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Optical Networking Technologies. Outline. Introduction to Fiber Optics Passive Optical Network (PON) – point-to-point fiber networks, typically to a home or small business SONET/SDH DWDM (Long Haul). Optical Transmission. optical signal. electrical signal. electrical signal. Optical - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Optical Networking Technologies
1
Outline
• Introduction to Fiber Optics• Passive Optical Network (PON) – point-to-point
fiber networks, typically to a home or small business
• SONET/SDH• DWDM (Long Haul)
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Optical Transmission
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OpticalFibre
Transmission System
OpticalFibre
Transmission System
electricalsignal
electricalsignal
opticalsignal
Advantages of optical transmission:1. Longer distance (noise resistance and less attenuation)2. Higher data rate (more bandwidth)3. Lower cost/bit
Optical Networks• Passive Optical Network (PON)– Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)– Fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC)– Fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP)
• Metro Networks (SONET)– Metro access networks– Metro core networks
• Transport Networks (DWDM)– Long-haul networks
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Optical Network Architecture
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MetroNetwork
Long HaulNetwork
MetroNetwork
AccessNetwork
AccessNetwork
AccessNetwork
AccessNetwork
transport network
PON
SONET
DWDM
CPE (customer premise)
All-Optical Networks• Most optical networks today are EOE
(electrical/optical/electrical)• All optical means no electrical component
– To transport and switch packets photonically.
• Transport: no problem, been doing that for years• Label Switch
– Use wavelength to establish an on-demand end-to-end path
• Photonic switching: many patents, but how many products?
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Optical 101• Wavelength (): length of a wave and is measured in
nanometers, 10-9m (nm) – 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red) is visible light– Fiber optics primarily use 850, 1310, & 1550nm
• Frequency (f): measured in TeraHertz, 1012 (THz)• Speed of light = 3×108 m/sec
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Optical Spectrum
• Light– Ultraviolet (UV)– Visible– Infrared (IR)
• Communication wavelengths– 850, 1310, 1550 nm– Low-loss wavelengths
1550nm 193,548.4GHz
1551nm 193,424.6GHz
1nm 125 GHz
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UV IR
Visible
850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
125 GHz/nm
Bandwidth
Optical Fiber• An optical fiber is made of
three sections:– The core carries the
light signals– The cladding keeps the light
in the core– The coating protects the glass
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CladdingCore
Coating
Optical Fiber (cont.)
• Single-mode fiber– Carries light pulses by
laser along single path
• Multimode fiber– Many pulses of light
generated by LED travel at different angles
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SM: core=8.3 cladding=125 µmMM: core=50 or 62.5 cladding=125 µm
7.11
Bending of light ray
7.12
Figure 7.12 Propagation modes
7.13
Figure 7.13 Modes
7.14
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction
7.15
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors
7.16
Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance
Note: loss is relatively flat
7.17
Fiber Installation
Support cable every 3 feet for indoor cable (5 feet for outdoor)
Don’t squeeze support straps too tight.
Pull cables by hand, no jerking, even hand pressure.
Avoid splices.
Make sure the fiber is dark when working with it.
Broken pieces of fiber VERY DANGEROUS!! Do not ingest!
Optical Transmission Effects
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AttenuationDispersion & Nonlinearity
Waveform After 1000 KmTransmitted Data Waveform
Distortion
Optical Transmission Effects
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Attenuation: Loss of transmission power due to long distance
Dispersion and Nonlinearities: Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Distortion due to signal detection and recovery
Transmission Degradation
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Loss of EnergyLoss of Energy
Loss of Timing (Jitter)Loss of Timing (Jitter)t t
Phase Variation
Shape DistortionShape Distortion
Ingress Signal Egress Signal
Optical Amplifier
Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU)
Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) cross-connect
Passive Optical Network (PON)• Standard: ITU-T G.983• PON is used primarily in two markets: residential and
business for very high speed network access.• Passive: no electricity to power or maintain the
transmission facility.– PON is very active in sending and receiving optical signals
• The active parts are at both end points.– Splitter could be used, but is passive
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Passive Optical Network (PON)
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OLT: Optical Line Terminal ONT: Optical Network Terminal
Splitter(1:32)
PON – many flavors• ATM-based PON (APON) – The first Passive optical network
standard, primarily for business applications• Broadband PON (BPON) – the original PON standard (1995). It
used ATM as the bearer protocol, and operated at 155Mbps. It was later enhanced to 622Mbps.– ITU-T G.983
• Ethernet PON (EPON) – standard from IEEE Ethernet for the First Mile (EFM) group. It focuses on standardizing a 1.25 Gb/s symmetrical system for Ethernet transport only – IEEE 802.3ah (1.25G)– IEEE 802.3av (10G EPON)
• Gigabit PON (GPON) – offer high bit rate while enabling transport of multiple services, specifically data (IP/Ethernet) and voice (TDM) in their native formats, at an extremely high efficiency – ITU-T G.984
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xPON ComparisonBPON EPON GPON
Standard ITU-T G.983 IEEE 803.2ah ITU-T G.984
Bandwidth Down: 622MUp: 155M
Symmetric: 1.25G
Down: 2.5GUp: 2.5G
Downstream λ 1490 &1550 1550 1490 & 1550
Upstream λ 1310 1310 1310
Transmission ATM Ethernet ATM, TDM, Ethernet
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PON Case Study (BPON)
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Two Ethernet portsOne T1/E1 portOptical transport: 622M bps
PON (G.983)
ATM
AAL1 AAL5
CES
T1/E1
RFC2684
802.3
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)(customer premise)Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
(Central Office)
Packet Core(IPoATM)
TDM Core(PSTN)
SAR/CS
GPON
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EPON Evolution
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EPON Downstream
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EPON Upstream
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SONET in Metro Network
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Long Haul(DWDM)Network
Metro SONET Ring
Access Ring
Access Ring
Access Ring
ADMADMADMADM
ADMADM
ADMADM
ADMADM
ADMADMADMADM
Voice Switch
PBX
Core Router
T1
T1
IP Over SONET
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SONET
IP
????
SONET
IP
ATM
AAL5
RFC2684
802.3
SONET
IP
PPP
SONET
T1 DS3 OC-3
SONET is designed for TDM traffic, and today’s need is packet (IP) traffic. Is there a better way to carry packet traffic over SONET?
SONET
GFP
802.3
IP
GFP: Generic Frame ProcedureTDM Traffic
RFC1619
RFC 2684: Encapsulate IP packet over ATMRFC 1619: Encapsulate PPP over SONET
ATM over SONET (STS-3c)
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STS-3c Envelope
Cell 1 Cell 3Cell 2
9 rows
260 columns (octets)
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
OH
PPP over SONET• RFC 1619 (1994)• The basic rate for PPP over SONET is STS-3c at
155.520 Mbps.• The available information bandwidth is
149.760 Mbps, which is the STS-3c envelope with section, line and path overhead removed.
• Lower signal rates use the Virtual Tributary (VT) mechanism of SONET.
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PPP over SONET (STS-3c)
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STS-3c Envelope
PPP Frame 1 (HDLC) PPP Frame 3 (HDLC)
PPP Frame 1a
PPP Frame 2 (HDLC)
PPP Frame 1b PPP Frame 2a
PPP Frame 2b
PPP Frame 2c
PPP Frame 3 2d 9 rows
260 columns (octets)
POH
Path overhead
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Ref: Cisco DWDM Primer
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Continue Demands for More Bandwidth
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Faster Electronics(TDM)
Higher bit rate, same fiberElectronics more expensive
More FibersSame bit rate, more fibersSlow Time to MarketExpensive EngineeringLimited Rights of WayDuct Exhaust
WDM
Same fiber & bit rate, more sFiber CompatibilityFiber Capacity ReleaseFast Time to MarketLower Cost of OwnershipUtilizes existing TDM Equipment
TDM vs. WDM• Time division multiplexing
–Single wavelength per fiber–Multiple channels per fiber–4 OC-3 channels in OC-12–4 OC-12 channels in OC-48–16 OC-3 channels in OC-48
• Wave division multiplexing–Multiple wavelengths per fiber–4, 16, 32, 64 wavelengths per fiber–Multiple channels per wavelength
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Single Single Fiber (One Fiber (One
Wavelength)Wavelength)
Channel 1
Channel n
Single FiberSingle Fiber(Multiple (Multiple
Wavelengths)Wavelengths)
l1l1
l2l2
lnln
TDM vs. WDM• TDM (SONET/SDH)
–Take sync and async signals and multiplex them to a single higher optical bit rate–E/O or O/E/O conversion
• WDM–Take multiple optical signals and multiplex themonto a single fiber–No signal format conversion
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DS-1DS-3OC-1OC-3
OC-12OC-48
OC-12cOC-48c
OC-192c
FiberFiber
DWDMDWDMOADMOADM
SONETSONETADMADM
FiberFiber
FDM vs. WDM vs. DWDM• Is WDM also a Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) which has been
widely available for many years?• Short Answer: Yes. There is no difference between Wavelength Division
and Frequency Division. In general, FDM is used in the context of Radio Frequency (MHz – GHz) while WDM is used in the context of light ( THz)
• WDM: The original standard requires 100 GHz spacing to prevent signals interference.
• Dense WDM (DWDM): support multiplexing of up to 160 wavelengths of 10G/wavelength with 25GHz spacing– The use of sub 100GHz for spacing is called Dense WDM.– Some vendors even propose to use 12.5GHz spacing, and it would multiplex
up to 320 wavelengths
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Spectrum A Spectrum Bspacing
DWDM Economy
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TERMTERM
TERM
Conventional TDM Transmission—10 Gbps
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM
40km
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
TERM
120 km
OC-48
OA OAOA OA120 km 120 km
OC-48OC-48
OC-48
OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48
DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps
1 Fiber Pair4 Optical Amplifiers
TERM
4 Fiber Pairs 32 Regenerators
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
Optical Transmission Bands
Band Wavelength (nm)
“New Band” 1360 – 1460
S-Band 1460 – 1530
C-Band 1530 – 1565
L-Band 1565 – 1625
U-Band 1625 – 1675
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DWDM: How does it work?TDM: multiple services onto a single
wavelength
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TDM
TDM
TDM
DWDM
Single pair of fiber strand Multiple wave lengths
DWDM Network
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MUX DEMUX
DWDM Network Components
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Optical Multiplexer
Optical De-multiplexerOptical Add/Drop Multiplexer
(OADM)
Transponder
1
2
3
1
2
3
15xx 1...n
1...n
ADMADM
Optical λ => DWDM λUsually do O-E-O
Optical Amplifier (OA)
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Pout Pin
EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) amplifier
Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band
gaingain
Optical ADM (OADM)• OADM is similar in many respects to SONET ADM, except that
only optical wavelengths are added and dropped, and there is no conversion of the signal from optical to electrical.
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Q: there is no framing of DWDM, so how do we add/drop/pass light?A: λ It is based on λ and λ only.
Cisco ONS 15800
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http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/si/on15800s/prodlit/ossri_ds.pdf
• TO build a long haul network • Up to 64 channels (i.e., wavelengths)• OC-12, OC-48, OC-192• up to 500 km
LEM: Line Extension Module
DWDM Network(point-to-point)
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OLA: Optical Line Amplifier
DWDM NetworkAdd-and-Drop
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Chicago Pittsburg New York
Note: this is a linear topology, and not a ring topology.
λ1: to Pittsburgλ2: to New York
λ1: dropλ2: pass
SONET and DWDM
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SONETChicago
SONETNew York
ADMADM ADMADM
DWDMterminal
DWDMterminal
Long Hall
ADMADM ADMADM
OC-3 OC-3
IP
PPP
SONET
IP
PPP
SONET
SONET
DWDMSONET
DWDM
IP over DWDM ???
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DWDMterminal
DWDMterminal
IP IPIP
DWDM
???
Note: There is no protocol called “IP over DWDM” or “PPP over DWDM”. However, there are many publications on “IP over DWDM” and they all require a layer-2 protocol which provides the framing to encapsulate IP packets. (see the previous slide)
Summary• Optical Fiber Network – the market needs• Access Network
– Passive Optical Network (PON)• Metro Network
– SONET/SDH• Transport Network (Long-Haul)
– DWDM• DWDM can be applied to metro and access networks as well, but unlikely for its high cost.
• Optical network is a layer-1 technology, and IP is a layer-3 protocol. There must be a layer-2 protocol to encapsulate IP packets to layer-2 framing before it goes to the optical layer– ATM (via RFC2684)– SONET (via PPP)– Ethernet (via GFP)
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