Orange County Before It Was A County

Stephen Gould

Western Association for the Advancement of Local History

Tustin, California

This historical keepsake and limited first edition commemorating the one hundredth year centennial anniversary of Orange County is one of twenty-five copies of which this is:

No. I .

The Author

D e d i c a t e d t o :

My a u n t a n d u n c l e , M a r i o n K n o t t

a n d A n t h o n y B u r t o n M o n t a p e r t

CHAPTER ONE

The Land

The h i s t o r i a n m i g h t wonder and imag ine what i t was

l i k e i n Orange County b e f o r e i t was o r g a n i z e d a s a c o u n t y .

To d o s o one mus t go back o v e r 200 y e a r s ago t o 1769 when

P o r t o l a and h i s E x p e d i t i o n e x p l o r e d t h e a r e a f o r t h e King

of S p a i n .

The h i s t o r i c r e c o r d o f t h a t f i r s t o v e r l a n d e x p e d i t i o n

from San Diego t o Monterey was k e p t by F a t h e r F r a y Juan

C r e s p i i n h i s famous d i a r i e s and l e t t e r s . C r e s p i had been

a s t u d e n t o f J u n i p e r o S e r r a on t h e i s l a n d of M a l l o r e a .

Both came t o Mexico i n 1749. I t was o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t

C r e s p i would s e r v e under S e r r a who was head o f t h e

F r a n c i s c a n m i s s i o n s i n C a l i f o r n i a . The P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n

was t h e r e s u l t of a r o y a l o r d e r " t o r es i s t any a g g r e s s i o n s

t h e R u s s i a n s " m i g h t make on t h e P a c i f i c C o a s t . 1

The f i r s t r e c o r d e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f what i s now Orange

County was made by F a t h e r C r e s p i . On J u l y 2 2 , 1769 t h e

f i r s t r e l i g i o u s ceremony i n t h e a r e a t o o k p l a c e a s two

d y i n g I n d i a n i n f a n t s were b a p t i z e d n e a r San Clemente i n

C r i s t i a n i t o s Canyon. The n e x t d a y t h e e x p l o r e r s

came t o a v e r y p l e a s a n t g r e e n v a l l e y , f u l l of w i l l o w s , a l d e r s , l i v e o a k s , and o t h e r t rees n o t known t o u s . I t h a s a l a r g e a r r o y o which a t t h e p o i n t where w e c r o s s e d i t c a r r i e d a good

s t r e a m of f r e s h and good w a t e r , which , a f t e r r a n n i n g a l i t t l e way formed i n p o o l s i n some l a r g e p a t c h e s of t u l e s .

Near t h a t l o c a t i o n t h e F r a n c i s c a n s would e s t a b l i s h M i s s i o n

San Juan C a p i s t r a n o i n 1776. 2

"On J u l y 24, 1769 w e p i t c h e d camp on a v e r y l o n g mesa

of e a r t h 1 ' [ t h e Trabuco P l a i n ] "which r u n s t o t h e f o o t of a

h i g h moun ta in r a n g e , " [ S a n t i a g o and Modjeska Peaks of t h e

S a n t a Ana Mounta ins ] "from which f l o w s a n a r r o y o of good

wa te r " [ A l i s o s C r e e k ] . " I n s t a n t l y t h e I n d i a n s f rom a

v i l l a g e i n t h e v a l l e y came t o v i s i t u s . They came w i t h o u t

arms and w i t h a f r i e n d l i n e s s u n e q u a l e d ; t h e y made u s

p r e s e n t s of t h e i r poor s e e d s and w e made r e t u r n w i t h

r i b b o n s and gew-gaws . 1, 3

The n e x t d a y F r a y C r e s p i o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e I n d i a n s

"have h o u s e s made of w i l l o w s , and l a r g e b a s k e t s of r e e d s s o

t i g h t l y woven t h a t t h e y h o l d w a t e r . " 4 On J u l y 2 6 t h , t h e

e x p e d i t i o n f o l l o w e d a s h a l l o w canyon and " c r o s s e d t h e head

of Oso C r e e k and soon r e a c h e d A l i s o Canyon where t h e y found

wi ld g r a p e s and t h e b e a u t i f u l r o s e s of C a s t i l e . 11 5

So w e went on o v e r v e r y open c o u n t r y , w i t h h i l l s and b road mesas , a s c e n d i n g and d e s c e n d i n g t h r o u g h t h r e e o r f o u r l i t t l e v a l l e y s of good s o i l w e l l grown w i t h a l d e r s . . . and w e e n t e r e d a l a r g e p l a i n . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of i t w e p i t c h e d camp n e a r a d r y l a g o o n on a s l o p e [Lambert R e s e r v o i r , a m i l e n o r t h of t h e E l Tor0 Mar ine A i r S t a t i o n ] , f rom which w e examined t h e s p e c i o u s p l a i n , t h e end of which w e c o u l d n o t see [ t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y s e c t i o n o f t h e Los Angeles B a s i n ] . Two d a y s l a t e r t h e P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n a r r i v e d a t t h e

banks of t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r . F a t h e r C r e s p i

c a l l e d t h i s p l a c e t h e sweet name of J e s u s d e 10s Temblo res , b e c a u s e w e e x p e r i e n c e d h e r e a h o r r i f y i n g e a r t h q u a k e , which was r e p e a t e d f o u r times d u r i n g t h e d a y . One of t h e h e a t h e n who were i n t h e camp, who d o u b t l e s s e x e r c i s e d among them t h e o f f ice of p r i e s t , a l a rmed a t t h e o c c u r r e n c e no less t h a n w e , began w i t h f r i g h t f u l cr ies and g r e a t d e m o n s t r a t i o n o r f e a r t o e n t r e a t h e a v e n , t u r n i n g t o a l l t h e w inds . T h i s r i v e r i s known t o t h e s o l d i e r s a s t h e S a n t a Ana. 7

One of t h e s o l d i e r s was J o s e An ton io Yorba. F o r t y - o n e

y e a r s l a t e r h e would r e c e i v e one of two S p a n i s h l a n d g r a n t s

i n what t o d a y i s Orange County . The 62,500 a c r e g r a n t

which h e s h a r e d w i t h h i s nephew Juan P a b l o P e r a l t a was

known a s t h e Rancho S a n t i a g o d e S a n t a Ana. 8

"The Yorbas and P e r a l t a s , t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y ' s

f i r s t " [European] " s e t t l e r s had l o n g i r r i g a t e d t h e l a n d

n o r t h and west of Orange w i t h w a t e r b r o u g h t f rom t h e S a n t a

Ana R i v e r by enormous i r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s . The Yorbas

p r o b a b l y i r r i g a t e d t h e l a r g e s t a r e a of any p l a c e i n o l d

~ a l i f o r n i a . " ~ J o s e An ton io Yorba had f o u r s o n s . The mos t

p r o s p e r o u s and w e l l known was Don B e r n a r d o Yorba. H e

r e c e i v e d a Mexican l a n d g r a n t Rancho Canon d e S a n t a Ana i n

1834. 10

On J u l y 2 9 , 1769 t h e P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n c r o s s e d t h e

S a n t a Ana R i v e r " w i t h g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y , on a c c o u n t of t h e

s w i f t n e s s of i t s c u r r e n t . I1 11

Orange County r e s t e d i n a n a t u r a l v a l l e y which was

h i g h e r when t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r emerged from i t s canyon.

Water was much more p l e n t i f u l b e f o r e t h e f i r s t m i s s i o n

s e t t l e m e n t s i n C d l i f o r n i a d u e t o t h e m a s s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n of

b r u s h and t i m b e r b e c a u s e of f o r e s t f i r e s i n t h e m o u n t a i n s

and h i l l s i d e s . 1 2

The w a t e r s h e d of t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r e x t e n d s f rom t h e

moun ta ins of San B e r n a r d i n o and t h e famous w a t e r s of

Arrowhead t o t h e h i n t e r l a n d s of t h e San J a c i n t o Mounta ins

and t h e p e a k s o f S a n t i a g o and Modjeska t h a t form t h e w e l l -

known Sadd leback .

R ive r b e d s and c r e e k s s u c h a s t h e S a n t a Aria and

S a n t i a g o t h a t seemed p a r c h e d and b a r r e n i n t h e summer and

e a r l y f a l l c o u l d become r a g i n g u n c o n t r o l l a b l e t o r r e n t s i n

t h e l a t e f a l l and w i n t e r . On J a n u a r y 2 9 , 1851 t h e D i a r y o f

Judge Benjamin Hayes r e c o r d s , " t h e m a i l r i d e r f rom San

~ i e g o a r r i v e d i n t h i s c i t y " [Los Ange le s ] "on Wednesday,

h a v i n g been 10 d a y s on t h e r o a d , i n c l u d i n g a d e t e n t i o n of 7

d a y s a t t h e S a n t a Ana, t h a t r i v e r b e i n g i m p a s s a b l e f o r t h a t

l e n g t h of t i m e . 11 1 3

The S a n t a Ana R i v e r which d u r i n g t h e American P e r i o d

was deemed by t h e Army Corps o f E n g i n e e r s a s t h e w o r s t

f l o o d t h r e a t w e s t of t h e M i s s i s s i p p i changed h e r c o u r s e

many t i m e s . Al though i t g e n e r a l l y e m p t i e d i n t o t h e P a c i f i c

j u s t w e s t of Newport Bay, d u r i n g t h e f l o o d o f 1822 i t

changed i t s c o u r s e and f lowed t h r o u g h t h e San J o a q u i n Ranch

and t h e uppe r Newport Bay c r e a t i n g t h e Ba lboa P e n i n s u l a ,

and t h e s a n d b a r s t h a t l a t e r would become B a l b o a , L i d o ,

Harbor and Linda I s l a n d s .

T h i s o v e r abundance t o summer d r y r i v e r b e d s p u z z l e d

many e a r l y t r a v e l e r s i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a b u t n o t t h e

p i o n e e r s of Orange. I n 1886 t h e y w r o t e t h e f i r s t n a t i v e

p l a y known t o b e s t a g e d i n t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y . I n t h e 5

b e n e f i t s a t i r e The P l a z a produced t o r a i s e money t o -- b e a u t i f y t h e Orange P l a z a , t h e l o c a l r i v e r s were d i s c u s s e d :

A c t I - Scene I

" I g n o r a n c e B l i s s : Water i n t h e r i v e r ! I t h o u g h t

t h a t was t h e p l a c e f o r w a t e r .

G l ibb : You ' r e r i g h t my young f r i e n d ,

b u t t h e n you see i n t h e E a s t t h e

w e t w a t e r r u n s on t o p o f t h e bed .

Here n a t u r e i s s o k i n d a s t o k e e p

i t r u n n i n g under t h e bed mos t of

t h e t i m e , s o a s t o s a v e u s t h e

e x p e n s e of b r i d g e s . 11 1 4

The Orange County of t h e p r e - r a i l r o a d d a y was one of

p a s t o r a l s p l e n d o r . I n t h e 1870s t h e w i l d l i f e was s o

p l e n t i f u l t h a t t h e p i o n e e r r e s i d e n t s of t h a t d a y c o u l d h a v e

w i l d duck o r g e e s e f o r d i n n e r by m e r e l y t a k i n g aim a t one

f l y i n g ove rhead i n f o r m a t i o n a few s t e p s f rom o n e ' s f r o n t

p o r c h . C . E. U t t s t a t e s t h a t when h i s f a m i l y moved t o

T u s t i n i n 1 8 7 4 t h o u s a n d s of g e e s e were n e s t i n g j u s t a few

hundred f e e t f rom downtown T u s t i n . 15

The p i o n e e r s found t h e " v a s t v a l l e y " a " s e m i a r i d l a n d ,

where q u i l and hawks, e a g l e s and t u r k e y v u l t u r e s , and t h e

l o r d l y C a l i f o r n i a condor c i r c l e d g r a c e f u l l y o v e r p l a i n s

of t a l l m u s t a r d and w i l d g r a s s e s ." The condor was

p a r t i c u l a r l y v e n e r a t e d by t h e l o c a l I n d i a n s . I t s f e a t h e r s

6

were used by t h e i r p r i e s t s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e i r i n i t i a t i o n

r i t e s . W i l d l i f e - - b a d g e r s , c o y o t e s , " j a c k a s s " r a b b i t s a n d ,

i n t h e m o u n t a i n s , g r i z z l y b e a r s , d e e r , g r a y wol v e s t

mountain l i o n s , and wi ldca t s - -was p l e n t i f u l and t h e c l i m a t e

t e m p e r a t e , e x c e p t f o r t h e i n t e r m i t t e n t h o t d r y , g a l e f o r c e

winds t h e i n d i g e n o u s ~ n d i a n s c a l l e d "wind of t h e e v i l

s p i r i t s " o r " d e v i l ' s wind. I' 17

The wind which t h e S p a n i a r d s and l a t e r t h e Mexicans

would c a l l t h e ' S a n t a n a s ' h a s r a i s e d havoc down t h r o u g h t h e

y e a r s . During t h e Boom of t h e 1880s E l Modena was proud of

t h e i r new s a n c t u a r y f o r t h e Q u a k e r ' s E l Modena F r i e n d s

Church. David H e w e s , a San F r a n c i s c o made m u l t i -

m i l l i o n a i r e who had d e v e l o p e d a v a s t r a n c h n e a r b y , had

d o n a t e d a l a r g e b e l l which hung i n t h e c h u r c h tower .

H i s t o r y r e c o r d s t h a t n o t o n l y d i d t h e " D e v i l Winds" blow

down t h e c h u r c h and i t s heavy b e l l b u t s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r

t h e t w o - s t o r y , newly b u i l t Ear lham H o t e l . 18

A reproduction of a pre-1900's postcard showing a " t y p i c a l Mexican Peon Home and family." Photo courtesy of Specia l Col lec t ions , Ca l i fo rn ia S t a t e Univers i ty , Ful ler ton .

CHAPTER TWO

The P e o p l e

What were t h e p e o p l e l i k e t h a t s e t t l e d i n what i s now

Orange County. One c a n o n l y g u e s s a s t o t h e e x a c t r a c i a l

make-up of t h i s s m a l l r e g i o n . However, i n 1850 i n

C a l i f o r n i a a s a whole

n e a r l y one f o u r t h of t h e p o p u l a t i o n was f o r e i g n - b o r n . P e r s o n s b o r n i n G r e a t B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d , Germany and F r a n c e c o n s t i t u t e d n e a r l y one -ha l f of t h i s f o r e i g n - b o r n p o p u l a t i o n . Between 1850 and 1860 t h e f o r e i g n - b o r n p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d s h a r p l y , a c c o u n t i n g f o r 39 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a . T h e r e a f t e r t h e f o r e i g n - b o r n p o p u l a t i o n o f C a l i f o r n i a d e c l i n e d , c o n s t i t u t i n g a s t e a d i l y d e c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . The p r o p o r t i o n 30 p e r c e n t i n 1890, 22 p e r c e n t i n 1920. Ygs

P r i o r t o s t a t e h o o d t h e a r e a which was l a t e r t o be

c a l l e d Orange County had a p r i m a r i l y Mexican and I n d i a n

p o p u l a t i o n . San J u a n C a p i s t r a n o had t h e l a r g e s t

p o p u l a t i o n . V i s i t o r s t o t h e a r e a c a l l e d t h e m i s s i o n town a

l a r g e Mexican-1ndian v i l l a g e . By t h e t i m e of U.S. Census of

1850 i t s s i z e had been r e d u c e d t o 400 i n h a b i t a n t s . 20

Judge Hayes t h o u g h t t h a t Los Ange le s had i t s own s l a v e

sys t em i n 1850. The I n d i a n s would b e j a i l e d f o r

d r u n k e n n e s s on t h e weekends. Then p r o s p e c t i v e employe r s

s u c h a s t h e m a j o r domo o f Rancho Los A l a m i t o s would b a i l

them o u t . The p e o n s 1 f u t u r e weeks1 wages would p a y t h e

b a i l , t h e rest o f t h e i r pay would be i n wine and somet imes

a few d o l l a r s . T h i s was u s u a l l y r e p e a t e d weekly u n t i l t h e

I n d i a n d i e d .

I n 1868 T i t u s C r o n i s e i n h i s c l a s s i c N a t u r a l Weal th of

C a l i f o r n i a w r o t e :

Anaheim is t h e name o f a v i l l a g e s e t t l e d by a company o f German wine-growers on a d e a d - l e v e l p l a i n , a b o u t t w e n t y - f o u r m i l e s e a s t of Wi lmington .

I n 1857 , t h e s i t e where t h e v i l l a g e s t a n d s was a b a r r e n , d r y , s a n d y p l a i n , s i m i l a r t o t h a t e x t e n d i n g a round i t , f o r miles, a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . I n t h e summer of t h a t y e a r a company o f Germans . . . p u r c h a s e d 1 , 2 6 5 a c r e s of t h e p l a i n a t $2.00 p e r a c r e . . . T h i s l a n d was d i v i d e d i n t o f i f t y r e c t a n g u l a r l o t s , of twen ty a c r e s e a c h , w i t h s t ree ts be tween them. A town s i t e was l a i d o u t i n t h e c e n t e r , w i t h s i x t y b u i l d i n g l o t s - - o n e f o r e a c h s h a r e h o l d e r and t e n f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s . The l o t s were a l l f e n c e d w i t h w i l l o w s , sycamores and p o p l a r s , and a b o u t t e n a c r e s of e a c h p l a n t e d t o v i n e s .

A f t e r a l l t h e e x p e n s e s were p a i d , e a c h s h a r e of twen ty a c r e s f e n c e d , p a r t l y p l a n t e d i n v i n e s two y e a r s o l d , w i t h a town l o t , 100 by 200 f e e t , c o s t $1,400. Each of t h e s e s h a r e s i s wor th a s m a l l f o r t u n e t o t h e owner , a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e ( 1 8 6 8 ) , and w i l l b e w o r t h a g r e a t d e a l more a few y e a r s hence . T h e r e a r e n e a r l y 1 ,000 ,000 v i n e s growing i n t h i s v i l l a g e , a b o u t 750,000 of which b e a r f r u i t . T h e r e a r e a l s o 10 ,000 f r u i t - t r e e s of v a r i o u s k i n d s , t h e whole p l a c e r e s e m b l i n g a f o r e s t and f l o w e r - g a r d e n , d i v i d e d i n t o s q u a r e s w i t h f e n c e s of w i l l o w , p o p l a r and sycamore , which s h e l t e r t h e f r u i t f rom e v e r y wind. N e a r l y e v e r y l o t c o n t a i n s a c o m f o r t a b l e homes tead , and t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e v i l l a g e number a b o u t f o u r hundred . T h e r e i s a good p u b l i c s c h o o l , s e v e r a l s t o r e s , and a p o s t - o f f i c e i n t h e t o y ? , b u t n e i t h e r a l a w y e r , d o c t o r , n o r m i n i s t e r .

Anaheim h a s been w e l l known a s t h e German c o l o n y .

Lesser known b u t h a v i n g a l a r g e r impact i n Po land t h a n

America was t h e u t o p i a n P o l i s h "Brooks Farm" e s t a b l i s h e d i n

1876 j u s t o u t s i d e o f Anaheim n e a r t h e p r e s e n t day

i n t e r s e c t i o n s of S t a t e C o l l e g e B o u l e v a r d and L i n c o l n

Avenue. Among t h e e l e v e n P o l i s h i n t e l l e c t u a l s were

Shakespea rean a c t r e s s Helena Modjeska , and Nobel p r i z e

winning Henryk S i e n k i e w i c z . 22

Although t h e s o c i a l i s t c o l o n y was a d i s m a l f a i l u r e ,

t h e e x p e r i e n c e i n C a l i f o r n i a m a t u r e d S i e n k i e w i c z ' w r i t i n g

and p r o p e l l e d him t o l a t e r l i t e r a r y t r i u m p h s . I t a l s o l e d

Modjeska t o e s t a b l i s h a home i n Modjeska Canyon which

became a g a t h e r i n g p l a c e f o r i n t e l l e c t u a l s and a r t i s t s ,

Pol i s h and non-Pol i s h . 23

When C a l i f o r n i a a c h i e v e d s t a t e h o o d i n 1850 t h e

American b o u n d a r i e s of Los Ange le s County were d e t e r m i n e d .

Orange C o u n t y t s p r e s e n t b o u n d a r i e s l a y a t t h e S o u t h e r n end

of much l a r g e r Los Ange le s County. The a r e a was m a i n l y

known f o r i t s r a n c h o s . San J u a n C a p i s t r a n o had a c r u m b l i n g

m i s s i o n , a few adobes and "a few I n d i a n h u t s . 0 2 4

E l Re fug io was Don J o s e S e p u l v e d a ' s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n

p r e s e n t d a y S a n t a Ana j u s t east of t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r . I t

was t h e s i te of l a v i s h f i e s t a s which ended when a l t e r n a t i n g

f l o o d s , d r o u g h t s and Yanquees h i t t h e r a n c h e r o c a t t l e

owners h a r d a f t e r t h e Mexican American War. Sepu lveda and

P i o P i c o were r i v a l s i n 1851 i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ' s most

famous h o r s e r a c e where a r e p u t e d $50,000 changed h a n d s . 25

Al though S e p u l v e d a ' s h o r s e won t h e r a c e , h e l o s t t h e Rancho

San J u a q u i n i n 1864. The 50,000 a c r e r a n c h o was s o l d t o

w e l l known w e a l t h y sheepmen I r v i n e F l i n t and t h e B ixby

B r o t h e r s f o r $18 ,000 . I n 1876 James I r v i n e bought o u t h i s

p a r t n e r s which by t h e n i n c l u d e d t h e 47 ,226 .61 a c r e Rancho

Lomas d e S a n t i a g o and p a r t of t h e Ranch S a n t i a g o d e S a n t a

Ana. O r i g i n a l l y 110 ,000 a c r e s , t h e I r v i n e Ranch remained

i n t h e hands of t h e I r v i n e f a m i l y f o r o v e r 100 y e a r s and

domina ted Orange County g e o g r a p h i c a l l y and

a g r i c u l t u r a l l y . 26

Another s e t t l e m e n t which i n l a t e r d a y s was known a s

Yorba c e n t e r e d t h e h a c i e n d a of Don B e r n a r d o Yorba . B e r n a r d o ' s adobe and s u r r o u n d i n g r a n c h o b u i l d i n g s became

t h e c e n t e r of a s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g community. I t was one of

t h e l a r g e s t s e t t l e m e n t s c o n t a i n e d on any o n e r a n c h o i n

S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . 2 7

By t h e 1 8 8 0 ' s when t h e v i n e y a r d i s t of Anaheim,

McPherson ( n e a r O r a n g e ) , E l Modena and S a n t a Ana were

l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o s i t t i n g back t o e n j o y t h e r e w a r d s of t h e

back -b reak ing l a b o r of t h e e a r l i e r y e a r s , t h e "Anaheim

B l i g h t u d e s t r o y e d a l l t h e g r a p e v i n e s of t h e S a n t a Ana

V a l l e y . 28

By 1850 t h e Hacienda d e Las Yorbas was t h e s o c i a l and b u s i n e s s c e n t e r of t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y . The m a s t e r ' s h o u s e became a two s t o r y s t r u c t u r e o f a b o u t t h i r t y rooms, n o t i n c l u d i n g t h e s c h o o l , h a r n e s s s h o p , s h o e m a k e r ' s room, and o t h e r p l a c e s o c c u p i e d by d e p e n d e n t s . I n a l l t h e r e were more t h a n f i f t y rooms a r r a n g e d a b o u t a c o u r t o r p a t i o i n t h e r e a r of t h e main r e s i d e n c e .

Accord ing t o a d e s c e n d a n t of B e r n a r d o Yorba, t h e t r adesmen and p e o p l e employed a b o u t t h e h o u s e were : F o u r wool-combers , two t a n n e r s , o n e b u t t e r and cheeseman who d i r e c t e d e v e r y d a y t h e m i l k i n g of from f i f t y t o s i x t y cows , one h a r n e s s m a k e r , two shoemaker s , one jeweler, o n e p l a s t e r e r , one c a r p e n t e r , one major-domo, two e r r a n d b o y s , one

s h e e p h e r d e r , one c o o k , one b a k e r , two washer - women, one woman t o i r o n , f o u r sewing women, one d r e s s m a k e r , two g a r d e n e r s , a s c h o o l m a s t e r , and a man t o make t h e wine . . . . More t h a n a hundred lesser employees were m a i n t a i n e d on t h e r a n c h . The I n d i a n peons l i v e d i n a l i t t l e v i l l a g e of t h e i r own. . . .

The r a n c h o had two o r c h a r d s where v a r i o u s t y p e s of f r u i t were grown, and some wheat was r a i s e d . . . . Ten steers a month w e s l a u g h t e r e d t o s u p p l y t h e h a c i e n d a . 55

"Bernardo Yorba became known a s t h e l a r g e s t and mos t

r e l i a b l e f a r m e r " of h i s d a y i n t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y .

Al though h e owned s e v e r a l r a n c h o s and s u p e r v i s e d t h e

r a i s i n g of t h o u s a n d s of c a t t l e , h e r a i s e d enough g r a i n t h a t

t h e Yorbas were t h e f i r s t i n t h e v a l l e y t o have t h e i r own

m i l l . 30

By t h e t i m e t h e S o u t h e r n P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d had e x t e n d e d

i t s l i n e s t o Anaheim i n 1876 , t h e t ough long-horned S p a n i s h

and Mexican c a t t l e had d i s a p p e a r e d . The g r e a t Mexican and

S p a n i s h Land G r a n t s were b e i n g s u b d i v i d e d i n t o f a rms and

t o w n s i t e s . Only f rom t h e San J o a q u i n Ranch s o u t h were t h e

l a r g e l a n d h o l d i n g s b e i n g p r e s e r v e d , On t h e I r v i n e

h o l d i n g s s h e e p had r e p l a c e d c a t t l e d u r i n g t h e wool boom of

t h e 1 8 6 0 ' s . 31

The p i o n e e r s of Anaheim and t h e W e s t m i n s t e r and Gospe l

Swamp a r e a had s u r v i v e d f l o o d s and t h e r a v a g e s o f s t a r v i n g

c a t t l e and u n b r i d l e d h o r s e s , Anaheim, S a n t a Ana, R i c h l a n d

( l a t e r Orange) and T u s t i n C i t y had w e a t h e r e d t h e d r o u g h t s ,

r a t t l e s n a k e s , t h e u n p r e d i c t a b l e p l a g u e s of g r a s s h o p p e r s and

t h e e n d l e s s f o r a g e s of i n n u m e r a b l e r a b b i t s and o t h e r

w i l d l i f e . The McFaddens had a p a r t i a l s o l u t i o n t o one of

t h e p l a g u e s . 32

I n 1873 Robe r t McFadden i n S o u t h S a n t a Ana c o n c l u d e d

t h a t i f h e and h i s f a m i l y were t o be s u c c e s s f u l f a r m i n g on

t h e 5 ,000 a c r e s t h a t t h e y owned, i t would b e i m p e r a t i v e

t h a t a f e n c e b e b u i l t . They were c o n s t a n t l y ward ing o f f

l o o s e s t o c k and "bands of h o r s e s o r h o g s . "33 Rober t m e t

h i s b r o t h e r James i n San F r a n c i s c o and p r o c u r e d a b o a t l o a d

of lumber which was s h i p p e d d i r e c t l y t o Newport .

B e f o r e t h e y c o u l d g e t i t o n t o t h e l a n d i t was n e a r l y a l l s o l d t o new set t lers who needed i t f o r b u i l d i n g s on t h e i r newly b o u g h t l a n d s . C o n s e q u e n t l y i t was n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e more lumber s h i p p e d and i n a s h o r t t i m e t g g b r o t h e r s were engaged i n t h e lumber b u s i n e s s .

A t h i r d b r o t h e r , John McFadden, j o i n e d them and i n

1874 Newport n an ding was r e o p e n e d . I t had been c l o s e d f o r

a few y e a r s a f t e r t h e c o l l a p s e of t h e wool m a r k e t . To

enhance t h e i r booming lumber b u s i n e s s t h e McFaddens o r d e r e d

a s p e c i a l l y b u i l t s t eam s c h o o n e r , The Newport , which was

s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t o c r o s s Newport h a r b o r s g s a n d b a r s . 3 5

The S a n t a Ana R i v e r of 1870 and 1880 f o l l o w e d i t s

p r e s e n t bed r a t h e r c l o s e l y e x c e p t a s a n d b a r p r e v e n t e d i t

from empty ing i n t o t h e P a c i f i c and i t wound a t o r t u o u s p a t h

t h r o u g h Newport Bay and e m p t i e d a t Rocky P o i n t now known a s

Corona d e l Mar. Not o n l y was t h e c u r r e n t f rom t h e r i v e r

d a n g e r o u s , b u t t h e t i d e and t h e c h a n g i n g s a n d b a r s r e s u l t e d

i n t h e d e a t h of f i v e men i n 1878. 36

I n 1887 an a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d which induced t h e

McFaddens t o move t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e i r s h i p p i n g wharf t o

t h e p r e s e n t d a y Newport P i e r . T h e i r h a r b o r - p i l o t and c l o s e

f r i e n d , Tom Ru le , drowned w h i l e mark ing t h e Newport c h a n n e l

f o r t h e s t e a m e r The Newport. Tom Rule made s t a t e h i s t o r y

f o r s i n g l e - h a n d e d l y t r o u n c i n g t h e "sand l o t a g i t a t o r "

Dennis Kearney. H e a t t r a c t e d a s t a t e w i d e f o l l o w i n g of

v o c i f e r o u s a n t i - C h i n e s e and workingman's p a r t y

a d h e r e n t s . 37 Kearney made t h e m i s t a k e of making f a l s e

a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e McFadden b r o t h e r s i n a S a n t a Ana

s p e e c h . Rule c o n f r o n t e d Kearney t h e morning a f t e r t h e

s l a n d e r o u s s p e e c h , and Kearney drew a gun on Ru le . Tom

t h r e w a heavy blow which l a n d e d Kearney a g a i n s t t h e s i d e o f

S a n t a Ana ' s Layman H o t e l . Then t h e b u l l y of San F r a n c i s c o

r e t r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e b a r , t h r o u g h t h e d i n i n g room and

a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t i n t o t h e d r u g s t o r e . 38

I t was t h e r e

where h e was o v e r t a k e n by t h e now t h o r o u g h l y a r o u s e d Ru le , who p inned him t o t h e f l o o r and pummeled him q u i t e s e v e r e l y . By a s t r a n g e c o i n c i d e n c e Kearney was r e s c u e d from h i s m o r t i f y i n g p o s i t i o n by one of t h e McFadden b r o t h e r s , n e i t h e r of whom had known of M r . R u l e ' s c o n t e m p l a t e d r a i d on t h e i r s l a n d e r e r . . . . T h i s i n c i d e n t which was a t once h e r a l d e d o v e r t h e s t a t e , had t h e e f f e c t o f i m m e d i a t e l y d i m i n i s h i n g K e a r n e y ' s power and i n f l u e n c e t o a n a l a r m i n g e x t e n t and h e soon p a s s e d i n t o h i s t o r y a s a mere b l a t h e r s k i t e .

Samuel Armor, i n h i s 1911 H i s t o r y of Orange , l a b e l e d " t h e

mos t n o t a b l e e v e n t i n S a n t a Ana ' s h i s t o r y was t h e p h y s i c a l

undoing of Denn i s Kearney, i n t h e f a l l of 1879. 1'39

I n t h e boom of t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s and 1 8 8 0 1 s , z e a l o u s r e a l

e s t a t e i n v e s t o r s and p r o m o t e r s and t o u r i s t s p u b l i s h e d

glowing books and p a m p h l e t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e u n i t e d S t a t e s

and N o r t h e r n Europe on S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a and Los Ange le s

County i n p a r t i c u l a r . "Eager homeseekers came t o buy l a n d

and h o p e f u l i n v a l i d s came i n s e a r c h of h e a l t h . I! 4 0

When w r i t i n g a b o u t S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a i n 1886 ,

Theodore Van Dyke w r o t e ,

I t i s a l a n d of s o l i d r e a l i t i e s and g l i t t e r i n g f r a u d s . A s u s u a l , t h e t r a s h f l o a t s on t h e s u r f a c e , t h e good l i es b e n e a t h . O n e ' s f i r s t c o n t a c t i s a p t t o b e w i t h t h e f r a u d s . I t t a k e s l o n g e r t o f i n d o u t t h e r e a l i t i e s . When you s t a y l o n g enough t o see them and f i n d o u t t h a t t h e c o u n t r y i s n o t t o blame f o r your ove rwrough t i m a g i n a t i o n , t h e unwise e n t h u s i a s m of f r i e n d s , o r t h e d e l i b e r a t e l i e s of o t h e r s , you w i l l b e g i n t o l i k e i t . Year a f t e r y e a r an a f f e c t i o n t h a t you c a n n o t and would n o t r es i s t winds i t s e l f more c l o s e l y a round your s o u l . L i f e comes s o e a s i l y and n a t u r a l l y ; t i m e f l i e s s o s w i f t l y , y e t s o s o f t l y ! You f e e l t h e t h r e a d of l i f e f l y f a s t e r from t h e s p i n d l e , y e t you h e a r no whizz . The re a r e s o few b r e a k s o r j a r s i n t h e t r a i n o f c o m f o r t , a s t h e l o n g l i n e of c l o u d l e s s d a y s r o l l s on ; a p p e t i t e and s l e e p hang a round you s o woo ing ly i n t h e c o n s t a n t ou t -of -door l i f e t h 2 f you a r e e n t h r a l l e d b e f o r e you know i t .

Carey McWilliams, i n h i s book S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ,

d e s c r i b e s t h e Los Angeles B a s i n a s t h e " l a n d o f t h e

p a i s a n o , o r r o a d - r u n n e r , t h e ho rned t o a d , t h e t u r k e y

b u z z a r d ; a l a n d o f d r y b r u s h and shabby- look ing c a c t u s . I1 4 2

Not a l l t h e o b s e r v e r s of l i f e i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a

have been u n i v e r s a l l y o p t i m i s t i c a b o u t t h e f u t u r e o f t h e

r e g i o n . I n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a McWilliams q u o t e s o n e

writer a b o u t t h e Los Angeles B a s i n : "The re i s some th ing

d i s t u r b i n g a b o u t t h i s c o r n e r of Amer ica ," w r o t e J. B.

P r i e s t l e y ,

a s i n i s t e r s u g g e s t i o n of t r a n s i e n c e . T h e r e is a q u a l i t y , h o s t i l e t o men i n t h e v e r y e a r t h and a i r h e r e . A s i f w e were n o t meant t o make o u r homes i n t h i s o d d l y e n e r v a t i n g s u n s h i n e . . . . C a l i f o r n i a w i l l b e a s i l e n t d e s e r t a g a i n . I t i s a l l a 2 impermanent and b r i t t l e a s a reel of f i l m . 3

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1 H e r b e r t Eugene Bol t o n , F r a y J u a n C r e s p i , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , B e r k e l e y , 1927 , p . x i x .

* I b i d . , p . 136.

I b i d . , p . 138.

I b i d . , p . 139.

5 Don Meadow, Orange Coun ty , Dawsonls Book Shop, LOS Ange le s , 1966 , p . 41.

B o l t o n , C r e s p i , p . 139.

I b i d . , p . 142.

Leo J . F r i i s , Orange County Through F o u r C e n t u r i e s , P i o n e e r P r e s s , 1965 , p .

Wayne D e l l G ibson , The O l i v e M i l l : Orange C o u n t y ' s p i o n e e r I n d u s t r y , Orange County ~ i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , S a n t a Ana, 1975, p . 10.

lo Marga re t W. S l i f e , "S t r eams t o Aqueduc t s . The Development of t h e Orange County Water Supplyl1 (M.A. t h e s i s , C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o l l e g e a t F u l l e r t o n , 1 9 6 8 ) , p . 17 .

B o l t o n , C r e s p i , p . 142.

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1 3 Benjamin Hayes, p i o n e e r Notes From t h e D i a r i e s of ~ u d g e enj jam in Hayes, 1849-1875, P r i v a t e l y P r i n t e d , Los A n g e l e s , 1929 , p . 94.

1 4 p h i l l i p B r i g a n d i , e d . , The P l a z a : A L o c a l Drama I n 5 A c t s , Wrangler P r e s s , Orange , CA, p . 43.

15c. E. U t t , "The S t o r y of T u s t i n , " Orange Count H i s t o r y S e r i e s , Vol . 11, S a n t a Ana Orange County H i s t z r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1932 , p . 126.

l6 Ruth E l l e n T a y l o r , e d . , Legacy, The R e g i s t e r ,

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2 4 ~ i c h a r d B i q q e r , James D. itche en, Lyndon R . Musolf and C a r o l y n ~ u i n n ; - M e t r o ~ o l i t a n C o a s t , Los Ange le s , u n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Los A n g e l e s , 1958 , p . 64.

2 5 ~ . J. Warner , Benjamin Hayes , J. P. Widney, An H i s t o r i c a l S k e t c h of Los Angeles Coun ty , C a l i f o r n i a 7 ~ o s A n g e l e s , L o u i s Lewin & Co., 1876 , p . 73.

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2 8 ~ l i c e Grimshaw, " H i s t o r y of E a r l y Anaheim," H i s t o r y of Orange County , C a l i f o r n i a , Vol . I , Los A n g e l e s , J . R . F i n n e l l & Sons P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1931 , p . 3-4.

"Robert G l a s s C l e l a n d , The C a t t l e on a Thousand H i l l s , The H u n t i n g t o n L i b r a r y , San Mar ina , CA, p . 53.

3 0 ~ a r y Alice Grimshaw, "The is tory of Orange Coun ty , 1769-1889r1' M.A. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1937, P. 59.

3 1 ~ e o J. F r i i s , "Foreward , I 1 Wanderers Twain, C h e r r y H i l l Books , 1964 , p . v .

3 2 ~ h a r les E. P a r k e r and M a r i l y n P a r k e r , Orange County: I n d i a n s t o I n d u s t r y , S a n t a Ana, F i r s t American T i t l e I n s u r a n c e & T r u s t Co., 1963 , p . 33.

3 3 ~ r t h u r J. McFadden, "The McFadden F a m i l y , " Orange County is tory S e r i e s , v o l . I , Orange County H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1931 , p . 84.

3 4 ~ c ~ a d d e n , "The McFadden F a m i l y , " 1931 , p . 84.

3 5 ~ l l e n K. L e e , "The S a n d s p i t P i o n e e r s , " Newport Beach 75. 1906-1981. NewPort Beach H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , Newport

3 6 ~ . J. McFadden, I n t e r v i e w by a u t h o r , 16 J u n e 1970 , S a n t a Ana, CA, O r a l H i s t o r y 154b , C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o l l e g e , F u l l e r t o n .

3 7 ~ a m u e l Armor, H i s t o r y of Orange Coun ty , H i s t o r i c Record Co., Los A n g e l e s , 1911 , p . 4 4 .

3 8 ~ r m o r , H i s t o r y of Orange Coun ty , pp . 44-45.

3 9 ~ r m o r , H i s t o r y of Orange County , pp . 44-45.

4 0 ~ e o J. F r i i s , "Forward ," Wanderers Twain, C h e r r y H i l l Books , 1964 , p . v .

4 1 ~ h e o d o r e S . Van Dyke, S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , N e w York, F o r d s , Howard & H u l b e r t , 1886 , pp . 232-233.

4 2 ~ a r e y McWil l iams, S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a An I s l a n d on t h e Land, S a l t Lake C i t y , P e r e g r i n e Smi th Books , 1983 , p . 184.

4 3 ~ a r e y McWil l iams, S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , P e r e g r i n e Smith Books, S a l t Lake C i t y , 1983 , p . 199.

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