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8/19/2019 Optimal Litter Size – Increasing the Number of Quality Pigs Weaned
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Miranda Smit
PhD candidate
University of Alberta
Saskatchewan Pork Industry Symposium 2012
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Content
Background information on litter size and litter quality
Effect of litter birth weight on individual growthperformance
Repeatability of litter birth weight in sows How to increase the number of quality piglets weaned?
Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to sowson growth performance of piglets from low birth weight litters
Management after weaning
Take home messages
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Introduction Starting selection on sow prolificity : ’70s
Extension to production herds: ‘90
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 2 3 4
Year
Total born
Born alive
Weaned
Boulot et al., 2008
Ethical impact:
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(Data are from personal communication, Leveneau, P.)
Sow parity Total pigs bornPigs borndead
Pigs born live Adjusted litter size48 h afterfarrowing
7 20 6 14 12
2 15 2 13 135 19 5 14 11
2 15 1 14 119 14 1 13 12
5 13 0 13 12
4 19 1 18 132 12 0 12 125 13 1 12 10
5 18 0 18 11
4 16 1 15 121 10 2 8 124 16 0 16 125 18 3 15 11
8 22 5 17 11
5 13 7 6 12
Production data recorded for individual hyperprolific, white-type,
sows from commercial units in Brittany, France.
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y = -0.038x + 1.9484
R2 = 0.2336
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Litter Size (total # of piglets born)
A v e r a g e b i r t h w e i g h t p e r l i t t
e r ( k g )
Litter size vs. average birth weight
N=5290 (Smit 2007)
Low/High groups represent ~ 30% of population
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16.7
43.8
38.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
P2-3 P4-6 P7+ %
o f S
o w s W i t h
G r e a t e r
t h a n 2 5 C L
' s
bb
a
Low litter birth weight due to:1. High ovulation rates (Patterson et al., 2008)
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Low litter birth weight due to:
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 28
O v e r a l l p e r c e n t ( % )
Embryo/Fetus No.
D30 D50
(Patterson et al., 2008)
Number of embryos / fetuses
O v e r a l l % o
f l i t t e
r s
2. Intra-Uterine Crowding (IUC) in early gestation
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0 5 10 15 20 25
10
15
20
25
30
35(a)
Average number of viableembryos
A v e r a g e p l a c e n t a l
w e i g h t ( g )
0 5 10 15 20
100
150
200
250
300
350
400(b)
Average number of viablefetuses
Day 30
(R 2 = -0.37; P < 0.001)
Day 90
(R 2 = -0.45; P = 0.001)
Low litter birth weight due to:
3. Limited placental development from D30 of gestation
onwards
(Town et al., 2004)
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Low litter birth weight due to:
1. High ovulation rates (>25 ovulations)2. Intrauterine Crowding (IUC) in early
gestation
3. Limited placental development from
D30 of gestation onwards4. Measurable effects on fetal
development by D50 of gestationonwards
• What are the consequences of low litter birth weight on post-natal performance?
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Duodenal mucosal height
(Alvarenga et al., 2012)
High bw Low bw
At birth
At 150-d old
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Postnatal development of myofiber number and myofiber thickness
Age, wk
0 10 20 30 40
Totalmyofib
ernumber,x1
06
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Myofiber
diameter,
m
0
20
40
60
80
Myofiber number
Myofiber diameter
Representation of the relative time points postnatally at which the
number of myofibers (red, broken line) and myofiber size (blue,
unbroken line) cease to contribute to the increase in muscle mass.(Rhefeldt et al. 2000).
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Effects of intra-uterine crowding
Bérard et al., 2010
crowded crowded crowdedcontrol control control
Muscle fiber characteristics of the Psoas Major muscle
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Intra-uterine crowding (IUC)
Reduces myofiber numbers; regardless of birth weight
This constraint may reduce the lean growthpotential of the offspring of the entire litter!
Impact on production systems?
Possible reduced growth rates and efficiency of IUC pigsto market wt. NOT JUST SMALL PIGS
Increased variation in pig market weights
Slow growing pigs need to stay in barn longer to hitcarcass weight targets
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JBS United Inc. research farms, Indiana; 222 sows , Parity 2 to 7 Piglets weighed and tagged within 24h after birth
Litters of 9 to 16 total born characterized by birth weight
Litter size Low bw group (kg) High bw group (kg)
9 < 1.34 > 1.80 10 < 1.34 > 1.92 11 < 1.30 > 1.78
12 < 1.31 > 1.73
13 < 1.28 > 1.72 14 < 1.22 > 1.62
15 < 1.20 > 1.60
16 < 1.26 > 1.58
Low = 1 SD below litter size mean High = 1 SD above litter size mean
Growth performance of different litter
phenotypes
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Litter size vs average birth weight
y = -0.0255x + 1.74R² = 0.04 P=0.01
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A v e r a g e
l i t t e r
b i r t
h w e i g h t ( k g )
Litter size (total born)
Low bw group Medium bw group High bw group
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Litter average birth wt. vs placental wt.
y = 0.1229x + 0.078R² = 0.22 P
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Brain-sparing effects
Brain:R² = 0.29 P
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Pre-weaning performance
11.3
1.3
12.5
0.9
16.4
6.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Born alive Stillborn Pre-wean mortality
M o r t a
l i t y
( % )
P i g s
b o r n
( n )
Low bw
High bw
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Characterization of growth performance
All pigs weaned into conventional nursery
Pigs penned by litter birth weight classification
At least 9 pens per birth weight classification
26 pigs/pen (mixed sex) Common feeding program
Nutrients above determined herd requirements
Pig weights and feed intake by pen throughout growth
period Individual pig weights at weaning and at market
Carcass information by pen (Tyson Fresh Meats;Logansport, IN)
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Body Weight till 149 days
0.000.200.40
0.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.00
B W ,
k g
Birth, kg
5.4
5.6
5.86
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
B o d y W t ( k g )
Weaning - 21d
18
19
20
21
22
23
B
o d y W t ( k g )
nursery - 65d
88
90
9294
96
98
100
B o d y W t ( k g )
149d
0.56 Kg
difference
6.92 Kg
difference
0.81 Kg
difference
3.05 Kg
difference
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ADG and FCR Wean-Finish
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D G ( g
)
Time period
ADG
Low BW
Medium BW
High BW
0
0.51
1.5
2
2.5
3 3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F
C R ( g / g )
Time period
Feed Efficiency
Low BW
Medium BW
High BW
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Carcass quality
Low BW Medium BW High BW
Live weight, kg 115.86 116.23 116.18
Hot carcass weight, kg 88.13 88.64 87.78
Age at market (days) 174.6 170.9 165.7
Loin depth, mm 71.12 71.63 70.87
Fat depth, mm 16.76 15.49 14.73
Lean meat content, % 56.00 56.36 56.48
Grade Premium, $ 5.79 6.20 6.18
Sort loss, $ -0.93 -0.90 -0.80
Marketed at fixed end weight
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The repeatability concept
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
A v e r a g e b i r t h
w e i g h t o f l i t t e r
Total born
Knol, 2010
Repeat measures of the two extreme sows for
litter average birth weight are plotted.
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Farrowing 1
Farrowing 2 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7080
Low (16%) Medium (65%) High (19%)
LowMedium
High
Classification and percentage of sows having a low, middle, or high
litter birth weight phenotype at farrowing 1
% o
f s o w s a f t e r s e c o n d f a r r o w i n g i n
b i r t h
w e i g h t p h e n o t y p e c l a s s i
f i c a t i o n s
Repeatability within sows
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Repeatability within sows
Number of
farrowings
N Correlation (R) Repeatability (R 2) P-value
1 farrowing 523 0.44003 0.19363
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• Select for “uterine capacity”:• Numbers born live, not total born• Mean litter birth-weight• Quality (survivability) of the pigs born
• Include phenotypic data from litters of higherparity sows to guide selection for optimal lifetime productivity
Sow selection traits
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Boar selection traits
High bw Low bw
Observe the germ cells (G), the nuclei of the Sertoli cells (S), Leydig cells(L), and presence of cell division (M: mitosis). Bar represents: 30 µm.
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• Segregate sows into farrowing rooms based onexpected birth weight phenotype.
Implications at sow level
• Use AI strategies (low litter size boars) to limitintra-uterine crowding in early gestation
• Use AI strategies (high litter survivability boars) to
mitigate effects of the low birth weight litterphenotype
• Target nutritional interventions at sows with apredicted low litter birth weight phenotype
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Effect of O3FA on piglet growth Feeding O3FA to gilts/sows during rebreeding, (parts of)
gestation and lactation improved piglet growth after birth.(Rooke et al., 2001, Rooke et al., 2000; Mateo, 2007)
1.44
4.055.63
17.53
1.49
4.25
5.90
18.28
0
5
10
15
20
D1 of lactation
D14 of lactation
D21 -Weaning
End of nursery
CON FP10
P
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• Collaborative trial – JBS United/Univ. Alberta
• Ranked sows at weaning based on average birth weight of past 3 litters, then pair-matched and fed
diets with or without n-3 PUFA (Gromega/Sow FatPak - High in DHA) during rebreeding, gestationand lactation
• Evaluate offspring performance to market andcarcass merit of low average birth weight litters
Set up of research trial
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Effect of n-3 PUFA on body weight
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Weaning Week 1 Week 3 Week 5
W e i g h t ( k g )
Average Weight - Nursery Data
Control
Gromega
N = 48 pens / trt
Overall P-values:Trt: 0.12Time:
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Effect of n-3 PUFA on body weight
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
Start 1 2 3
Period
B o
d y W e i g
h t ( k g
)
First half of grow-finish phase
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
3 4 5 6
Period
Second half of grow-finish phase
Control
Gromega
*
*
Aimed to market at fixed end weight
Overall P-values FE (G/F):Trt: 0.04 Time:
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Effect of n-3 PUFA on carcass traits
CON (n=44) GRO (n=47)
Live weight, kg 126.2 128.9
Hot carcass weight, kg 95.0 97.0
Age at market, days 152.3 151.4
Expected age at market withfixed weight of 127 kg
155.7 150.2
Loin depth, mm 70.3 70.3
Fat depth, mm 18.4 19.1
Lean meat content, % 55.4 55.2
Grade Premium, USD 6.36 6.39
Sort loss, USD -1.09 -1.36
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Nursery performance and budgets
Expensive nursery diets overfed to population that
doesn’t need it Large birth weight litters will start better and will have a
reduced need for prestarter and nursery phase 1 $0.40 – 0.80/pig reduced cost for heavy litters Approximately $0.10/pig savings on a herd basis (17% of
litters of high birth weight).
Slower growing pigs with reduced G.I. tract mass don’tget budget of early starters Reduced performance of 20% in early nursery Mortality, reduced growth rate, antibiotic injections Cost - ?? Could be $1-4/pig on this light population Approximately $0.50/pig on a herd basis in lost performance
G Fi i h f d
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Grow-Finish performances and
budgets
High birth weight litters: faster growth, so fasterswitch to different phase
Low birth weight litters: same feed efficiency, so
same amount of feed. BUT: slower growth, so switch todifferent phase at a later age.
Separate flow for low and high birth weight littersimproves possibility to feed to different needs of both
groups
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Selling strategies
Low and High bw pigs can be sold to differentmarkets;
Ham market
Japanese market
European market
Each market has different optimal weight, fat andlean percentage
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Conclusions for litter management
Low average litter birth weight results in slowergrowth and lower carcass quality of pigs
Identify litters in lactation and wean to separatelocations
Adjust nutrient requirements to reflect expectedlean growth potential
Market progeny of different birth-weight litters atdifferent market weights or different ages
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Pigs born in low birth weight litters grow slower and
need 9 more days to reach the same market weight ashigh birth weight litters
Litter average birth weight is repeatable within sows
N-3 PUFA supplementation to sows in gestation and
lactation improves body weight of their offspring anddecreases time to market by 5 days
N-3 PUFA supplementation to sows with predicted lowbirth weight litters will improve body weight of this
group, which will decrease the variation in body weight in the grow-finish phase between pigs born inhigh and low birth weight litters
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Acknowledgements
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