orDivine

Providence

Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860

1.New intellectual and religious movements.

2.Social reforms.3.Beginnings of the Industrial

Revolution in America.4.Re-emergence of a second party

system and morepolitical democratization.

5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6.Increase in American nationalism.

7.Further westward expansion.

“Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

Divine Providence

Aroostook “War,” 1839 The only war ever declared by a state. Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.

Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.

Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”

General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

Texas Declaration of Independence

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

The Republic of Texas

Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

Famed frontiersman, politician, soldier, and following the Alamo an

American hero and martyr

Crockett’s opposition to Andrew Jackson’s political policies, most notably Indian Removal, led to his political defeat in 1835. As a result, Crockett packed up and left for Texas.

The Battle of the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Texas Independence

• Battle of Alamo (Santa Anna took no prisoners, burned Texan bodies• Battle of Goliad (350 Texans were

executed after their surrender, 20 escaped to share atrocities)• Santa Anna chased Sam Houston’s army

east to San Jacinto• Results of Battle of San Jacinto: • 630 Mexicans killed, 730 captured

versus 9 Texans killed• Santa Anna captured next day (never

wear silk underwear!!)

Overland Immigration to the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

Oregon Fever

Over 600 acres of free land (valued at over $600,000 today) was there for any willing to take the 6-month journey. Why did the government offer free land?

Trails Westward

Notable Trails of the American emigration West:Oregon Trail to Oregon Country Mormon Trail to Salt Lake Valley of UtahCalifornia Trail to California Gold RushSpanish Trail to Los AngelesSanta Fe Trail to New Mexico Territory

Mormons travel West

Led by Brigham Young, Mormons left Illinois in February 1846 and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in July 1847. Over the next decade Young organized what is known as the Mormon Corridor.

550 Mormons volunteered to form the Mormon Battalion in 1846 and march to Southern California in the Mexican War. They never saw combat and spent 6 months assisting in the building of San Diego and Los Angeles. Many moved north and worked for James Marshall in 1848.

The Doomed Donner Party

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner Party

James Reed & Wife

Of the 90 members of the Donner Party, only 48 survived

CANNIBALISM ! !

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.

The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Revolt June

14, 1845

Photograph of original flag, 1890

John C. Frémont

Mariano Vallejo, the original Californian

• Born under Spanish rule• At one time, owned

66,000 acres of land in California• Recognized the growing

power of the United States and inadequacy of the Mexican government’s distance and instability• Began to seek his own

rebellion when the Bear Flag Revolt occurred• Convinced many

Californios to accept American rule and was elected to state convention in 1850• Lost nearly all of his

estate to squatters and legal issues

Background to War

•Mexico warned the U.S. that Texas annexation would lead to war• Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas to ‘defend the border’•Mexico’s political instability (presidency changed 4 times in 1845)

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

John Slidell

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

The Mexican War (1846-1848)Polk: “Mexico has

passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.”Lincoln: "Show me the spot."

John Quincy Adams voted against war and Henry David Thoreau penned “Civil Disobedience”

Santa Anna Returns

• General Santa Anna convinced his gov’t that he no longer sought a return to the presidency and volunteered to lead the army against U.S. invasion• Santa Anna secretly had

negotiations with American diplomats to sell the desired land

• Santa Anna was the Mexican leader 11 different times in 22 years• He lost a leg defending

Veracruz in 1838 against the French and famously wore a cork prosthetic against the U.S. in the Mexican-American War• “father” of

chicle….chiclets

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

General Winfield Scott Enters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Winfield Scott “Old Fuss and Feathers”• Promoted from major to colonel to

general during War of 1812 for his tactics and bravery• Critically wounded during war in 1814• Sent by Andrew Jackson to South Carolina

in 1832 during Nullification Crisis• Fought Seminole and Creek Indians to

enforce Jackson’s Indian policy from 1832 to 1836• Ordered by President Van Buren to forcibly remove

Cherokee in 1838 • Negotiated peace agreements between Maine and

New Brunswick in 1839 during Aroostook War• Assumed command of American Army in 1841• Landed in Veracruz and then captured Mexico City in

1847 (Duke of Wellington called him the “greatest living general”)• Created the Anaconda Plan (Union’s plan for victory

in 1861)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. Upper California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

The Mexican Cession

Results of the Mexican War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which ignited the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.**These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

3. Created two new war heroes: Zachary Taylor & Winfield Scott and gave valuable military experience to thousands

4. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.

Free Soil Party

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

WHY?

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

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GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, 1849

49er’s

Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s

By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

Territorial Growth to 1853

The Ostend Manifesto (1854)

James Buchanan, probable author of the manifesto

Did free or slave states favor the acquisition of Cuba??

Expansionist Young America in the 1850s

America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America

William Walker, “the grey-eyed man of destiny”

Biography Graduated

summa cum laude at age 14

Graduated from medical school at age 19

Studied in Europe during revolutions of 1848

Studied law in 1849 and moved to California to prepare for filibustering campaign

Manifest Destiny or Slavery Expansionist? 1853: led 45 men to conquer

Baja California and Sonora to create Republic of Lower California

1855-56: invited in during a civil war in Nicaragua and used nearly 200 Americans and local forces to gain control of the nation (even invaded Costa Rica to attempt to expand his power)

1860: surfaced in Honduras with plans to start another American colony; executed by Honduran officials

Costa Rica celebrates a national holiday for his defeat and he is the only native Nashvillian to be a head of state

Westward the Course of Empire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

The Pony Express

Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.

Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.

Took 10 days. Replaced by the

completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.