Operational Risk Management (ORM) and the Driving Task

1

Operational Risk Management Operational Risk Management (ORM) (ORM)

and the Driving Taskand the Driving Task

2

ORM Why?ORM Why? 1999

• Estimated 6,289,000 police reported traffic crashes.

• 41,345 people killed.

• 3,200,000 people injured.

• Risk of crash involvement among drivers 16-19 years old is 4 times

the risk among older drivers.

Sailors and Marines were among those casualties!

3

ORM TERMSORM TERMS Hazard - A condition with the potential to cause

illness, injury, death, property damage, or mission degradation.

Cause – Something that produces and effect, result, or consequence (i.e., the person, event or condition responsible for an action or result).

HAZARDS CAUSES

Operating Equipment Operator Error - Mechanical Failure

Weather Improper Clothing - Limited Visibility

4

ORM TERMSORM TERMS

Risk - An expression of possible loss in terms of severity and probability.

Risk Assessment - The process of detecting hazards and assessing associated risks.

5

ORM FIVE-STEP PROCESSORM FIVE-STEP PROCESS

• STEP #1: Identify Hazards

• List major steps in your operation/task.• Legs of your driving trip, etc.

• Conduct a preliminary hazard analysis.• List hazards associated with each

step/leg of your trip.• List the possible causes of the

hazards.

6

ORM FIVE-STEP ORM FIVE-STEP PROCESSPROCESS

• STEP #3: Make Risk Decisions

• Develop controls for each hazard.• Reduce until benefit>risk.

• Develop controls for most serious hazard first.

• Assess each hazard again with controls in place.

• Is the task worth the risk?

7


• STEP #4: Implement Controls• Incorporate your controls.• Communicate selected

controls to the lowest level.

8


• STEP #5: Supervise

• Enforce your standards and controls.

• Remain alert for changes and unexpected developments.

• Take corrective action if needed.

9

ORM

QUESTIONS

10

ORM PrinciplesORM PrinciplesAccept risk when benefits outweigh the cost.

Accept no unnecessary risk.

Anticipate and manage risk by planning.

Make risk decisions at the right level.

11

ORM AND SAFE DRIVINGORM AND SAFE DRIVINGORM is a proven and successful tool for operational use, but it has equal application to many types of activities where there is risk associated. A good example is driver safety.

Photo

12

WHY ORM WHEN WHY ORM WHEN DRIVING?DRIVING?

• Average of 114 persons die each day in motor vehicle crashes – one every 13 minutes.

• Vehicle occupants accounted for 85.3% of traffic fatalities in 1998; remaining 14.7% were pedestrians, pedal cyclists, and other non-occupants.

• The Naval Safety Center asserts that driver safety is our #1 readiness issue.

Sailors and Marines were among those casualties!

13

ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOL AND DRIVINGDRIVING

14

THE DENISE WAGONER STORY

"Photos courtesy of Drunk Busters of America www.drunkbusters.com"

15



16



17



18



19

Alcohol and Driving: A Alcohol and Driving: A Bad Mix!Bad Mix!

Nearly one-half of all fatal traffic crashes are alcohol-related.

Approximately 21,000 people die each year in drinking-related collisions.

Having 2 drinks increases your chances of a crash 7 times.

A 16- to 19-year old driver with a blood alcohol concentration of .06 percent is 8 times as likely to be involved in a fatal crash.

At .09 percent, the probability of a fatal crash increases to 40 times.

20

Alcohol: Myths and FactsAlcohol: Myths and Facts

It is a stimulant.

It has nutrients.

It increases mental and physical ability.

In given amounts, alcohol always affects an

individual the same way.

There are ways to sober up quickly.

It is a depressant.

It has empty calories.

It decreases mental and physical ability.

In given amounts, alcohol always affects the same individual differently at

different times.

Time is the only way to sober up.

Myth Fact

21

THE BOTTOM LINE• Alcohol-induced impairment is the greatest

contributing factor in many motor vehicle fatalities.

• The basic rule underlying all safe driving is to keep your vehicle under control at all times.

• Drivers who have consumed alcohol do not have complete control over themselves, and therefore cannot be in control of a vehicle. They are a danger to themselves and others.

22

QUESTIONS

23

SUMMARY

24

AGGRESSIVE DRIVING AND ROAD RAGE

“It is better to get where you are going five minutes late than

dying five minutes sooner.”

25

AGGRESSIVE DRIVING• DRIVING THAT IS INTENTIONALLY

INCONSIDERATE OF OTHER DRIVERS

• CHARACTERIZED BY INTENTIONALLY IGNORING THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS ON THE ROAD WITHOUT ANY FEELINGS OF REMORSE

• AGGRESSIVE DRIVING IS A TRAFFIC OFFENSE– TAILGATING– SPEEDING– UNSAFE LANE CHANGES– FAILING TO SIGNAL INTENT

26

ROAD RAGE

• A STATE OF ANGER OR HOSTILITY DIRECTED AT SOME SPECIFIC DRIVER– AGGRESSIVE DRIVING IS DIRECTED

TOWARD OTHER DRIVERS IN GENERAL

• THE ROAD RAGER INTENDS TO CAUSE PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL HARM

27

AGGRESSIVE DRIVING FACTORS

• WEATHER

– INCLEMENT WEATHER CAN ACTUALLY PREVENT ROAD RAGE

– PEOPLE TEND TO DRIVE MORE CAUTIOUSLY WHEN ROAD CONDITIONS ARE WORSE

28

HOW TO HANDLE

• WEAR SEAT BELTS• DON’T REACT ANGRILY TO AN

AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGER• AVOID EYE CONTACT• MANAGE TIME BETTER• PULL OFF INTO SAFE PUBLIC SPOT TO

CALM DOWN OR ELUDE A ROAD RAGER

• CALL POLICE

29

CAR MAINTENANCE SAFETY TIPS

30

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

• TIRE MAINTENANCE– PROPER AIR PRESSURE

• MEASURE TIRE PRESSURE WHEN COLD

• RECOMMENDED PRESSURE, NOT MAXIMUM PRESSURE

– TREAD WEAR– ROTATE TIRES

31

TIRE FAILURE

• TREAD SEPARATION

• SIDEWALL BLOWOUT– USUALLY DUE TO UNDER OR OVER-

INFLATED TIRES

32

TIRE FAILURE

• TREAD SEPARATION– OCCURS WHEN OUTER

LAYER OF TIRE PEELS AWAY FROM STEEL BELTED BODY OF TIRE

• TIRE BLOWOUT– OCCURS WHEN

SIDEWALL OF TIRE RUPTURES

33

HOW TO HANDLE A BLOWOUT

• TIRE INSTANTLY LOSES ALL AIR & PROVIDES NO STEERING OR BRAKING ASSISTANCE

• SOMETIMES A THUMPING SOUND OR STEERING WHEEL VIBRATION PROVIDES A WARNING OF AN IMPENDING BLOWOUT

34


• DO NOT BRAKE– MAY CAUSE YOU TO LOSE

CONTROL

• DON’T ATTEMPT ANY RAPID STEERING MOVEMENTS

35


• GRADUALLY TAKE FOOT OFF ACCELERATOR

• STEER ONLY ENOUGH TO CONTINUE GOING STRAIGHT

• AS VEHICLE ROLLS TO A STOP, GENTLY STEER TO SIDE OF ROAD– IF NO SHOULDER, SLOWLY DRIVE UNTIL YOU

FIND A SAFE SPOT TO STOP– BUY A NEW WHEEL, VICE RISK ANOTHER CAR

COLLIDING WITH YOU

36


• WINDSHIELD WIPERS– ENSURE THEY WORK PROPERLY– CHANGE BLADES IF:

• HARD• CRACKED• BRITTLE

– RECOMMEND YOU CHANGE EVERY SIX MONTHS

– CHECK WINDSHIELD FLUID LEVEL

37


• FLUID LEVELS AND LEAKS– CRANKCASE (OIL)– TRANSMISSION– RADIATOR– BRAKE– POWER STEERING

• FOLLOW MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDED MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

38


• MIRRORS, SIGNALS AND LIGHTS– ENSURE CLEAN AND NOT BROKEN

39


• OIL CHANGES

• TUNE-UPS

• BRAKE INSPECTIONS

40

REVIEW QUESTIONS& SUMMARY

41

42

Driving drowsy slows your reaction time, Driving drowsy slows your reaction time, decreases awareness, and impairs judgment, just decreases awareness, and impairs judgment, just

like drugs or alcohol. And, just like drugs and like drugs or alcohol. And, just like drugs and alcohol, driving drowsy can contribute to a fatal alcohol, driving drowsy can contribute to a fatal

collision. collision.

Why YOU need to KNOWWhy YOU need to KNOW

43

Driver fatigue is the primary cause of at least Driver fatigue is the primary cause of at least 100,000 police-reported crashes and more than 100,000 police-reported crashes and more than

1,500 deaths annually, according to the U.S. 1,500 deaths annually, according to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA). (NHTSA).

KNOW Before You GOKNOW Before You GO

44

Accident rates vary during the course of the 24-Accident rates vary during the course of the 24-hour day and mirror daily human alertness hour day and mirror daily human alertness

patterns. Accident rates have a peak in the mid-patterns. Accident rates have a peak in the mid-afternoon and an even higher peak in the afternoon and an even higher peak in the

overnight hours between 2 and 6 a.m.overnight hours between 2 and 6 a.m.

KNOW Before You GO…KNOW Before You GO…

45

The “The “DARK SIDEDARK SIDE””

Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day…Memorial Day, July 4th, Labor Day…

There's a There's a ““Dark SideDark Side”” to the American summer to the American summer vacation season -- the inevitable news reports vacation season -- the inevitable news reports updating highway accident death tolls during long updating highway accident death tolls during long holiday weekends. holiday weekends.

46

TheThe “ “DARK SIDEDARK SIDE””

Although heavy travel volumes play a role in the high Although heavy travel volumes play a role in the high accident rates, most experts agree another factor is accident rates, most experts agree another factor is likely to blame -- likely to blame -- increased driver fatigueincreased driver fatigue (attributed to (attributed to long driving hours, lack of sleep, and the demands of long driving hours, lack of sleep, and the demands of holiday activities).holiday activities).

47

Who is at RISK?Who is at RISK?

48

Who is MOST at RISK?Who is MOST at RISK?

Sleep-related crashes are most common in young Sleep-related crashes are most common in young people, who tend to stay up late, sleep too little, and people, who tend to stay up late, sleep too little, and

drive at night. The peak age of occurrence is 20 drive at night. The peak age of occurrence is 20 years old. years old.

49

• Sleep-deprived or fatigued. Sleep-deprived or fatigued.

• Driving long distances without rest breaks Driving long distances without rest breaks

• Driving through the night.Driving through the night.

• Driving through the early afternoon.Driving through the early afternoon.


ALL Drivers are at RISKALL Drivers are at RISK especially when YOU are:especially when YOU are:

50

•ALL Drivers are atALL Drivers are at RISKRISK especially when YOU are:especially when YOU are:

• Driving at times when normally asleep.Driving at times when normally asleep. • Taking medication to increase sleepiness.Taking medication to increase sleepiness.

• Consuming any alcohol-related products.Consuming any alcohol-related products.

• Driving alone.Driving alone.

• Driving on long, rural, boring roadsDriving on long, rural, boring roads.


51

When driving fatigued, YOU may experience the When driving fatigued, YOU may experience the following symptoms:following symptoms:

You You can't remember the last few miles driven.can't remember the last few miles driven.

You You drift from your lanes or hit a rumble strip. drift from your lanes or hit a rumble strip.

You You have wandering/disconnected thoughts. have wandering/disconnected thoughts.

You You yawn repeatedly.yawn repeatedly.

WARNING Signs ofWARNING Signs of Driving Drowsy:Driving Drowsy:

52

When driving fatigued, YOU may experience When driving fatigued, YOU may experience

the following symptoms:the following symptoms:

You You have difficulty focusing/keeping eyes open.have difficulty focusing/keeping eyes open.

You You tailgate or miss traffic signs.tailgate or miss traffic signs.

You You have trouble keeping your head up. have trouble keeping your head up.

You You keep jerking your car back into the lane.keep jerking your car back into the lane.

WARNING Signs ofWARNING Signs of Driving Drowsy:Driving Drowsy:

53

RecognizeRecognize the warning signs & the warning signs &Take Action Immediately! Take Action Immediately!

You cannot predict when You cannot predict when a micro-sleep may occur.a micro-sleep may occur.

YOU must respond quickly to symptoms of fatigue by YOU must respond quickly to symptoms of fatigue by finding a safe place to stop! finding a safe place to stop!

Pull off into a safe area away from traffic and Pull off into a safe area away from traffic and TAKE A TAKE A BREAK.BREAK. Spend the night at a hotel or at least take a brief Spend the night at a hotel or at least take a brief

nap! nap! Don’t count on the radio, open window or other "tricks" to Don’t count on the radio, open window or other "tricks" to

keep YOU awakekeep YOU awake! !

IF YOU ARE DROWSY,IF YOU ARE DROWSY,

54

Plan Ahead Before Leaving… Plan Ahead Before Leaving…

GGet a good night's sleep. et a good night's sleep. The average person requires about 8 hours of The average person requires about 8 hours of

sleepsleep a night. a night.

Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures

55

Plan Ahead Before Leaving… Plan Ahead Before Leaving…

PPlan to drive long trips with a companion. lan to drive long trips with a companion. Passengers can help look for early warning signs Passengers can help look for early warning signs

of fatigue, or you can switch drivers when needed. of fatigue, or you can switch drivers when needed.


56

Plan Ahead Before Leaving…Plan Ahead Before Leaving…

AAvoid alcohol and medications. Alcohol interacts void alcohol and medications. Alcohol interacts with fatigue, increasing its effects. with fatigue, increasing its effects.


57

Stop at least every two hours and take a walk, stretch, etc.Stop at least every two hours and take a walk, stretch, etc.

Keep your vehicle well ventilated.Keep your vehicle well ventilated.

Avoid caffeine or other drugs to keep you awake. Avoid caffeine or other drugs to keep you awake.

Eat lightly and avoid heavy, Eat lightly and avoid heavy, fatty foods. fatty foods.


While Driving…While Driving…

58

59

2

DRIVER DISTRACTION

• DRIVER DISTRACTION OCCURS WHEN A DRIVER IS DELAYED IN THE RECOGNITION OF INFORMATION NEEDED TO SAFELY ACCOMPLISH THE DRIVING TASK

60

5

COMMON DISTRACTIONS

• OUTSIDE PERSON, OBJECT, OR EVENT

• ADJUSTING RADIO, CASSETTE, OR CD

• OTHER VEHICLE OCCUPANTS

• MOVING OBJECT IN VEHICLE

• ADJUSTING VEHICLE CONTROLS

• EATING/DRINKING• USING/DIALING

CELLULAR PHONE• SMOKING RELATED• OTHER

DEVICE/OBJECT IN VEHICLE

617

CELLULAR PHONES

62

HYDROPLANING

63

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

• VEHICLE SPEED

• TIRE TREAD DEPTH

• WATER DEPTH

64

65

66

67

68

- Do NOT apply brakes.- Do NOT turn steering wheel.

69

QUESTIONS

70

MOTORCYCLESAFETY

71

STATISTICS

UNDIVIDED ROADWAYS ACCOUNT FOR A MAJORITY OF MOTORCYCLE FATALITIES.

MORE MOTORCYCLIST FATALITIES ARE OCCURRING ON RURAL ROADS.

28,000 MOTORCYCLISTS DIED IN SINGLE VEHICLE MOTORCYCLE CRASHES FROM 1990 TO 1999.

72

CARS VS. MOTORCYCLES

• SIZE

• MANEUVERABILITY

• PERFORMANCE

• COST

• PROTECTION

73

KNOWING YOUR LIMITS

KNOWLEDGE

EXPERIENCE

PHYSICAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

74

NAVY AND MARINE CORPS POLICY

OPNAVINST 5100.12 (Series)MCO 5100.19 (Series)

75

Any government or privately-owned motor vehicle having a seat or saddle

for the use of its operator and designed to travel on not more than

three wheels. (This includes vehicles with

less than 50cc engines, such as mopeds, motor scooters, and motorized bicycles.)

NAVY/MARINE CORPS MOTORCYCLE DEFINITION

76

ALL SAFETY POLICIES

APPLY, BOTH ON AND OFF

BASE.

NAVY/MARINE CORPS MOTORCYCLE POLICY

77

QUESTIONS

78

SPEEDING

79

During the first FATAL second, do you know what happens to a car travelling at 55 miles per hour, when

it hits a solid object?

80

In the first tenth of a second,

the front bumper & grill

ARE DESTROYED.

81

During the second tenth of a second, the front body of the car starts bending, raising and

striking the windshield while the rear wheels raise themselves off the road.

Simultaneously, the front tire wheelwells begin to wrap around the solid object. Although the car frame has come to a stop, the remainder of the car continues to travel at a velocity of 55 miles

per hour.

The driver’s instinct is to stretch out his legs to brace for the impact but they BREAK at the

knee joints.

82

During the third tenth of a second,

the steering wheel begins to

disintegrate and the steering

column reaches the CHEST of the

DRIVER.

83

In four tenths of a second,

the first two feet of the car are

destroyed, while the car’s body

begins to split apart as

the car is still traveling at

55 miles per hour.

84

In the fifth tenth of a second,

the driver is impaled by the

steering column and his lungs

begin to fill with blood.

85

In the sixth tenth of a second, the feet come out of the shoes.

The brake/clutch pedals are wrapped around the feet.

The frame of the car doubles in half and the head of the driver strikes the

windshield while the still-rotating wheels fall to the road.

86

In the seventh tenth of a second, the axles and the doors collapse,

trapping the driver. It does not disturb the driver because he is already dead, so

the last three tenths of a second do not mean anything to him.

87

88

SPEED

• INCREASES DISTANCE TRAVELED INCREASES DISTANCE TRAVELED BEFORE REACTIONBEFORE REACTION

• INCREASES DISTANCE NEEDED TO INCREASES DISTANCE NEEDED TO STOPSTOP

• INCREASES CRASH SEVERITYINCREASES CRASH SEVERITY

• DECREASES PROTECTIONDECREASES PROTECTION

89

SPEEDING KILLS 1,000 AMERICANS EVERY MONTH

90

DO YOU HAVE A TENDENCY TO PASS OR BE PASSED?

91

DO YOU ENJOY THE SENSTATION OF SPEEDING?

92

ARE YOU IMPATIENT?

93

DO YOU TRY TO GET WHERE YOU’RE GOING AS FAST AS

YOU CAN?

94

DO YOU NEED TO ADJUST YOUR ATTITUDE?

95

96

WEATHER & TRAFFIC CONDITIONS REQUIRE SLOWER

DRIVING

97

CAN YOU STOP IN TIME IF YOU NEED TO?

98

99

SUMMARY

100

TRAFFIC SAFETY AND SEATBELTSTRAFFIC SAFETY AND SEATBELTS

101

102

103

104

EXCUSES AND REASONS

• I’m not going far.

• I might not be able to escape.

• They’re uncomfortable.

• I’m a good driver.

• I forgot.

• I’m pregnant.

105

HOW TO WEAR A SEATBELT

106

HOW NOT TO WEAR A SEATBELT

• Improper fit.

• Shoulder belt worn under arm.

• Twisted shoulder or lap belt.

• Reclined car seat.

107

ALL PASSENGERS NEED TO ALL PASSENGERS NEED TO BUCKLE UPBUCKLE UP

108

U.S. NAVY POLICYU.S. NAVY POLICYIt’s the law! All military

personnel will wear safety belts at all times (including in own vehicle), as directed by OPNAVINSTs 11200.5 and

5100.12 (series).

It’s the law! All military personnel will wear safety

belts at all times (including in own vehicle), as directed by OPNAVINSTs 11200.5 and

5100.12 (series).

109

Who is the real Jackass here?

110

WHAT TO DO IN AN ACCIDENT

111

PROCEDURES• BE CALM AND COURTEOUS

• MOVE YOUR AUTOMOBILE OFF THE ROAD

112

PROCEDURES• GET THE FACTS

– EXCHANGE• NAMES• ADDRESSES• DRIVER’S LICENSE NUMBERS• INSURANCE INFORMATION

• RECORD – LICENSE PLATE NUMBERS– DESCRIPTIONS OF OTHER VEHICLES & HOW

ACCIDENT HAPPENED– WITNESS INFORMATION

113

PROCEDURES

• DO NOT ADMIT FAULT

• REPORT THE ACCIDENT

• CALL YOUR INSURANCE PROVIDER

114

SUMMARY

115

QUESTIONS

Documents

Operational Risk Management (ORM) and the Driving Task