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Optimizacija Precnika Cevovoda
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. . , . . .
: 011-3302360, : 011-3370364 : 062-295310, E-mail: [email protected]
1 , , , , , . , , , , , , . (, , , .), (, , , .) . . , :
; (,
); , , ; ( , , ,
); ; (,
, , , , .); ,
. . :
, ;
;
/ , , ;
;
2 .
; , ,
, ;
.
, 30.11.2010. 3
2 . 15% 20% , 40% [1], [2], [10]. , , . . , .
( Process Flow Diagram - PFD ), ( Layout ) . , , . . . , , , , , . , . . , . [3], [4] . , , . (. ). .
:
, , , , , .
. , ( , , , .).
4 . 2.1
() . ( m ,ud ) ( m ,cL )
czu LdKNC = (2.1)
K z .
() [1]: , .
( )INCIC += 1 (2.2) I :
, , , ; ; (
, ); .
Od [40].
(2.2) ( god ,k )
( ) ( )k
czu
invOdILdKC
++
=11 (2.3)
2.2
. enc ( h)EUR/(W )
PcC engodeks = (2.4)
god ( h/god ) , , .
,
=
=pmpVP
(2.5)
:
, 30.11.2010. 5
/sm , 3V ,
mV = (2.6)
kg/s ,m , ;
3kg/m , , ; Pa ,p , ; , .
( Pa,p ) loktr ppp += (2.7)
Pa ,trp , ; Pa ,lokp , .
2
2wdLpu
ctr
=
(2.8)
w ( m/s ) , ( ). .
= udwRe (2.9)
24
udmw
=
(2.10)
=udm4Re (2.11)
( sPa ) . ( 2300Re < )
Re64
= (2.12)
[9]
25,0
Re68
11,0
+=
u
hda
(2.13)
6 . ( m ,ha ) ( ). , , . . 2.1 [8], [13], [14] [29].
2.1
, , mm ,ha
, , , , , , . 0,0015
0,025 0,25
0,5 1
3
0,15 , 0,025
0,25 , 0,025
Cu-Ni 0,05 0,02
0,05 , PVC 0,005
0,2 0,9 0,3 3
. 2.1 . ( 2.1.) . . ( 2.1.) . [15] [18]
, 30.11.2010. 7
2.1
=
==
635/1
34/1
101050ReRe
184,0
10502300ReRe
316,0
(2.14)
u
hu
h
S
da
daln46,22,3
20ReRe
=> (2.15)
[16] [17]
25,0
11,0
=
u
hda
(2.16)
a
u
hdaBA
+=
Re (2.17)
: m ,ha , ; A , a B 2.2.
2.2 (2.17)
Re 2300< 6102300 310502300 63 101050 610Re S A 64 0,11 0,316 0,184 0,11 B 1 68 1 1 0 a 1 0,25 0,25 0,2 0,25 ha 0 ha 0 0 ha
8 .
2
2wplok
= (2.18)
, = i (2.19) (. ), (, .), ( ), . 2.3.
2.3 [19], [20] i 45 0,3 90 0,6 0,8 90 1,2 3,2 1,2 6 () :
3/4 1/2 1/4
0,15 1 4
16
42
284 uu
a
u
hu
dm
dL
da
mdBAp
+
+
=
(2.20)
422
384 uu
a
u
hu
dm
dL
da
mdBAP
+
+
=
(2.21)
, . , , , . , , , , . , . [21]
, 30.11.2010. 9 20% 30%, 5 10 . [21], () , 20% 40% . (2.21) (2.4)
422
384 uu
a
u
huengodeks
dm
dL
da
mdBAcC
+
+
=
(2.22)
2.3
eksinvuk CCC += (2.23) (2.23) ( ud )
0=u
ukdCd
d (2.24)
u
eks
u
invdC
dC
dd
dd
= (2.25)
(2.25) ud , (2.22) ud .
, , . ( ).
422
384 uu
a
u
huengodeks
dm
dL
da
mdBAcC
+
=
(2.26)
( ) ( )k
zu
u
inv OdILdzKdC
++
= 111
dd (2.27)
(2.17)
aA
Re= (2.28)
10 .
a
a
u
au
a
engodeksm
dLdcAC
= 22
34 8
4
(2.29)
( ) 62
3
2458
= au
aaengod
aau
eks dLmcAa
dC
dd (2.30)
(2.27) (2.30) (2.25)
( )( ) ( )OdIzK
mcAad kaa
engodaa
azu
++
=
+
11458
2
3
25
(2.31)
(2.14)
a
u
hdaA
= (2.32)
au
ahengod
eks dmLacAC
= 52
3
28
(2.33)
( ) au
ahengod
u
eks dmaLcAa
dC
+= 62
3
258
d
d (2.34)
(2.27) (2.34) (2.25)
( )( ) ( ) 2
3
25
11
58
m
OdIzKacAad kahengodaz
u
++
+=++ (2.35)
(2.31) (2.35) 2.4 . 2.4
, . 50 , 10, 20 .
90 95% , h/god 8000=god .
, h/god 4300=god .
, h/god 2900=god .
, 30.11.2010. 11
2.4 (2.31) (2.35) Re ud 2300<
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
41
2
2
11163
310502300
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
75,41
2
75,225,0
11145,1
63 101050
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
8,41
2
8,22,0
11682,0
610Re S
( ) ( )zkhengod m
OdIzKac +
++
25,5
1
2
325,0
11468,0
EUR/kg ,90
( DN25 DN80 PN64 PN40 ) (2.1)
EUR/m ,240 4,1udLNC
= (2.36)
EUR/kg ,54 (2.1)
EUR/m ,600 3,1udLNC
= (2.37)
I . [2] 1,5=I , [12] ,756=I .
1 5% (Od =0,01 0,05).
50 80%.
EUR/kWh 05,0=enc h)EUR/(W =31005,0enc .
510% [11], 50%, , .
12 . 2.5 -
: .
, 2.5, 0,693.
2.5
, ,
mm ,ha ( )z
ha+
25,5
25,0
468,0 ( )z
ha+
25,5
25,0
468,0 4,1=z 3,1=z
, , , , , , .
0,0015 0,539 0,534
0,025 0,599 0,594 0,25 0,653 0,649
0,5 0,670 0,666 1 0,688 0,684
3 0,717 0,713
0,15 0,641 0,636
0,025 0,599 0,594
0,25 0,653 0,649 , 0,025 0,599 0,594 Cu-Ni 0,05 0,615 0,610
0,02 0,594 0,589
0,05 0,615 0,610 , PVC 0,005 0,564 0,559 0,2 0,9 0,673 0,669
0,3 3 0,701 0,697
0.632 0.628 0,630
. 2.6. 0,723, 0,716, 1,164.
, 30.11.2010. 13
2.6
, sPa , ( ) z+ 41
163 ( ) z+ 75,425,0
145,1 ( ) z+ 8,42,0
682,0 4,1=z 3,1=z 4,1=z 3,1=z 4,1=z 3,1=z
0,1 1,677 1,693 - - - - 0,01 1,095 1,097 0,848 0,845 0,810 0,808
0,001 0,715 0,710 0,772 0,752 0,752 0,730 0,0001 - - 0,703 0,674 0,698 0,669
0,00001 - - 0,640 0,603 0,648 0,612 1,164 0,723 0,716
2.7, .
2.7 (2.31) (2.35) 2.5 2.6 Re ud 2300<
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
41
2
2
11164,1
310502300
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
75,41
2
75,2
11730,0
63 101050
( ) ( )zkengod
OdIzK
mc +
++
8,41
2
8,2
11716,0
610Re S
( ) ( )zkengod
bFzK
mc +
++
25,5
1
2
3
11630,0
: god 20=k ,
h/god 8000=god , 4=I , 2,1= , 05,0=Od , 6,0= , EUR/kWh 05,0=enc . 2.7 2.8. , 2.9.
14 .
2.8
Re ud
2300< 37,0
51,0
m
38,0
43,0
m
310502300 33,045,0
35,0m
33,0
45,030,0
m
63 101050 32,045,0
35,0m
33,0
46,030,0
m
610Re S 3,045,0
32,0m
31,0
46,028,0
m
2.9
Re 2300< 6102300
37,037,0
51,051,0 Vmdu
=
=
13,045,032,0
45,034,034,0
== Vmdu
37,037,0
43,043,0 Vmdu
=
=
14,046,032,0
46,029,029,0
== Vmdu
, 30.11.2010. 15
3 ,
, . , , . O :
(. , , , , .);
( ), ;
, ; ,
.
: (
);
( , p/L , Pa/m ) ;
( ). ,
. , . [21] DN 32 . DN 32 DN 50 () . 3.1 Jacks cube rule [5]
DN 65 ( )30508,062,4 += dV (3.1)
DN 50 ( )30508,08,75 += ddV (3.2)
[23] 3.1.
( )09,0exp64,1111,17 += w (3.3)
16 .
3.1, . 30% .
3.1 [23] 3kg/m , 1600 800 160 16 0,16 0,016
sm , /w 2,4 3,0 4,9 9,4 18 34 [22] [10] ,
[10] , 3.2.
3.2 [22] [10] [22] [10] w , sm/ p/L , Pa/m 2,16 + ud 5,14 + ud 450 4,02 + ud 4,02 + ud 90 ud200 60 110
3.2 3.3 3.5 [21].
3.3 bar 3,5 C4010 [21]
w , sm/
, , 20 CS
1,8 CS
30 CS
1,2 10
, , , , , , , , 1,1
1,8 CS
bar 21 20 CS
0,9 3,0 CS 1,2 3,6 CS
0,3 1,5 CS
1,5 2,4 CS
1,5 3,6
, 30.11.2010. 17
3.3 ]
bar 21 20 30 CS bar 102 30 50 CS
bar 10> 35 75 CS
NaOH
0 30% mas 1,8 CS 30 50% mas 1,5 50 73% mas 1,2
NaCl
1,5 CS
1,8 4,5
, 30 CS 1,2 1,2 CS
9 CS
20 SS304
1,8 CS
20 CS 30 CS - 1,5 CS 2,3 CS
8893% mas 1,2 SS304 ,
93100% mas 1,2 , CS
1,5 CS
, 10 25 CS
1,8 CS
10 CS
1,5 ,
20 ,
3.4 m/s [21]
, bar DN150 DN200 DN300 DN350
1 4,5 9 35 15 38 18 44
1 1,7 15 43 27 58 34 76 1,7 8 12 35 23 50 29 69 8 65 9 26 15 46 26 50
18 .
3.5 [21] , w , sm/ 6 15 () 3
, 50 60 , 120 150
30 45 50 60 75
125 2
() 12,5 18 () 10 15
0,2 0,5 10 0,5 1,2 4,6 9,1 1,2 2,4 4,6 24,4
5 15 10 25
10 0,6 1,0 1,2 2,0 2,5 1 0,6 2,1
0,3 1,5 0,2 0,9
[24] , . 3.6. [24] . , .
( ) ( ) 315,0+= 2000730 pwmax (3.4)
( ) ( ) 315,0300 += 20001 pw (3.5)
( ) ( ) 315,0400 += 2000pwmin (3.6)
, 30.11.2010. 19
3.6 a [24] w , sm/ 67 670 Pa 90
670 3300 Pa 75 33 20 kPa 60
20 101,3 kPa 45 30
45 15
7,5 15
102 103 1051042 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 810
20
30
40
5060708090
100
200
w, m
/s
p , Pa
3.1 [24]
3.7 3.9 [10] .
3.7 [10]
25C
35 Pa/m 60 Pa/m 60 Pa/m
450 Pa/m
1,5 2,1 m/s
450 Pa/m 1,5 2,1
m/s
450 Pa/m 0,9 1,2
m/s , 12 Pa/m 12 Pa/m 12 Pa/m
45 Pa/m - -
20 . 3.8 [10]
, bar 100 m 100 200 m
0,05 13 Pa/m 6,5 Pa/m 0,15 22 Pa/m 11 Pa/m 0,5 35 Pa/m 17 Pa/m 1 56 Pa/m 28 Pa/m 5 84 Pa/m 42 Pa/m
10 130 Pa/m 65 Pa/m 15 160 Pa/m 80 Pa/m 35 450 Pa/m 225 Pa/m
4,5 92 Pa/m 50 m/s
4,5 230 Pa/m 35 m/s
3.9 [10]
, m/s 0,9 2,1 10,5 13,5 7,5 30 10 25 20 60 30 75 35 100 45 105 50%
[10] Pa/m 45=p/L , 0,7 bar , , , 0,35 bar . , 3 5 m/s , 1,5 1,8 m/s . [25] 37 m/s , 61 m/s, 100 Pa/m. [26] 3.10, 3.11. [7] 3.12.
, 30.11.2010. 21
3.10 [26] DN , m/s , m/s 25 0,5 1 50 0,5 1,1 80 0,5 1,17
100 0,55 1,25 150 0,6 1,5 200 0,7 1,75
250 300 0,9 2
3.11 ( m/s ) [26]
4 7 8 12 10 18 3 5 5 8 6 12 1 3 3 5 5 8
3.12 [7]
, sm/ , kPa/m 1 3 0,5
- 0,05 15 30 0,02% ( bar 8> ) 30 60 -
[27] 4,5 m/s 45 m/s . 18,3 m/s , . , 4,5 m/s. 0,9 m/s. 3.13. [28] 3.14 900 Pa/m. (. ), 7 m/s . 10 m/s. Cu-Ni 1 m/s, 610 m/s.
22 .
3.13 [27] , bar 3 5 5 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 30 30 40
, sm/ 55 51 47 43 40 35 30 Ta 3.14 m/s
[27]
CS SS Cu-Ni
6 B 3 6 5 7 - 6 4 4 - -
3 7 3 6 6 B 3 6 15C , 250 Pa/m. 50 Pa/m. ( ) [28]
43,0
175
=w (3.9)
(3.9) 60 m/s m/s 60=w .
. , 3.15.
Ta 3.15 [28]
, bar p/L , Pa/m 0 35 10 110
35 138 110 270 > 138 p0,00002
[28]
5,0
183
mw
= (3.9)
25 m/s 10 m/s .
, 30.11.2010. 23 3.16 , - , [29], [30].
3.17 3.18, [39], .
3.16 , sm/ (, , ) 0,5 3 (, ) 0,2 1 , 6 10 12 16 15 30 30 50 :
40 75 30 50
100 200 3.17 [39] ,
barg Ma
)s(mkg, 22 / w
Ma , m/s
Ma ,
Pa/m
20 6000 - 4 8 2 50 7500 - 8 11
50 80 10000 - 11 20 80 15000 - 20 27
20 7500 - - 20 50 9500 - - 50 80 12500 - -
80 20000 - -
5 - 30 4 5 10 - 30 7
10 50 - 30 10 50 - 30 12
- 20 3 7
24 . 3.18
[39] , m/s
, Pa/m DN50 DN80DN250 DN300
,
0,3 0,9 0,9 1,8 1,2 2,4 50 200 0,3 0,6 0,6 1,2 0,9 1,8 50 100
1,2 2,7 1,5 3,0 2,4 3,7 240 600 0,6 0,9 0,9 1,5 1,2 2,1 240 350
0,6 1,5 1,5 3,7 3,0 4,9 100 450
0,6 2,1 50 110 0,6 4,9 100 450
/ 2,5 4,5 - 3,6 4,8 100 450
1,2 1,6 -
0,2 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,3 NPSH 0,3 0,9 0,9 1,5 - -
0,9 1,8 50 100
0,6 1,2 50 90 0,9 2,5 90
0,3 1,2 20 60
1,2 1,8 60 100
3.3 ( ) 3.19 3.21 [31], [32] [33]. . , . [34] , 3.22, 3.23. 3 m/s .
, 30.11.2010. 25
3.19 [31], [32]
R717 R22 R134a R4..
( )
, m/s 8 30 5 25 4 12 8 20 (0 C30 ), kPa 5 20 7 20 7 20 7 15
( C30< ), kPa 5 7 6 5
, m/s 10 25 8 20 8 15 10 20 , kPa 14 28 14 28 17 35 15 35 , m/s 0,5
1,25 0,5 1,25
0,4 0,8 0,5 1
3.20 [33]
, m/s
R717 15 20 20 25 < 1,0 2CO 5 6 5 6 < 0,6
2SO 5 10 10 12 0,5
15 20 20 25 0,6
5 10 10 12 0,4
R12 8 14 16 18 1,0 R12 4 8 8 12 0,5
3.21 [33]
, Pa
717 R
usp0,05
50 Pa/m C30
100 Pa/m C1 5
200 Pa/m C0
potp0,02 200 Pa/m
12 R
usp0,15
250 Pa/m -20 C
400 Pa/m -5 C
600 Pa/m +10 C
potp0,06 600 Pa/m
26 .
3.22 [34]
DN
, m/s , m/s
, bar
25 3,4 2,5
20 0,4
32 3,8 2,8 40 4,1 3,1 50 4,8 3,6 65 5,4 4,0 80 5,9 16,3
3.23 [34]
DN
, m/s , m/s
, bar
20 1,8 1,3
18 0,4 0,7
25 2,0 1,5 32 2,3 1,7 40 2,5 1,9 50 2,9 2,2 65 3,4 2,5
[35] , , , , 3.24.
3.24 [35]
, m/s
3,5 20,3 2,5 17,8
- 0,5 0,63 2,3
3.2
[36] , 3.25. , 35 sm/ [36].
, 30.11.2010. 27
[37] , 3.26. [37] 3.27.
3.25 Ma [36] 1500 2000 3000 4000 6000
, sm/ 4,6 4,4 4,0 3,7 3,0
3.26 Ma [37] C60 C60 , sm/ 2,4 1,5 0,6
3.27 [37] DN 25 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 m/s 1 1,1 1,17 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,65
3.28 [38]. 3.28 [38]
DN , m/s DN , m/s 25-50 0,60 400 1,25
65 0,70 500 1,40 100 0,75 600 1,60 150 0,80 800 1,90 200 0,90 900 1,95 250 1,00 1 000 2,00 300 1,10 1 200 2,20
28 .
4
, . 1
85/25, :
t= 644,01056
+
= 15
2005exp1024,2 8t
/hm 320=V , C= 150t , m 102=cL .
.1214, DN 80 ( mm 5,82/9,88/ =us dd ).
3kg/m 959150644,01056644,01056 === t
/sm 0,00424 2=
+=
+=
15
2005exp1024,215
2005exp1024,2 88tt
sPa 0,00424 === 07,4959 2.4.
( ) ( ) 33,307,4163163 4,141
41
==++z
2.4 37,045,1 Vdu =
mm m 0 212212,3600
2045,1
37,0
==
=ud
DN 200 ( mm 3,207/1,219/ =us dd ). .
, 30.11.2010. 29
DN 80 200 mm ,/ us dd 5,82/9,88 3,207/1,219
m/s ,w 1,04 0,164 Re 20.21 8.04 3.17 7.96 bar ,p 20.3 0.509
W,P 18800 471 EUR/god ,eC 7510 188
EUR ,NC 7.30 26.51 EUR/god ,cC 195 710 EUR/god ,ukC 7710 898
DN80
/hm /sm 33 55,110432,045,1
0825,0
45,13
37,0/137,0/1
==
=
= u
dV
12,9 .
Cinv
Ceks
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
du , mm
C, E
UR
/god
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Cuk
30 .
3.5 w , sm/ 0,6 1,0
3.7
25C
450 Pa/m 1,5 2,1 m/s
450 Pa/m 1,5 2,1 m/s
450 Pa/m 0,9 1,2 m/s
3.16
, sm/ (, ) 0,2 1
3.18 , m/s
, Pa/m DN50 DN80DN250 DN300
0,3 0,9 0,9 1,5 - - 2
[5] : 500 gpm? . DN150.
3kg/m 998= ,
sPa 101 3 = . 500 gpm /sm 0,0315 3=V . 2.9
m 176,09980315,034,034,0 13.045.013,045,0 === Vdu 1,29 m/s (Re=228000). [6] . 1998 2,4 m/s, 2008. 1,25 m/s.
, 30.11.2010. 31 3
. /hm 3250=V , C= 20t , 3kg/m 790= , sPa = 31045,0 .
2.9
m 229,07903600
25034,034,0 13.0
45.013,045,0 =
== Vdu
1,68 m/s (Re=677000) Jacks cube [5] 196 mm. (3.3)
( ) ( ) m/s 04,3790exp64,1111,17exp64,1111,17 09,009,0 =++= w
m 171,004,33600
25044=
=
= w
Vdu
[22] 2,16 += udw
( ) 23,05,1 uu ddV +=
( ) 23,05,13600
250uu dd +=
m 194,0=ud . [10] 5,14 += udw m 197,0=ud .
m/s 31=w
( ) m 297,0172,031360025044
=
=
= w
Vdu
4 HCl
kg/h 7000=m bar 5=p C 15 =t .
3kg/m 62,7)1515,273(51,8314
5,365=
+
=
=TRMp
kg/kmol 5,36=M
32 .
m 206,062,73600
700029,029,0 32,0
46,0
32,0
46,0=
==
mdu
. smPa 0,013 =
33
10924206,010013,0
3600
700044Re =
=
= d
m
. m/s 66,7=w .
5
DN 40 . 45%vol ,
3kg/m 944= sPa 1,97 = 310 .
,
14,046,029,0 = Vdu
/hm /sm 33 03,61068,194429,0
04,0
29,0
346,0/1
14,0
46,0/1
14,0==
=
=
udV
.
2560004,01097,1
9441068,144Re3
3=
=
=
udV
. 1,34 m/s .
6
105 MW, 130/75oC. m 6350=cL . DN 600 .1214.
3kg/m 956= sPa = 310296,0 .
, 30.11.2010. 33
kg/s 4531031510547
1010533
6=
=m
: mm ,250=ha , god 20=k , h/god 0030=god ,
4=I , 1,1= , 03,0=Od , 7,0= , EUR/kWh 05,0=enc . 2.4
( ) ( )zkhengod
um
OdIzKac
d+
++
=
25,5
1
2
325,0
11468,0
DN 300 DN 600
EUR/m ,240 4,1udLNC
=
m 0 538,=ud DN 500 DN 550. .
DN 500 550 600 m/s ,w 2,41 1,99 1,68
Re 3900000 3550000 3250000 0,0164 0,0161 0,0157
bar ,p 11,63 7,05 4,47 W,P 919000 557000 353000
EUR/god ,eC 138000 83500 52900 EUR/m ,/ cLNC 91 104 117
EUR/god ,cC 297000 340000 384000 EUR/god ,ukC 435000 423000 437000
god 40=k .
34 .
5 . 1 , . 2 , . 3 . 4 [4] . . 5 . ( , , .). 6 . 1 ., ., , , .
1, 6-13, 2009. 2 Peters M. S., Timmerhaus K. D., Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
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