility

CAV-CAV collision scenario and interaction with police

& vehicle recovery

CAV-non CAV collision scenario and interaction with

police & vehicle recovery

CAV encounter with low visibility driving conditions

CAV encounter with unexpected

road diversion

CAV encounter with unexpected road hazard (any)

CAV interaction with vehicle licensing authority

to validate license

CAV interaction with vehicle insurer to validate

insurance claims

CAV interaction with MaaS P2P CAV

service providerCAV interaction with CAV supplier (e.g. S/W update)

CAV interaction with road map data agency

CAV Operational Risks Example: "loss of lane-keeping function leading to undesired and uncontrolled change of lane by the CAV“


Possible outcomes (consequences) for this risk: A. CAV crosses multiple lanes and runs off the

road (single vehicle V2I collision) B. CAV crosses one or more lanes and collides

with one or more other vehicles (multiple vehicle V2V collision)

C. CAV crosses into, and remains in, adjacent same-direction lane with no collision (no loss)

Conclusion The CAV Operational Concept Framework can be used to: • identify scenarios that require new or updated policy and

regulations, as well as to plan road infrastructure upgrades • systematically analyse the rapid rate of CAV-related

innovations to assist transport policy-makers to respond • Have a platform that can be expanded and adapted to

accommodate future new CAV innovations as they are delivered from the industry


www.incose.org/symp2017

Documents

Operational Concept Framework to support government policy ...€¦ · Map Data Agency (Google, Nearmap) MaaS P2P CAV Service Provider (Uber, Taxis) Other CAVs Electronic Road Sign