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e e e 0 a e e e OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS BY PIEZO-ELECTRIC ACTUATORS A.Baz and S.Poh Mechanical Engineering Department The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C. 20064 0 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870020465 2020-07-20T08:58:46+00:00Z

OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

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Page 1: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

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OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS

BY PIEZO-ELECTRIC ACTUATORS

A.Baz and S.Poh Mechanical Engineering Department

The Cathol ic University of America Washington, D . C . 20064

0

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870020465 2020-07-20T08:58:46+00:00Z

Page 2: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

0

0

0

S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e d u e t o t h e S p a c e S c i e n c e a n d

T e c h n o l o g y b r a n c h a t NASA G o d d a r d Space F l i g h t C e n t e r f o r

p r o v i d i n g t h e f u n d s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n d u c t t h i s s t u d y u n d e r

g r a n t s number NAG-520 a n d NAG-749.

T h a n k s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y due t o D r . J o s e p h F e d o r , c o d e

7 1 2 , f o r h i s i n v a l u a b l e e n g i n e e r i n g i n p u t s w h i c h h a v e b e e n

c r u c i a l t o t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s e f f o r t .

0 S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e also d u e t o Mr. E r i c O s b o r n e , c o d e

7 1 6 , f o r h i s c o n t i n u o u s t h o u g h t s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n s .

a

a

a

Page 3: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

NOHENCLATURE

e

0

e

0

e

0

e

w i d t h o f beam and p i e z o - a c t u a t o r , m

e l e c t r i c c h a r g e c o n s t a n t o f p i e z o - a c t u a t o r , m / v

d i s t a n c e t o n e u t r a l a x i s o f c o m p o s i t e beam m e a s u r e d f r o m

i t s l o w e r e d g e , m

E 1 , 2 , 3 Young ' s modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f p i e z o - a c t u a t o r and beam

r e s p e c t i v e l y , N / m 2

Young ' s modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f e l e m e n t i o f t h e beam, E i "im2

F v e c t o r o f e x t e r n a l f o rces and moments , N o r N m

a r e a moment o f i n e r t i a o f a c t u a t o r , b o n d i n g l a y e r a n d ' 1 , 2 , 3 b e a m a b o u t t h e n e u t r a l a x i s o f t h e c o m p o s i t e beam

r e spec t ive ly , m

a r e a moment o f i n e r t i a o f t h e e l e m e n t i , m

s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x o f t h e e l e m e n t i

4

4 I i

K i

K o v e r a l l s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x o f b e a m - a c t u a t o r system

l i

Me i

Mf N number o f elements of t h e beam

l e n g t h o f e l e m e n t i , m

e x t e r n a l moment a c t i n g on ith node o f beam, Nm

p i e z o - e l e c t r i c moment g e n e r a t e d by p i e z o - f i l m , Nm

t h i c k n e s s o f p i e z o - a c t u a t o r , b o n d i n g l a y e r a n d beam

r e s p e c t i v e l y , m tl,2,3

U d e f l e c t i o n c r i t e r i o n

V v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c f i l m , v o l t s

vi e x t e r n a l f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e ith e l e m e n t o f t h e beam, N

t h e l i n e a r t r a n s l a t i o n o f node i , m Y i

Page 4: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

e ai d e f l e c t i o n of n o d e i , m or r a d .

6 d e f l e c t i o n v e c t o r of a l l n o d e s o f t h e beam, m o r r a d .

(f p i e z o - e l e c t r i c s t r a i n i n p i e z o - a c t u a t o r , m / m

u1,2,3 b e n d i n g s t r e s s e s i n p i e z o - a c t u a t o r , b o n d i n g l a y e r a n d

beam r e s p e c t i v e l y , N / m 2

f f - p i e z o - e l e c t r i c s t r e s s i n actuator, N / m 2 'I

0

Page 5: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

ABSTRACT

0

e

0

0

0

T h i s s t u d y d e a l s w i t h t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

a c t u a t o r s i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s t a t i c d e f o r m a t i o n and s h a p e o f

f l e x i b l e beams.

An o p t i m u m d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e i s p r e s e n t e d t o e n a b l e t h e

s e l e c t i o n o f t h e o p t i m a l l o c a t i o n , t h i c k n e s s a n d e x c i t a t i o n

v o l t a g e o f t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r s i n a way t h a t wou ld

min imize t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e bean! tc w h i c h these a c t u a t o r s a r e

bonded .

N u m e r i c a l e x a m p l e s a r e p r e s e n t e d t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e

a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e d e v e l o p e d o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i n m i n i m i z i n g

s t r u c t u r a l d e f o r m a t i o n o f b e a m s u s i n g c e r a m i c a n d p o l y m e r i c

p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r s b o n d e d t o t h e b e a m s w i t h a t y p i c a l

b o n d i n g a g e n t .

The o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s e m p h a s i z e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e d e v i s e d

r a t i o n a l p r o d u c e i n d e s i g n i n g b e a m - a c t u a t o r systems w i t h m i n i m a l

e l a s t i c d i s t o r t i o n s .

0

Page 6: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

INTRODUCTION

e

e

e

e

0

e

The c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h a r e

e x t r e m e l y f l e x i b l e h a v e p o s e d new a n d c h a l l e n g i n g p r o b l e m s

p a r t i c u l a r l y b e c a u s e t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s a r e i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e

s t a b l e bases f o r o b s e r v a t i o n s and c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s u c h a s i n s p a c e

s t r u c t u r e s . W i t h s t r i c t c o n s t r a i n t s imposed on t h e s t r u c t u r a l

d e f o r m a t i o n s , i t became e s s e n t i a l t o s u p p r e s s such d e f o r m a t i o n s

t o minimum t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f a c t i v e c o n t r o l s y s t e m s o f one form

o r a n o t h e r .

D i s t i n c t a m o n g t h e p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e a c t i v e c o n t r o l

s y s t e m s a r e t h o s e t h a t r e l y i n t h e i r o p e r a t i o n on p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

a c t u a t o r s . S u c h s y s t e m s h a v e p r o v e n t o b e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y

e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e v i b r a t i o n s o f s i m p l e s t r u c t u r a l

e l e m e n t s s u c h a s r e c t a n g u l a r beams 11-21 and h o l l o w c y l i n d r i c a l

m a s t s 1 3 1 . The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e s e systems i s c o u p l e d a l s o

w i t h t h e l i g h t w e i g h t , h i g h f o r c e a n d low power c o n s u m p t i o n

c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r s [ 4 - 8 1 . T h e s e

f e a t u r e s r e n d e r e d t h i s c l a s s o f a c t u a t o r s t o b e a n a t t r a c t i v e

c a n d i d a t e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g s t r u c t u r a l d e f o r m a t i o n .

The p r e s e n t s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t o f t h i s t y p e o f a c t u a t o r s h a s

b e e n l i m i t e d t o t h e a n a l y s i s and t e s t i n g o f t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( 9 - 1 1 1 a s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e i r g e o m e t r i c a l o r o p e r a t i o n a l

c o n d i t i o n s . B u t , no a t t e m p t h a s b e e n made towards s e l e c t i n g t h e i r

o p t i m a l g e o m e t r i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o r l o c a t i o n w h i c h a r e s u i t e d f o r a

a

Page 7: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

p a r t i c u l a r s t r u c t u r e s u b j e c t e d t o known l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s . S u c h

a s y n t h e s i s p r o c e d u r e i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e s u c c e s s f u l i n t e g r a t i o n

o f t h e a c t u a t o r s i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e

s t r u c t u r a l d e f o r m a t i o n .

I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y t o d e v i s e such

a n o p t i m a l d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e t h a t would e n a b l e t h e s e l e c t i o n , o n

r a t i o n a l b a s i s , o f t h e o p t i m u m d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s and l o c a t i o n o f

p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r s t o s a t i s f y c e r t a i n s t r u c t u r a l

d e f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . The p roced iu re w i l l t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t

t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e a c t u a t o r s have on c h a n g i n g t h e e l a s t i c and

i n e r t i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e t o w h i c h t h e y a r e bonded t o .

F u r t h e r m o r e , i t c o n s i d e r s t h e e f f e c t o f p h y s i c a l and g e o m e t r i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r on t h e s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

t h e b e a m - a c t u a t o r system.

THE PIEZO-ELECTRIC ACTUATOR-BEAM SYSTEM

e A. General Layout

F i g u r e ( 1 ) shows a g e n e r a l l a y o u t o f a f l e x i b l e beam ( A )

whose d e f l e c t i o n i s t o be c o n t r o l l e d b y p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r

(B) b o n d e d t o t h e beam b y b o n d i n g l a y e r (C). The beam, u n d e r

c o n s i d e r a t i o n , c a n g e n e r a l l y b e made o f s e v e r a l s t e p s w h i c h a r e

n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o f t h e same t h i c k n e s s o r t h e same m a t e r i a l . The

i n t e r f a c i a l n o d e s b e t w e e n t h e d i f f e r e n t s t e p s c a n be s u b j e c t e d t o

Page 8: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a \ X

a 0)

i 0 4 a 1 3 0 a 0 r( L 3 0 4) r4 0 ) I 0 N 4) rl a 0) c 3

b.l 0

I

Page 9: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a

e

0

a

e

e x t e r n a l f o r c e s , moments o r b o t h . F u r t h e r , t h e d e g r e e s o f freedom

o f a n y n o d e c a n b e l i m i t e d t o l i n e a r t r a n s l a t i o n s , a n g u l a r

r o t a t i o n s o r r e s t r a i n e d c o m p l e t e l y d e p e n d i n g on t h e n a t u r e o f

s u p p o r t a t t h e node u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e beam is as sumed t o have r e c t a n g u l a r c r o s s

s e c t i o n of c o n s t a n t w i d t h b and t h a t i t s t r a n s v e r s e d e f l e c t i o n i s

d u e t o t h e f l e x u r a l a c t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s and moments.

I n F i g u r e (11 , t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r B i s shown bonded

t o t h e e l e m e n t i of t h e f l e x i b l e beam t o f o r m a c o m p o s i t e beam.

When a n e l e c t r i c f i e l d i s a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e f i l m , t h e n i t w i l l

e x p a n d i f t h e f i e l d i s , f o r example , a l o n g t h e p o l a r i z a t i o n a x i s

o f t h e f i l m and w i l l c o n t r a c t i f t h e two were o u t o f p h a s e . The

e x p a n s i o n o r c o n t r a c t i o n of t h e f i l m r e l a t i v e t o t h e beam, by

v i r t u e o f t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c e f f e c t , c r e a t e s l o n g i t u d i n a l b e n d i n g

s t r e s s e s i n t h e c o m p o s i t e beam which t e n d t o bend t h e beam i n a

manner v e r y s i m i l a r t o a b i m e t a l l i c t h e r m o s t a t .

W i t h p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n , p l a c e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e

a c t u a t o r , it would b e p o s s i b l e t o g e n e r a t e enough p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

b e n d i n g s t r e s s e s t o c o u n t e r b a l a n c e t h e e f f e c t of t h e e x c i t i n g

fo rces a n d moments a c t i n g o n t h e beam i n a way t h a t m i n i m i z e s i t s

s t r u c t u r a l v i b r a t i o n s . .

B . Model Of An Actuator-Beam Element

a

Page 10: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

e

e

0

a

F i g u r e ( 2 ) shows a s c h e m a t i c d r a w i n g o f a p i e z o - f i l m A

bonded t o a n e l e m e n t B o f t h e f l e x i b l e beam.

If a v o l t a g e v i s a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e f i l m , a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

s t r a i n cf i s i n t r o d u c e d i n the f i l m and c a n b e computed f r o m :

where d i s t h e e l e c t r i c c h a r g e c o n s t a n t o f t h e f i l m , m/v

t l i s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r , m

T h i s s t r a i n r e s u l t s i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l s t ress of g i v e n b y :

where E1 i s t h e Young ' s modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e f i l m , N / m 2

T h i s , i n t u r n g e n e r a t e s a b e n d i n g moment M f , a r o u n d t h e n e u t r a l

a x i s o f t h e c o m p o s i t e beam, g i v e n b y :

where t 2 i s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r , m

t 3 b i s t h e w i d t h of t h e beam, t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r and t h e

i s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e beam, m

p i e z o - f i l m , m

I n e q u a t i o n ( 3 1 , D i s t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e n e u t r a l a x i s f r o m t h e

l o w e r e d g e o f t h e beam w h i c h c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

fo rce b a l a n c e i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n X of t h e beam, o r :

Page 11: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

-7 5-

->-

I I I I

a? r(

X a? 4 b

Q 0 *,

Q Q) '13 a 0 D L 0 4 Q

L, 0 Q

f:

a

E

n el

a Y

5 4

Page 12: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

/. dA + so2dA + h 3 d A = 0 f llm bond b earn

( 4 )

or e

a where E2

E3

is Young's modulus of elasticity of the bonding layer

is Young's modulus of elasticity of the beam e

Equation (5) yields the following expression for D :

0

e

0

0

a

e

Equation (21, (3) and (6) can be combined to determine the

bending moment Mf generated by the piezo-film on the composite

beam as follows :

_. d*b*El *v* ( E2t 1 t2+E3t 1 t3+E2t22+2E3t2t3+E3t32)

For this composite beam, it can be easily shown E121 that it

has a flexural rigidity (EiIi) given by :

EiIi = Ell1 + E212 + E313 ( 8 )

where 11, I2 and I3 are t h e area moments of inertia of the film,

t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r a n d the beam about t h e neutral axis

respectively.

Let us now assume that the composite beam, shown in Figure

Page 13: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

e

e

a

( 2 1 , e x t e n d s a l e n g t h l i b e t w e e n t w o n o d e s ( i ) a n d ( i + l ) .

F u r t h e r , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s V i and V i + l a s

well a s t h e e x t e r n a l moments M e i and Mei+l a r e a c t i n g on t h e beam

a t n o d e s i and i + l r e s p e c t i v e l y . Then , t h e r e s u l t i n g l i n e a r and

a n g u l a r d e f o r m a t i o n s of t h e beam y i and tIi a s well a s y i + l a n d

0i+l a t t h e n o d e s i and i + l , r e s p e c t i v e l y , c a n b e

l o a d s a c t i n g on t h e e l e m e n t a s f o l l o w s [131 :

12 6 L i -1 2

6 L i 4Li2 -6Li

-12 -6Li 1 2

6 L i 2~~~ - 6 ~ ~

E q u a t i o n (9) c a n be r e w r i t t e n a s : e

e

e

0

e

-6L i

4 L i

r e l a t e d t o t h e

( 9 )

where Fi i s t h e r e s u l t a n t f o r c e s and moments v e c t o r a c t i n g o n

t h e beam element i , N

K i i s t h e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x of t h e c o m p o s i t e beam e l e m e n t

i , N / m

% i s t h e d e f l e c t i o n v e c t o r o f t h e n o d e s b o u n d i n g t h e

beam e l e m e n t , m

E q u a t i o n (9) c o n s t i t u t e s t h e b a s i c f i n i t e e l e m e n t model t h a t

r e l a t e s t h e e x t e r n a l l o a d s ( V and M e ) and p i e z o - e l e c t r i c moments

( M f ) t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n s ( y a n d 8) o f t h e e l e m e n t a s a f u n c t i o n o f

i t s e l a s t i c and i n e r t i a l p a r a m e t e r s .

a

Page 14: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a

The e q u a t i o n c a n b e e q u a l l y u s e d f o r a n y element of t h e beam

whether it h a s a p i e z o - f i l m bonded t o i t o r n o t . I n t h e l a t t e r

c a s e , Mf i s s e t t o z e r o and f l e x t u r a l r i g i d i t y E i I i i s s e t e q u a l

t o t h a t of t h e f l e x i b l e beam e l e m e n t u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

C . Model Of The Overal l Actuator-Beam System

a

a

0

a

The f o r c e - d i s p l a c e m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l

e l e m e n t s o f t h e b e a m - a c t u a t o r s y s t e m , a s g i v e n f o r e l e m e n t i b y

e q u a t i o n ( 9 1 , a r e c o m b i n e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e

o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e .

The e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e w i l l b e

expressed a s :

f o r c e s and moments a c t i n g o n t h e e l e m e n t s =c a t t h e s e n o d e s

E x t e r n a l f o r c e s and moment a c t i n g on t h e n o d e s o f t h e o v e r a l l system

o r

( 1 1 1

where K is t h e o v e r a l l s t i f f n e s s matrix of t h e system ( 2 n * 2 n )

B a t h e a n d W i l s o n [ 1 4 1 , Y a n g 1 1 5 1 a n d F e n n e r C161 , f o r

e x a m p l e , show how t o g e n e r a t e t h e o v e r a l l m a t r i x K from t h e

s t i f f n e s s ma t r i ces K i o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l elements.

I n e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 1 , t h e e x t e r n a l f o r c e v e c t o r F a n d t h e

Page 15: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a

d i s p l a c e m e n t vec tor 6 a r e g i v e n b y :

0

where s u p e r s c r i p t T d e n o t e s t h e t r a n s p o s e o f t h e v e c t o r

a

a

e

a

D. Solution Algorithm

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

F o r a p a r t i c u l a r f l e x i b l e beam c o n f i g u r a t i o n , e x t e r n a l

l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d e n d c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e f f e c t o f a p p l y i n g

c e r t a i n v o l t a g e v o n a p i e z o - e l e c t r i c a c t u a t o r o f a s p e c i f i c

t h i c k n e s s t l p l a c e d a t a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n i o n m o d i f y i n g t h e

e l a s t i c d e f l e c t i o n 6 o f t h e beam c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by s o l v i n g

e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 ) .

I n e q u a t i o n ( l l ) , t h e o v e r a l l s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x K i s m o d i f i e d

t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e end c o n d i t i o n s and t y p e o f r e s t r a i n t s imposed

o n t h e d i f f e r e n t n o d e s . I f , f o r e x a m p l e , a node ( j ) i s s i m p l y -

s u p p o r t e d and i s t h e r e f o r e r e s t r a i n e d i n t h e Y d i r e c t i o n , i . e .

y j = o , t h e n t h e o f f d i a g o n a l e l e m e n t s o f 2 * j row o f t h e o v e r a l l

s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x K a r e s e t e q u a l t o z e r o t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g e x t e r n a l l y a p p l i e d fo rce . If t h e j th n o d e i s a l s o

r e s t r a i n e d i n i t s a n g u l a r mot ion t h e n O j = O and t h e o f f d i a g o n a l

e l e m e n t s o f t h e ( 2 * j + l ) row of t h e K m a t r i x a r e e l i m i n a t e d a l o n g

w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e x t e r n a l l y a p p l i e d moment.

e

Page 16: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

A f t e r such a m o d i f i c a t i o n p rocess . , t h e e l a s t i c d e f l e c t i o n

of t h e beam c a n b e computed from :

where K'l i s t h e i n v e r s e o f t h e o v e r a l l s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x

F i g u r e ( 3 ) shows a f l o w c h a r t o f t h e s o l u t i o n a l g o r i t h m .

OPTIHIZATION OF THE ACTUATOR-BEAW SYSTEH

0

The p r e s e n t e d a n a l y s i s a l g o r i t h m o f t h e a c t u a t o r - b e a m s y s t e m

i s u t i l i z e d a s a b a s i c f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n

p r o c e d u r e f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s t l , e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e v

a n d l o c a t i o n i o f t h e a c t u a t o r i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e

d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e beam.

The optimum d e s i g n problem i s f o r m u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

0

F i n d t h i c k n e s s t l , v o l t a g e v and l o c a t i o n i

N + l

i = 1 t o Minimize U = ( C ( Y i 2 + O i 2 ) ) * b t l

Such t h a t v i = v i ,

Mei = M*ei, i = 1 , 2 , . ... N+l * v / t 1 < v ,

E l d v / t l < o*,

Page 17: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a

I n p u t

I n p u t

Y o u n g l s Hodulus of e l e m e n t E i Moment of i n e r t i a l of e l e m e n t I i

No. of e l e m e n t s of beam N

Elemen t l e n g t h 1,

I n p u t P r o p e r t i e s of a c t u a t o r

i toung:s Modulus E1 Charge c o n s t a n t d

I n p u t A c t u a t o r ' s t h i c k n e s s t l

A p p l i e d v o l t a g e v . L o c a t i o n i

I O v e r a l l s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x 1 1

Modify Externa l moment v e c t o r by

p i e z o - e l e c t r i c moments Hf [ E q . ( 7 ) 1 b

Modify The s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x t o a c c o u n t f o r r e s t r a i n t s

Figure ( 3 ) - Flowchart of the so lu t ion algorithm

Compute The d e f l e c t i o n o f nodes I E q . ( 1 4 ) 1

*

a

Page 18: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

0

e

0

e

e

The c o n s i d e r e d o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a ims a t m i n i m i z i n g t h e

l i n e a r and a n g u l a r d e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e beam a s wel l a s t h e w e i g h t

o f t h e p i e z o - a c t u a t o r .

S u c h a f o r m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s i n a n o n l i n e a r o p t i m i z a t i o n

problem i n 3 d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s t l , v a n d i which i s s u b j e c t e d t o

s e v e n i n e q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t s . The f i r s t i n e q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t

g u a r d s a g a i n s t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a h i g h v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e

a c t u a t o r t h a t may r e s u l t i n i t s d e p o l a r i z a t i o n . T h e s e c o n d

i n e q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t l i m i t s t h e s t r e s s e s i n t h e p i e z o - f i l m

w i t h i n t h e a c c e p t a b l e s a f e limits d e f i n e d b y t h e a l l o w a b l e s t ress

o . The l a s t two i n e q u a l i t i e s l i m i t t h e l i n e a r and a n g u l a r s t a t i c

d i s t o r t i o n s t o s e t p e r m i s s i b l e o p e r a t i o n a l l imits.

*

A p e n a l t y f u n c t i o n a l g o r i t h m i s u s e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e

c o n s t r a i n e d m i n i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m i n t o a n u n c o n s t r a i n e d

o p t i m i z a t i o n w h i c h i s s o l v e d u s i n g a P o w e l l ’ s C o n j u g a t e D i r e c t i o n

method [ 1 7 3 .

F i g u r e ( 4 ) s h o w s a b l o c k d i a g r a m o f t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n

a l g o r i t h m .

a

Page 19: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

- I n p u t

Beam g e o m e t r i c a l and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

I n p u t I n i t i a l l o c a t i o n i , t h i c k n e s s tl

and v o l t a g e v o f a c t u a t o r c

C a l l Powell's Conjugate o p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m

Cali t h e a n a l y s i s a g o r thm to $ 3 compute U = X ( Y i +e1 1 -

Figure ( 4 ) - Flowchart of the optimization algorithm

Page 20: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

m

e

a

The d e v e l o p e d o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s u s e d t o o p t i m a l l y

s e l e c t , p l a c e and c o n t r o l t h e a c t i o n o f a s i n g l e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

a c t u a t o r b o n d e d t o a t h r e e - e l e m e n t s t r a i g h t s t e e l c a n t i l e v e r

b e a m , shown i n F i g u r e ( 5 1 , t h a t i s 0.0125m w i d e , 0.0021m t h i c k

a n d 0.15m l o n g . The e f f e c t of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p i e z o -

a c t u a t o r a n d t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r o n t h e o p t i m a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f

t h e system i s p r e s e n t e d .

The p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o n s i d e r e d p i e z o - a c t u a t o r s

a n d a t y p i c a l b o n d i n g m a t e r i a l a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e s ( 1 ) and ( 2 )

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

A. Performance With PZT A c t u a t o r

0

0

F i g u r e (6) d i s p l a y s a 2-D p l o t of t h e d e s i g n space i n t h e

t l - v p l a n e o f t h e 3-D p r o b l e m when o n e PZT p i e z o - a c t u a t o r i s

p l a c e d a t e l e m e n t 3 near t h e f i x e d end of t h e beam. T h i s p l o t

w i l l g i v e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

c o n s t r a i n t s and t h e d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e . P l o t t e d o n t h i s p l a n e a r e

t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n c o n t o u r s and t h e c o n s t r a i n t s a l o n g w i t h a

s e a r c h p a t h t o t h e opt imum from a s e l e c t e d s t a r t i n g p o i n t . F o r

s u c h a c a s e , t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a s s u m e s a minimum o f

Page 21: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

Table (1) - Properties of piezo-electric actuators

Page 22: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

Table (2) - Properties of a typical bonding layer IRef.101

1 Cyanoacrylate adhesive made by eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY

Page 23: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

E

Page 24: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

0 H

E: W op

a

\

a 0 i a I k

cr 4 II 0 a -

I

n a

Q, L 3 M d t.

W

n . b

m 0 0

2

9 R i

8

* > 0 0 m II

> P

Page 25: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

0

e

e

2 . 7 4 ~ 1 0 ' ~ ~ when a 0.08mm t h i c k PZT a c t u a t o r i s p l a c e d a t element

3 a n d i s e n e r g i z e d b y 80 .00 v o l t s . I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e

opt imum p o i n t l i e s , f o r t h e c o n s i d e r e d c a s e and c o n s t r a i n t s , on

t h e p o l a r i z a t i o n c o n s t r a i n t .

Now t o g a i n a n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h i r d d i m e n s i o n ,

i . e . t h e a c t u a t o r l o c a t i o n , h a s on t h e d e f l e c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f t h e beam l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e p r o f i l e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t e l a s t i c

l i n e s o b t a i n e d b y v a r y i n g t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a t o r . The

l i n e a r a n d a n g u l a r e l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n a r e shown i n F i g u r e s ( 7 - a )

a n d ( 7 - b ) r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r b o t h t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d

beams. I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e f i g u r e s t h a t p l a c i n g a n a c t u a t o r a t

e l e m e n t 1 p r o d u c e d t h e l e a s t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e e x t e r n a l l o a d s

and i t s e f f e c t s a r e l i m i t e d t o t h e f i r s t element o n l y . However,

p l a c i n g t h e a c t u a t o r a t t h e t h i r d e lement , near t h e f i x e d e n d ,

r e s u l t s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p r o v e m e n t t h a t i s n o t c o n f i n e d t o

e l e m e n t 3 i s m a n i f e s t e d c l e a r l y a l l o v e r t h e t h r e e elements.

C o n s i d e r i n g t h e e f f e c t of b W g l a m

When t h e e l a s t i c a n d i n e r t i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e b o n d i n g

l a y e r a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r , t h e n t h e optimum v a l u e s o f t h e v o l t a g e ,

t h i c k n e s s o f PZT a c t u a t o r a n d t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a r e a s shown

i n F i g u r e ( 8 ) a s f u n c t i o n of t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r .

The d i s p l a y e d r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d w i t h E a s t m a n 9 1 0 a s t h e

b o n d i n g l a y e r . The f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n c r e a s i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s

o f t h e b o n d i n g l a y e r r e s u l t s i n r e d u c i n g t h e optimum v a l u e s o f

Page 26: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

*

5,101-85

3 I 601-OS

1 * 181-95

-4, at-06

4 I I I I Y P M 1

Figure (7-a) - Effect of placement s t ra tegy of a PZT actuator on

the linear deflection of the beam

D t r 1 t C T I 0 n

3.311-M

I I 011-01

-1*29E-M

Figure (7-b) - Effect of placement s t ra tegy of a PZT actuator on

the angular deflection of the beam

Page 27: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

1 Qs + W Qs rg

rc 0

Q)

5 3 Q 3 c, 0 Q

9, C 0

L

c 0 2

d n 1

E

f

n . W Q L m 0 0 9

? I; F 3

L al h cp 4

L

bo c 0 > 0 E 0 d +, 0

2 Q c 0 P

3! d ii

0 c Q

._

b G 0

n n Q, c x 0 4 J= c,

G 0

cr 0 al G G w I

a 9 F:

0 0 0

!I *

9, > d 3

r) 6: Po

5 G 0

n al I 4 (II >

II

* I;

v Q c 0

2 > 0 0 m i cr

P 0

.IN' x

f;; a

n co U

a8 L 3 bo d t,

I I I I I

4 Q1 + W cp cp 00

-

4 43 + W 44 m L J 3

-

4 Q3

00 rc cu

& 0

Page 28: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a

0

0

b o t h t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( V I and t h e a c t u a t o r t h i c k n e s s ( t l ) i n a

m o n o t o n i c f a s h i o n . T h i s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s t i f f e n i n g

e f f e c t p r o d u c e d by t h e a d d i t i o n of b o n d i n g l a y e r t o t h e a c t u a t o r -

beam s y s t e m a s measured by t h e a u g m e n t e d f l e x i b l e r i g i d i t y ,

c o m p u t e d f rom e q u a t i o n (81, a n d t h e e l e m e n t s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x

g i v e n b y e q u a t i o n (9). Such a n e f f e c t r e s u l t s i n r e d u c i n g t h e

d e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d s y s t e m . A c c o r d i n g l y , sma l l e r

v o l t a g e s and a c t u a t o r t h i c k n e s s would b e n e e d e d t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r

t h e s e r e d u c e d d e f l e c t i o n s . The f i g u r e indicates, however, t h a t

t h e e f f e c t o f b o n d i n g l a y e r on t h e o p t i m a l p a r a m e t e r s v and tl

s t a r t s t o l e v e l o f f beyond c e r t a i n b o n d i n g l a y e r t h i c k n e s s t 2 o f

0 .00038m. T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d f l e x u r a l

r i g i d i t y o f t h e c o m p o s i t e i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a c o r r e s p o n d i n g

i n c r e a s e i n t h e p i e z o - e l e c t r i c moment Mf a s g i v e n b y e q u a t i o n

( 7 ) . There fo re , t h e s e two f a c t o r s b a l a n c e e a c h o t h e r t o o b t a i n a

minimum o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n .

B . Performance With Kynar Actuator

F i g u r e (9) shows a p r o j e c t i o n of t h e f e a s i b l e d e s i g n space

i n t h e v - t l p l a n e when o n e K y n a r p i e z o - a c t u a t o r i s p l a c e d o n

e l e m e n t 3 w i t h o u t bond.

The f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a s s u m e s a

minimum o f 1 . 2 4 ~ 1 0 ' ~ when a 0.00244mm t h i c k Kynar a c t u a t o r i s

bonded t o e l e m e n t 3 and i s powered by 300 v o l t s .

Page 29: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0. b H

a a

.. E!

Qo 0 0 n . 0 II ., P

4J A L

R P m

0 (u

R - L -l

rn C ra

ln = II

b A 0 0 0 0

5i Y

\ > 0 4 -11. x 2! >

-0 c 0 n

I

cp 43 CD

n Q\ W

Page 30: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

0

0

0

e

There fo re , u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s and c o n s t r a i n t l i m i t ,

i t i s s e e n t h a t t h e use of k y n a r a c t u a t o r r e s u l t s i n p u s h i n g t h e

o p t i m u m t o w a r d s t h e maximum v o l t a g e c o n s t r a i n t i n s t e a d of t h e

p o l a r i z a t i o n c o n s t r a i n t a s o b t a i n e d w i t h P Z T a c t u a t o r s . More

i m p o r t a n t l y , t h e o p t i m u m d e s i g n w i t h t h e Kynar a c t u a t o r requires

a p i e z o f i l m which i s a b o u t 3 times t h i c k e r t h a n t h e o p t i m a l PZT

f i l m . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n s p i t e of t h e h i g h e r v o l t a g e a n d t h i c k e r

a c t u a t o r , t h e a t t a i n e d d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e i s a l m o s t t h r e e o r d e r s o f

m a g n i t u d e s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e PZT a c t u a t o r .

A c c o r d i n g l y , f r o m t h e v , t l and U p o i n t s of v i e w , t h e u s e o f

t h e P Z T a c t u a t o r i s favored o v e r t h e Kynar a c t u a t o r .

S i m i l a r t r e a d s , t o t h e PZT ca se , a r e a l s o o b s e r v e d when t h e

e f f e c t o f t h e e l a s t i c a n d i n e r t i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e b o n d i n g

l a y e r a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s shown i n F i g u r e ( 1 0 ) .

CONCLUSIONS

e

0

T h i s p a p e r h a s p r e s e n t e d a n opt imum d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e f o r

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s h a p e of f l e x i b l e beams u s i n g p i e z o - e l e c t r i c

a c t u a t o r s . The p r o c e d u r e is based on a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e e f f e c t of

t h e p h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s of t h e a c t u a t o r and i t s b o n d i n g l a y e r o n

t h e e l a s t i c a n d i n e r t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e f l e x i b l e beam.

T h e p r e s e n t e d p r o c e d u r e i s u t i l i z e d t o s e l e c t t h e v o l t a g e ,

t h i c k n e s s a n d l o c a t i o n o f p i e z o - a c t u a t o r s t o m i n i m i z e t h e

Page 31: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

a + w rc - t;

Lp QI

Q) x c,

c 0

L Q) >r m 4

M c d U c 0

k 0

cn cn aJ C x 0 4 s c,

k 0

c, 0 a, k k W

I

n

n 0 F W

aJ L 3 M 4 Lr.

* v

t 0 c, m 3 c, 0 m

L m C >r SL

a C m E In 0 0 0 0

0 II

. x a E *

> 0 0 n7 II x m E > n

Z L k 0 8 9 9 O R

. - 0 e m

x m - E

I(

Page 32: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

s t r u c t u r a l d i s t o r t i o n o f f l e x i b l e beams.

The o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t c e r a m i c a c t u a t o r s a r e

more e f f e c t i v e t h a n p o l y m e r i c a c t u a t o r s i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s h a p e

o f a beam w i t h l o w e r v o l t a g e and t h i n n e r p i e z o f i l m s . A l s o , i t i s

f o u n d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f a b o n d i n g l a y e r b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a t o r

and t h e beam r e s u l t s i n s t i f f e n i n g t h e a c t u a t o r - b e a m sys tem a n d

a c c o r d i n g l y r e d u c e s t h e r e q u i r e d a p p l i e d v o l t a g e a s w e l l a s

a c t u a t o r t h i c k n e s s .

e

a

Page 33: OPTIMUM SHAPE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE BEAMS · ABSTRACT 0 e 0 0 0 This study deals with the utilization of piezo-electric actuators in controlling the static deformation and shape of

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D

D

0

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0

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e